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<TITLE>Repeats</TITLE>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION002000000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="sec-repeat"></A>
<BR>
Repeats
</H1>
<P>
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> attempts to be as comfortable to use as standard sheet music.
This includes <SPAN CLASS="textit">repeats</SPAN> and <SPAN CLASS="textit">endings</SPAN>.
<P>
More complex structures like <SPAN CLASS="textit">D.S.</SPAN>, <SPAN CLASS="textit">Coda</SPAN>, etc. are
<SPAN CLASS="textit">not</SPAN> directly supported. But, they are easily simulated with by
using some simple variables, conditionals and G<SMALL>OTO</SMALL>s. See
<A HREF="node21.html#sec-variables">Variables</A> for details.
Often as not, it may be easier to use your editor to cut, paste and
duplicate. Another, alternate, method of handling complicated repeats
is to set sections of code in M<SMALL>SET</SMALL> (<A HREF="node21.html#sec-mset">more
here</A>) variables and simply expand those.
<P>
A section of music to be repeated is indicated with a R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>
and R<SMALL>EPEATEND</SMALL> or E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>.<A NAME="tex2html80"
HREF="#foot11230"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">20</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A> In addition, you can have R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDINGS</SMALL>.
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="#efefef" Border=3>
<tr><td Align="CENTER" BGColor="White">
<SPAN CLASS="textbf"><BIG CLASS="XLARGE">Repeats</BIG></SPAN> <A NAME="eg-repeat"></A>
</tr> </td>
<tr> <td >
<P>
<IMG WIDTH="95%" SRC="mupex/repeat.png" ALT="Lost Image">
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Repeat
<BR>
1 Am
<BR>
2 C
<BR>
RepeatEnding 2
<BR>
3 D7
<BR>
RepeatEnding
<BR>
4 D7 / Dm
<BR>
RepeatEnd
<BR>
5 G7
<BR>
6 A </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
</td> </tr>
</Table>
<P>
<P>
In <A HREF="#eg-repeat">this example</A>
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> produces
music with bars:
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
1, 2, 3,
<BR>
1, 2, 3,
<BR>
1, 2, 4,
<BR>
1, 2, 5, 6
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
This works just like standard sheet music. Note that both
R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL> and R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> can take an optional argument
indicating the number of times to use the ending or to repeat the
block. The effect of an optional count for R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL> is
illustrated in the example, above. The following simple example:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Repeat
<BR>
1 Am
<BR>
2 Cm
<BR>
RepeatEnd 3 </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
Will expand to:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
bars 1, 2,
<BR>
bars 1, 2,
<BR>
bars 1, 2
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Note that the optional argument ``3'' produces a total of three
copies. The default argument for R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> is ``2''. Using ``1''
cancels the R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> and ``0'' deletes the entire section. Using
``1'' and ``0'' are useful in setting up Coda sections where you want
a different count the second time the section is played. Note that the
count argument can be a macro. Have a look at the sample file
<TT><SPAN CLASS="textbf">egs/misc/repeats.mma</SPAN></TT> for lots of examples.
<P>
Combining optional counts with both R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL> and
R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> is permitted. Another example:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Repeat
<BR>
1 Am
<BR>
2 C
<BR>
RepeatEnding 2
<BR>
3 D7
<BR>
RepeatEnd 2 </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
Produces:
<BLOCKQUOTE>
bars 1, 2, 3,
<BR>
bars 1, 2, 3,
<BR>
bars 1, 2,
<BR>
bars 1, 2
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> processes repeats by reading the input file and creating
duplicates of the repeated material. This means that a directive in
the repeated material would be processed multiple times. Unless you
know what you are doing, directives should not be inserted in repeat
sections. Be especially careful if you define a pattern inside a
repeat. Using T<SMALL>EMPO</SMALL> with a ``+'' or ``-'' will be problematic
as well.
<P>
Repeats can be nested to any level.
<P>
Some count values for R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> or E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> and
R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL> will generate a warning message. Using the
optional text <SPAN CLASS="textit">NoWarn</SPAN> as the first argument will suppress the
message:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Repeat
<BR>...
<BR>
RepeatEnd Nowarn 1 </B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
It's possible to use R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> for non-musical purposes. For
example, this snippet would print a wonderful message to your screen
ten times:
<P>
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
<tr><td>
<B>Repeat
<BR> Print MMA is the greatest!
<BR>
RepeatEnd 10
<BR></B>
</td></tr>
</Table>
<P>
There must be one R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> or E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> for every
R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>. Any number of R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL>s can be included
before the R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>.
<P>
<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
<DL>
<DT><A NAME="foot11230">...E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>.</A><A
HREF="node20.html#tex2html80"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">20</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
<DD>The reason for both
E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> and R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> is to match I<SMALL>F</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> and
E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>I<SMALL>F</SMALL>.
</DD>
</DL>
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<ADDRESS>
Bob van der Poel
2016-06-11
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