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.. _dynamic-typing:
Dynamically typed code
======================
As mentioned earlier, bodies of functions that don't have any explicit
types in their function annotation are dynamically typed (operations
are checked at runtime). Code outside functions is statically typed by
default, and types of variables are inferred. This does usually the
right thing, but you can also make any variable dynamically typed by
defining it explicitly with the type ``Any``:
.. code-block:: python
from typing import Any
s = 1 # Statically typed (type int)
d: Any = 1 # Dynamically typed (type Any)
s = 'x' # Type check error
d = 'x' # OK
Operations on Any values
------------------------
You can do anything using a value with type ``Any``, and type checker
does not complain:
.. code-block:: python
def f(x: Any) -> int:
# All of these are valid!
x.foobar(1, y=2)
print(x[3] + 'f')
if x:
x.z = x(2)
open(x).read()
return x
Values derived from an ``Any`` value also often have the type ``Any``
implicitly, as mypy can't infer a more precise result type. For
example, if you get the attribute of an ``Any`` value or call a
``Any`` value the result is ``Any``:
.. code-block:: python
def f(x: Any) -> None:
y = x.foo() # y has type Any
y.bar() # Okay as well!
``Any`` types may propagate through your program, making type checking
less effective, unless you are careful.
Any vs. object
--------------
The type :py:class:`object` is another type that can have an instance of arbitrary
type as a value. Unlike ``Any``, :py:class:`object` is an ordinary static type (it
is similar to ``Object`` in Java), and only operations valid for *all*
types are accepted for :py:class:`object` values. These are all valid:
.. code-block:: python
def f(o: object) -> None:
if o:
print(o)
print(isinstance(o, int))
o = 2
o = 'foo'
These are, however, flagged as errors, since not all objects support these
operations:
.. code-block:: python
def f(o: object) -> None:
o.foo() # Error!
o + 2 # Error!
open(o) # Error!
n = 1 # type: int
n = o # Error!
You can use :py:func:`~typing.cast` (see chapter :ref:`casts`) or :py:func:`isinstance` to
go from a general type such as :py:class:`object` to a more specific
type (subtype) such as ``int``. :py:func:`~typing.cast` is not needed with
dynamically typed values (values with type ``Any``).
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