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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
<LI><A NAME="tex2html642"
HREF="node11.html#SECTION001110000000000000000">Tuning</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html643"
HREF="node11.html#SECTION001120000000000000000">Capo</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html644"
HREF="node11.html#SECTION001130000000000000000">Strum</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html645"
HREF="node11.html#SECTION001140000000000000000">Articulate</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html646"
HREF="node11.html#SECTION001150000000000000000">Patterns</A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html647"
HREF="node11.html#SECTION001160000000000000000">Fret Noise</A>
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<HR>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001100000000000000000"></A>
<A NAME="chap-plectrum"></A>
<BR>
Emulating plucked instruments: Plectrum Tracks
</H1>
<P>
P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL><A NAME="tex2html52"
HREF="#foot6303"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A> tracks are designed to let
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> create tracks that sound, remarkably,
like real, strummed instruments (guitars, mandolins, banjos, etc).
<P>
As mentioned earlier in this document, the biggest difference between
P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> and other tracks is that a duration is not used. This
means that each string (note) in P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> patterns continue to
sound until they are changed (a new note) or muted.
<P>
When creating a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> pattern or sequence you simply set an
offset, strum duration and volumes for each string of the
``instrument''.
<P>
To aid in debugging, a special D<SMALL>EBUG</SMALL> option P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> is
provided. When enabled this will display chord shapes for generated
chords. See <A HREF="node29.html#debugging">here</A> for
information to enable/disable this option.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001110000000000000000">
Tuning</A>
</H1>
<P>
By default the P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> tracks are set to a standard
guitar. However, it's very easy to change with with the T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL>
command. This command requires a note setting for each string in the
instrument. For example, to duplicate the default:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Plectrum Tuning e- a- d g b e+ </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
In this case we have set six strings. The first string is a low ``e'',
the second a low ``a'', etc.
<P>
Similarly, you could define a tenor banjo with:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Plectrum Tuning g- d a e+ </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
Only one T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL> setting can be set for a sequence. It applies
to all bars in the current sequence. It is saved and restored in
G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s.
<P>
If you change the T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL> for a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track after
setting a S<SMALL>EQUENCE</SMALL> you must ensure that the number of strings
in the P<SMALL>ATTERN</SMALL> and T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL> are the same. A mismatch will
generate an error. However, setting a different T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL> with the
same number of strings is just fine.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001120000000000000000">
Capo</A>
</H1>
<P>
A ``capo'' is small bar which is placed on the neck of a guitar, banjo
or other stringed instrument to raise its pitch. They are quite useful
when a song is in a pitch too low for a singer ... a capo placed
on the guitar raises the pitch of each played chord. Much easier for a
player than having to change (raise) each chord in the song. In
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT>
the use of a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> C<SMALL>APO</SMALL> setting is a bit different:
it doesn't change the chord pitches. A ``C Major'' chord remains a ``C
Major'' chord. However, the actual note assignments to the different
strings on the instrument can (and most likely) changes. Depending on
the tuning of the ``instrument'' a ``C'' chord with a C<SMALL>APO 2</SMALL>
will be created as a ``B'' <SPAN CLASS="textit">chord shape</SPAN> played above the second fret. In most cases
a chord with a positive C<SMALL>APO</SMALL> value will have a higher tonality.
<P>
To change the C<SMALL>APO</SMALL> value:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Plectrum Capo 2 </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
In addition to raising the pitch of the instrument, you can use
negative values ... in a real instrument you would need to stretch
the neck for similar results! There are no limits on the capo
values. Very high or low values will have no different effect over
moderate ones since the generated notes will always be in the MIDI
range of 0 to 127.
<P>
Only one C<SMALL>APO</SMALL> setting can be set for a sequence. It applies to
all bars in the current sequence. It is saved and restored in
G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s.
<P>
It is also possible to change the pitch or tonality for individual
chords with the ``barre'' chord name extension (detailed
<A HREF="node35.html#barre-chords">here</A>).
<P>
Yet another way to change the pitch is to use the O<SMALL>CTAVE</SMALL>
settings <A HREF="node29.html#octave">here</A>.
<P>
<SPAN CLASS="textit">Remember: unlike a real instrument, neither <SMALL>CAPO</SMALL> or barre chords
change the pitch (transpose) the chord in
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> . The same chord is played,
but with a higher tonality.</SPAN>
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001130000000000000000"></A>
<A NAME="plectrum-strum"></A>
<BR>
Strum
</H1>
<P>
By default, all P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> patterns calculate their <SMALL>STRUM</SMALL>
offsets (delays) from the first string. In most cases this will
sound just fine (remember, we don't have a real guitar here! It's a
virtual model which is not meant to be the same). There are cases when
you might want to modify the order. Use the S<SMALL>TRUM</SMALL> option to
change the default to ``Start'', ``Center'' or ``End''. Example:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Plectrum Strum center </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
will force the strumming offsets to be calculated from the center
string.
<P>
The P<SMALL>LECTRUM </SMALL>S<SMALL>TRUM</SMALL> command permits <SPAN CLASS="textit">only</SPAN> one keyword.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001140000000000000000"></A>
<A NAME="sec-plectrum-articulate"></A>
<BR>
Articulate
</H1>
<P>
When the a pattern changes, strings need to be muted. By default, this
is done at the same point as the new strings are sounded. However, you
can adjust this with the A<SMALL>RTICULATE</SMALL> command. The command takes
single values representing the number of MIDI ticks to move the off
action back.
<P>
For example:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Plectrum-Jazzy Articulate 40 </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
would subtract 40 MIDI ticks from the normally determined offset. You
can use any value from 0 to 500 in this command.
<P>
Generally speaking, the use of this option will give a more staccato
feeling to your track.
<P>
A value of 0 will restore the setting to its default (off). The use of large
values is not recommended; however, the OFF point will never be before
the ON so you'll just end up with very short sounding chords. Remember
that 192 MIDI ticks is equivalent to a quarter note.
<P>
Just like in A<SMALL>RTICULATE</SMALL> for other tracks (see
<A HREF="node29.html#articulate">here</A> for full
details) you can increment or the current settings:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Plectrum Articulate -5 +5 </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
You can have different settings for each bar in your sequence.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001150000000000000000">
Patterns</A>
</H1>
<P>
Setting a pattern for a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track is similar to that of
other tracks: you simply set the offset and volumes for the different
strings. In addition you must specify a ``strum'' value (used as a delay between
strings). The formal definition for a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> pattern is:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Offset Strum Strings Velocity [...Strings Velocity] </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
where:
<P>
<DL>
<DT><STRONG>Offset</STRONG></DT>
<DD>A beat or offset into the bar. This is used in the same
manner as in all the other MMA patterns.
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Strum</STRONG></DT>
<DD>The strumming delay between hitting each string. Use a
positive number for a downward strum and negative number for an
upward strum and use zero for all the notes to be played together. ``3''
is a fast downward strum and ``-10'' is a slow upward strum.
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Strings</STRONG></DT>
<DD>The string or strings that are to be plucked. Details
below.
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Velocity</STRONG></DT>
<DD>The MIDI velocity (loudness) for each string. ``127''
is the maximum volume, A value of zero is used to mute the string or
strings. Guitarists often mute the strings with the side of their
hand when strumming.<A NAME="tex2html53"
HREF="#foot6305"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">2</SPAN></SUP></A>
<P>
</DD>
</DL>
<P>
For a basic strumming guitar you might use:<A NAME="tex2html54"
HREF="#foot6306"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">3</SPAN></SUP></A>
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Begin Plectrum-Strumming
<BR> Voice NylonGuitar
<BR> Volume m
<BR> Sequence 1.0 +5 120 120 120 120 120 100; \
<BR> 2.0 +5 90 80 80 80 80 80;\
<BR> 2.5 -5 - - 50 50 50 50;\
<BR> 3.0 +5 90 80 80 80 80 80;\
<BR> 3.5 -5 - - 50 50 50 50;\
<BR> 4.0 +5 90 80 80 80 80 80;\
<BR> 4.5 -5 - - 50 50 50 50;
<BR>
End </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
This gives eight strums per bar. Note the strum values at beats 2.5,
3.5 and 4.5: using a negative strum value causes the strum to run in
the opposite (high to low) direction.
<P>
Also, notice the use of ``-'' values for certain strings. A ``-'' lets
that string continue to vibrate until the next pattern. If you want to
disable (mute) a string use a ``0'' for the volume.
<P>
Another example shows how to set up a finger picking pattern:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Begin Plectrum-FingerPicking
<BR> Voice NylonGuitar
<BR> Volume m
<BR> Sequence 1.0 0 - 100 - - 90 -;\
<BR> 1.5 0 - - - 90 - -;\
<BR> 2.0 0 - - 90 - 90 -;\
<BR> 2.5 0 - - - 90 - -;\
<BR> 3.0 0 - - - - - 90;\
<BR> 3.5 0 - - - - 90 -;\
<BR> 4.0 0 - - - 90 - -;\
<BR> 4.5 0 - - 90 - - -;
<BR>
End </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
To make creation of volume tables a bit easier, you can shorten the
notation by setting a range and volume. This is done by using
``n-m:v'' where n is the start string number and m is the end string
number and v is the volume. <B>Please note that the strings are numbered
in ``reverse'' order, just like a guitar.</B> The last string (the bottom
and usually the highest pitch) is string ``1'', the first string
(assuming 6 strings) is ``6''. So,
<P>
<UL>
<LI>``1.0 0 2:50'' is the same as ``1.0 0 - - - - 50 -''
</LI>
<LI>``1.0 -5 2-4:80'' is the same as ``1.0 -5 - - 80 80 80 -''
<P>
</LI>
</UL>
<P>
It is not possible to mix range and individual string settings. So,
<SPAN CLASS="textit">you cannot do</SPAN>:
<P>
<UL>
<LI>``1.0 0 2:50 90'' <IMG
WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="img2.png"
ALT="\includegraphics[height=2.5ex]{/home/bob/src/bv/mma/docs/images/stop.eps}">
</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Missing volume settings are expanded just like in C<SMALL>HORD</SMALL>
tracks. So, assuming a 6 string guitar:
<P>
<UL>
<LI>``1.0 0 90 '' is the same as ``1.0 0 90 90 90 90 90 90''
</LI>
</UL>
<P>
However, do note that you must specify either one or all the strings
if you are not using a range. Again, <SPAN CLASS="textit">you cannot do</SPAN>:
<P>
<UL>
<LI>``1. 0 80 90'' <IMG
WIDTH="21" HEIGHT="21" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
SRC="img2.png"
ALT="\includegraphics[height=2.5ex]{/home/bob/src/bv/mma/docs/images/stop.eps}">
</LI>
</UL>
<P>
Please note that the following options have no effect in a
P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track: A<SMALL>RTICULATE</SMALL>, V<SMALL>OICING</SMALL>,
M<SMALL>ALLET</SMALL> and D<SMALL>IRECTION</SMALL>.
<P>
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001160000000000000000">
Fret Noise</A>
</H1>
<P>
The noise made by a performer's fingers leaving a string position,
particularly on heavier wire-bound strings, can be emulated in a
plectrum track. The success (or lack thereof) is dependent on the
following settings and the selection of the voice used to emulate
this.
<P>
Fret noises generated by the plectrum track are stored in a
B<SMALL>ASS</SMALL> track selected by the user.
<P>
When this option is enabled,
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> enters a special routine when a new
chord (pattern) is started. A tone is then generated based on the
currently ending note for the each string. Note, the noise is
<SPAN CLASS="textit">only</SPAN> generated if the string is currently sounding.
<P>
Enabling fret noise is a two step process. First, you should create a
B<SMALL>ASS</SMALL> track. In the following example we set a number of
parameters, but only the V<SMALL>OICE</SMALL> selection is really necessary
(unless you want a piano sound for the fret noise, in which case you
can even omit that).
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Begin Bass-Noise
<BR> Voice GuitarFretNoise // pretty much required
<BR> Volume mf // up to the user
<BR> RVolume 40 // adds some variety
<BR> RTime 50 // changes start point of noise
<BR> Delay -8 // moves noise back from the beat
<BR> Rskip 10 // skip 10% of the noise
<BR>
End </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
Second, you need to set the options in the P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track using
the F<SMALL>RET</SMALL>N<SMALL>OISE</SMALL> command. A complete command line duplicating the
defaults (excepting TRACK and assuming 6 strings) would be:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>PLECTRUM FretNoise Track=BASS-NOISE Duration=192 Octave=0
Strings=6,5,4 Max=1 Beats=All Bars=ALL </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
The various options are set using an OPTION=VALUE format. Each option
is described below:
<P>
<DL>
<DT><STRONG>Track</STRONG></DT>
<DD>This specifies the track used to store the generated fret
noise. It must be given. The track must be a B<SMALL>ASS</SMALL> track
(using any other type of track will generate an error). For example:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Plectrum-Noisy FretNoise Track=Bass-Fretty </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Duration</STRONG></DT>
<DD>The duration of the fret noise note. This is specified
in standard note duration. A quarter note would be ``4'', sixteenth
``16'', etc. You can also specify MIDI tick values by adding a
single ``T''. Please note that the duration value reported in debug
or in the $_P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL>_F<SMALL>RET</SMALL>N<SMALL>OISE</SMALL> macro is specified in MIDI
ticks. By default a duration of a quarter note is used.
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Octave</STRONG></DT>
<DD>As noted earlier, the note generated for the fret noise
is the same as previously ending note. Its octave can be raised or
lowered via the O<SMALL>CTAVE</SMALL> setting. Any value between -8 and 8 is
valid. Please note that the octave setting in the associated bass
track is completely ignored. By default an adjustment of ``0'' is
used.
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Strings</STRONG></DT>
<DD>The virtual strings to which the fret noise is applied
are, by default, numbers 6, 5 and 3.<A NAME="tex2html55"
HREF="#foot6283"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">4</SPAN></SUP></A> You can reset this to any strings you wish. Use comma
separated values. Any strings not set by this command will
<SPAN CLASS="textit">not</SPAN> have fret noise applied to them.
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Max</STRONG></DT>
<DD>By default, fret noises will only occur once per chord
release/start (Max=1). However, using this option you can change
this to more strings, up to the size of the virtual instrument's
string count. The strings are checked for changes (and possible
noising) from the bottom up (6 is checked first, etc). Once a string
is ``noised'' the loop is exited. Caution: More strings will
generate an awful lot of noisy fret sounds.
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Beats</STRONG></DT>
<DD>By default, fret noise will apply to each pattern in your
sequence. Using the B<SMALL>EATS</SMALL> option you can restrict this to
only specific beats. For example, B<SMALL>EATS=1,3</SMALL> will restrict
noise generation to patterns starting on beats 1 and 3. To duplicate
the default you can use the special value ``All''.
<P>
</DD>
<DT><STRONG>Bars</STRONG></DT>
<DD>By default, fret noise will apply to each bar in your
sequence. You can restrict this to specific bars in your sequence.
For example, assuming a S<SMALL>EQ</SMALL>S<SMALL>IZE</SMALL> of 8 the setting
B<SMALL>ARS=1,4</SMALL> will generate fret noise only on bars 1 and 4 in a
sequence. To duplicate the default you can use the special value
``All''.
<P>
</DD>
</DL>
<P>
To disable fret noise in a track you can use an empty command or the
single keywords ``None'' or ``Off'':
<P>
Some points to note:
<UL>
<LI>You <SPAN CLASS="textit">cannot</SPAN> have different settings for bar sequences,
only limit them with the B<SMALL>ARS</SMALL> option. If you need, for
example, an specific fret noise in the first bar, and a different
one in the third, simply make a copies of the track, set the
sequence for the first track's bars so that you have an empty first
track; set the second track's sequence to compliment and set the
fret noise, etc.<A NAME="tex2html56"
HREF="#foot6309"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">5</SPAN></SUP></A>
<P>
</LI>
<LI>Changing the number of strings or tuning (P<SMALL>LECTRUM
</SMALL>T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL>) deletes all current Fret Noise settings.
<P>
</LI>
<LI>Empty option strings (e.g., B<SMALL>EATS=</SMALL> ) are not permitted.
<P>
</LI>
<LI>Depending on the synth you are using the octave you are using
can make a huge difference in the sounds used. If the sounds are
very displeasing, try a very high (or low) octave setting.
<P>
</LI>
<LI>The duration of the sounds also makes a difference. Again, this
is completely depends on your synth.
<P>
</LI>
<LI>Although this is designed to use fret noise, there is no reason
you cannot do creative things by using different voice settings.
<P>
</LI>
<LI>Strings are numbered from 1 to the number of strings in the
virtual instrument. Note that, just like a real fretted instrument,
string 1 is the highest (closest to the ground).
<P>
</LI>
<LI>The associated B<SMALL>ASS</SMALL> track should <SPAN CLASS="textit">not</SPAN> have a
S<SMALL>EQUENCE</SMALL>! However, you can use the track to generate
interesting patterns with a T<SMALL>RIGGER</SMALL> or R<SMALL>IFF</SMALL>. In these
cases <SPAN CLASS="textit">sounds will not be generated by the P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL>
track settings</SPAN>.
<P>
</LI>
</UL>
<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
<DL>
<DT><A NAME="foot6303">...P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL></A><A
HREF="node11.html#tex2html52"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
<DD>The concept and code base for the Plectrum
track was developed by Louis James Barman
<SPAN CLASS="textbf"><louisjbarman at googlemail dot com></SPAN>. Send compliments to
him!
</DD>
<DT><A NAME="foot6305">... strumming.</A><A
HREF="node11.html#tex2html53"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">2</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
<DD>The P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track differs from
other
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> tracks as the duration of each note is not given but
instead like a real guitar the note on the string will continue
to sound until either it is muted by using a velocity of zero or
until another note is played on the same string.
</DD>
<DT><A NAME="foot6306">... use:</A><A
HREF="node11.html#tex2html54"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">3</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
<DD>These examples
use B<SMALL>EGIN</SMALL>/E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> shorthand notation. This is explained in
the ``Begin/End Block'' chapter <A HREF="node30.html#sec-blocks">here</A>.
</DD>
<DT><A NAME="foot6283">... 3.</A><A
HREF="node11.html#tex2html55"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">4</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
<DD>This assumes a 6
string guitar. If there are fewer strings the numbers will be
different.
</DD>
<DT><A NAME="foot6309">... etc.</A><A
HREF="node11.html#tex2html56"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">5</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
<DD>This is a deliberate departure from the
normal
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> syntax. It's quite unlikely that you would want more
that one fret noise setting in a sequence, but quite likely that
you'd only want a setting to be applied to a certain bar in the
sequence.
</DD>
</DL>
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<ADDRESS>
Bob van der Poel
2016-06-11
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