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.TH "VirtualBindings" "library call"
.SH "NAME"
\fBVirtualBindings\fP \(em Bindings for virtual mouse and key events
.iX "VirtualBindings"
.iX "default bindings" "VirtualBindings"
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
The Motif reference pages describe key translations in terms of
\fIvirtual bindings\fP, based on those described in the \fIMotif Style Guide\fP\&.
.SS "Bindings for osf Keysyms"
.PP
Keysym strings that begin with \fB<osf>\fP are not part of the X server\&'s
keyboard mapping\&.
Instead, these keysyms are produced on the client side at run time\&.
They are interpreted by the routine \fBXmTranslateKey\fP, and
are used by the translation manager when the server delivers an actual
key event\&.
For each application, a mapping is maintained between \fB<osf>\fP keysyms and
keysyms that correspond to actual keys\&.
This mapping is based on information obtained at application startup
from one of the following sources, listed in order of precedence:
.IP "   \(bu" 6
The \fBXmNdefaultVirtualBindings\fP resource from Display\&.
.IP "   \(bu" 6
A property on the root window, which can be set by \fBmwm\fP on startup,
or by the \fBxmbind\fP client, or on prior startup of a Motif
application\&.
.IP "   \(bu" 6
The file \fB\&.motifbind\fP in the user\&'s home directory\&.
.IP "   \(bu" 6
A set of bindings based on the vendor string and optionally the vendor
release of the X server\&.
Motif searches for these bindings in the following steps:
.RS
.IP "   0." 6
If the file \fBxmbind\&.alias\fP exists in the user\&'s home directory,
Motif searches this file for a pathname associated with the vendor
string or with the vendor string and vendor release\&.
If it finds such a pathname and if that file exists, Motif loads the
bindings contained in that file\&.
.IP "   1." 6
If it has found no bindings, Motif next looks for the file
\fBxmbind\&.alias\fP in the directory specified by the environment
variable \fBXMBINDDIR\fP, if \fBXMBINDDIR\fP is set, or in the directory
\fB/usr/lib/Xm/bindings\fP if \fBXMBINDDIR\fP is not set\&.
If this file exists Motif searches it for a pathname associated with the
vendor string or with the vendor string and vendor release\&.
If it finds such a pathname and if that file exists, Motif loads the
bindings contained in that file\&.
.IP "   2." 6
If it still has found no bindings, Motif loads a set of hard-coded
fallback bindings\&.
.RE
.PP
The \fBxmbind\&.alias\fP file contains zero or more lines of the following form:
.PP
.nf
\f(CW"\fIvendor_string\fP[ \fIvendor_release\fP]"    \fIbindings_file\fP\fR
.fi
.PP
.PP
where \fIvendor_string\fP is the X server vendor name as returned by the
X client \fBxdpyinfo\fP or the Xlib function \fBXServerVendor\fP, and
must appear in double quotes\&.
If \fIvendor_release\fP is included, it is the X server vendor release
number as returned by the X client \fBxdpyinfo\fP or the Xlib function
\fBXVendorRelease\fP, and must also be contained within the double
quotes separated by one space from \fIvendor_string\fP\&.
The \fIvendor_release\fP argument is provided to allow support
of changes in keyboard
hardware from a vendor, assuming that the vendor increments the release
number to flag such changes\&.
Alternatively, the vendor may simply use a unique vendor string for each
different keyboard\&.
.PP
The \fIbindings_file\fP argument is the pathname of
the file containing the bindings
themselves\&.
It can be a relative or absolute pathname\&.
If it it is a relative pathname, it is relative to the location of the
\fBxmbind\&.alias\fP file\&.
.PP
Comment lines in the \fBxmbind\&.alias\fP file begin with ! (exclamation
point)\&.
.PP
The bindings found in either the \fB\&.motifbind\fP file or the vendor
mapping are placed in a property on the root window\&.
This property is used to determine the bindings for subsequent Motif
applications\&.
.PP
On startup \fBmwm\fP attempts to load the file \fB\&.motifbind\fP in the
user\&'s home directory\&.
If this is unsuccessful, it loads the vendor bindings as described
previously\&.
It places the bindings it loads in a property on the root window for use
by subsequent Motif applications\&.
.PP
The \fBxmbind\fP function loads bindings
from a file if that file is specified on the
command line\&.
If no file is specified on the command line, it attempts to load the
file \fB\&.motifbind\fP in the user\&'s home directory\&.
If this fails, it loads the vendor bindings as described previously\&.
It places the bindings it loads in a property on the root window for use
by subsequent Motif applications\&.
.PP
The format of the specification for mapping \fB<osf>\fP keysyms to
actual keysyms is similar to that of a specification for an event
translation\&. (See below) The syntax is specified (and below) here in
EBNF notation using the following conventions:
.PP
.nf
\f(CW[\fIa\fP]    Means either nothing or \fIa\fP
{\fIa\fP}    Means zero or more occurrences of \fIa\fP
(\fIa\fP|\fIb\fP)    Means either \fIa\fP or \fIb\fP\&.\fR
.fi
.PP
.PP
Terminals are enclosed in double quotation marks\&.
.PP
The syntax of an \fB<osf>\fP keysym binding specification is as follows:
.PP
.nf
\f(CWbinding_spec    =       {line "\en"} [line]
line            =       virtual_keysym ":" list_of_key_event
list_of_key_event=      key_event { "," key_event}
key_event       =       {modifier_name} "<Key>" actual_keysym
virtual_keysym  =       keysym
actual_keysym   =       keysym
keysym          =       A valid X11 keysym name that is
                        mapped by \fBXStringToKeysym\fP\fR
.fi
.PP
.PP
As with event translations, more specific event descriptions must
precede less specific descriptions\&.
For example, an event description for a key with a modifier must precede
a description for the same key without the same modifier\&.
.PP
Following is an example of a specification for the
\fBdefaultVirtualBindings\fP resource in a resource file:
.PP
.nf
\f(CW*defaultVirtualBindings: \e
        osfBackSpace:       <Key>BackSpace       \en\e
        osfInsert:       <Key>InsertChar      \en\e
        osfDelete:       <Key>DeleteChar      \en\e
\&.\&.\&.
        osfLeft:       <Key>left, Ctrl<Key>H\fR
.fi
.PP
.PP
The format of a \fB\&.motifbind\fP file or of a file containing vendor
bindings is the same, except that the binding specification for each
keysym is placed on a separate line\&.
The previous example specification appears as follows in a
\fB\&.motifbind\fP or vendor bindings file:
.PP
.nf
\f(CWosfBackSpace:       <Key>BackSpace
osfInsert:       <Key>InsertChar
osfDelete:       <Key>DeleteChar
\&.\&.\&.
osfLeft:       <Key>left, Ctrl<Key>H\fR
.fi
.PP
.PP
The following table lists the fixed fallback default bindings for
\fB<osf>\fP keysyms\&.
.TS
tab() box;
c s
l| l.
T{
\fBFallback Default Bindings for osf Keysyms\fP
T}
\fB<osf Keysym>\fP\fBFallback Default Binding\fP
__
\fB<osfActivate>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>KP_Enter\fP, \fB<Key>Execute\fP
__
\fB<osfAddMode>\fP\fB:\fP\fBShift<Key>F8\fP
__
\fB<osfBackSpace>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBBackSpace\fP
__
\fB<osfBeginLine>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>Home\fP, \fB<Key>Begin\fP
__
\fB<osfCancel>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>Escape\fP, \fB<Key>Cancel\fP
__
\fB<osfClear>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBClear\fP
__
\fB<osfCopy>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfCut>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfDelete>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBDelete\fP
__
\fB<osfDeselectAll>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfDown>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBDown\fP
__
\fB<osfEndLine>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBEnd\fP
__
\fB<osfHelp>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>F1\fP, \fB<Key>Help\fP
__
\fB<osfInsert>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBInsert\fP
__
\fB<osfLeft>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBLeft\fP
__
\fB<osfLeftLine>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfMenu>\fP\fB:\fP\fBShift\fP\fB<Key>F10\fP, \fB<Key>Menu\fP
__
\fB<osfMenuBar>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>F10\fP, \fBShift<Key>\fP\fBMenu\fP
__
\fB<osfNextMinor>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfPageDown>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBNext\fP
__
\fB<osfPageLeft>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfPageRight>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfPageUp>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBPrior\fP
__
\fB<osfPaste>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfPrimaryPaste>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfPriorMinor>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfReselect>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfRestore>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfRight>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBRight\fP
__
\fB<osfRightLine>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfSelect>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBSelect\fP
__
\fB<osfSelectAll>\fP\fB:\fP\fIunbound\fP
__
\fB<osfSwitchDirection>\fP\fB:\fP\fBAlt<Key>Return\fP, \fBAlt<Key>KP_Enter\fP
__
\fB<osfUndo>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBUndo\fP
__
\fB<osfUp>\fP\fB:\fP\fB<Key>\fP\fBUp\fP
__
.TE
.SS "Changes in the Handling of Shifted Keys"
.PP
In conjunction with MIT X11R5 Patch 24, this version of Motif
introduces a change in the way that keys involving the <Shift>
modifier are processed\&. This change allows the numeric keypad to be
used to generate numbers using the standard X mechanisms\&. Since the
default behavior is now to honor the xmodmap keymap bindings,
translations and virtual key bindings that use <Shift> may behave
differently\&. A common symptom is that unshifted keypad and function
keys (with or without other modifiers) produce the expected results,
but shifted ones do not\&.
.PP
To obtain the old behavior you can remove the shifted interpretation
from problematic keys using the \fBxmodmap\fP utility\&. Each entry in
a \fBxmodmap\fP keymap table contains up to four keysym bindings\&. The
second and fourth keysyms are for shifted keys\&. If an expression
contains only two keysyms, simply remove the second keysym\&. If
an entry contains three or more keysyms, replace the second keysym
with \fBNoSymbol\fP and remove the fourth keysym\&.
.SS "Action Translations"
.PP
The translation table syntax used by Motif is completely specified
in the X11R5 Toolkit Intrinsics Documentation\&. For the complete syntax
description, and for general instructions about writing or modifying a
translation table, please refer to this document\&. A brief summary of the
translation table format, however, is included below\&.
.PP
The syntax is defined as in the binding syntax specification above\&.
Informal descriptions are contained in angle brackets (<>)\&.
.PP
.nf
\f(CWTranslationTable=       [ directive ] { production }
directive       =       ( "#replace" | "#override" | "#augment") "\en"
production      =       lhs ":" rhs "\en"
lhs             =       ( event | keyseq) {"," ( event | keyseq) }
keyseq          =       """ keychar { keychar } """
keychar         =       ( "^" | "$" | "\e\e") <ISO Latin 1 character>
event           =       [ modifier_list ] "<" event_type ">" [ count ] {detail}
modifier_list   =       ( ["!"][":"] { modifier } | "None")
modifier        =       [ "~" ] ( "@" <keysym> | <name from table below>)
count           =       "(" <positive integer> [ "+" ] ")"
rhs             =       { action_name "(" [params] ")" }
params          =       string { "," string }\fR
.fi
.PP
The \fIstring\fP field need not be quoted unless it includes a space
or tab character, or any comma, newline, or parenthesis\&. The entire
list of string values making up the \fIparams\fP field will ba passed
to the named action routine\&.
.PP
The \fIdetails\fP field may be used to specify a keysym that will
identify a particular key event\&. For example, \fB<Key>\fP is the name
of a type of event, but it must be modified by the \fIdetails\fP field
to name a specific event, such as \fB<Key>\fP\fBA\fP\&.
.PP
\fBModifier Names\fP
The modifier list, which may be empty, consists of a list of modifier
keys that must be pressed with the key sequence\&. The modifier keys
may abbreviated with single letters, as in the following list of the
familiar modifiers:
.IP "s" 10
Shift
.IP "c\ or\ ^" 10
Ctrl (Control)
.IP "m\ or\ $" 10
Meta
.IP "a" 10
Alt
.PP
Other modifiers are available, such as "Mod5" and "Button2\&." These
have no abbreviation (although the "Button" modifiers may be
abbreviated in combination with events, as outlined below)\&. If a
modifier list has no entries, and is not "None", it means the position
of the modifier keys is irrelevant\&. If modifiers are listed, the
designated keys must be in the specified position, but the unlisted
modifier keys are irrelevant\&. If the list begins with an exclamation
point (!), however, the unlisted modifiers may not be asserted\&. In
addition, if a modifier name is preceded by a tilde (~), the
corresponding key must \fInot\fP be pressed\&.
.PP
If a modifier list begins with a colon (:), X tries to use the
standard modifiers (Shift and Lock), if present, to map the key event
code into a recognized keysym\&.
.PP
Event Types
These are a few of the recognized event types\&.
.IP "Key or KeyDown" 10
A keyboard key was pressed\&.
.IP "KeyUp" 10
A keyboard key was released\&.
.IP "BtnDown" 10
A mouse button was pressed\&.
.IP "BtnUp" 10
A mouse button was released\&.
.IP "Motion" 10
The mouse pointer moved\&.
.IP "Enter" 10
The pointer entered the widget\&'s window\&.
.IP "Leave" 10
The pointer left the widget\&'s window\&.
.IP "FocusIn" 10
The widget has received focus\&.
.IP "FocusOut" 10
The widget has lost focus\&.
.PP
There are some event abbreviations available\&. For example,
\fB<Btn1Motion>\fP is actually a "Motion" event, modified with the
"Button1" modifier (\fBButton1<Motion>\fP)\&. Similarly, \fB<Btn3Up>\fP
is actually a "BtnUp" event with the "Button3" modifier\&. These
abbreviations are used extensively in the Motif translation
tables\&.
.SH "RELATED"
.PP
\fBxmbind\fP(1)
...\" created by instant / docbook-to-man, Sun 22 Dec 1996, 20:16