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//=============================================================================
// BWW to MusicXML converter
// Part of MusE Score
// Linux Music Score Editor
//
// Copyright (C) 2010 Werner Schweer and others
//
// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
// Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
//=============================================================================
/**
\file
A simple parser for bww files. The file header is handled one line at a time,
until a line starting with "&" is found. The parser then builds measures from
uinterrupted sequences of notes.
*/
// #include <iostream>
#include <QtCore/QStringList>
#include <QtCore/QtDebug>
#include <QtCore/QMap>
#include "lexer.h"
#include "parser.h"
#include "writer.h"
// Duration of a whole measure in ticks
static const int WHOLE_MEASURE_DURATION = 192;
/**
Determine if symbol is part of a note sequence
*/
static bool isNote(Bww::Symbol sym)
{
return (sym == Bww::NOTE
|| sym == Bww::TIE
|| sym == Bww::TRIPLET
|| sym == Bww::GRACE);
}
/**
Determine if symbol is part of a non-note sequence
*/
static bool isNonNote(Bww::Symbol sym)
{
return (sym == Bww::CLEF
|| sym == Bww::KEY
|| sym == Bww::TSIG
|| sym == Bww::PART
|| sym == Bww::BAR);
}
/**
Dump beams
*/
static void dumpBeams(QList<Bww::MeasureDescription> const& measures)
{
for (int j = 0; j < measures.size(); ++j)
{
QString beams;
QString beamStates;
QVector<QString> beamList(3);
for (int i = 0; i < measures.at(j).notes.size(); ++i)
{
QString beam = measures.at(j).notes.at(i).beam;
if (beam == "")
beam = " ";
beams += beam;
switch (measures.at(j).notes.at(i).beamState)
{
case Bww::ST_NONE: beamStates += " "; break;
case Bww::ST_START: beamStates += "["; break;
case Bww::ST_CONTINUE: beamStates += "_"; break;
case Bww::ST_STOP: beamStates += "]"; break;
default: beamStates += " ";
}
for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++)
switch (measures.at(j).notes.at(i).beamList.at(k))
{
case Bww::BM_NONE: beamList[k] += " "; break;
case Bww::BM_BEGIN: beamList[k] += "b"; break;
case Bww::BM_CONTINUE: beamList[k] += "c"; break;
case Bww::BM_END: beamList[k] += "e"; break;
case Bww::BM_FORWARD_HOOK: beamList[k] += ">"; break;
case Bww::BM_BACKWARD_HOOK: beamList[k] += "<"; break;
default: beamList[k] += "?";
}
}
qDebug() << "beams measure #" << j + 1 << beams;
qDebug() << "beams measure #" << j + 1 << beamStates;
for (int k = 0; k < 3; k++)
qDebug() << "beams measure #" << j + 1 << beamList.at(k);
}
}
/**
Dump measure contents
*/
static void dumpMeasures(QList<Bww::MeasureDescription> const& measures)
{
qDebug() << "dumpMeasures #measures" << measures.size()
;
for (int j = 0; j < measures.size(); ++j)
{
qDebug() << "measure #" << j + 1;
qDebug() << "Measure contents:";
qDebug() << "mbf:"
<< "repeatBegin" << measures.at(j).mbf.repeatBegin
<< "endingFirst" << measures.at(j).mbf.endingFirst
<< "endingSecond" << measures.at(j).mbf.endingSecond
<< "firstOfSystem" << measures.at(j).mbf.firstOfSystem
<< "irregular" << measures.at(j).mbf.irregular
;
for (int i = 0; i < measures.at(j).notes.size(); ++i)
{
qDebug()
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).pitch
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).beam
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).type
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).dots
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).tieStart
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).tieStop
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).triplet
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).grace
;
}
qDebug() << "mef:"
<< "repeatEnd" << measures.at(j).mef.repeatEnd
<< "endingEnd" << measures.at(j).mef.endingEnd
<< "lastOfSystem" << measures.at(j).mef.lastOfSystem
<< "lastOfPart" << measures.at(j).mef.lastOfPart
;
qDebug() << "duration:" << measures.at(j).duration;
}
}
/**
Calculate measure durations
*/
static void calculateMeasureDurations(QList<Bww::MeasureDescription> & measures)
{
for (int j = 0; j < measures.size(); ++j)
{
int measureDuration = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < measures.at(j).notes.size(); ++i)
{
int ticks = WHOLE_MEASURE_DURATION / measures.at(j).notes.at(i).type.toInt();
if (measures.at(j).notes.at(i).dots) ticks = 3 * ticks / 2;
if (measures.at(j).notes.at(i).triplet != Bww::ST_NONE) ticks = 2 * ticks / 3;
if (measures.at(j).notes.at(i).grace) ticks = 0; // grace notes don't count
measureDuration += ticks;
qDebug()
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).pitch
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).beam
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).type
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).dots
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).tieStart
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).tieStop
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).triplet
<< measures.at(j).notes.at(i).grace
<< "->" << ticks
;
}
qDebug() << "measureDuration:" << measureDuration;
measures[j].duration = measureDuration;
}
}
/**
Determine time signature
*/
static void determineTimesig(QList<Bww::MeasureDescription> const& measures, int & beats, int & beat)
{
QMap<int, int> map;
for (int j = 0; j < measures.size(); ++j)
{
int dur = measures[j].duration;
if (map.contains(dur))
map[dur]++;
else
map.insert(dur, 1);
}
// determine most common duration
int commonDur = 0;
int max = 0;
QMap<int, int>::const_iterator i = map.constBegin();
while (i != map.constEnd())
{
qDebug() << "measureDurations:" << i.key() << i.value() << endl;
if (i.value() > max)
{
commonDur = i.key();
max = i.value();
}
++i;
}
qDebug() << "measureDuration commonDur:" << commonDur << "max:" << max;
// determine time signature
beat = 4;
beats = 0;
int divisor = WHOLE_MEASURE_DURATION / 4;
for (; beat < 64; beat *= 2, divisor /= 2)
{
if ((commonDur % divisor) == 0)
{
beats = commonDur / divisor;
qDebug()
<< "measureDuration found beat:" << beat
<< "beats:" << beats
<< "divisor:" << divisor
;
return;
}
}
// could not determine time signature, set default
beat = 4;
beats = 4;
}
/**
Find irregular measures
*/
static void findIrregularMeasures(QList<Bww::MeasureDescription> & measures, int beats, int beat)
{
qDebug() << "findIrregularMeasures" << measures.size()
<< "beats" << beats
<< "beat" << beat
;
int normalDuration = WHOLE_MEASURE_DURATION * beats / beat;
// need at least one measure
if (measures.size() == 0) return;
// if the first measure is shorter that normal, it is irregular
if (measures.at(0).duration < normalDuration) measures[0].mbf.irregular = true;
for (int j = 1; j < measures.size(); ++j)
{
// the second measure of a pair where the sum of their duration adds up
// to the normal duration is also irregular
const int d1 = measures.at(j - 1).duration;
const int d2 = measures.at(j).duration;
if (d1 > 0 && d2 > 0 && (d1 + d2) == normalDuration)
measures[j].mbf.irregular = true;
}
}
/**
Set mef.lastOfPart flag on last measure
*/
static void setLastOfPart(QList<Bww::MeasureDescription> & measures)
{
qDebug() << "dumpMeasures #measures" << measures.size()
;
// need at least one measure
if (measures.size() == 0) return;
// set lastOfPart flag on last measure
int j = measures.size() - 1;
measures[j].mef.lastOfPart = true;
}
static QString findNextNextNoteBeam(QList<Bww::MeasureDescription> const& measures, int measureNr, int noteNr)
{
for (int i = noteNr + 1; i < measures.at(measureNr).notes.size(); ++i)
{
if (measures.at(measureNr).notes.at(i).grace)
// ignore grace notes
continue;
return measures.at(measureNr).notes.at(i).beam;
}
return " "; // no next non-grace note found
}
static int type2beams(QString type)
{
if (type == "8") return 1;
else if (type == "16") return 2;
else if (type == "32") return 3;
else return 0;
}
static void calculateHigherBeamStates(Bww::MeasureDescription & m)
{
qDebug() << "calculateHigherBeamStates";
for (int i = 0; i < m.notes.size(); ++i)
{
qDebug()
<< m.notes.at(i).pitch
<< m.notes.at(i).beam
<< m.notes.at(i).type
<< m.notes.at(i).dots
<< m.notes.at(i).tieStart
<< m.notes.at(i).tieStop
<< m.notes.at(i).triplet
<< m.notes.at(i).grace
;
if (m.notes.at(i).grace)
{
// just copy beamList[0] into beamList[1] and beamList[2]
m.notes[i].beamList[1] = m.notes.at(i).beamList[0];
m.notes[i].beamList[2] = m.notes.at(i).beamList[0];
}
else
{
int blp = -1; // beam level previous chord
int blc = -1; // beam level current chord
int bln = -1; // beam level next chord
// find beam level current note
blc = type2beams(m.notes.at(i).type);
if (blc == 0)
continue; // note does not have a beam
// find beam level previous note
if (m.notes.at(i).beamList[0] == Bww::BM_CONTINUE
|| m.notes.at(i).beamList[0] == Bww::BM_END)
{
for (int j = i - 1; blp == -1 && j >= 0; --j)
{
if (m.notes.at(j).grace)
continue; // ignore grace notes
blp = type2beams(m.notes.at(j).type);
}
}
// find beam level next note
if (m.notes.at(i).beamList[0] == Bww::BM_BEGIN
|| m.notes.at(i).beamList[0] == Bww::BM_CONTINUE)
{
for (int j = i + 1; bln == -1 && j < m.notes.size(); ++j)
{
if (m.notes.at(j).grace)
continue; // ignore grace notes
bln = type2beams(m.notes.at(j).type);
}
}
qDebug()
<< "blp" << blp
<< "blc" << blc
<< "bln" << bln;
for (int j = 2; j <= blc; ++j)
{
Bww::BeamType bt = Bww::BM_NONE;
if (blp < j && bln >= j) bt = Bww::BM_BEGIN;
else if (blp < j && bln < j) {
if (bln > 0) bt = Bww::BM_FORWARD_HOOK;
else if (blp > 0) bt = Bww::BM_BACKWARD_HOOK;
}
else if (blp >= j && bln < j) bt = Bww::BM_END;
else if (blp >= j && bln >= j) bt = Bww::BM_CONTINUE;
m.notes[i].beamList[j - 1] = bt;
qDebug() << "beamList" << j - 1 << "=" << bt;
}
} // else
} // for (int i = 0; i < m.notes.size(); ++i)
}
/**
Determine all beam states.
First for normal notes convert "r" and "l" in notes.beam into BM_BEGIN,
BM_CONTINUE and BM_END in notes.beamList[0]. For grace notes "b", "c" and
"e" can be directly converted into the corresponding beam states in
notes.beamList[0].
Then calculate the higher level beams.
*/
static void determineBeamStates(QList<Bww::MeasureDescription> & measures)
{
enum State { NONE, LEFT, RIGHT };
for (int j = 0; j < measures.size(); ++j)
{
State state = NONE;
for (int i = 0; i < measures.at(j).notes.size(); ++i)
{
QString beam = measures.at(j).notes.at(i).beam;
// handle normal notes
if (beam == "")
{
measures[j].notes[i].beamState = Bww::ST_NONE;
measures[j].notes[i].beamList[0] = Bww::BM_NONE;
state = NONE;
}
else if (beam == "r")
{
if (state == NONE)
{
measures[j].notes[i].beamState = Bww::ST_START;
measures[j].notes[i].beamList[0] = Bww::BM_BEGIN;
state = LEFT; // now in left part of beam
}
else if (state == LEFT)
{
measures[j].notes[i].beamState = Bww::ST_CONTINUE;
measures[j].notes[i].beamList[0] = Bww::BM_CONTINUE;
}
else if (state == RIGHT)
{
// shouldn't happen TODO report (internal?) error
}
}
else if (beam == "l")
{
if (state == NONE)
{
// shouldn't happen TODO report error
}
else if (state == LEFT || state == RIGHT)
{
// if the beam does not end here (next note has beam "l")
// then beamState is CONTINUE else STOP
if (findNextNextNoteBeam(measures, j, i) == "l")
{
measures[j].notes[i].beamState = Bww::ST_CONTINUE;
measures[j].notes[i].beamList[0] = Bww::BM_CONTINUE;
state = RIGHT; // now in right part of beam
}
else
{
measures[j].notes[i].beamState = Bww::ST_STOP;
measures[j].notes[i].beamList[0] = Bww::BM_END;
state = NONE; // now in right part of beam
}
}
}
// handle grace notes
else if (beam == "b") measures[j].notes[i].beamList[0] = Bww::BM_BEGIN;
else if (beam == "c") measures[j].notes[i].beamList[0] = Bww::BM_CONTINUE;
else if (beam == "e") measures[j].notes[i].beamList[0] = Bww::BM_END;
}
calculateHigherBeamStates(measures[j]);
}
}
namespace Bww {
/**
Parser constructor, using Lexer \a l and Writer \a w.
*/
Parser::Parser(Lexer& l, Writer& w)
: lex(l),
wrt(w),
tempo(0),
//inMeasure(false),
//measureNr(0),
tieStart(false),
inTie(false),
tripletStart(false),
inTriplet(false),
tsigFound(false)
{
qDebug() << "Parser::Parser()";
}
/**
Parse the input stream and write result.
*/
void Parser::parse()
{
// read the header, handling only strings and tune tempo
while (lex.symType() == COMMENT
|| lex.symType() == STRING
|| lex.symType() == TEMPO)
{
if (lex.symType() == STRING)
parseString();
else if (lex.symType() == TEMPO)
parseTempo();
else if (lex.symType() == COMMENT)
lex.getSym();
}
qDebug() << "Parser::parse()"
<< "title:" << title
<< "type:" << type
<< "composer:" << composer
<< "footer:" << footer
;
wrt.header(title, type, composer, footer, tempo);
// read the actual music
if (lex.symType() != CLEF)
errorHandler("clef ('&') expected");
while (lex.symType() != NONE)
{
if (isNonNote(lex.symType()))
parseSeqNonNotes();
else if (isNote(lex.symType()))
parseSeqNotes();
else if (lex.symType() == UNKNOWN)
{
errorHandler("unknown symbol '" + lex.symValue() + "'");
lex.getSym();
}
else
{
; // others not implemented yet: silently ignored
lex.getSym();
}
}
qDebug() << "Parser::parse() finished, #measures" << measures.size()
;
calculateMeasureDurations(measures);
if (!tsigFound)
{
determineTimesig(measures, beats, beat);
wrt.tsig(beats, beat);
}
findIrregularMeasures(measures, beats, beat);
determineBeamStates(measures);
setLastOfPart(measures);
dumpMeasures(measures);
dumpBeams(measures);
for (int j = 0; j < measures.size(); ++j)
{
wrt.beginMeasure(measures.at(j).mbf);
for (int i = 0; i < measures.at(j).notes.size(); ++i)
{
wrt.note(measures.at(j).notes.at(i).pitch,
measures.at(j).notes.at(i).beamList,
measures.at(j).notes.at(i).type,
measures.at(j).notes.at(i).dots,
measures.at(j).notes.at(i).tieStart,
measures.at(j).notes.at(i).tieStop,
measures.at(j).notes.at(i).triplet,
measures.at(j).notes.at(i).grace
);
}
wrt.endMeasure(measures.at(j).mef);
}
// trailer
wrt.trailer();
}
/**
Display error \a s.
*/
void Parser::errorHandler(QString /*s*/)
{
#if 0 // WS
std::cerr << "Parse error line "
<< lex.symLineNumber() + 1
<< ": "
<< qPrintable(s)
<< std::endl;
#endif
}
/**
Parse a bww bar symbol.
*/
void Parser::parseBar(Bww::MeasureEndFlags& mef)
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parseBar() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
if (lex.symValue() == "!!t") mef.doubleBarLine = true;
lex.getSym();
}
/**
Parse a bww note.
*/
void Parser::parseNote()
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parseNote() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
QRegExp rNotes("(LG|LA|[B-F]|HG|HA)([lr]?)_(1|2|4|8|16|32)");
QStringList caps;
if (rNotes.exactMatch(lex.symValue()))
{
caps = rNotes.capturedTexts();
qDebug() << " match" << caps.size();
if (caps.size() == 4)
{
qDebug()
<< "caps[1]" << caps.at(1)
<< "caps[2]" << caps.at(2)
<< "caps[3]" << caps.at(3)
;
}
}
lex.getSym();
int dots = 0;
bool tieStop = false;
if (tieStart) inTie = true;
bool tripletStop = false;
if (tripletStart) inTriplet = true;
if (lex.symType() == DOT)
{
qDebug() << " dot" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
++dots;
lex.getSym();
}
else if (lex.symType() == TIE)
{
qDebug() << " tie" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
if (lex.symValue() == "^ts")
{
if (inTie) errorHandler("tie start ('^ts') unexpected");
}
else
{
if (!inTie) errorHandler("tie end ('^te') unexpected");
else
{
tieStop = true;
inTie = false;
lex.getSym();
}
}
}
else if (lex.symType() == TRIPLET)
{
qDebug() << " triplet" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
if (lex.symValue() == "^3s")
{
if (inTriplet) errorHandler("triplet start ('^3s') unexpected");
}
else
{
if (!inTriplet) errorHandler("triplet end ('^3e') unexpected");
else
{
tripletStop = true;
}
}
lex.getSym();
}
StartStop triplet = ST_NONE;
if (inTriplet)
{
if (tripletStart) triplet = ST_START;
else if (tripletStop) triplet = ST_STOP;
else triplet = ST_CONTINUE;
}
qDebug() << " tie start" << tieStart << " tie stop" << tieStop;
qDebug() << " triplet start" << tripletStart << " triplet stop" << tripletStop;
NoteDescription noteDesc(caps[1], caps[2], caps[3], dots, tieStart, tieStop, triplet);
if (measures.isEmpty())
{
errorHandler("cannot append note: no measure");
}
else
{
measures.last().notes.append(noteDesc);
}
tieStart = false;
tripletStart = false;
if (tripletStop)
{
inTriplet = false;
tripletStop = false;
}
}
/**
Determine beam for grace note \a index in a group of \a size grace notes.
*/
static QString graceBeam(const int size, const int index)
{
if (size <= 1) return " "; // no beam
if (index < 0) return " "; // no beam (but should not happen)
if (index == 0) return "b"; // begin
else if (index == (size - 1)) return "e"; // end
else if (index >= size) return " "; // no beam (but should not happen)
else return "c"; // continue
}
/**
Parse a bww embellishment.
*/
void Parser::parseGraces()
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parseGraces() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
const QString c_type = "32";
const int dots = 0;
QStringList graces = lex.symValue().split(" ");
for (int i = 0; i < graces.size(); ++i)
{
const QString beam = graceBeam(graces.size(), i);
NoteDescription noteDesc(graces.at(i), beam, c_type, dots, false, false, ST_NONE, true);
if (measures.isEmpty())
{
errorHandler("cannot append note: no measure");
}
else
{
measures.last().notes.append(noteDesc);
}
}
lex.getSym();
}
/**
Parse a bww part symbol.
*/
void Parser::parsePart(Bww::MeasureBeginFlags& mbf, Bww::MeasureEndFlags& mef)
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parsePart() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
if (lex.symValue() == "I!''")
{
mbf.repeatBegin = true;
}
else if (lex.symValue() == "'1")
{
mbf.endingFirst = true;
}
else if (lex.symValue() == "'2")
{
mbf.endingSecond = true;
}
else if (lex.symValue() == "''!I")
{
mef.repeatEnd = true;
}
else if (lex.symValue() == "_'")
{
mef.endingEnd = true;
}
else
{
; // other silently ignored
}
lex.getSym();
}
/**
Parse a sequence of non-notes.
*/
void Parser::parseSeqNonNotes()
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parseSeqNonNotes() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
MeasureBeginFlags mbfl;
MeasureEndFlags mefl;
while (isNonNote(lex.symType()))
{
if (lex.symType() == CLEF)
{
mbfl.firstOfSystem = true;
mefl.lastOfSystem = true;
lex.getSym();
}
else if (lex.symType() == KEY)
lex.getSym(); // ignore
else if (lex.symType() == TSIG)
parseTSig();
else if (lex.symType() == PART)
parsePart(mbfl, mefl);
else if (lex.symType() == BAR)
parseBar(mefl);
}
// First end the previous measure
if (!measures.isEmpty())
{
measures.last().mef = mefl;
}
// Then start a new measure, if necessary
if (isNote(lex.symType()))
{
MeasureDescription md;
md.mbf = mbfl;
measures.append(md);
}
}
/**
Parse a sequence of notes.
Includes handling ties and triplets, but without extensive error checking.
May break on invalid input.
*/
void Parser::parseSeqNotes()
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parseSeqNotes() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
while (lex.symType() == GRACE || lex.symType() == NOTE || lex.symType() == TIE || lex.symType() == TRIPLET)
{
if (lex.symType() == GRACE) parseGraces();
else if (lex.symType() == NOTE) parseNote();
else if (lex.symType() == TIE)
{
if (lex.symValue() == "^ts")
{
if (inTie) errorHandler("tie start ('^ts') unexpected");
else tieStart = true;
}
else
{
errorHandler("tie end ('^te') unexpected");
}
lex.getSym();
}
else if (lex.symType() == TRIPLET)
{
if (lex.symValue() == "^3s")
{
if (inTriplet) errorHandler("triplet start ('^3s') unexpected");
else tripletStart = true;
}
else
{
errorHandler("triplet end ('^3e') unexpected");
}
lex.getSym();
}
}
}
/**
Parse a bww string. Extract text and type.
Example: "Air",(Y,C,0,0,Times New Roman,14,400,0,0,18,0,0,0)
*/
void Parser::parseString()
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parseString() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
QRegExp rString("\\\"(.*)\\\",\\(([A-Z]),.*\\)");
if (rString.exactMatch(lex.symValue()))
{
QStringList caps = rString.capturedTexts();
if (caps.size() == 3)
{
if (caps.at(2) == "T") title = caps.at(1);
if (caps.at(2) == "Y") type = caps.at(1);
if (caps.at(2) == "M") composer = caps.at(1);
if (caps.at(2) == "F") footer = caps.at(1);
}
}
lex.getSym();
}
/**
Parse a bww tempo symbol.
*/
void Parser::parseTempo()
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parseTempo() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
QRegExp rTempo("^TuneTempo,(\\d+)");
if (rTempo.exactMatch(lex.symValue()))
{
QStringList caps = rTempo.capturedTexts();
if (caps.size() == 2)
{
tempo = caps.at(1).toInt();
}
}
lex.getSym();
}
/**
Parse a bww tsig symbol.
*/
void Parser::parseTSig()
{
qDebug() << "Parser::parseTSig() value:" << qPrintable(lex.symValue());
QRegExp rTSig("(\\d+)_(1|2|4|8|16|32)");
if (rTSig.exactMatch(lex.symValue()))
{
QStringList caps = rTSig.capturedTexts();
if (caps.size() == 3)
{
beats = caps.at(1).toInt();
beat = caps.at(2).toInt();
tsigFound = true;
wrt.tsig(beats, beat);
}
}
lex.getSym();
}
} // namespace Bww
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