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<body>
<div class="mapi-docs">
<h1>Runtime Profiler API</h1>
<p />The profiler API can be used by dynamically loaded profiler
modules to monitor different aspects of a running program. The
API is also usable by embedders without having to compile a
profiler module.
<h2>Profiler Modules</h2>
<p />A profiler module is simply a shared library with a single
exported function which is the entry point that Mono calls at
startup. It must have the following signature:
<pre><code class="mapi-codeblock">
void mono_profiler_startup_example (const char *desc)
</code></pre>
<p />Here, the <code>example</code> portion of the function name is
the name of the profiler module. It must match the shared library
name (i.e. <code>libmono-profiler-example.so</code>). <i>desc</i>
is the set of arguments that were passed from the command line.
<p />For example, a bare bones profiler module might look like this
(<code>example.c</code>):
<pre><code class="mapi-codeblock">
#include <mono/metadata/profiler.h>
#include <stdio.h>
struct _MonoProfiler {
int dummy;
}
static MonoProfiler profiler;
static void
runtime_inited (MonoProfiler *prof)
{
printf ("Hello World");
}
void
mono_profiler_init_example (const char *desc)
{
MonoProfilerHandle handle = mono_profiler_create (&profiler);
mono_profiler_set_runtime_initialized_callback (handle, runtime_inited);
}
</code></pre>
<p />To compile this module, a C compiler must be invoked in a
similar fashion to this, on Linux:
<pre><code class="mapi-codeblock">
gcc -fPIC -shared -o libmono-profiler-example.so example.c `pkg-config --cflags mono-2`
</code></pre>
<p />Or on OS X:
<pre><code class="mapi-codeblock">
gcc -undefined suppress -flat_namespace -o libmono-profiler-example.so example.c `pkg-config --cflags mono-2`
</code></pre>
<p />You can then load the module using:
<pre><code class="mapi-codeblock">
mono --profile=example hello.exe
</code></pre>
<p />(Note that adjusting <code>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code> may be
necessary in order for the dynamic linker to find the module.)
<h2>Profiler Functions</h2>
<p />These are the functions usable for profiling programs.
<p />Each function has a note indicating whether they're async
safe. An async safe function can be invoked in a signal handler
or when the world is stopped by the GC. Conversely, a function
that is not async safe must not be invoked in such a context or
undefined behavior can occur (crashes, deadlocks, etc).
<p />Some functions may only be invoked from a profiler module's
init function (or prior to running managed code in the case of
embedding). This is noted explicitly only if applicable to a
function.
<h3>Basic Functions</h3>
<p />These functions are used to load and install profilers.
<a name="api:mono_profiler_load"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_load</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void
mono_profiler_load (const char *desc)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Loads a profiler module based on the specified description. <i>desc</i> can be
of the form <code>name:args</code> or just <code>name</code>. For example, <code>log:sample</code> and
<code>log</code> will both load <code>libmono-profiler-log.so</code>. The description is passed
to the module after it has been loaded. If the specified module has already
been loaded, this function has no effect.
<p />
A module called <code>foo</code> should declare an entry point like so:
<p />
<pre><code class="mapi-codeblock">
void mono_profiler_init_foo (const char *desc)
{
}
</code></pre>
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.
<p />
This function may <strong>only</strong> be called by embedders prior to running managed
code.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_create"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_create</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">MonoProfilerHandle
mono_profiler_create (MonoProfiler *prof)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Installs a profiler and returns a handle for it. The handle is used with the
other functions in the profiler API (e.g. for setting up callbacks). The
given structure pointer, <i>prof</i>, will be passed to all callbacks from the
profiler API. It can be <code><code>NULL</code></code>.
<p />
Example usage:
<p />
<pre><code class="mapi-codeblock">
struct _MonoProfiler {
int my_stuff;
// ...
};
MonoProfiler *prof = malloc (sizeof (MonoProfiler));
prof->my_stuff = 42;
MonoProfilerHandle handle = mono_profiler_create (prof);
mono_profiler_set_shutdown_callback (handle, my_shutdown_cb);
</code></pre>
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.
<p />
This function may <strong>only</strong> be called from a profiler's init function or prior
to running managed code.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_set_cleanup_callback"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_set_cleanup_callback</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void
mono_profiler_set_cleanup_callback (MonoProfilerHandle handle, MonoProfilerCleanupCallback cb)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Sets a profiler cleanup function. This function will be invoked at shutdown
when the profiler API is cleaning up its internal structures. It's mainly
intended for a profiler to free the structure pointer that was passed to
<code>mono_profiler_create</code>, if necessary.
<p />
This function is async safe.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
<h3>Code Coverage</h3>
<p />These functions provide access to the JIT compiler's code
coverage support. This functionality can be used to collect
information about how many times certain code paths have been
executed.
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_enable_coverage"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_enable_coverage</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">mono_bool
mono_profiler_enable_coverage (void)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Enables support for code coverage instrumentation. At the moment, this means
enabling the debug info subsystem. If this function is not called, it will
not be possible to use <code>mono_profiler_get_coverage_data</code>. Returns <code><code>TRUE</code></code>
if code coverage support was enabled, or <code><code>FALSE</code></code> if the function was called
too late for this to be possible.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.
<p />
This function may <strong>only</strong> be called from a profiler's init function or prior
to running managed code.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_set_coverage_filter_callback"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_set_coverage_filter_callback</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void
mono_profiler_set_coverage_filter_callback (MonoProfilerHandle handle, MonoProfilerCoverageFilterCallback cb)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Sets a code coverage filter function. The profiler API will invoke filter
functions from all installed profilers. If any of them return <code><code>TRUE</code></code>, then
the given method will be instrumented for coverage analysis. All filters are
guaranteed to be called at least once per method, even if an earlier filter
has already returned <code><code>TRUE</code></code>.
<p />
Note that filter functions must be installed before a method is compiled in
order to have any effect, i.e. a filter should be registered in a profiler's
init function or prior to running managed code (if embedding).
<p />
This function is async safe.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_get_coverage_data"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_get_coverage_data</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">mono_bool
mono_profiler_get_coverage_data (MonoProfilerHandle handle, MonoMethod *method, MonoProfilerCoverageCallback cb)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Retrieves all coverage data for <i>method</i> and invokes <i>cb</i> for each entry.
Source location information will only be filled out if <i>method</i> has debug
info available. Returns <code><code>TRUE</code></code> if <i>method</i> was instrumented for code
coverage; otherwise, <code><code>FALSE</code></code>.
<p />
Please note that the structure passed to <i>cb</i> is only valid for the
duration of the callback.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
<h3>Statistical Sampling</h3>
<p />Statistical sampling can be used to interrupt managed threads
based on a certain mode and frequency for the purpose of
collecting data about their current work.
<p />One common use case for this functionality, usually referred
to as call sampling, is to collect a backtrace from every thread
when a sampling hit event arrives. This data can then be compiled
into a report indicating where a program spends most of its time.
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_enable_sampling"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_enable_sampling</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">mono_bool
mono_profiler_enable_sampling (MonoProfilerHandle handle)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Enables the sampling thread. Users must call this function if they intend
to use statistical sampling; <code>mono_profiler_set_sample_mode</code> will have no
effect if this function has not been called. The first profiler to call this
function will get ownership over sampling settings (mode and frequency) so
that no other profiler can change those settings. Returns <code><code>TRUE</code></code> if the
sampling thread was enabled, or <code><code>FALSE</code></code> if the function was called too late
for this to be possible.
<p />
Note that <code>mono_profiler_set_sample_mode</code> must still be called with a mode
other than <code>MONO_PROFILER_SAMPLE_MODE_NONE</code> to actually start sampling.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.
<p />
This function may <strong>only</strong> be called from a profiler's init function or prior
to running managed code.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_set_sample_mode"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_set_sample_mode</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">mono_bool
mono_profiler_set_sample_mode (MonoProfilerHandle handle, MonoProfilerSampleMode mode, uint32_t freq)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Sets the sampling mode and frequency (in Hz). <i>freq</i> must be a positive
number. If the calling profiler has ownership over sampling settings, the
settings will be changed and this function will return <code><code>TRUE</code></code>; otherwise,
it returns <code><code>FALSE</code></code> without changing any settings.
<p />
This function is async safe.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_get_sample_mode"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_get_sample_mode</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">mono_bool
mono_profiler_get_sample_mode (MonoProfilerHandle handle, MonoProfilerSampleMode *mode, uint32_t *freq)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Retrieves the current sampling mode and/or frequency (in Hz). Returns
<code><code>TRUE</code></code> if the calling profiler is allowed to change the sampling settings;
otherwise, <code><code>FALSE</code></code>.
<p />
This function is async safe.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
<p />A callback must be registered to receive sample hit events.
Please see the <i>Callback Registration</i> section below.
<h3>GC Allocations</h3>
<p />Profilers can be notified about all GC allocations performed
by a program or the Mono runtime.
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_enable_allocations"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_enable_allocations</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
<div class="mapi-ptr-container"></div>
<div class="mapi-description">
<div class="mapi-ptr"></div>
<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">mono_bool
mono_profiler_enable_allocations (void)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Enables instrumentation of GC allocations. This is necessary so that managed
allocators can be instrumented with a call into the profiler API.
Allocations will not be reported unless this function is called. Returns
<code><code>TRUE</code></code> if allocation instrumentation was enabled, or <code><code>FALSE</code></code> if the
function was called too late for this to be possible.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.
<p />
This function may <strong>only</strong> be called from a profiler's init function or prior
to running managed code.</div>
</div><!--mapi-description -->
</div><!--height container -->
<p />A callback must be registered to receive allocation events.
Please see the <i>Callback Registration</i> section below.
<h3>Call Instrumentation</h3>
<p />The JIT compiler supports instrumenting managed method entry
and exit points so that a profiler callback will be invoked.
<p />While such callbacks by themselves have traditionally only
been useful for call count profiling and the like, Mono gives
these callbacks access to the arguments, locals, and return
value of instrumented methods (together referred to as the 'call
context'). This enables many profiling scenarios that would
otherwise have required explicit hooks in the base class
libraries.
</div> <!-- class=mapi -->
<a name="api:mono_profiler_set_call_instrumentation_filter_callback"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_set_call_instrumentation_filter_callback</code></div>
<div class="mapi-height-container">
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<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void
mono_profiler_set_call_instrumentation_filter_callback (MonoProfilerHandle handle, MonoProfilerCallInstrumentationFilterCallback cb)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Sets a call instrumentation filter function. The profiler API will invoke
filter functions from all installed profilers. If any of them return flags
other than <code>MONO_PROFILER_CALL_INSTRUMENTATION_NONE</code>, then the given method
will be instrumented as requested. All filters are guaranteed to be called
at least once per method, even if earlier filters have already specified all
flags.
<p />
Note that filter functions must be installed before a method is compiled in
order to have any effect, i.e. a filter should be registered in a profiler's
init function or prior to running managed code (if embedding). Also, to
instrument a method that's going to be AOT-compiled, a filter must be
installed at AOT time. This can be done in exactly the same way as one would
normally, i.e. by passing the <code>--profile</code> option on the command line, by
calling <code>mono_profiler_load</code>, or simply by using the profiler API as an
embedder.
<p />
Indiscriminate method instrumentation is extremely heavy and will slow down
most applications to a crawl. Users should consider sampling as a possible
alternative to such heavy-handed instrumentation.
<p />
This function is async safe.</div>
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<a name="api:mono_profiler_enable_call_context_introspection"></a>
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<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_enable_call_context_introspection</code></div>
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<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">mono_bool
mono_profiler_enable_call_context_introspection (void)
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<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Enables support for retrieving stack frame data from a call context. At the
moment, this means enabling the debug info subsystem. If this function is not
called, it will not be possible to use the call context introspection
functions (they will simply return <code><code>NULL</code>)</code>. Returns <code><code>TRUE</code></code> if call context
introspection was enabled, or <code><code>FALSE</code></code> if the function was called too late for
this to be possible.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.
<p />
This function may <strong>only</strong> be called from a profiler's init function or prior
to running managed code.</div>
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<a name="api:mono_profiler_call_context_get_this"></a>
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<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_call_context_get_this</code></div>
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<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void*
mono_profiler_call_context_get_this (MonoProfilerCallContext *context)
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<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Given a valid call context from an enter/leave event, retrieves a pointer to
the <code>this</code> reference for the method. Returns <code><code>NULL</code></code> if none exists (i.e.
it's a static method) or if call context introspection was not enabled.
<p />
The buffer returned by this function must be freed with
<code>mono_profiler_call_context_free_buffer</code>.
<p />
Please note that a call context is only valid for the duration of the
enter/leave callback it was passed to.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.</div>
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<a name="api:mono_profiler_call_context_get_argument"></a>
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<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_call_context_get_argument</code></div>
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<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void*
mono_profiler_call_context_get_argument (MonoProfilerCallContext *context, uint32_t position)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Given a valid call context from an enter/leave event, retrieves a pointer to
the method argument at the given position. Returns <code><code>NULL</code></code> if <i>position</i> is
out of bounds or if call context introspection was not enabled.
<p />
The buffer returned by this function must be freed with
<code>mono_profiler_call_context_free_buffer</code>.
<p />
Please note that a call context is only valid for the duration of the
enter/leave callback it was passed to.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.</div>
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<a name="api:mono_profiler_call_context_get_local"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_call_context_get_local</code></div>
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<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void*
mono_profiler_call_context_get_local (MonoProfilerCallContext *context, uint32_t position)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Given a valid call context from an enter/leave event, retrieves a pointer to
the local variable at the given position. Returns <code><code>NULL</code></code> if <i>position</i> is
out of bounds or if call context introspection was not enabled.
<p />
The buffer returned by this function must be freed with
<code>mono_profiler_call_context_free_buffer</code>.
<p />
Please note that a call context is only valid for the duration of the
enter/leave callback it was passed to.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.</div>
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<a name="api:mono_profiler_call_context_get_result"></a>
<div class="mapi">
<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_call_context_get_result</code></div>
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<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void*
mono_profiler_call_context_get_result (MonoProfilerCallContext *context)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Given a valid call context from an enter/leave event, retrieves a pointer to
return value of a method. Returns <code><code>NULL</code></code> if the method has no return value
(i.e. it returns <code>void)</code>, if the leave event was the result of a tail call,
if the function is called on a context from an enter event, or if call
context introspection was not enabled.
<p />
The buffer returned by this function must be freed with
<code>mono_profiler_call_context_free_buffer</code>.
<p />
Please note that a call context is only valid for the duration of the
enter/leave callback it was passed to.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.</div>
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<a name="api:mono_profiler_call_context_free_buffer"></a>
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<div class="mapi-entry "><code>mono_profiler_call_context_free_buffer</code></div>
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<div class="mapi-description">
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<div class="mapi-declaration mapi-section">Syntax</div>
<div class="mapi-prototype">void
mono_profiler_call_context_free_buffer (void *buffer)
</div>
<p />
<div class="mapi-section">Description</div>
<div>
<p />
Frees a buffer returned by one of the call context introspection functions.
Passing a <code><code>NULL</code></code> value for <i>buffer</i> is allowed, which makes this function
a no-op.
<p />
This function is <strong>not</strong> async safe.</div>
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<p />Callbacks must be registered to receive method entry and exit
events. Please see the <i>Callback Registration</i> section
below.
<h3>Callback Registration</h3>
<p />In addition to the above functions, there's a large set of
functions for installing generic profiler event callbacks. These
are generated from C macros and so are not documented here.
Please refer to the <code>mono/metadata/profiler.h</code> and
<code>mono/metadata/profiler-events.h</code> headers for a full
listing of these.
<p />Callback registration functions are all async safe and can be
safely invoked from multiple threads at the same time, with the
caveat that altering a registered callback from one thread will
not immediately affect another thread that is already invoking
the current callback.
<h2>API Stability</h2>
<p />The profiler API does not have the same API stability
garantees that the rest of the Mono embedding API does. While
a breaking change to the profiler API is extremely rare, it has
happened in the past when changing the API in a backwards
compatible way was deemed to be too much work for too little
gain.
<p />Therefore, developers of profiler modules may rarely need to
update their code to work with new versions of the profiler API.
<p />Developers who wish to support older versions of the API can
perform a compile time check of the
<code>MONO_PROFILER_API_VERSION</code> macro and maintain code
for both old and new versions.
<p />To aid with transitioning to a new version of the profiler
API, the Mono runtime will detect and reject loading profiler
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