Version 3.10
---------------------
01/31/17: beazley
          Changed grammar signature computation to not involve hashing
          functions. Parts are just combined into a big string.

10/07/16: beazley
          Fixed Issue #101: Incorrect shift-reduce conflict resolution with
          precedence specifier.

          PLY was incorrectly resolving shift-reduce conflicts in certain
          cases.  For example, in the example/calc/calc.py example, you 
          could trigger it doing this:

          calc > -3 - 4            
          1                         (correct answer should be -7)
          calc >

          Issue and suggested patch contributed by https://github.com/RomaVis
           
Version 3.9
---------------------
08/30/16: beazley
          Exposed the parser state number as the parser.state attribute
          in productions and error functions. For example:

          def p_somerule(p):
              '''
              rule : A B C
              '''
              print('State:', p.parser.state)

          May address issue #65 (publish current state in error callback).

08/30/16: beazley 
          Fixed Issue #88. Python3 compatibility with ply/cpp.

08/30/16: beazley
          Fixed Issue #93. Ply can crash if SyntaxError is raised inside
          a production.   Not actually sure if the original implementation
          worked as documented at all.  Yacc has been modified to follow
          the spec as outlined in the CHANGES noted for 11/27/07 below.

08/30/16: beazley
          Fixed Issue #97. Failure with code validation when the original
          source files aren't present.   Validation step now ignores
          the missing file.

08/30/16: beazley
          Minor fixes to version numbers.

Version 3.8
---------------------
10/02/15: beazley
          Fixed issues related to Python 3.5. Patch contributed by Barry Warsaw.

Version 3.7
---------------------
08/25/15: beazley
          Fixed problems when reading table files from pickled data.

05/07/15: beazley
          Fixed regression in handling of table modules if specified as module
          objects.   See https://github.com/dabeaz/ply/issues/63

Version 3.6
---------------------
04/25/15: beazley
          If PLY is unable to create the 'parser.out' or 'parsetab.py' files due
          to permission issues, it now just issues a warning message and
          continues to operate. This could happen if a module using PLY
	  is installed in a funny way where tables have to be regenerated, but
          for whatever reason, the user doesn't have write permission on
          the directory where PLY wants to put them.  

04/24/15: beazley
          Fixed some issues related to use of packages and table file
          modules.  Just to emphasize, PLY now generates its special
          files such as 'parsetab.py' and 'lextab.py' in the *SAME*
          directory as the source file that uses lex() and yacc().

	  If for some reason, you want to change the name of the table
          module, use the tabmodule and lextab options:

             lexer = lex.lex(lextab='spamlextab')
             parser = yacc.yacc(tabmodule='spamparsetab')

          If you specify a simple name as shown, the module will still be
          created in the same directory as the file invoking lex() or yacc().
          If you want the table files to be placed into a different package,
          then give a fully qualified package name.  For example:

             lexer = lex.lex(lextab='pkgname.files.lextab')
             parser = yacc.yacc(tabmodule='pkgname.files.parsetab')

          For this to work, 'pkgname.files' must already exist as a valid 
          Python package (i.e., the directories must already exist and be
          set up with the proper __init__.py files, etc.).

Version 3.5
---------------------
04/21/15: beazley
          Added support for defaulted_states in the parser.  A
          defaulted_state is a state where the only legal action is a
          reduction of a single grammar rule across all valid input
          tokens.  For such states, the rule is reduced and the
          reading of the next lookahead token is delayed until it is
          actually needed at a later point in time.

	  This delay in consuming the next lookahead token is a
	  potentially important feature in advanced parsing
	  applications that require tight interaction between the
	  lexer and the parser.  For example, a grammar rule change
	  modify the lexer state upon reduction and have such changes
	  take effect before the next input token is read.

	  *** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***
	  One potential danger of defaulted_states is that syntax
	  errors might be deferred to a a later point of processing
	  than where they were detected in past versions of PLY.
	  Thus, it's possible that your error handling could change
	  slightly on the same inputs.  defaulted_states do not change
	  the overall parsing of the input (i.e., the same grammar is
	  accepted).

	  If for some reason, you need to disable defaulted states,
	  you can do this:

              parser = yacc.yacc()
              parser.defaulted_states = {}

04/21/15: beazley
          Fixed debug logging in the parser.  It wasn't properly reporting goto states
          on grammar rule reductions.

04/20/15: beazley
          Added actions to be defined to character literals (Issue #32).  For example:

              literals = [ '{', '}' ]

              def t_lbrace(t):
                  r'\{'
                  # Some action
                  t.type = '{'
                  return t

              def t_rbrace(t):
                  r'\}'
                  # Some action
                  t.type = '}'
                  return t

04/19/15: beazley
          Import of the 'parsetab.py' file is now constrained to only consider the
          directory specified by the outputdir argument to yacc().  If not supplied,
          the import will only consider the directory in which the grammar is defined.
          This should greatly reduce problems with the wrong parsetab.py file being
          imported by mistake. For example, if it's found somewhere else on the path
          by accident.

	  *** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***  It's possible that this might break some
          packaging/deployment setup if PLY was instructed to place its parsetab.py
          in a different location.  You'll have to specify a proper outputdir= argument
          to yacc() to fix this if needed.

04/19/15: beazley
          Changed default output directory to be the same as that in which the
          yacc grammar is defined.  If your grammar is in a file 'calc.py',
          then the parsetab.py and parser.out files should be generated in the
          same directory as that file.  The destination directory can be changed
          using the outputdir= argument to yacc().

04/19/15: beazley
          Changed the parsetab.py file signature slightly so that the parsetab won't
          regenerate if created on a different major version of Python (ie., a 
          parsetab created on Python 2 will work with Python 3).

04/16/15: beazley
          Fixed Issue #44 call_errorfunc() should return the result of errorfunc()

04/16/15: beazley
          Support for versions of Python <2.7 is officially dropped.  PLY may work, but
          the unit tests requires Python 2.7 or newer.

04/16/15: beazley
          Fixed bug related to calling yacc(start=...).   PLY wasn't regenerating the
          table file correctly for this case.

04/16/15: beazley
          Added skipped tests for PyPy and Java.  Related to use of Python's -O option.

05/29/13: beazley
          Added filter to make unit tests pass under 'python -3'.
          Reported by Neil Muller.
       
05/29/13: beazley
          Fixed CPP_INTEGER regex in ply/cpp.py (Issue 21).
	  Reported by @vbraun.
 
05/29/13: beazley
          Fixed yacc validation bugs when from __future__ import unicode_literals
          is being used.  Reported by Kenn Knowles.

05/29/13: beazley
          Added support for Travis-CI.  Contributed by Kenn Knowles.

05/29/13: beazley
          Added a .gitignore file.  Suggested by Kenn Knowles.

05/29/13: beazley
	  Fixed validation problems for source files that include a 
          different source code encoding specifier.  Fix relies on
          the inspect module.  Should work on Python 2.6 and newer.
          Not sure about older versions of Python.
          Contributed by Michael Droettboom

05/21/13: beazley
          Fixed unit tests for yacc to eliminate random failures due to dict hash value
	  randomization in Python 3.3
	  Reported by Arfrever

10/15/12: beazley
          Fixed comment whitespace processing bugs in ply/cpp.py.
          Reported by Alexei Pososin.

10/15/12: beazley
          Fixed token names in ply/ctokens.py to match rule names.
          Reported by Alexei Pososin.

04/26/12: beazley
          Changes to functions available in panic mode error recover.  In previous versions
          of PLY, the following global functions were available for use in the p_error() rule:

                 yacc.errok()       # Reset error state
                 yacc.token()       # Get the next token
                 yacc.restart()     # Reset the parsing stack

          The use of global variables was problematic for code involving multiple parsers
          and frankly was a poor design overall.   These functions have been moved to methods
          of the parser instance created by the yacc() function.   You should write code like
          this:

                def p_error(p):
                    ...
                    parser.errok()

                parser = yacc.yacc()

          *** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***  The original global functions now issue a
          DeprecationWarning.
         
04/19/12: beazley
          Fixed some problems with line and position tracking and the use of error
          symbols.   If you have a grammar rule involving an error rule like this:

               def p_assignment_bad(p):
                   '''assignment : location EQUALS error SEMI'''
                   ...

          You can now do line and position tracking on the error token.  For example:

               def p_assignment_bad(p):
                   '''assignment : location EQUALS error SEMI'''
                   start_line = p.lineno(3)
                   start_pos  = p.lexpos(3)

          If the trackng=True option is supplied to parse(), you can additionally get
          spans:

               def p_assignment_bad(p):
                   '''assignment : location EQUALS error SEMI'''
                   start_line, end_line = p.linespan(3)
                   start_pos, end_pos = p.lexspan(3)

          Note that error handling is still a hairy thing in PLY. This won't work
          unless your lexer is providing accurate information.   Please report bugs.
          Suggested by a bug reported by Davis Herring.
              
04/18/12: beazley
          Change to doc string handling in lex module.  Regex patterns are now first
          pulled from a function's .regex attribute.  If that doesn't exist, then
	  .doc is checked as a fallback.   The @TOKEN decorator now sets the .regex
	  attribute of a function instead of its doc string.
	  Changed suggested by Kristoffer Ellersgaard Koch.

04/18/12: beazley
          Fixed issue #1: Fixed _tabversion. It should use __tabversion__ instead of __version__
          Reported by Daniele Tricoli

04/18/12: beazley
          Fixed issue #8: Literals empty list causes IndexError
          Reported by Walter Nissen.

04/18/12: beazley
          Fixed issue #12: Typo in code snippet in documentation
          Reported by florianschanda.

04/18/12: beazley
          Fixed issue #10: Correctly escape t_XOREQUAL pattern.
          Reported by Andy Kittner.

Version 3.4
---------------------
02/17/11: beazley
          Minor patch to make cpp.py compatible with Python 3.  Note: This
          is an experimental file not currently used by the rest of PLY.

02/17/11: beazley
          Fixed setup.py trove classifiers to properly list PLY as
          Python 3 compatible.

01/02/11: beazley
          Migration of repository to github.

Version 3.3
-----------------------------
08/25/09: beazley
          Fixed issue 15 related to the set_lineno() method in yacc.  Reported by
	  mdsherry.

08/25/09: beazley
          Fixed a bug related to regular expression compilation flags not being
          properly stored in lextab.py files created by the lexer when running
          in optimize mode.  Reported by Bruce Frederiksen.


Version 3.2
-----------------------------
03/24/09: beazley
          Added an extra check to not print duplicated warning messages
          about reduce/reduce conflicts.

03/24/09: beazley
          Switched PLY over to a BSD-license.

03/23/09: beazley
          Performance optimization.  Discovered a few places to make
          speedups in LR table generation.

03/23/09: beazley
          New warning message.  PLY now warns about rules never 
          reduced due to reduce/reduce conflicts.  Suggested by
          Bruce Frederiksen.

03/23/09: beazley
          Some clean-up of warning messages related to reduce/reduce errors.

03/23/09: beazley
          Added a new picklefile option to yacc() to write the parsing
          tables to a filename using the pickle module.   Here is how
          it works:

              yacc(picklefile="parsetab.p")

          This option can be used if the normal parsetab.py file is
          extremely large.  For example, on jython, it is impossible
          to read parsing tables if the parsetab.py exceeds a certain
          threshold.

          The filename supplied to the picklefile option is opened
          relative to the current working directory of the Python 
          interpreter.  If you need to refer to the file elsewhere,
          you will need to supply an absolute or relative path.

          For maximum portability, the pickle file is written
          using protocol 0. 
 
03/13/09: beazley
          Fixed a bug in parser.out generation where the rule numbers
          where off by one.

03/13/09: beazley
          Fixed a string formatting bug with one of the error messages.
          Reported by Richard Reitmeyer

Version 3.1
-----------------------------
02/28/09: beazley
          Fixed broken start argument to yacc().  PLY-3.0 broke this
          feature by accident.

02/28/09: beazley
          Fixed debugging output. yacc() no longer reports shift/reduce
          or reduce/reduce conflicts if debugging is turned off.  This
          restores similar behavior in PLY-2.5.   Reported by Andrew Waters.

Version 3.0
-----------------------------
02/03/09: beazley
          Fixed missing lexer attribute on certain tokens when
          invoking the parser p_error() function.  Reported by 
          Bart Whiteley.

02/02/09: beazley
          The lex() command now does all error-reporting and diagonistics
          using the logging module interface.   Pass in a Logger object
          using the errorlog parameter to specify a different logger.

02/02/09: beazley
          Refactored ply.lex to use a more object-oriented and organized
          approach to collecting lexer information.

02/01/09: beazley
          Removed the nowarn option from lex().  All output is controlled
          by passing in a logger object.   Just pass in a logger with a high
          level setting to suppress output.   This argument was never 
          documented to begin with so hopefully no one was relying upon it.

02/01/09: beazley
          Discovered and removed a dead if-statement in the lexer.  This
          resulted in a 6-7% speedup in lexing when I tested it.

01/13/09: beazley
          Minor change to the procedure for signalling a syntax error in a
          production rule.  A normal SyntaxError exception should be raised
          instead of yacc.SyntaxError.

01/13/09: beazley
          Added a new method p.set_lineno(n,lineno) that can be used to set the
          line number of symbol n in grammar rules.   This simplifies manual
          tracking of line numbers.

01/11/09: beazley
          Vastly improved debugging support for yacc.parse().   Instead of passing
          debug as an integer, you can supply a Logging object (see the logging
          module). Messages will be generated at the ERROR, INFO, and DEBUG
	  logging levels, each level providing progressively more information.
          The debugging trace also shows states, grammar rule, values passed
          into grammar rules, and the result of each reduction.

01/09/09: beazley
          The yacc() command now does all error-reporting and diagnostics using
          the interface of the logging module.  Use the errorlog parameter to
          specify a logging object for error messages.  Use the debuglog parameter
          to specify a logging object for the 'parser.out' output.

01/09/09: beazley
          *HUGE* refactoring of the the ply.yacc() implementation.   The high-level
	  user interface is backwards compatible, but the internals are completely
          reorganized into classes.  No more global variables.    The internals
          are also more extensible.  For example, you can use the classes to 
          construct a LALR(1) parser in an entirely different manner than 
          what is currently the case.  Documentation is forthcoming.

01/07/09: beazley
          Various cleanup and refactoring of yacc internals.  

01/06/09: beazley
          Fixed a bug with precedence assignment.  yacc was assigning the precedence
          each rule based on the left-most token, when in fact, it should have been
          using the right-most token.  Reported by Bruce Frederiksen.

11/27/08: beazley
          Numerous changes to support Python 3.0 including removal of deprecated 
          statements (e.g., has_key) and the additional of compatibility code
          to emulate features from Python 2 that have been removed, but which
          are needed.   Fixed the unit testing suite to work with Python 3.0.
          The code should be backwards compatible with Python 2.

11/26/08: beazley
          Loosened the rules on what kind of objects can be passed in as the
          "module" parameter to lex() and yacc().  Previously, you could only use
          a module or an instance.  Now, PLY just uses dir() to get a list of
          symbols on whatever the object is without regard for its type.

11/26/08: beazley
          Changed all except: statements to be compatible with Python2.x/3.x syntax.

11/26/08: beazley
          Changed all raise Exception, value statements to raise Exception(value) for
          forward compatibility.

11/26/08: beazley
          Removed all print statements from lex and yacc, using sys.stdout and sys.stderr
          directly.  Preparation for Python 3.0 support.

11/04/08: beazley
          Fixed a bug with referring to symbols on the the parsing stack using negative
          indices.

05/29/08: beazley
          Completely revamped the testing system to use the unittest module for everything.
          Added additional tests to cover new errors/warnings.

Version 2.5
-----------------------------
05/28/08: beazley
          Fixed a bug with writing lex-tables in optimized mode and start states.
          Reported by Kevin Henry.

Version 2.4
-----------------------------
05/04/08: beazley
          A version number is now embedded in the table file signature so that 
          yacc can more gracefully accomodate changes to the output format
          in the future.

05/04/08: beazley
          Removed undocumented .pushback() method on grammar productions.  I'm
          not sure this ever worked and can't recall ever using it.  Might have
          been an abandoned idea that never really got fleshed out.  This
          feature was never described or tested so removing it is hopefully
          harmless.

05/04/08: beazley
          Added extra error checking to yacc() to detect precedence rules defined
          for undefined terminal symbols.   This allows yacc() to detect a potential
          problem that can be really tricky to debug if no warning message or error
          message is generated about it.

05/04/08: beazley
          lex() now has an outputdir that can specify the output directory for
          tables when running in optimize mode.  For example:

             lexer = lex.lex(optimize=True, lextab="ltab", outputdir="foo/bar")
 
          The behavior of specifying a table module and output directory are
          more aligned with the behavior of yacc().
          
05/04/08: beazley
          [Issue 9]
          Fixed filename bug in when specifying the modulename in lex() and yacc(). 
          If you specified options such as the following:

             parser = yacc.yacc(tabmodule="foo.bar.parsetab",outputdir="foo/bar")

          yacc would create a file "foo.bar.parsetab.py" in the given directory.
          Now, it simply generates a file "parsetab.py" in that directory. 
          Bug reported by cptbinho.

05/04/08: beazley
          Slight modification to lex() and yacc() to allow their table files
	  to be loaded from a previously loaded module.   This might make
	  it easier to load the parsing tables from a complicated package
          structure.  For example:

	       import foo.bar.spam.parsetab as parsetab
               parser = yacc.yacc(tabmodule=parsetab)

          Note:  lex and yacc will never regenerate the table file if used
          in the form---you will get a warning message instead. 
          This idea suggested by Brian Clapper.


04/28/08: beazley
          Fixed a big with p_error() functions being picked up correctly
          when running in yacc(optimize=1) mode.  Patch contributed by
          Bart Whiteley.

02/28/08: beazley
          Fixed a bug with 'nonassoc' precedence rules.   Basically the
          non-precedence was being ignored and not producing the correct
          run-time behavior in the parser.

02/16/08: beazley
          Slight relaxation of what the input() method to a lexer will
          accept as a string.   Instead of testing the input to see
          if the input is a string or unicode string, it checks to see
          if the input object looks like it contains string data.
          This change makes it possible to pass string-like objects
          in as input.  For example, the object returned by mmap.

              import mmap, os
              data = mmap.mmap(os.open(filename,os.O_RDONLY),
                               os.path.getsize(filename),
                               access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
              lexer.input(data)
           

11/29/07: beazley
          Modification of ply.lex to allow token functions to aliased.
          This is subtle, but it makes it easier to create libraries and
          to reuse token specifications.  For example, suppose you defined
          a function like this:

               def number(t):
                    r'\d+'
                    t.value = int(t.value)
                    return t

          This change would allow you to define a token rule as follows:

              t_NUMBER = number

          In this case, the token type will be set to 'NUMBER' and use
          the associated number() function to process tokens.   
           
11/28/07: beazley
          Slight modification to lex and yacc to grab symbols from both
          the local and global dictionaries of the caller.   This
          modification allows lexers and parsers to be defined using
          inner functions and closures.

11/28/07: beazley
          Performance optimization:  The lexer.lexmatch and t.lexer
          attributes are no longer set for lexer tokens that are not
          defined by functions.   The only normal use of these attributes
          would be in lexer rules that need to perform some kind of 
          special processing.  Thus, it doesn't make any sense to set
          them on every token.

          *** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***  This might break code
          that is mucking around with internal lexer state in some
          sort of magical way.

11/27/07: beazley
          Added the ability to put the parser into error-handling mode
          from within a normal production.   To do this, simply raise
          a yacc.SyntaxError exception like this:

          def p_some_production(p):
              'some_production : prod1 prod2'
              ...
              raise yacc.SyntaxError      # Signal an error

          A number of things happen after this occurs:

          - The last symbol shifted onto the symbol stack is discarded
            and parser state backed up to what it was before the
            the rule reduction.

          - The current lookahead symbol is saved and replaced by
            the 'error' symbol.

          - The parser enters error recovery mode where it tries
            to either reduce the 'error' rule or it starts 
            discarding items off of the stack until the parser
            resets.

          When an error is manually set, the parser does *not* call 
          the p_error() function (if any is defined).
          *** NEW FEATURE *** Suggested on the mailing list

11/27/07: beazley
          Fixed structure bug in examples/ansic.  Reported by Dion Blazakis.

11/27/07: beazley
          Fixed a bug in the lexer related to start conditions and ignored
          token rules.  If a rule was defined that changed state, but
          returned no token, the lexer could be left in an inconsistent
          state.  Reported by 
          
11/27/07: beazley
          Modified setup.py to support Python Eggs.   Patch contributed by
          Simon Cross.

11/09/07: beazely
          Fixed a bug in error handling in yacc.  If a syntax error occurred and the
          parser rolled the entire parse stack back, the parser would be left in in
          inconsistent state that would cause it to trigger incorrect actions on
          subsequent input.  Reported by Ton Biegstraaten, Justin King, and others.

11/09/07: beazley
          Fixed a bug when passing empty input strings to yacc.parse().   This 
          would result in an error message about "No input given".  Reported
          by Andrew Dalke.

Version 2.3
-----------------------------
02/20/07: beazley
          Fixed a bug with character literals if the literal '.' appeared as the
          last symbol of a grammar rule.  Reported by Ales Smrcka.

02/19/07: beazley
          Warning messages are now redirected to stderr instead of being printed
          to standard output.

02/19/07: beazley
          Added a warning message to lex.py if it detects a literal backslash
          character inside the t_ignore declaration.  This is to help
          problems that might occur if someone accidentally defines t_ignore
          as a Python raw string.  For example:

              t_ignore = r' \t'

          The idea for this is from an email I received from David Cimimi who
          reported bizarre behavior in lexing as a result of defining t_ignore
          as a raw string by accident.

02/18/07: beazley
          Performance improvements.  Made some changes to the internal
          table organization and LR parser to improve parsing performance.

02/18/07: beazley
          Automatic tracking of line number and position information must now be 
          enabled by a special flag to parse().  For example:

              yacc.parse(data,tracking=True)

          In many applications, it's just not that important to have the
          parser automatically track all line numbers.  By making this an 
          optional feature, it allows the parser to run significantly faster
          (more than a 20% speed increase in many cases).    Note: positional
          information is always available for raw tokens---this change only
          applies to positional information associated with nonterminal
          grammar symbols.
          *** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***
	  
02/18/07: beazley
          Yacc no longer supports extended slices of grammar productions.
          However, it does support regular slices.  For example:

          def p_foo(p):
              '''foo: a b c d e'''
              p[0] = p[1:3]

          This change is a performance improvement to the parser--it streamlines
          normal access to the grammar values since slices are now handled in
          a __getslice__() method as opposed to __getitem__().

02/12/07: beazley
          Fixed a bug in the handling of token names when combined with
          start conditions.   Bug reported by Todd O'Bryan.

Version 2.2
------------------------------
11/01/06: beazley
          Added lexpos() and lexspan() methods to grammar symbols.  These
          mirror the same functionality of lineno() and linespan().  For
          example:

          def p_expr(p):
              'expr : expr PLUS expr'
               p.lexpos(1)     # Lexing position of left-hand-expression
               p.lexpos(1)     # Lexing position of PLUS
               start,end = p.lexspan(3)  # Lexing range of right hand expression

11/01/06: beazley
          Minor change to error handling.  The recommended way to skip characters
          in the input is to use t.lexer.skip() as shown here:

             def t_error(t):
                 print "Illegal character '%s'" % t.value[0]
                 t.lexer.skip(1)
          
          The old approach of just using t.skip(1) will still work, but won't
          be documented.

10/31/06: beazley
          Discarded tokens can now be specified as simple strings instead of
          functions.  To do this, simply include the text "ignore_" in the
          token declaration.  For example:

              t_ignore_cppcomment = r'//.*'
          
          Previously, this had to be done with a function.  For example:

              def t_ignore_cppcomment(t):
                  r'//.*'
                  pass

          If start conditions/states are being used, state names should appear
          before the "ignore_" text.

10/19/06: beazley
          The Lex module now provides support for flex-style start conditions
          as described at http://www.gnu.org/software/flex/manual/html_chapter/flex_11.html.
          Please refer to this document to understand this change note.  Refer to
          the PLY documentation for PLY-specific explanation of how this works.

          To use start conditions, you first need to declare a set of states in
          your lexer file:

          states = (
                    ('foo','exclusive'),
                    ('bar','inclusive')
          )

          This serves the same role as the %s and %x specifiers in flex.

          One a state has been declared, tokens for that state can be 
          declared by defining rules of the form t_state_TOK.  For example:

            t_PLUS = '\+'          # Rule defined in INITIAL state
            t_foo_NUM = '\d+'      # Rule defined in foo state
            t_bar_NUM = '\d+'      # Rule defined in bar state

            t_foo_bar_NUM = '\d+'  # Rule defined in both foo and bar
            t_ANY_NUM = '\d+'      # Rule defined in all states

          In addition to defining tokens for each state, the t_ignore and t_error
          specifications can be customized for specific states.  For example:

            t_foo_ignore = " "     # Ignored characters for foo state
            def t_bar_error(t):   
                # Handle errors in bar state

          With token rules, the following methods can be used to change states
          
            def t_TOKNAME(t):
                t.lexer.begin('foo')        # Begin state 'foo'
                t.lexer.push_state('foo')   # Begin state 'foo', push old state
                                            # onto a stack
                t.lexer.pop_state()         # Restore previous state
                t.lexer.current_state()     # Returns name of current state

          These methods mirror the BEGIN(), yy_push_state(), yy_pop_state(), and
          yy_top_state() functions in flex.

          The use of start states can be used as one way to write sub-lexers.
          For example, the lexer or parser might instruct the lexer to start
          generating a different set of tokens depending on the context.
          
          example/yply/ylex.py shows the use of start states to grab C/C++ 
          code fragments out of traditional yacc specification files.

          *** NEW FEATURE *** Suggested by Daniel Larraz with whom I also
          discussed various aspects of the design.

10/19/06: beazley
          Minor change to the way in which yacc.py was reporting shift/reduce
          conflicts.  Although the underlying LALR(1) algorithm was correct,
          PLY was under-reporting the number of conflicts compared to yacc/bison
          when precedence rules were in effect.  This change should make PLY
          report the same number of conflicts as yacc.

10/19/06: beazley
          Modified yacc so that grammar rules could also include the '-' 
          character.  For example:

            def p_expr_list(p):
                'expression-list : expression-list expression'

          Suggested by Oldrich Jedlicka.

10/18/06: beazley
          Attribute lexer.lexmatch added so that token rules can access the re 
          match object that was generated.  For example:

          def t_FOO(t):
              r'some regex'
              m = t.lexer.lexmatch
              # Do something with m


          This may be useful if you want to access named groups specified within
          the regex for a specific token. Suggested by Oldrich Jedlicka.
          
10/16/06: beazley
          Changed the error message that results if an illegal character
          is encountered and no default error function is defined in lex.
          The exception is now more informative about the actual cause of
          the error.
      
Version 2.1
------------------------------
10/02/06: beazley
          The last Lexer object built by lex() can be found in lex.lexer.
          The last Parser object built  by yacc() can be found in yacc.parser.

10/02/06: beazley
          New example added:  examples/yply

          This example uses PLY to convert Unix-yacc specification files to
          PLY programs with the same grammar.   This may be useful if you
          want to convert a grammar from bison/yacc to use with PLY.
    
10/02/06: beazley
          Added support for a start symbol to be specified in the yacc
          input file itself.  Just do this:

               start = 'name'

          where 'name' matches some grammar rule.  For example:

               def p_name(p):
                   'name : A B C'
                   ...

          This mirrors the functionality of the yacc %start specifier.

09/30/06: beazley
          Some new examples added.:

          examples/GardenSnake : A simple indentation based language similar
                                 to Python.  Shows how you might handle 
                                 whitespace.  Contributed by Andrew Dalke.

          examples/BASIC       : An implementation of 1964 Dartmouth BASIC.
                                 Contributed by Dave against his better
                                 judgement.

09/28/06: beazley
          Minor patch to allow named groups to be used in lex regular
          expression rules.  For example:

              t_QSTRING = r'''(?P<quote>['"]).*?(?P=quote)'''

          Patch submitted by Adam Ring.
 
09/28/06: beazley
          LALR(1) is now the default parsing method.   To use SLR, use
          yacc.yacc(method="SLR").  Note: there is no performance impact
          on parsing when using LALR(1) instead of SLR. However, constructing
          the parsing tables will take a little longer.

09/26/06: beazley
          Change to line number tracking.  To modify line numbers, modify
          the line number of the lexer itself.  For example:

          def t_NEWLINE(t):
              r'\n'
              t.lexer.lineno += 1

          This modification is both cleanup and a performance optimization.
          In past versions, lex was monitoring every token for changes in
          the line number.  This extra processing is unnecessary for a vast
          majority of tokens. Thus, this new approach cleans it up a bit.

          *** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***
          You will need to change code in your lexer that updates the line
          number. For example, "t.lineno += 1" becomes "t.lexer.lineno += 1"
         
09/26/06: beazley
          Added the lexing position to tokens as an attribute lexpos. This
          is the raw index into the input text at which a token appears.
          This information can be used to compute column numbers and other
          details (e.g., scan backwards from lexpos to the first newline
          to get a column position).

09/25/06: beazley
          Changed the name of the __copy__() method on the Lexer class
          to clone().  This is used to clone a Lexer object (e.g., if
          you're running different lexers at the same time).

09/21/06: beazley
          Limitations related to the use of the re module have been eliminated.
          Several users reported problems with regular expressions exceeding
          more than 100 named groups. To solve this, lex.py is now capable
          of automatically splitting its master regular regular expression into
          smaller expressions as needed.   This should, in theory, make it
          possible to specify an arbitrarily large number of tokens.

09/21/06: beazley
          Improved error checking in lex.py.  Rules that match the empty string
          are now rejected (otherwise they cause the lexer to enter an infinite
          loop).  An extra check for rules containing '#' has also been added.
          Since lex compiles regular expressions in verbose mode, '#' is interpreted
          as a regex comment, it is critical to use '\#' instead.  

09/18/06: beazley
          Added a @TOKEN decorator function to lex.py that can be used to 
          define token rules where the documentation string might be computed
          in some way.
          
          digit            = r'([0-9])'
          nondigit         = r'([_A-Za-z])'
          identifier       = r'(' + nondigit + r'(' + digit + r'|' + nondigit + r')*)'        

          from ply.lex import TOKEN

          @TOKEN(identifier)
          def t_ID(t):
               # Do whatever

          The @TOKEN decorator merely sets the documentation string of the
          associated token function as needed for lex to work.  

          Note: An alternative solution is the following:

          def t_ID(t):
              # Do whatever
   
          t_ID.__doc__ = identifier

          Note: Decorators require the use of Python 2.4 or later.  If compatibility
          with old versions is needed, use the latter solution.

          The need for this feature was suggested by Cem Karan.

09/14/06: beazley
          Support for single-character literal tokens has been added to yacc.
          These literals must be enclosed in quotes.  For example:

          def p_expr(p):
               "expr : expr '+' expr"
               ...

          def p_expr(p):
               'expr : expr "-" expr'
               ...

          In addition to this, it is necessary to tell the lexer module about
          literal characters.   This is done by defining the variable 'literals'
          as a list of characters.  This should  be defined in the module that
          invokes the lex.lex() function.  For example:

             literals = ['+','-','*','/','(',')','=']
 
          or simply

             literals = '+=*/()='

          It is important to note that literals can only be a single character.
          When the lexer fails to match a token using its normal regular expression
          rules, it will check the current character against the literal list.
          If found, it will be returned with a token type set to match the literal
          character.  Otherwise, an illegal character will be signalled.


09/14/06: beazley
          Modified PLY to install itself as a proper Python package called 'ply'.
          This will make it a little more friendly to other modules.  This
          changes the usage of PLY only slightly.  Just do this to import the
          modules

                import ply.lex as lex
                import ply.yacc as yacc

          Alternatively, you can do this:

                from ply import *

          Which imports both the lex and yacc modules.
          Change suggested by Lee June.

09/13/06: beazley
          Changed the handling of negative indices when used in production rules.
          A negative production index now accesses already parsed symbols on the
          parsing stack.  For example, 

              def p_foo(p):
                   "foo: A B C D"
                   print p[1]       # Value of 'A' symbol
                   print p[2]       # Value of 'B' symbol
                   print p[-1]      # Value of whatever symbol appears before A
                                    # on the parsing stack.

                   p[0] = some_val  # Sets the value of the 'foo' grammer symbol
                                    
          This behavior makes it easier to work with embedded actions within the
          parsing rules. For example, in C-yacc, it is possible to write code like
          this:

               bar:   A { printf("seen an A = %d\n", $1); } B { do_stuff; }

          In this example, the printf() code executes immediately after A has been
          parsed.  Within the embedded action code, $1 refers to the A symbol on
          the stack.

          To perform this equivalent action in PLY, you need to write a pair
          of rules like this:

               def p_bar(p):
                     "bar : A seen_A B"
                     do_stuff

               def p_seen_A(p):
                     "seen_A :"
                     print "seen an A =", p[-1]

          The second rule "seen_A" is merely a empty production which should be
          reduced as soon as A is parsed in the "bar" rule above.  The use 
          of the negative index p[-1] is used to access whatever symbol appeared
          before the seen_A symbol.

          This feature also makes it possible to support inherited attributes.
          For example:

               def p_decl(p):
                     "decl : scope name"

               def p_scope(p):
                     """scope : GLOBAL
                              | LOCAL"""
                   p[0] = p[1]

               def p_name(p):
                     "name : ID"
                     if p[-1] == "GLOBAL":
                          # ...
                     else if p[-1] == "LOCAL":
                          #...

          In this case, the name rule is inheriting an attribute from the
          scope declaration that precedes it.
       
          *** POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY ***
          If you are currently using negative indices within existing grammar rules,
          your code will break.  This should be extremely rare if non-existent in
          most cases.  The argument to various grammar rules is not usually not
          processed in the same way as a list of items.
          
Version 2.0
------------------------------
09/07/06: beazley
          Major cleanup and refactoring of the LR table generation code.  Both SLR
          and LALR(1) table generation is now performed by the same code base with
          only minor extensions for extra LALR(1) processing.

09/07/06: beazley
          Completely reimplemented the entire LALR(1) parsing engine to use the
          DeRemer and Pennello algorithm for calculating lookahead sets.  This
          significantly improves the performance of generating LALR(1) tables
          and has the added feature of actually working correctly!  If you
          experienced weird behavior with LALR(1) in prior releases, this should
          hopefully resolve all of those problems.  Many thanks to 
          Andrew Waters and Markus Schoepflin for submitting bug reports
          and helping me test out the revised LALR(1) support.

Version 1.8
------------------------------
08/02/06: beazley
          Fixed a problem related to the handling of default actions in LALR(1)
          parsing.  If you experienced subtle and/or bizarre behavior when trying
          to use the LALR(1) engine, this may correct those problems.  Patch
          contributed by Russ Cox.  Note: This patch has been superceded by 
          revisions for LALR(1) parsing in Ply-2.0.

08/02/06: beazley
          Added support for slicing of productions in yacc.  
          Patch contributed by Patrick Mezard.

Version 1.7
------------------------------
03/02/06: beazley
          Fixed infinite recursion problem ReduceToTerminals() function that
          would sometimes come up in LALR(1) table generation.  Reported by 
          Markus Schoepflin.

03/01/06: beazley
          Added "reflags" argument to lex().  For example:

               lex.lex(reflags=re.UNICODE)

          This can be used to specify optional flags to the re.compile() function
          used inside the lexer.   This may be necessary for special situations such
          as processing Unicode (e.g., if you want escapes like \w and \b to consult
          the Unicode character property database).   The need for this suggested by
          Andreas Jung.

03/01/06: beazley
          Fixed a bug with an uninitialized variable on repeated instantiations of parser
          objects when the write_tables=0 argument was used.   Reported by Michael Brown.

03/01/06: beazley
          Modified lex.py to accept Unicode strings both as the regular expressions for
          tokens and as input. Hopefully this is the only change needed for Unicode support.
          Patch contributed by Johan Dahl.

03/01/06: beazley
          Modified the class-based interface to work with new-style or old-style classes.
          Patch contributed by Michael Brown (although I tweaked it slightly so it would work
          with older versions of Python).

Version 1.6
------------------------------
05/27/05: beazley
          Incorporated patch contributed by Christopher Stawarz to fix an extremely
          devious bug in LALR(1) parser generation.   This patch should fix problems
          numerous people reported with LALR parsing.

05/27/05: beazley
          Fixed problem with lex.py copy constructor.  Reported by Dave Aitel, Aaron Lav,
          and Thad Austin. 

05/27/05: beazley
          Added outputdir option to yacc()  to control output directory. Contributed
          by Christopher Stawarz.

05/27/05: beazley
          Added rununit.py test script to run tests using the Python unittest module.
          Contributed by Miki Tebeka.

Version 1.5
------------------------------
05/26/04: beazley
          Major enhancement. LALR(1) parsing support is now working.
          This feature was implemented by Elias Ioup (ezioup@alumni.uchicago.edu)
          and optimized by David Beazley. To use LALR(1) parsing do
          the following:

               yacc.yacc(method="LALR")

          Computing LALR(1) parsing tables takes about twice as long as
          the default SLR method.  However, LALR(1) allows you to handle
          more complex grammars.  For example, the ANSI C grammar
          (in example/ansic) has 13 shift-reduce conflicts with SLR, but
          only has 1 shift-reduce conflict with LALR(1).

05/20/04: beazley
          Added a __len__ method to parser production lists.  Can
          be used in parser rules like this:

             def p_somerule(p):
                 """a : B C D
                      | E F"
                 if (len(p) == 3):
                     # Must have been first rule
                 elif (len(p) == 2):
                     # Must be second rule

          Suggested by Joshua Gerth and others.

Version 1.4
------------------------------
04/23/04: beazley
          Incorporated a variety of patches contributed by Eric Raymond.
          These include:

           0. Cleans up some comments so they don't wrap on an 80-column display.
           1. Directs compiler errors to stderr where they belong.
           2. Implements and documents automatic line counting when \n is ignored.
           3. Changes the way progress messages are dumped when debugging is on. 
              The new format is both less verbose and conveys more information than
              the old, including shift and reduce actions.

04/23/04: beazley
          Added a Python setup.py file to simply installation.  Contributed
          by Adam Kerrison.

04/23/04: beazley
          Added patches contributed by Adam Kerrison.
 
          -   Some output is now only shown when debugging is enabled.  This
              means that PLY will be completely silent when not in debugging mode.
          
          -   An optional parameter "write_tables" can be passed to yacc() to
              control whether or not parsing tables are written.   By default,
              it is true, but it can be turned off if you don't want the yacc
              table file. Note: disabling this will cause yacc() to regenerate
              the parsing table each time.

04/23/04: beazley
          Added patches contributed by David McNab.  This patch addes two
          features:

          -   The parser can be supplied as a class instead of a module.
              For an example of this, see the example/classcalc directory.

          -   Debugging output can be directed to a filename of the user's
              choice.  Use

                 yacc(debugfile="somefile.out")

          
Version 1.3
------------------------------
12/10/02: jmdyck
          Various minor adjustments to the code that Dave checked in today.
          Updated test/yacc_{inf,unused}.exp to reflect today's changes.

12/10/02: beazley
          Incorporated a variety of minor bug fixes to empty production
          handling and infinite recursion checking.  Contributed by
          Michael Dyck.

12/10/02: beazley
          Removed bogus recover() method call in yacc.restart()

Version 1.2
------------------------------
11/27/02: beazley
          Lexer and parser objects are now available as an attribute
          of tokens and slices respectively. For example:
 
             def t_NUMBER(t):
                 r'\d+'
                 print t.lexer

             def p_expr_plus(t):
                 'expr: expr PLUS expr'
                 print t.lexer
                 print t.parser

          This can be used for state management (if needed).
 
10/31/02: beazley
          Modified yacc.py to work with Python optimize mode.  To make
          this work, you need to use

              yacc.yacc(optimize=1)

          Furthermore, you need to first run Python in normal mode
          to generate the necessary parsetab.py files.  After that,
          you can use python -O or python -OO.  

          Note: optimized mode turns off a lot of error checking.
          Only use when you are sure that your grammar is working.
          Make sure parsetab.py is up to date!

10/30/02: beazley
          Added cloning of Lexer objects.   For example:

              import copy
              l = lex.lex()
              lc = copy.copy(l)

              l.input("Some text")
              lc.input("Some other text")
              ...

          This might be useful if the same "lexer" is meant to
          be used in different contexts---or if multiple lexers
          are running concurrently.
                
10/30/02: beazley
          Fixed subtle bug with first set computation and empty productions.
          Patch submitted by Michael Dyck.

10/30/02: beazley
          Fixed error messages to use "filename:line: message" instead
          of "filename:line. message".  This makes error reporting more
          friendly to emacs. Patch submitted by Franois Pinard.

10/30/02: beazley
          Improvements to parser.out file.  Terminals and nonterminals
          are sorted instead of being printed in random order.
          Patch submitted by Franois Pinard.

10/30/02: beazley
          Improvements to parser.out file output.  Rules are now printed
          in a way that's easier to understand.  Contributed by Russ Cox.

10/30/02: beazley
          Added 'nonassoc' associativity support.    This can be used
          to disable the chaining of operators like a < b < c.
          To use, simply specify 'nonassoc' in the precedence table

          precedence = (
            ('nonassoc', 'LESSTHAN', 'GREATERTHAN'),  # Nonassociative operators
            ('left', 'PLUS', 'MINUS'),
            ('left', 'TIMES', 'DIVIDE'),
            ('right', 'UMINUS'),            # Unary minus operator
          )

          Patch contributed by Russ Cox.

10/30/02: beazley
          Modified the lexer to provide optional support for Python -O and -OO
          modes.  To make this work, Python *first* needs to be run in
          unoptimized mode.  This reads the lexing information and creates a
          file "lextab.py".  Then, run lex like this:

                   # module foo.py
                   ...
                   ...
                   lex.lex(optimize=1)

          Once the lextab file has been created, subsequent calls to
          lex.lex() will read data from the lextab file instead of using 
          introspection.   In optimized mode (-O, -OO) everything should
          work normally despite the loss of doc strings.

          To change the name of the file 'lextab.py' use the following:

                  lex.lex(lextab="footab")

          (this creates a file footab.py)
         

Version 1.1   October 25, 2001
------------------------------

10/25/01: beazley
          Modified the table generator to produce much more compact data.
          This should greatly reduce the size of the parsetab.py[c] file.
          Caveat: the tables still need to be constructed so a little more
          work is done in parsetab on import. 

10/25/01: beazley
          There may be a possible bug in the cycle detector that reports errors
          about infinite recursion.   I'm having a little trouble tracking it
          down, but if you get this problem, you can disable the cycle
          detector as follows:

                 yacc.yacc(check_recursion = 0)

10/25/01: beazley
          Fixed a bug in lex.py that sometimes caused illegal characters to be
          reported incorrectly.  Reported by Sverre Jrgensen.

7/8/01  : beazley
          Added a reference to the underlying lexer object when tokens are handled by
          functions.   The lexer is available as the 'lexer' attribute.   This
          was added to provide better lexing support for languages such as Fortran
          where certain types of tokens can't be conveniently expressed as regular 
          expressions (and where the tokenizing function may want to perform a 
          little backtracking).  Suggested by Pearu Peterson.

6/20/01 : beazley
          Modified yacc() function so that an optional starting symbol can be specified.
          For example:
            
                 yacc.yacc(start="statement")

          Normally yacc always treats the first production rule as the starting symbol.
          However, if you are debugging your grammar it may be useful to specify
          an alternative starting symbol.  Idea suggested by Rich Salz.
                      
Version 1.0  June 18, 2001
--------------------------
Initial public offering