File: sql_table.cc

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/*
   Copyright (c) 2000, 2025, Oracle and/or its affiliates.

   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2.0,
   as published by the Free Software Foundation.

   This program is designed to work with certain software (including
   but not limited to OpenSSL) that is licensed under separate terms,
   as designated in a particular file or component or in included license
   documentation.  The authors of MySQL hereby grant you an additional
   permission to link the program and your derivative works with the
   separately licensed software that they have either included with
   the program or referenced in the documentation.

   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License, version 2.0, for more details.

   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301  USA
*/

/* drop and alter of tables */

#include "sql/sql_table.h"

#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <atomic>
#include <functional>
#include <memory>
#include <optional>
#include <string>
#include <string_view>
#include <type_traits>

/* HAVE_PSI_*_INTERFACE */
#include "my_psi_config.h"  // IWYU pragma: keep

/* drop_table_share with WITH_LOCK_ORDER */
#include "mysql/psi/psi_table.h"  // IWYU pragma: keep

/* PSI_TABLE_CALL() with WITH_LOCK_ORDER */
#include "decimal.h"
#include "field_types.h"  // enum_field_types
#include "lex_string.h"
#include "libbinlogevents/include/binlog_event.h"
#include "m_ctype.h"
#include "m_string.h"  // my_stpncpy
#include "map_helpers.h"
#include "mem_root_deque.h"
#include "my_alloc.h"
#include "my_base.h"
#include "my_bitmap.h"
#include "my_check_opt.h"  // T_EXTEND
#include "my_checksum.h"
#include "my_compiler.h"
#include "my_dbug.h"
#include "my_io.h"
#include "my_loglevel.h"
#include "my_psi_config.h"
#include "my_sqlcommand.h"
#include "my_sys.h"
#include "my_systime.h"
#include "my_thread_local.h"
#include "my_time.h"
#include "mysql/components/services/bits/psi_bits.h"
#include "mysql/components/services/bits/psi_stage_bits.h"
#include "mysql/components/services/log_builtins.h"
#include "mysql/components/services/log_shared.h"
#include "mysql/plugin.h"
#include "mysql/psi/mysql_mutex.h"
#include "mysql/psi/mysql_stage.h"
#include "mysql/psi/mysql_table.h"  // IWYU pragma: keep
#include "mysql_com.h"
#include "mysql_time.h"
#include "mysqld_error.h"  // ER_*
#include "pfs_table_provider.h"
#include "prealloced_array.h"
#include "scope_guard.h"
#include "sql/auth/auth_acls.h"
#include "sql/auth/auth_common.h"  // check_fk_parent_table_access
#include "sql/binlog.h"            // mysql_bin_log
#include "sql/create_field.h"
#include "sql/current_thd.h"
#include "sql/dd/cache/dictionary_client.h"  // dd::cache::Dictionary_client
#include "sql/dd/collection.h"
#include "sql/dd/dd.h"          // dd::get_dictionary
#include "sql/dd/dd_schema.h"   // dd::schema_exists
#include "sql/dd/dd_table.h"    // dd::drop_table, dd::update_keys...
#include "sql/dd/dictionary.h"  // dd::Dictionary
#include "sql/dd/properties.h"  // dd::Properties
#include "sql/dd/sdi_api.h"     // dd::sdi::drop_sdis
#include "sql/dd/string_type.h"
#include "sql/dd/types/abstract_table.h"
#include "sql/dd/types/check_constraint.h"  // dd::Check_constraint
#include "sql/dd/types/column.h"
#include "sql/dd/types/foreign_key.h"          // dd::Foreign_key
#include "sql/dd/types/foreign_key_element.h"  // dd::Foreign_key_element
#include "sql/dd/types/index.h"                // dd::Index
#include "sql/dd/types/index_element.h"        // dd::Index_element
#include "sql/dd/types/partition.h"            // dd::Partition
#include "sql/dd/types/schema.h"
#include "sql/dd/types/table.h"  // dd::Table
#include "sql/dd/types/trigger.h"
#include "sql/dd_sql_view.h"     // update_referencing_views_metadata
#include "sql/dd_table_share.h"  // open_table_def
#include "sql/debug_sync.h"      // DEBUG_SYNC
#include "sql/derror.h"          // ER_THD
#include "sql/enum_query_type.h"
#include "sql/error_handler.h"  // Drop_table_error_handler
#include "sql/field.h"
#include "sql/field_common_properties.h"
#include "sql/filesort.h"  // Filesort
#include "sql/gis/srid.h"
#include "sql/handler.h"
#include "sql/histograms/histogram.h"
#include "sql/item.h"
#include "sql/item_timefunc.h"  // Item_func_now_local
#include "sql/iterators/row_iterator.h"
#include "sql/join_optimizer/access_path.h"
#include "sql/join_optimizer/bit_utils.h"
#include "sql/key.h"       // KEY
#include "sql/key_spec.h"  // Key_part_spec
#include "sql/lock.h"      // mysql_lock_remove, lock_tablespace_names
#include "sql/locked_tables_list.h"
#include "sql/log.h"
#include "sql/log_event.h"  // Query_log_event
#include "sql/mdl.h"
#include "sql/mem_root_array.h"
#include "sql/my_decimal.h"
#include "sql/mysqld.h"  // lower_case_table_names
#include "sql/partition_element.h"
#include "sql/partition_info.h"                  // partition_info
#include "sql/partitioning/partition_handler.h"  // Partition_handler
#include "sql/protocol.h"
#include "sql/psi_memory_key.h"
#include "sql/query_options.h"
#include "sql/rpl_gtid.h"
#include "sql/rpl_rli.h"  // rli_slave etc
#include "sql/session_tracker.h"
#include "sql/sql_alter.h"
#include "sql/sql_backup_lock.h"  // acquire_shared_backup_lock
#include "sql/sql_base.h"         // lock_table_names
#include "sql/sql_bitmap.h"
#include "sql/sql_check_constraint.h"  // Sql_check_constraint_spec*
#include "sql/sql_class.h"             // THD
#include "sql/sql_const.h"
#include "sql/sql_constraint.h"  // Constraint_type_resolver
#include "sql/sql_db.h"          // get_default_db_collation
#include "sql/sql_error.h"
#include "sql/sql_executor.h"  // unique_ptr_destroy_only<RowIterator>
#include "sql/sql_gipk.h"
#include "sql/sql_handler.h"
#include "sql/sql_lex.h"
#include "sql/sql_list.h"
#include "sql/sql_parse.h"  // test_if_data_home_dir
#include "sql/sql_partition.h"
#include "sql/sql_plist.h"
#include "sql/sql_plugin.h"
#include "sql/sql_plugin_ref.h"
#include "sql/sql_resolver.h"  // setup_order
#include "sql/sql_show.h"
#include "sql/sql_tablespace.h"  // validate_tablespace_name
#include "sql/sql_time.h"        // make_truncated_value_warning
#include "sql/sql_trigger.h"     // change_trigger_table_name
#include "sql/srs_fetcher.h"
#include "sql/stateless_allocator.h"
#include "sql/strfunc.h"  // find_type2
#include "sql/system_variables.h"
#include "sql/table.h"
#include "sql/thd_raii.h"
#include "sql/thr_malloc.h"
#include "sql/transaction.h"  // trans_commit_stmt
#include "sql/transaction_info.h"
#include "sql/trigger.h"
#include "sql/xa.h"
#include "sql_string.h"
#include "template_utils.h"
#include "thr_lock.h"
#include "typelib.h"

namespace dd {
class View;
}  // namespace dd

using binary_log::checksum_crc32;
using std::max;
using std::min;
using std::string;
using std::to_string;

/** Don't pack string keys shorter than this (if PACK_KEYS=1 isn't used). */
static constexpr const int KEY_DEFAULT_PACK_LENGTH{8};
/* Max number of enumeration values */
static constexpr const int MAX_ENUM_VALUES{65535};

#define ER_THD_OR_DEFAULT(thd, X) \
  ((thd) ? ER_THD_NONCONST(thd, X) : ER_DEFAULT_NONCONST(X))

const char *primary_key_name = "PRIMARY";
namespace {
bool is_temp_table(const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci) {
  return (ci.options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE);
}

bool is_engine_specified(const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci) {
  assert((ci.used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE) == 0 ||
         ci.db_type != nullptr);
  return (ci.used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE);
}

handlerton *default_handlerton(THD *thd, const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci) {
  return is_temp_table(ci) ? ha_default_temp_handlerton(thd)
                           : ha_default_handlerton(thd);
}

handlerton *requested_handlerton(THD *thd, const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci) {
  return is_engine_specified(ci) ? ci.db_type : default_handlerton(thd, ci);
}

struct Handlerton_pair {
  handlerton *requested;
  handlerton *alternate;
};

using Viability_error_emitter = std::function<void(const char *engine_name)>;
using Viability_substitution_warning_emitter = std::function<void(
    THD *, const char *requested_engine_name,
    const char *substituted_engine_name, const char *table_name)>;

struct Viability {
  bool value{true};
  Viability_error_emitter emit_error;
  Viability_substitution_warning_emitter emit_substitution_warning;
  Viability() = default;
  Viability(Viability_error_emitter &&error_emitter,
            Viability_substitution_warning_emitter &&warning_emitter)
      : value{false},
        emit_error{std::move(error_emitter)},
        emit_substitution_warning{std::move(warning_emitter)} {
    assert(emit_error);
    assert(emit_substitution_warning);
  }
};

Viability get_viability(const handlerton &hton, const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  if (ha_is_externally_disabled(hton)) {
    return {[](const char *en) {
              my_error(ER_DISABLED_STORAGE_ENGINE, MYF(0), en);
            },
            [](THD *t, const char *ren, const char *sen, const char *tn) {
              push_warning_printf(t, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                                  ER_DISABLED_STORAGE_ENGINE,
                                  ER_THD(t, ER_DISABLED_STORAGE_ENGINE), ren);
              push_warning_printf(
                  t, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_WARN_USING_OTHER_HANDLER,
                  ER_THD(t, ER_WARN_USING_OTHER_HANDLER), sen, tn);
            }};
  }
  if (is_temp_table(ci) &&
      ha_check_storage_engine_flag(&hton, HTON_TEMPORARY_NOT_SUPPORTED)) {
    return {
        [](const char *en) {
          my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_HA_CREATE_OPTION, MYF(0), en, "TEMPORARY");
        },
        [](THD *, const char *, const char *,
           const char *) { /* Nothing, no warning emitted in this case */ }};
  }
  return {};
}

handlerton *get_viable_handlerton_for_create_impl(THD *thd,
                                                  const char *table_name,
                                                  const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci,
                                                  Handlerton_pair hp) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  assert(hp.requested != nullptr);
  auto viability = get_viability(*hp.requested, ci);
  if (viability.value) {
    return hp.requested;
  }
  assert(viability.emit_error);

  const char *en = ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(hp.requested);
  if (hp.alternate == nullptr) {
    viability.emit_error(en);
    return nullptr;
  }
  auto alt_viability = get_viability(*hp.alternate, ci);

  const char *an = ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(hp.alternate);
  if (!alt_viability.value) {
    viability.emit_error(en);
    return nullptr;
  }
  viability.emit_substitution_warning(thd, en, an, table_name);
  return hp.alternate;
}

/**
  Check if source is enabled AND NOT explicitly disabled (listed in the
  disabled_storages_engines system variable.

  If not; falls back to the default (tmp) storage engine if substitution
  is allowed, unless this is also disabled.

  Otherwise, if substitution does take place, ER_DISABLED_STORAGE_ENGINE and
  ER_USING_OTHER_HANDLER are emitted as warnings.

  For temporary tables the above also applies, and in addition the source
  handlerton is checked to see if it supports temporary tables.

  Note that this substitution is allowed even when no_substitution is ON, but
  will fail if the default handlerton for temporary tables is disabled or does
  not support temporary tables (unlikely).

  @param thd        Thread handler.
  @param table_name Table name.
  @param ci         create info struct from parser.
  @param source     Handlerton requested by query.

  @retval source if this is viable.
  @retval The default hton if viable and engine substitution is allowed.
  @retval The default temp hton if viable and a temporary table and source
          does not support temporary tables.
  @retval nullptr if error (source not viable and substitution
          not possible).
*/
handlerton *get_viable_handlerton_for_create_like(THD *thd,
                                                  const char *table_name,
                                                  const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci,
                                                  handlerton *source) {
  return get_viable_handlerton_for_create_impl(
      thd, table_name, ci,
      {source, is_engine_substitution_allowed(thd) || is_temp_table(ci)
                   ? default_handlerton(thd, ci)
                   : nullptr});
}

/**
  Does nothing (returns existing) unless ALTER changes the ENGINE. The
  handlerton for the specified ENGINE is considered viable if it is enabled AND
  NOT explicitly disabled (listed in the disabled_storages_engines system
  variable).

  If the specified handleton is not viable it falls back to existing if
  substitution is allowed. existing is used without further checking,
  and ER_UNKNOWN_STORAGE_ENGINE is emitted as warning.

  @param thd        Thread handler.
  @param ci         create info struct from parser.
  @param existing   Handlerton requested by query.

  @retval existing if ENGINE is not specified or is the same as existing, or if
         ENGINE is not viable and substitution is permitted.
  @retval Handlerton of specified engine if this is viable.
  @retval nullptr if error (specified engine not viable and substitution
         not permitted).
*/
handlerton *get_viable_handlerton_for_alter(THD *thd, const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci,
                                            handlerton *existing) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  if (!is_engine_specified(ci) || ci.db_type == existing) return existing;

  Handlerton_pair hp = {
      ci.db_type, is_engine_substitution_allowed(thd) ? existing : nullptr};
  assert(hp.requested != nullptr);
  auto viability = get_viability(*hp.requested, ci);
  if (viability.value) {
    return hp.requested;
  }
  const char *en = ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(hp.requested);
  if (hp.alternate == nullptr) {
    viability.emit_error(en);
    return nullptr;
  }
  push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_UNKNOWN_STORAGE_ENGINE,
                      ER_THD(thd, ER_UNKNOWN_STORAGE_ENGINE), en);
  return hp.alternate;
}
}  // namespace

/**
  Checks if the handlerton for the specified ENGINE is enabled AND NOT
  explicitly disabled (listed in the disabled_storages_engines system
  variable). In the case of temporary tables the handlerton must also support
  those to be viable.

  When returning a handlerton different from the one specified
  ER_DISABLED_STORAGE_ENGINE and ER_USING_OTHER_HANDLER are emitted as
  warnings.

  @param thd         Thread handler.
  @param table_name  Table name.
  @param ci          create_info struct from parser.

  @retval Handlerton for specified ENGINE if this is viable.
  @retval The default (tmp) handlerton if viable and engine substitution is
  allowed.
  @retval nullptr if error (specified ENGINE not viable and substitution
          not permitted).
*/
handlerton *get_viable_handlerton_for_create(THD *thd, const char *table_name,
                                             const HA_CREATE_INFO &ci) {
  return get_viable_handlerton_for_create_impl(
      thd, table_name, ci,
      {requested_handlerton(thd, ci),
       (is_engine_specified(ci) && is_engine_substitution_allowed(thd))
           ? default_handlerton(thd, ci)
           : nullptr});
}

static bool check_if_keyname_exists(const char *name, KEY *start, KEY *end);
static const char *make_unique_key_name(const char *field_name, KEY *start,
                                        KEY *end);

static const dd::Index *find_fk_supporting_key(handlerton *hton,
                                               const dd::Table *table_def,
                                               const dd::Foreign_key *fk);

static const dd::Index *find_fk_parent_key(handlerton *hton,
                                           const dd::Index *supporting_key,
                                           const dd::Table *parent_table_def,
                                           const dd::Foreign_key *fk);
static int copy_data_between_tables(
    THD *thd, PSI_stage_progress *psi, TABLE *from, TABLE *to,
    List<Create_field> &create, ha_rows *copied, ha_rows *deleted,
    Alter_info::enum_enable_or_disable keys_onoff, Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx);

static bool prepare_blob_field(THD *thd, Create_field *sql_field,
                               bool convert_character_set);
static bool check_engine(const char *db_name, const char *table_name,
                         HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info);

static bool prepare_set_field(THD *thd, Create_field *sql_field);
static bool prepare_enum_field(THD *thd, Create_field *sql_field);

static uint blob_length_by_type(enum_field_types type);
static const Create_field *get_field_by_index(Alter_info *alter_info, uint idx);

static bool generate_check_constraint_name(THD *thd, const char *table_name,
                                           uint ordinal_number,
                                           LEX_STRING &name,
                                           bool skip_validation);
static bool push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
    THD *thd, const char *db, const char *cc_name,
    MDL_request_list &cc_mdl_request_list);
static bool prepare_check_constraints_for_create_like_table(
    THD *thd, Table_ref *src_table, Table_ref *table, Alter_info *alter_info);
static bool prepare_check_constraints_for_alter(THD *thd, const TABLE *table,
                                                Alter_info *alter_info,
                                                Alter_table_ctx *alter_tbl_ctx);
static void set_check_constraints_alter_mode(dd::Table *table,
                                             Alter_info *alter_info);
static void reset_check_constraints_alter_mode(dd::Table *table);
static bool adjust_check_constraint_names_for_old_table_version(
    THD *thd, const char *old_table_db, dd::Table *old_table);
static bool is_any_check_constraints_evaluation_required(
    const Alter_info *alter_info);

static bool check_if_field_used_by_generated_column_or_default(
    TABLE *table, const Field *field, const Alter_info *alter_info);

/**
  RAII class to control the atomic DDL commit on slave.
  A slave context flag responsible to mark the DDL as committed is
  raised and kept for the entirety of DDL commit block.
  While DDL commits the slave info table won't take part
  in its transaction.
*/
class Disable_slave_info_update_guard {
  Relay_log_info *m_rli;
  bool m_flag;

 public:
  Disable_slave_info_update_guard(THD *thd)
      : m_rli(thd->rli_slave), m_flag(false) {
    if (!thd->slave_thread) {
      assert(!m_rli);

      return;
    }

    assert(m_rli->current_event);

    m_flag = static_cast<Query_log_event *>(thd->rli_slave->current_event)
                 ->has_ddl_committed;
    static_cast<Query_log_event *>(m_rli->current_event)->has_ddl_committed =
        true;
  }

  ~Disable_slave_info_update_guard() {
    if (m_rli) {
      static_cast<Query_log_event *>(m_rli->current_event)->has_ddl_committed =
          m_flag;
    }
  }
};

static bool trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(THD *thd, bool error) {
  // Must be used for intermediate (but not final) DDL commits.
  Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(thd);
  if (error) {
    trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
    // Full rollback in case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request.
    trans_rollback(thd);
    return true;
  }
  return trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit(thd);
}

/**
  @brief Helper function for explain_filename
  @param thd          Thread handle
  @param to_p         Explained name in system_charset_info
  @param end_p        End of the to_p buffer
  @param name         Name to be converted
  @param name_len     Length of the name, in bytes
*/
static char *add_identifier(THD *thd, char *to_p, const char *end_p,
                            const char *name, size_t name_len) {
  size_t res;
  uint errors;
  const char *conv_name;
  char tmp_name[FN_REFLEN];
  char conv_string[FN_REFLEN];
  int quote;

  DBUG_TRACE;
  if (!name[name_len])
    conv_name = name;
  else {
    my_stpnmov(tmp_name, name, name_len);
    tmp_name[name_len] = 0;
    conv_name = tmp_name;
  }
  res = strconvert(&my_charset_filename, conv_name, system_charset_info,
                   conv_string, FN_REFLEN, &errors);
  if (!res || errors) {
    DBUG_PRINT("error", ("strconvert of '%s' failed with %u (errors: %u)",
                         conv_name, static_cast<uint>(res), errors));
    conv_name = name;
  } else {
    DBUG_PRINT("info", ("conv '%s' -> '%s'", conv_name, conv_string));
    conv_name = conv_string;
  }

  quote = thd ? get_quote_char_for_identifier(thd, conv_name, res - 1) : '`';

  if (quote != EOF && (end_p - to_p > 2)) {
    *(to_p++) = (char)quote;
    while (*conv_name && (end_p - to_p - 1) > 0) {
      uint length = my_mbcharlen(system_charset_info, *conv_name);
      if (!length) length = 1;
      if (length == 1 && *conv_name == (char)quote) {
        if ((end_p - to_p) < 3) break;
        *(to_p++) = (char)quote;
        *(to_p++) = *(conv_name++);
      } else if (((long)length) < (end_p - to_p)) {
        to_p = my_stpnmov(to_p, conv_name, length);
        conv_name += length;
      } else
        break; /* string already filled */
    }
    if (end_p > to_p) {
      *(to_p++) = (char)quote;
      if (end_p > to_p)
        *to_p = 0; /* terminate by NUL, but do not include it in the count */
    }
  } else
    to_p = my_stpnmov(to_p, conv_name, end_p - to_p);
  return to_p;
}

/**
  @brief Explain a path name by split it to database, table etc.

  @details Break down the path name to its logic parts
  (database, table, partition, subpartition).
  filename_to_tablename cannot be used on partitions, due to the @#P@# part.
  There can be up to 6 '#', @#P@# for partition, @#SP@# for subpartition
  and @#TMP@# or @#REN@# for temporary or renamed partitions.
  This should be used when something should be presented to a user in a
  diagnostic, error etc. when it would be useful to know what a particular
  file [and directory] means. Such as SHOW ENGINE STATUS, error messages etc.

   @param      thd          Thread handle
   @param      from         Path name in my_charset_filename
                            Null terminated in my_charset_filename, normalized
                            to use '/' as directory separation character.
   @param      to           Explained name in system_charset_info
   @param      to_length    Size of to buffer
   @param      explain_mode Requested output format.
                            EXPLAIN_ALL_VERBOSE ->
                            [Database `db`, ]Table `tbl`[,[ Temporary| Renamed]
                            Partition `p` [, Subpartition `sp`]]
                            EXPLAIN_PARTITIONS_VERBOSE -> `db`.`tbl`
                            [[ Temporary| Renamed] Partition `p`
                            [, Subpartition `sp`]]
                            EXPLAIN_PARTITIONS_AS_COMMENT -> `db`.`tbl` |*
                            [,[ Temporary| Renamed] Partition `p`
                            [, Subpartition `sp`]] *|
                            (| is really a /, and it is all in one line)

   @retval     Length of returned string
*/

size_t explain_filename(THD *thd, const char *from, char *to, size_t to_length,
                        enum_explain_filename_mode explain_mode) {
  char *to_p = to;
  char *end_p = to_p + to_length;
  const char *db_name = nullptr;
  size_t db_name_len = 0;
  const char *table_name;
  size_t table_name_len = 0;
  const char *part_name = nullptr;
  size_t part_name_len = 0;
  const char *subpart_name = nullptr;
  size_t subpart_name_len = 0;
  enum enum_part_name_type { NORMAL, TEMP, RENAMED } part_type = NORMAL;

  const char *tmp_p;
  DBUG_TRACE;
  DBUG_PRINT("enter", ("from '%s'", from));
  tmp_p = from;
  table_name = from;
  /*
    If '/' then take last directory part as database.
    '/' is the directory separator, not FN_LIB_CHAR
  */
  while ((tmp_p = strchr(tmp_p, '/'))) {
    db_name = table_name;
    /* calculate the length */
    db_name_len = tmp_p - db_name;
    tmp_p++;
    table_name = tmp_p;
  }
  tmp_p = table_name;
  /* Look if there are partition tokens in the table name. */
  while ((tmp_p = strchr(tmp_p, '#'))) {
    tmp_p++;
    switch (tmp_p[0]) {
      case 'P':
      case 'p':
        if (tmp_p[1] == '#') {
          part_name = tmp_p + 2;
          tmp_p += 2;
        }
        break;
      case 'S':
      case 's':
        if ((tmp_p[1] == 'P' || tmp_p[1] == 'p') && tmp_p[2] == '#') {
          part_name_len = tmp_p - part_name - 1;
          subpart_name = tmp_p + 3;
          tmp_p += 3;
        }
        break;
      case 'T':
      case 't':
        if ((tmp_p[1] == 'M' || tmp_p[1] == 'm') &&
            (tmp_p[2] == 'P' || tmp_p[2] == 'p') && tmp_p[3] == '#' &&
            !tmp_p[4]) {
          part_type = TEMP;
          tmp_p += 4;
        }
        break;
      case 'R':
      case 'r':
        if ((tmp_p[1] == 'E' || tmp_p[1] == 'e') &&
            (tmp_p[2] == 'N' || tmp_p[2] == 'n') && tmp_p[3] == '#' &&
            !tmp_p[4]) {
          part_type = RENAMED;
          tmp_p += 4;
        }
        break;
      default:
          /* Not partition name part. */
          ;
    }
  }
  if (part_name) {
    table_name_len = part_name - table_name - 3;
    if (subpart_name)
      subpart_name_len = strlen(subpart_name);
    else
      part_name_len = strlen(part_name);
    if (part_type != NORMAL) {
      if (subpart_name)
        subpart_name_len -= 5;
      else
        part_name_len -= 5;
    }
  } else
    table_name_len = strlen(table_name);
  if (db_name) {
    if (explain_mode == EXPLAIN_ALL_VERBOSE) {
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ER_THD_OR_DEFAULT(thd, ER_DATABASE_NAME),
                        end_p - to_p);
      *(to_p++) = ' ';
      to_p = add_identifier(thd, to_p, end_p, db_name, db_name_len);
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ", ", end_p - to_p);
    } else {
      to_p = add_identifier(thd, to_p, end_p, db_name, db_name_len);
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ".", end_p - to_p);
    }
  }
  if (explain_mode == EXPLAIN_ALL_VERBOSE) {
    to_p =
        my_stpncpy(to_p, ER_THD_OR_DEFAULT(thd, ER_TABLE_NAME), end_p - to_p);
    *(to_p++) = ' ';
    to_p = add_identifier(thd, to_p, end_p, table_name, table_name_len);
  } else
    to_p = add_identifier(thd, to_p, end_p, table_name, table_name_len);
  if (part_name) {
    if (explain_mode == EXPLAIN_PARTITIONS_AS_COMMENT)
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, " /* ", end_p - to_p);
    else if (explain_mode == EXPLAIN_PARTITIONS_VERBOSE)
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, " ", end_p - to_p);
    else
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ", ", end_p - to_p);
    if (part_type != NORMAL) {
      if (part_type == TEMP)
        to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ER_THD_OR_DEFAULT(thd, ER_TEMPORARY_NAME),
                          end_p - to_p);
      else
        to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ER_THD_OR_DEFAULT(thd, ER_RENAMED_NAME),
                          end_p - to_p);
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, " ", end_p - to_p);
    }
    to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ER_THD_OR_DEFAULT(thd, ER_PARTITION_NAME),
                      end_p - to_p);
    *(to_p++) = ' ';
    to_p = add_identifier(thd, to_p, end_p, part_name, part_name_len);
    if (subpart_name) {
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ", ", end_p - to_p);
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, ER_THD_OR_DEFAULT(thd, ER_SUBPARTITION_NAME),
                        end_p - to_p);
      *(to_p++) = ' ';
      to_p = add_identifier(thd, to_p, end_p, subpart_name, subpart_name_len);
    }
    if (explain_mode == EXPLAIN_PARTITIONS_AS_COMMENT)
      to_p = my_stpncpy(to_p, " */", end_p - to_p);
  }
  DBUG_PRINT("exit", ("to '%s'", to));
  return static_cast<size_t>(to_p - to);
}

/*
  Translate a file name to a table name (WL #1324).

  SYNOPSIS
    filename_to_tablename()
      from                      The file name in my_charset_filename.
      to                OUT     The table name in system_charset_info.
      to_length                 The size of the table name buffer.
      stay_quiet                Silence the errors.
      has_errors        OUT     True, if there are errors.

  RETURN
    Table name length.
*/

size_t filename_to_tablename(const char *from, char *to, size_t to_length,
                             bool stay_quiet, bool *has_errors) {
  uint errors;
  size_t res;
  DBUG_TRACE;
  DBUG_PRINT("enter", ("from '%s'", from));

  if (has_errors != nullptr) *has_errors = false;
  if (strlen(from) >= tmp_file_prefix_length &&
      !memcmp(from, tmp_file_prefix, tmp_file_prefix_length)) {
    /* Temporary table name. */
    res = (my_stpnmov(to, from, to_length) - to);
  } else {
    res = strconvert(&my_charset_filename, from, system_charset_info, to,
                     to_length, &errors);
    if (errors)  // Old 5.0 name
    {
      if (has_errors != nullptr) *has_errors = true;
      if (!stay_quiet) {
        LogErr(ERROR_LEVEL, ER_INVALID_OR_OLD_TABLE_OR_DB_NAME, from);
      }
      /*
        TODO: add a stored procedure for fix table and database names,
        and mention its name in error log.
      */
    }
  }

  DBUG_PRINT("exit", ("to '%s'", to));
  return res;
}

/*
  Translate a table name to a file name (WL #1324).

  SYNOPSIS
    tablename_to_filename()
      from                      The table name in system_charset_info.
      to                OUT     The file name in my_charset_filename.
      to_length                 The size of the file name buffer.

  RETURN
    File name length.
*/

size_t tablename_to_filename(const char *from, char *to, size_t to_length) {
  uint errors;
  size_t length;
  DBUG_TRACE;
  DBUG_PRINT("enter", ("from '%s'", from));

  length = strconvert(system_charset_info, from, &my_charset_filename, to,
                      to_length, &errors);
  if (check_if_legal_tablename(to) && length + 4 < to_length) {
    memcpy(to + length, "@@@", 4);
    length += 3;
  }
  DBUG_PRINT("exit", ("to '%s'", to));
  return length;
}

/*
  @brief Creates path to a file: mysql_data_dir/db/table.ext

  @param buff                   Where to write result in my_charset_filename.
                                This may be the same as table_name.
  @param bufflen                buff size
  @param db                     Database name in system_charset_info.
  @param table_name             Table name in system_charset_info.
  @param ext                    File extension.
  @param flags                  FN_FROM_IS_TMP or FN_TO_IS_TMP or FN_IS_TMP
                                table_name is temporary, do not change.
  @param was_truncated          points to location that will be
                                set to true if path was truncated,
                                to false otherwise.

  @note
    Uses database and table name, and extension to create
    a file name in mysql_data_dir. Database and table
    names are converted from system_charset_info into "fscs".
    Unless flags indicate a temporary table name.
    'db' is always converted.
    'ext' is not converted.

    The conversion suppression is required for ALTER TABLE. This
    statement creates intermediate tables. These are regular
    (non-temporary) tables with a temporary name. Their path names must
    be derivable from the table name. So we cannot use
    build_tmptable_filename() for them.

  @return
    path length
*/

size_t build_table_filename(char *buff, size_t bufflen, const char *db,
                            const char *table_name, const char *ext, uint flags,
                            bool *was_truncated) {
  char tbbuff[FN_REFLEN], dbbuff[FN_REFLEN];
  size_t tab_len, db_len;
  DBUG_TRACE;
  DBUG_PRINT("enter", ("db: '%s'  table_name: '%s'  ext: '%s'  flags: %x", db,
                       table_name, ext, flags));

  if (flags & FN_IS_TMP)  // FN_FROM_IS_TMP | FN_TO_IS_TMP
    tab_len = my_stpnmov(tbbuff, table_name, sizeof(tbbuff)) - tbbuff;
  else
    tab_len = tablename_to_filename(table_name, tbbuff, sizeof(tbbuff));

  db_len = tablename_to_filename(db, dbbuff, sizeof(dbbuff));

  char *end = buff + bufflen;
  /* Don't add FN_ROOTDIR if mysql_data_home already includes it */
  char *pos = my_stpnmov(buff, mysql_data_home, bufflen);
  size_t rootdir_len = strlen(FN_ROOTDIR);
  if (pos - rootdir_len >= buff &&
      memcmp(pos - rootdir_len, FN_ROOTDIR, rootdir_len) != 0)
    pos = my_stpnmov(pos, FN_ROOTDIR, end - pos);
  else
    rootdir_len = 0;
  pos = strxnmov(pos, end - pos, dbbuff, FN_ROOTDIR, NullS);
  pos = strxnmov(pos, end - pos, tbbuff, ext, NullS);

  /**
    Mark OUT param if path gets truncated.
    Most of functions which invoke this function are sure that the
    path will not be truncated. In case some functions are not sure,
    we can use 'was_truncated' OUTPARAM
  */
  *was_truncated = false;
  if (pos == end && (bufflen < mysql_data_home_len + rootdir_len + db_len +
                                   strlen(FN_ROOTDIR) + tab_len + strlen(ext)))
    *was_truncated = true;

  DBUG_PRINT("exit", ("buff: '%s'", buff));
  return pos - buff;
}

/**
  Create path to a temporary table, like mysql_tmpdir/@#sql1234_12_1
  (i.e. to its .FRM file but without an extension).

  @param thd      The thread handle.
  @param buff     Where to write result in my_charset_filename.
  @param bufflen  buff size

  @note
    Uses current_pid, thread_id, and tmp_table counter to create
    a file name in mysql_tmpdir.

  @return Path length.
*/

size_t build_tmptable_filename(THD *thd, char *buff, size_t bufflen) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  char *p = my_stpnmov(buff, mysql_tmpdir, bufflen);
  assert(sizeof(my_thread_id) == 4);
  snprintf(p, bufflen - (p - buff), "/%s%lx_%x_%x", tmp_file_prefix,
           current_pid, thd->thread_id(), thd->tmp_table++);

  if (lower_case_table_names) {
    /* Convert all except tmpdir to lower case */
    my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, p);
  }

  size_t length = unpack_filename(buff, buff);
  DBUG_PRINT("exit", ("buff: '%s'", buff));
  return length;
}

/**
  Create a dd::Table-object specifying the temporary table
  definition, but do not put it into the Data Dictionary. The created
  dd::Table-instance is returned via tmp_table_def out-parameter.
  The temporary table is also created in the storage engine, depending
  on the 'no_ha_table' argument.

  @param thd                 Thread handler
  @param path                Name of file (including database)
  @param sch_obj             Schema.
  @param db                  Schema name.
                             Cannot use dd::Schema::name() directly due to LCTN.
  @param table_name          Table name
  @param create_info         create info parameters
  @param create_fields       Fields to create
  @param keys                number of keys to create
  @param key_info            Keys to create
  @param keys_onoff          Enable or disable keys.
  @param check_cons_spec     List of check constraint specification.
  @param file                Handler to use
  @param no_ha_table         Indicates that only definitions needs to be created
                             and not a table in the storage engine.
  @param[out] binlog_to_trx_cache
                             Which binlog cache should be used?
                             If true => trx cache
                             If false => stmt cache
  @param[out] tmp_table_def  Data-dictionary object for temporary table
                             which was created. Is not set if no_ha_table
                             was false.

  @retval false  ok
  @retval true   error
*/

static bool rea_create_tmp_table(
    THD *thd, const char *path, const dd::Schema &sch_obj, const char *db,
    const char *table_name, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
    List<Create_field> &create_fields, uint keys, KEY *key_info,
    Alter_info::enum_enable_or_disable keys_onoff,
    const Sql_check_constraint_spec_list *check_cons_spec, handler *file,
    bool no_ha_table, bool *binlog_to_trx_cache,
    std::unique_ptr<dd::Table> *tmp_table_def) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  std::unique_ptr<dd::Table> tmp_table_ptr =
      dd::create_tmp_table(thd, sch_obj, table_name, create_info, create_fields,
                           key_info, keys, keys_onoff, check_cons_spec, file);
  if (!tmp_table_ptr) return true;

  if (no_ha_table) {
    *tmp_table_def = std::move(tmp_table_ptr);
    return false;
  }

  // Create the table in the storage engine.
  if (ha_create_table(thd, path, db, table_name, create_info, false, false,
                      tmp_table_ptr.get())) {
    return true;
  }

  /*
    Open a table (skipping table cache) and add it into
    THD::temporary_tables list.
  */
  TABLE *table = open_table_uncached(thd, path, db, table_name, true, true,
                                     *tmp_table_ptr.get());

  if (!table) {
    (void)rm_temporary_table(thd, create_info->db_type, path,
                             tmp_table_ptr.get());
    return true;
  }

  // Transfer ownership of dd::Table object to TABLE_SHARE.
  table->s->tmp_table_def = tmp_table_ptr.release();

  thd->thread_specific_used = true;

  if (binlog_to_trx_cache != nullptr)
    *binlog_to_trx_cache = table->file->has_transactions();
  return false;
}

/**
  Create table definition in the Data Dictionary. The table is also
  created in the storage engine, depending on the 'no_ha_table' argument.

  @param thd             Thread handler
  @param path            Name of file (including database)
  @param sch_obj         Schema.
  @param db              Schema name.
                         Cannot use dd::Schema::name() directly due to
                         LCTN.
  @param table_name      Table name
  @param create_info     create info parameters
  @param create_fields   Fields to create
  @param keys            number of keys to create
  @param key_info        Keys to create
  @param keys_onoff      Enable or disable keys.
  @param fk_keys         Number of foreign keys to create
  @param fk_key_info     Foreign keys to create
  @param check_cons_spec List of check constraint specifications.
  @param file            Handler to use
  @param no_ha_table     Indicates that only definitions needs to be
                         created and not a table in the storage engine.
  @param do_not_store_in_dd    Indicates that we should postpone storing table
                               object in the data-dictionary. Requires SE
                               supporting atomic DDL and no_ha_table flag set.
  @param part_info             Reference to partitioning data structure.
  @param[out] binlog_to_trx_cache
                         Which binlog cache should be used?
                         If true => trx cache
                         If false => stmt cache
  @param[out] table_def_ptr  dd::Table object describing the table
                             created if do_not_store_in_dd option was
                             used. Not set otherwise.
  @param[out] post_ddl_ht    Set to handlerton for table's SE, if this SE
                             supports atomic DDL, so caller can call SE
                             post DDL hook after committing transaction.

  @note For engines supporting atomic DDL the caller must rollback
        both statement and transaction on failure. This must be done
        before any further accesses to DD. @sa dd::create_table().

  @retval false  ok
  @retval true   error
*/

static bool rea_create_base_table(
    THD *thd, const char *path, const dd::Schema &sch_obj, const char *db,
    const char *table_name, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
    List<Create_field> &create_fields, uint keys, KEY *key_info,
    Alter_info::enum_enable_or_disable keys_onoff, uint fk_keys,
    FOREIGN_KEY *fk_key_info,
    const Sql_check_constraint_spec_list *check_cons_spec, handler *file,
    bool no_ha_table, bool do_not_store_in_dd, partition_info *part_info,
    bool *binlog_to_trx_cache, std::unique_ptr<dd::Table> *table_def_ptr,
    handlerton **post_ddl_ht) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  std::unique_ptr<dd::Table> table_def_res = dd::create_table(
      thd, sch_obj, table_name, create_info, create_fields, key_info, keys,
      keys_onoff, fk_key_info, fk_keys, check_cons_spec, file);

  if (!table_def_res) return true;

  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;

  if (do_not_store_in_dd) {
    /*
      Clean up code assumes that SE supports atomic DDL if do_not_store_in_dd
      was requested, so we can simply rollback our changes.

      ha_create_table() won't work correctly if dd::Table object is not stored
      in the data-dictionary.

      For data-dictionary tables we rely on Dictionary_client::store() to update
      their table definition.
    */
    assert(create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL);
    assert(no_ha_table);
    assert(!dd::get_dictionary()->get_dd_table(db, table_name));

    *table_def_ptr = std::move(table_def_res);

    table_def = table_def_ptr->get();
  } else {
    bool result = thd->dd_client()->store(table_def_res.get());

    if (!(create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
        !thd->is_plugin_fake_ddl())
      result = trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);

    if (result) return true;

    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(db, table_name, &table_def))
      return true;
  }

  if (no_ha_table) {
    if (part_info) {
      /*
        For partitioned tables we can't find some problems with table
        until table is opened. Therefore in order to disallow creation
        of corrupted tables we have to try to open table as the part
        of its creation process.
        In cases when both .FRM and SE part of table are created table
        is implicitly open in ha_create_table() call.
        In cases when we create .FRM without SE part we have to open
        table explicitly.
      */
      TABLE table;
      TABLE_SHARE share;

      init_tmp_table_share(thd, &share, db, 0, table_name, path, nullptr);

      bool result = open_table_def(thd, &share, *table_def) ||
                    open_table_from_share(thd, &share, "", 0, (uint)READ_ALL, 0,
                                          &table, true, nullptr);

      /*
        Assert that the change list is empty as no partition function currently
        needs to modify item tree. May need call THD::rollback_item_tree_changes
        later before calling closefrm if the change list is not empty.
      */
      assert(thd->change_list.is_empty());
      if (!result) (void)closefrm(&table, false);

      free_table_share(&share);

      if (result) {
        /*
          If changes were committed remove table from DD.
          We ignore the errors returned from there functions
          as we anyway report error.
        */
        if (!(create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)) {
          bool drop_result = dd::drop_table(thd, db, table_name, *table_def);
          (void)trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, drop_result);
        }

        return true;
      }
    }

    return false;
  }

  if ((create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
      create_info->db_type->post_ddl)
    *post_ddl_ht = create_info->db_type;

  if (ha_create_table(thd, path, db, table_name, create_info, false, false,
                      table_def)) {
    /*
      Remove table from data-dictionary if it was added and rollback
      won't do this automatically.
    */
    if (!(create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)) {
      /*
        We ignore error from dd_drop_table() as we anyway
        return 'true' failure below.
      */
      bool result = dd::drop_table(thd, db, table_name, *table_def);
      if (!thd->is_plugin_fake_ddl())
        (void)trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);
    }
    return true;
  }

  /*
    If the SE supports atomic DDL, we can use the trx binlog cache.
    Otherwise we must use the statement cache.
  */
  if (binlog_to_trx_cache != nullptr)
    *binlog_to_trx_cache =
        (create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL);

  return false;
}

/*
  SYNOPSIS
    write_bin_log()
    thd                           Thread object
    clear_error                   is clear_error to be called
    query                         Query to log
    query_length                  Length of query
    is_trans                      if the event changes either
                                  a trans or non-trans engine.

  RETURN VALUES
    NONE

  DESCRIPTION
    Write the binlog if open, routine used in multiple places in this
    file
*/

int write_bin_log(THD *thd, bool clear_error, const char *query,
                  size_t query_length, bool is_trans) {
  int error = 0;
  if (mysql_bin_log.is_open()) {
    int errcode = 0;
    if (clear_error)
      thd->clear_error();
    else
      errcode = query_error_code(thd, true);
    error = thd->binlog_query(THD::STMT_QUERY_TYPE, query, query_length,
                              is_trans, false, false, errcode);
  }
  return error;
}

bool lock_trigger_names(THD *thd, Table_ref *tables) {
  for (Table_ref *table = tables; table; table = table->next_global) {
    if (table->open_type == OT_TEMPORARY_ONLY ||
        (table->open_type == OT_TEMPORARY_OR_BASE && is_temporary_table(table)))
      continue;

    dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());

    const dd::Table *table_obj = nullptr;
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name, &table_obj)) {
      // Error is reported by the dictionary subsystem.
      return true;
    }
    if (table_obj == nullptr) continue;

    for (const dd::Trigger *trigger : table_obj->triggers()) {
      if (acquire_exclusive_mdl_for_trigger(thd, table->db,
                                            trigger->name().c_str()))
        return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Add MDL requests for specified lock type on all tables referenced by the
  given dd::Table object to the list. Also add the referenced table names to
  the foreign key invalidator, to be used at a later stage to invalidate the
  dd::Table objects.

  @param          thd            Thread handle.
  @param          table_def      dd::Table object.
  @param          lock_type      Type of MDL requests to add.
  @param          hton           Handlerton for table's storage engine.
  @param[in,out]  mdl_requests   List to which MDL requests are to be added.
  @param[in,out]  fk_invalidator Object keeping track of which dd::Table
                                 objects to invalidate.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool collect_fk_parents_for_all_fks(
    THD *thd, const dd::Table *table_def, handlerton *hton,
    enum_mdl_type lock_type, MDL_request_list *mdl_requests,
    Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator) {
  for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def->foreign_keys()) {
    char buff_db[NAME_LEN + 1];
    char buff_table[NAME_LEN + 1];

    my_stpncpy(buff_db, fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);
    my_stpncpy(buff_table, fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);

    /*
      In lower-case-table-names == 2 mode we store original versions of table
      and db names in the data-dictionary. Hence they need to be lowercased
      to produce correct MDL key for them and for other uses.
    */
    if (lower_case_table_names == 2) {
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_db);
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_table);
    }

    MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::TABLE, buff_db, buff_table,
                     lock_type, MDL_STATEMENT);

    mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

    mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::SCHEMA, buff_db, "",
                     MDL_INTENTION_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

    mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

    if (fk_invalidator) fk_invalidator->add(buff_db, buff_table, hton);
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Add MDL requests for specified lock type on all tables referencing
  the given table.

  @param          thd           Thread handle.
  @param          table_def     dd::Table object describing the table.
  @param          lock_type     Type of MDL requests to add.
  @param[in,out]  mdl_requests  List to which MDL requests are to be added.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool collect_fk_children(THD *thd, const dd::Table *table_def,
                                enum_mdl_type lock_type,
                                MDL_request_list *mdl_requests) {
  for (const dd::Foreign_key_parent *fk : table_def->foreign_key_parents()) {
    char buff_db[NAME_LEN + 1];
    char buff_table[NAME_LEN + 1];
    my_stpncpy(buff_db, fk->child_schema_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);
    my_stpncpy(buff_table, fk->child_table_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);

    /*
      In lower-case-table-names == 2 mode we store original versions of table
      and db names in the data-dictionary. Hence they need to be lowercased
      to produce correct MDL key for them and for other uses.
    */
    if (lower_case_table_names == 2) {
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_db);
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_table);
    }

    MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::TABLE, buff_db, buff_table,
                     lock_type, MDL_STATEMENT);

    mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

    mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::SCHEMA, buff_db, "",
                     MDL_INTENTION_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

    mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Add MDL requests for exclusive lock on all foreign key names on the given
  table to the list.

  @param          thd           Thread context.
  @param          db            Table's schema name.
  @param          table_def     Table definition.
  @param[in,out]  mdl_requests  List to which MDL requests are to be added.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/

static bool collect_fk_names(THD *thd, const char *db,
                             const dd::Table *table_def,
                             MDL_request_list *mdl_requests) {
  for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def->foreign_keys()) {
    /*
      Since foreign key names are case-insensitive we need to lowercase them
      before passing to MDL subsystem.
    */
    char fk_name[NAME_LEN + 1];
    strmake(fk_name, fk->name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);
    my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, fk_name);

    MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::FOREIGN_KEY, db, fk_name,
                     MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

    mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);
  }

  return false;
}

bool rm_table_do_discovery_and_lock_fk_tables(THD *thd, Table_ref *tables) {
  MEM_ROOT mdl_reqs_root(key_memory_rm_db_mdl_reqs_root, MEM_ROOT_BLOCK_SIZE);
  MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

  for (Table_ref *table = tables; table; table = table->next_local) {
    if (table->open_type != OT_BASE_ONLY && is_temporary_table(table)) continue;

    dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());

    const dd::Abstract_table *abstract_table_def = nullptr;
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name,
                                  &abstract_table_def))
      return true;

    if (!abstract_table_def) {
      /*
        If table is missing try to discover it from some storage engine
        as it might have foreign keys.
      */
      int result = ha_create_table_from_engine(
          thd, table->db,
          (lower_case_table_names == 2) ? table->alias : table->table_name);
      if (result > 0) {
        // Error during discovery, error should be reported already.
        return true;
      } else if (result == 0) {
        // Table was discovered. Re-try to retrieve its definition.
        if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name,
                                      &abstract_table_def))
          return true;
      } else  // result < 0
      {
        // No table was found.
      }
    }

    if (!abstract_table_def ||
        abstract_table_def->type() != dd::enum_table_type::BASE_TABLE)
      continue;

    const dd::Table *table_def =
        dynamic_cast<const dd::Table *>(abstract_table_def);

    /*
      Ensure that we don't hold memory used by MDL_requests after locks
      have been acquired. This reduces memory usage in cases when we have
      DROP DATABASE that needs to drop lots of different objects.
    */
    MEM_ROOT *save_thd_mem_root = thd->mem_root;
    auto restore_thd_mem_root =
        create_scope_guard([&]() { thd->mem_root = save_thd_mem_root; });
    thd->mem_root = &mdl_reqs_root;

    if (collect_fk_parents_for_all_fks(thd, table_def, nullptr, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                                       &mdl_requests, nullptr))
      return true;

    if (collect_fk_children(thd, table_def, MDL_EXCLUSIVE, &mdl_requests))
      return true;

    if (collect_fk_names(thd, table->db, table_def, &mdl_requests)) return true;
  }

  if (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
      thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  return false;
}

void Foreign_key_parents_invalidator::add(
    const char *db_name, const char *table_name, handlerton *hton,
    enum_invalidation_type invalidation_type) {
  m_parent_map.insert(typename Parent_map::value_type(
      typename Parent_map::key_type(db_name, table_name),
      typename Parent_map::mapped_type(hton, invalidation_type)));
}

void Foreign_key_parents_invalidator::mark_for_reopen_if_added(
    const char *db_name, const char *table_name) {
  auto parent_it =
      m_parent_map.find(typename Parent_map::key_type(db_name, table_name));
  if (parent_it != m_parent_map.end()) {
    parent_it->second.second =
        enum_invalidation_type::INVALIDATE_AND_MARK_FOR_REOPEN;
  }
}

void Foreign_key_parents_invalidator::invalidate(THD *thd) {
  for (auto parent_it : m_parent_map) {
    if (parent_it.second.second ==
        enum_invalidation_type::INVALIDATE_AND_CLOSE_TABLE) {
      // Invalidate Table and Table Definition Caches too.
      mysql_ha_flush_table(thd, parent_it.first.first.c_str(),
                           parent_it.first.second.c_str());
      close_all_tables_for_name(thd, parent_it.first.first.c_str(),
                                parent_it.first.second.c_str(), false);
    } else {
      assert(parent_it.second.second ==
             enum_invalidation_type::INVALIDATE_AND_MARK_FOR_REOPEN);
      tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_MARK_FOR_REOPEN,
                       parent_it.first.first.c_str(),
                       parent_it.first.second.c_str(), false);
    }

    /*
      TODO: Should revisit the way we do invalidation to avoid
      suppressing errors, which is necessary since it's done after
      commit. For now, we use an error handler.
    */
    Dummy_error_handler error_handler;
    thd->push_internal_handler(&error_handler);
    bool ignored [[maybe_unused]];
    ignored = thd->dd_client()->invalidate(parent_it.first.first.c_str(),
                                           parent_it.first.second.c_str());
    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("fail_while_invalidating_fk_parents",
                    { my_error(ER_LOCK_DEADLOCK, MYF(0)); });
    thd->pop_internal_handler();

    // And storage engine internal dictionary cache as well.
#ifdef DISABLED_UNTIL_WL9533
    /*
      TODO: Simply removing entries from InnoDB internal cache breaks
            its FK checking logic at the moment. This is to be solved
            as part of WL#9533. We might have to replace invalidation
            with cache update to do this.
    */
    if ((parent_it.second)->dict_cache_reset)
      ((parent_it.second))
          ->dict_cache_reset(parent_it.first.first.c_str(),
                             parent_it.first.second.c_str());
#endif
  }

  m_parent_map.clear();
}

/*
 delete (drop) tables.

  SYNOPSIS
   mysql_rm_table()
   thd      Thread handle
   tables   List of tables to delete
   if_exists    If 1, don't give error if one table doesn't exists

  NOTES
    Will delete all tables that can be deleted and give a compact error
    messages for tables that could not be deleted.
    If a table is in use, we will wait for all users to free the table
    before dropping it

    Wait if global_read_lock (FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK) is set, but
    not if under LOCK TABLES.

  RETURN
    false OK.  In this case ok packet is sent to user
    true  Error

*/

bool mysql_rm_table(THD *thd, Table_ref *tables, bool if_exists,
                    bool drop_temporary) {
  bool error;
  Drop_table_error_handler err_handler;
  Table_ref *table;
  uint have_non_tmp_table = 0;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  // DROP table is not allowed in the XA_IDLE or XA_PREPARED transaction states.
  if (thd->get_transaction()->xid_state()->check_xa_idle_or_prepared(true)) {
    return true;
  }

  /*
    DROP tables need to have their logging format determined if
    in MIXED mode and dropping a TEMP table.
  */
  if (thd->decide_logging_format(tables)) {
    return true;
  }

  /* Disable drop of enabled log tables, must be done before name locking */
  for (table = tables; table; table = table->next_local) {
    if (query_logger.check_if_log_table(table, true)) {
      my_error(ER_BAD_LOG_STATEMENT, MYF(0), "DROP");
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (!drop_temporary) {
    if (!thd->locked_tables_mode) {
      if (lock_table_names(thd, tables, nullptr,
                           thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout, 0) ||
          lock_trigger_names(thd, tables))
        return true;

      DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "mysql_rm_table_after_lock_table_names");

      for (table = tables; table; table = table->next_local) {
        if (is_temporary_table(table)) continue;

        /* Here we are sure that a non-tmp table exists */
        have_non_tmp_table = 1;
      }
    } else {
      bool acquire_backup_lock = false;

      for (table = tables; table; table = table->next_local)
        if (is_temporary_table(table)) {
          /*
            A temporary table.

            Don't try to find a corresponding MDL lock or assign it
            to table->mdl_request.ticket. There can't be metadata
            locks for temporary tables: they are local to the session.

            Later in this function we release the MDL lock only if
            table->mdl_requeset.ticket is not NULL. Thus here we
            ensure that we won't release the metadata lock on the base
            table locked with LOCK TABLES as a side effect of temporary
            table drop.
          */
          assert(table->mdl_request.ticket == nullptr);
        } else {
          /*
            Not a temporary table.

            Since 'tables' list can't contain duplicates (this is ensured
            by parser) it is safe to cache pointer to the TABLE instances
            in its elements.
          */
          table->table = find_table_for_mdl_upgrade(thd, table->db,
                                                    table->table_name, false);
          if (!table->table) return true;
          table->mdl_request.ticket = table->table->mdl_ticket;

          if (wait_while_table_is_used(thd, table->table,
                                       HA_EXTRA_FORCE_REOPEN))
            return true;

          /* Here we are sure that a non-tmp table exists */
          have_non_tmp_table = 1;

          if (!acquire_backup_lock) acquire_backup_lock = true;
        }

      if (acquire_backup_lock &&
          acquire_shared_backup_lock(thd, thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
        return true;
    }

    if (rm_table_do_discovery_and_lock_fk_tables(thd, tables)) return true;

    if (lock_check_constraint_names(thd, tables)) return true;
  }

  std::vector<MDL_ticket *> safe_to_release_mdl;

  {
    // This Auto_releaser needs to go out of scope before we start releasing
    // metadata locks below. Otherwise we end up having acquired objects for
    // which we no longer have any locks held.
    dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());

    std::set<handlerton *> post_ddl_htons;
    Foreign_key_parents_invalidator fk_invalidator;
    bool not_used;

    /* mark for close and remove all cached entries */
    thd->push_internal_handler(&err_handler);
    error = mysql_rm_table_no_locks(thd, tables, if_exists, drop_temporary,
                                    false, &not_used, &post_ddl_htons,
                                    &fk_invalidator, &safe_to_release_mdl);
    thd->pop_internal_handler();
  }

  if (!drop_temporary) {
    /*
      Under LOCK TABLES we should release meta-data locks on the tables
      which were dropped.

      Leave LOCK TABLES mode if we managed to drop all tables which were
      locked. Additional check for 'non_temp_tables_count' is to avoid
      leaving LOCK TABLES mode if we have dropped only temporary tables.
    */
    if (thd->locked_tables_mode) {
      /*
        First we need to reopen tables which data-dictionary entries were
        updated/invalidated (and thus they were closed) due to fact that
        they participate in the same FKs as tables which were dropped.
      */
      if (thd->locked_tables_list.reopen_tables(thd)) error = true;

      if (thd->lock && thd->lock->table_count == 0 && have_non_tmp_table > 0) {
        thd->mdl_context.release_statement_locks();
        thd->locked_tables_list.unlock_locked_tables(thd);
      } else {
        for (MDL_ticket *mdl_ticket : safe_to_release_mdl) {
          /*
            Under LOCK TABLES we may have several instances of table open
            and locked and therefore have to remove several metadata lock
            requests associated with them.
          */
          thd->mdl_context.release_all_locks_for_name(mdl_ticket);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (error) return true;

  if (thd->lex->drop_temporary && thd->in_multi_stmt_transaction_mode()) {
    /*
      When autocommit is disabled, dropping temporary table sets this flag
      to start transaction in any case (regardless of binlog=on/off,
      binlog format and transactional/non-transactional engine) to make
      behavior consistent.
    */
    thd->server_status |= SERVER_STATUS_IN_TRANS;
  }

  if (thd->variables.binlog_format == BINLOG_FORMAT_STMT &&
      thd->lex->drop_temporary && (thd->in_sub_stmt & SUB_STMT_FUNCTION) &&
      thd->binlog_evt_union.do_union) {
    /*
      This does not write the query into binary log, it just sets
      thd->binlog_evt_union.unioned_events to true for writing
      its top function call to the binary log on function exit
      in mixed mode and statement mode. So this does not cause
      any error.
    */
    write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length, true);
  }

  my_ok(thd);
  return false;
}

/**
  Runtime context for DROP TABLES statement.
*/

class Drop_tables_ctx {
 public:
  Drop_tables_ctx(bool if_exists_arg, bool drop_temporary_arg,
                  bool drop_database_arg)
      : if_exists(if_exists_arg),
        drop_temporary(drop_temporary_arg),
        drop_database(drop_database_arg),
        base_atomic_tables(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        base_non_atomic_tables(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        tmp_trans_tables(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        tmp_non_trans_tables(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        nonexistent_tables(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        views(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        dropped_non_atomic(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME),
        gtid_and_table_groups_state(NO_GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS) {
    /* DROP DATABASE implies if_exists and absence of drop_temporary. */
    assert(!drop_database || (if_exists && !drop_temporary));
  }

  /* Parameters of DROP TABLES statement. */
  const bool if_exists;
  const bool drop_temporary;
  const bool drop_database;

  /* Different table groups of tables to be dropped. */
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> base_atomic_tables;
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> base_non_atomic_tables;
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> tmp_trans_tables;
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog;
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> tmp_non_trans_tables;
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog;
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> nonexistent_tables;
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> views;

  /* Methods which simplify checking state of the above groups. */
  bool has_base_atomic_tables() const { return base_atomic_tables.size() != 0; }

  bool has_base_non_atomic_tables() const {
    return base_non_atomic_tables.size() != 0;
  }

  bool has_tmp_trans_tables() const { return tmp_trans_tables.size() != 0; }

  bool has_tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog() const {
    return tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog.size() != 0;
  }

  bool has_tmp_non_trans_tables() const {
    return tmp_non_trans_tables.size() != 0;
  }

  bool has_tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog() const {
    return tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog.size() != 0;
  }

  bool has_any_nonexistent_tables() const {
    return nonexistent_tables.size() != 0;
  }
  bool has_base_nonexistent_tables() const {
    return !drop_temporary && nonexistent_tables.size() != 0;
  }

  bool has_tmp_nonexistent_tables() const {
    return drop_temporary && nonexistent_tables.size() != 0;
  }

  bool has_views() const { return views.size() != 0; }

  /**
    Base tables in SE which do not support atomic DDL which we managed to
    drop so far.
  */
  Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> dropped_non_atomic;

  bool has_dropped_non_atomic() const { return dropped_non_atomic.size() != 0; }

  /**
    In which situation regarding GTID mode and different types
    of tables to be dropped we are.

    TODO: consider splitting into 2 orthogonal enum/bools.
  */
  enum {
    NO_GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS,
    NO_GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP,
    GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS,
    GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP
  } gtid_and_table_groups_state;

  /* Methods to simplify querying the above state. */
  bool has_no_gtid_many_table_groups() const {
    return gtid_and_table_groups_state == NO_GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS;
  }

  bool has_no_gtid_single_table_group() const {
    return gtid_and_table_groups_state == NO_GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
  }

  bool has_gtid_many_table_groups() const {
    return gtid_and_table_groups_state == GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS;
  }

  bool has_gtid_single_table_group() const {
    return gtid_and_table_groups_state == GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
  }
};

/**
  Auxiliary function which appends to the string table identifier with proper
  quoting and schema part if necessary.
*/

static void append_table_ident(const THD *thd, String *to,
                               const Table_ref *table, bool force_db) {
  //  Don't write the database name if it is the current one.
  if (thd->db().str == nullptr || strcmp(table->db, thd->db().str) != 0 ||
      force_db) {
    append_identifier(thd, to, table->db, table->db_length, system_charset_info,
                      thd->charset());
    to->append(".");
  }
  append_identifier(thd, to, table->table_name, table->table_name_length,
                    system_charset_info, thd->charset());
}

/**
  Auxiliary function which appends to the string schema and table name for
  the table (without quoting).
*/

static void append_table_name(String *to, const Table_ref *table) {
  to->append(String(table->db, system_charset_info));
  to->append('.');
  to->append(String(table->table_name, system_charset_info));
}

/**
  Auxiliary class which is used to construct synthesized DROP TABLES
  statements for the binary log during execution of DROP TABLES statement.
*/

class Drop_tables_query_builder {
 public:
  Drop_tables_query_builder(THD *thd, bool temporary, bool if_exists,
                            bool is_trans, bool no_db)
      : m_bin_log_is_open(mysql_bin_log.is_open()),
        m_thd(thd),
        m_is_trans(is_trans),
        m_no_db(no_db) {
    if (m_bin_log_is_open) {
      m_built_query.set_charset(system_charset_info);
      m_built_query.append("DROP ");
      if (temporary) m_built_query.append("TEMPORARY ");
      m_built_query.append("TABLE ");
      if (if_exists) m_built_query.append("IF EXISTS ");
    }
  }

  /*
    Constructor for the most common case:
    - base tables
    - write to binlog trx cache
    - Database exists
  */
  Drop_tables_query_builder(THD *thd, bool if_exists)
      : m_bin_log_is_open(mysql_bin_log.is_open()),
        m_thd(thd),
        m_is_trans(true),
        m_no_db(false) {
    if (m_bin_log_is_open) {
      m_built_query.set_charset(system_charset_info);
      m_built_query.append("DROP TABLE ");
      if (if_exists) m_built_query.append("IF EXISTS ");
    }
  }

 private:
  void add_table_impl(const Table_ref *table) {
    append_table_ident(m_thd, &m_built_query, table, m_no_db);
    m_built_query.append(",");

    m_thd->add_to_binlog_accessed_dbs(table->db);
  }

 public:
  void add_table(const Table_ref *table) {
    if (m_bin_log_is_open) add_table_impl(table);
  }

  void add_array(const Prealloced_array<Table_ref *, 1> &tables) {
    if (m_bin_log_is_open) {
      for (Table_ref *table : tables) add_table_impl(table);
    }
  }

  bool write_bin_log() {
    if (m_bin_log_is_open) {
      /* Chop off the last comma */
      m_built_query.chop();
      m_built_query.append(" /* generated by server */");

      /*
        We can't use ::write_bin_log() here as this method is sometimes used
        in case when DROP TABLES statement is supposed to report an error.
        And ::write_bin_log() either resets error in DA or uses it for binlog
        event (which we would like to avoid too).
      */
      if (m_thd->binlog_query(THD::STMT_QUERY_TYPE, m_built_query.ptr(),
                              m_built_query.length(), m_is_trans,
                              false /* direct */, m_no_db /* suppress_use */,
                              0 /* errcode */))
        return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

 private:
  bool m_bin_log_is_open;
  THD *m_thd;
  bool m_is_trans;
  bool m_no_db;
  String m_built_query;
};

/**
  Auxiliary function which prepares for DROP TABLES execution by sorting
  tables to be dropped into groups according to their types.
*/

static bool rm_table_sort_into_groups(THD *thd, Drop_tables_ctx *drop_ctx,
                                      Table_ref *tables) {
  /*
    Sort tables into groups according to type of handling they require:

    1) Base tables and views. Further divided into the following groups:

       a) Base tables in storage engines which don't support atomic DDL.

          Their drop can't be rolled back in case of crash or error.
          So we drop each such table individually and write to binlog
          a single-table DROP TABLE statement corresponding to this
          action right after it. This increases chances of SE,
          data-dictionary and binary log being in sync if crash occurs.
          This also handles case of error/statement being killed in
          a natural way - by the time when error occurs we already
          have logged all drops which were successful. So we don't
          need to write the whole failed statement with error code
          to binary log.

       b) Base tables in SEs which support atomic DDL.

          Their drop can be rolled back, so we drop them in SE, remove
          from data-dictionary and write corresponding statement to the
          binary log in one atomic transaction all together.

       c) Views.

          Have to be dropped when this function is called as part of
          DROP DATABASE implementation. Dropping them requires
          data-dictionary update only, so can be done atomically
          with b).

       d) Non-existent tables.

          In the absence of IF EXISTS clause cause statement failure.
          We do this check before dropping any tables to get nice atomic
          behavior for most common failure scenario even for tables which
          don't support atomic DDL.

          When IF EXISTS clause is present notes are generated instead of
          error. We assume that non-existing tables support atomic DDL and
          write such tables to binary log together with tables from group b)
          (after all no-op can be rolled back!) to get a nice single DROP
          TABLES statement in the binlog in the default use-case. It is not
          a big problem if this assumption turns out to be false on slave.
          The statement still will be applied correctly (but crash-safeness
          will be sacrificed).

    2) Temporary tables.

       To avoid problems due to shadowing base tables should be always
       binlogged as DROP TEMPORARY TABLE.

       Their drop can't be rolled back even for transactional SEs, on the
       other hand it can't fail once first simple checks are done. So it
       makes sense to drop them after base tables.

       Unlike for base tables, it is possible to drop database in which some
       connection has temporary tables open. So we can end-up in situation
       when connection's default database is no more, but still the connection
       has some temporary tables in it. It is possible to drop such tables,
       but we should be careful when binlogging such drop.
       Using "USE db_which_is_no_more;" before DROP TEMPORARY TABLES will
       break replication.

       Temporary tables are further divided into the following groups:

       a) Temporary tables in non-transactional SE
       b) Temporary tables in transactional SE

          DROP TEMPORARY TABLES does not commit an ongoing transaction. So in
          some circumstances we must binlog changes to non-transactional tables
          ahead of transaction, while changes to transactional tables should be
          binlogged as part of transaction.

       c) Non-existent temporary tables.

          Can be non-empty only if DROP TEMPORARY TABLES was used (otherwise
          all non-existent tables go to group 1.d)).

          Similarly to group 1.d) if IF EXISTS clause is absent causes
          statement failure. Otherwise note is generated for each such table.

          The non-existing temporary tables are logged together with
          transactional ones (group 2.b)), if any transactional tables exist
          or if there is only non-existing tables; otherwise are logged
          together with non-transactional ones (group 2.a)).

       This logic ensures that:
       - On master, transactional and non-transactional tables are
         written to different statements.
       - Therefore, slave will never see statements containing both
         transactional and non-transactional temporary tables.
       - Since non-existing temporary tables are logged together with
         whatever type of temporary tables that exist, the slave thus
         writes any statement as just one statement. I.e., the slave
         never splits a statement into two.  This is crucial when GTIDs
         are enabled, since otherwise the statement, which already has
         a GTID, would need two different GTIDs.
  */
  for (Table_ref *table = tables; table; table = table->next_local) {
    /*
      Check THD::killed flag, so we can abort potentially lengthy loop.
      This can be relevant for DROP DATABASE, for example.
    */
    if (thd->killed) return true;

    if (table->open_type != OT_BASE_ONLY) {
      /* DROP DATABASE doesn't deal with temporary tables. */
      assert(!drop_ctx->drop_database);

      if (!is_temporary_table(table)) {
        // A temporary table was not found.
        if (drop_ctx->drop_temporary) {
          drop_ctx->nonexistent_tables.push_back(table);
          continue;
        }
        /*
          Not DROP TEMPORARY and no matching temporary table.
          Continue with base tables.
        */
      } else {
        /*
          A temporary table was found and can be successfully dropped.

          The fact that this temporary table is used by an outer statement
          should be detected and reported as error earlier.
        */
        assert(table->table->query_id == thd->query_id);

        if (table->table->file->has_transactions()) {
          drop_ctx->tmp_trans_tables.push_back(table);
          if (table->table->should_binlog_drop_if_temp())
            drop_ctx->tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog.push_back(table);
        } else {
          drop_ctx->tmp_non_trans_tables.push_back(table);
          if (table->table->should_binlog_drop_if_temp())
            drop_ctx->tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog.push_back(table);
        }
        continue;
      }
    }

    /* We should not try to drop active log tables. Callers enforce this. */
    assert(query_logger.check_if_log_table(table, true) == QUERY_LOG_NONE);

    dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
    const dd::Abstract_table *abstract_table_def = nullptr;
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name,
                                  &abstract_table_def)) {
      /* Error should have been reported by data-dictionary subsystem. */
      return true;
    }

    if (!abstract_table_def)
      drop_ctx->nonexistent_tables.push_back(table);
    else if (abstract_table_def->type() == dd::enum_table_type::BASE_TABLE) {
      const dd::Table *table_def =
          dynamic_cast<const dd::Table *>(abstract_table_def);

      handlerton *hton{nullptr};
      if (dd::table_storage_engine(thd, table_def, &hton)) return true;

      /*
        We don't have SEs which support FKs and don't support atomic DDL.
        If we ever to support such engines we need to adjust code that checks
        if we can drop parent table to correctly handle such SEs.
      */
      assert(!(hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS) ||
             (hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL));

      if (hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL || thd->is_plugin_fake_ddl())
        drop_ctx->base_atomic_tables.push_back(table);
      else
        drop_ctx->base_non_atomic_tables.push_back(table);
    } else  // View
    {
      if (!drop_ctx->drop_database) {
        /*
          Historically, DROP TABLES treats situation when we have a view
          instead of table to be dropped as non-existent table.
        */
        drop_ctx->nonexistent_tables.push_back(table);
      } else
        drop_ctx->views.push_back(table);
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Auxiliary function which evaluates in which situation DROP TABLES
  is regarding GTID and different table groups.
*/

static bool rm_table_eval_gtid_and_table_groups_state(
    THD *thd, Drop_tables_ctx *drop_ctx) {
  if (thd->variables.gtid_next.type == ASSIGNED_GTID) {
    /*
      This statement has been assigned GTID.

      In this case we need to take special care about group handling
      and commits, as statement can't be logged/split into several
      statements in this case.

      Three different situations are possible in this case:
      - "normal" when we have one GTID assigned and one group
        to go as single statement to binary logs
      - "prohibited" when we have one GTID assigned and two
        kinds of temporary tables or mix of temporary and
        base tables
      - "awkward" when we have one GTID but several groups or
        several tables in non-atomic base group (1.a).
    */

    if (drop_ctx->drop_database) {
      /* DROP DATABASE doesn't drop any temporary tables. */
      assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables());
      assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables());

      if (!drop_ctx->has_base_non_atomic_tables()) {
        /*
          Normal case. This is DROP DATABASE and we don't have any tables in
          SEs which don't support atomic DDL. Remaining tables, views,
          routines and events can be dropped atomically and atomically logged
          as a single DROP DATABASE statement by the caller.
        */
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
      } else {
        /*
          Awkward case. We have GTID assigned for DROP DATABASE and it needs
          to drop table in SE which doesn't support atomic DDL.

          Most probably we are replicating from older (pre-5.8) master or tables
          on master and slave have different SEs.
          We try to handle situation in the following way - if the whole
          statement succeeds caller will log all changes as a single DROP
          DATABASE under GTID provided. In case of failure we will emit special
          error saying that statement can't be logged correctly and manual
          intervention is required.
        */
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS;
      }
    } else {
      /* Only DROP DATABASE drops views. */
      assert(!drop_ctx->has_views());

      if ((drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog() &&
           drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog()) ||
          ((drop_ctx->has_base_non_atomic_tables() ||
            drop_ctx->has_base_atomic_tables() ||
            drop_ctx->has_base_nonexistent_tables()) &&
           (drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog() ||
            drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog()))) {
        /*
          Prohibited case. We have either both kinds of temporary tables or
          mix of non-temporary and temporary tables.

          Normally, such DROP TEMPORARY TABLES or DROP TABLES statements are
          written into the binary log at least in two pieces. This is, of
          course, impossible with a single GTID assigned.

          Executing such statements with a GTID assigned is prohibited at
          least since 5.7, so should not create new problems with backward
          compatibility and cross-version replication.

          (Writing deletion of different kinds of temporary and/or base tables
           as single multi-table DROP TABLES under single GTID might be
           theoretically possible in some cases, but has its own problems).
        */
        my_error(ER_GTID_UNSAFE_BINLOG_SPLITTABLE_STATEMENT_AND_ASSIGNED_GTID,
                 MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
      if (drop_ctx->base_non_atomic_tables.size() == 1 &&
          !drop_ctx->has_base_atomic_tables() &&
          !drop_ctx->has_base_nonexistent_tables()) {
        /*
          Normal case. Single base table in SE which don't support atomic DDL
          so it will be logged as a single-table DROP TABLES statement.
          Other groups are empty.
        */
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables());
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables());
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_nonexistent_tables());
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
      } else if ((drop_ctx->has_base_atomic_tables() ||
                  drop_ctx->has_base_nonexistent_tables()) &&
                 !drop_ctx->has_base_non_atomic_tables()) {
        /*
          Normal case. Several base tables which can be dropped atomically.
          Can be logged as one atomic multi-table DROP TABLES statement.
          Other groups are empty.
        */
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog());
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog());
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
      } else if (drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables() ||
                 (!drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables() &&
                  drop_ctx->has_tmp_nonexistent_tables())) {
        /*
          Normal case. Some temporary transactional tables (and/or possibly
          some non-existent temporary tables) to be logged as one multi-table
          DROP TEMPORARY TABLES statement.
          Other groups are empty.
        */
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_base_non_atomic_tables());
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_base_atomic_tables() &&
               !drop_ctx->has_base_nonexistent_tables());
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog());
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
      } else if (drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables()) {
        /*
          Normal case. Some temporary non-transactional tables (and possibly
          some non-existent temporary tables) to be logged as one multi-table
          DROP TEMPORARY TABLES statement.
          Other groups are empty.
        */
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_base_non_atomic_tables());
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_base_atomic_tables() &&
               !drop_ctx->has_base_nonexistent_tables());
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables());
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
      } else {
        /*
          Awkward case. We have several tables from non-atomic group 1.a, or
          tables from both atomic (1.b, 1.c, 1.d) and non-atomic groups.

          Most probably we are replicating from older (pre-5.8) master or tables
          on master and slave have different SEs.
          We try to handle this situation gracefully by writing single
          multi-table DROP TABLES statement including tables from all groups
          under GTID provided. Of course this means that we are not crash-safe
          in this case. But we can't be fully crash-safe in cases when
          non-atomic tables are involved anyway.

          Note that temporary tables groups still should be empty in this case.
        */
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables());
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables());
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS;
      }
    }
  } else {
    /*
      This statement has no GTID assigned. We can handle any mix of
      groups in this case. However full atomicity is guaranteed only
      in certain scenarios.
    */

    if (drop_ctx->drop_database) {
      /* DROP DATABASE doesn't drop any temporary tables. */
      assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables());
      assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables());

      if (!drop_ctx->has_base_non_atomic_tables()) {
        /*
          Fully atomic case. This is DROP DATABASE and we don't have any
          tables in SEs which don't support atomic DDL. Remaining tables,
          views, routines and events can be dropped atomically and atomically
          logged as a single DROP DATABASE statement by the caller.
        */
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::NO_GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
      } else {
        /*
          Non-atomic case. This is DROP DATABASE which needs to drop some
          tables in SE which doesn't support atomic DDL. To improve
          crash-safety we log separate DROP TABLE IF EXISTS for each such
          table dropped. Remaining tables, views, routines and events are
          dropped atomically and atomically logged as a single DROP DATABASE
          statement by the caller.
        */
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::NO_GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS;
      }
    } else {
      /* Only DROP DATABASE drops views. */
      assert(!drop_ctx->has_views());

      if (drop_ctx->base_non_atomic_tables.size() == 1 &&
          !drop_ctx->has_base_atomic_tables() &&
          !drop_ctx->has_base_nonexistent_tables() &&
          !drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables() &&
          !drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables()) {
        /*
          Simple non-atomic case. Single base table in SE which don't
          support atomic DDL so it will be logged as a single-table
          DROP TABLES statement. Other groups are empty.
        */
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_nonexistent_tables());
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::NO_GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
      } else if ((drop_ctx->has_base_atomic_tables() ||
                  drop_ctx->has_base_nonexistent_tables()) &&
                 !drop_ctx->has_base_non_atomic_tables() &&
                 !drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables() &&
                 !drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables()) {
        /*
          Fully atomic case. Several base tables which can be dropped
          atomically. Can be logged as one atomic multi-table DROP TABLES
          statement. Other groups are empty.
        */
        assert(!drop_ctx->has_tmp_nonexistent_tables());
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::NO_GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
      } else if (!drop_ctx->has_base_non_atomic_tables() &&
                 !drop_ctx->has_base_atomic_tables() &&
                 !drop_ctx->has_base_nonexistent_tables()) {
        /* No base tables to be dropped. */
        if (drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables() &&
            drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables()) {
          /*
            Complex case with temporary tables. We have both transactional
            and non-transactional temporary tables and no base tables at all.

            We will log separate DROP TEMPORARY TABLES statements for each of
            two groups.
          */
          drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
              Drop_tables_ctx::NO_GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS;
        } else {
          /*
            Simple case with temporary tables. We have either only
            transactional or non-transactional temporary tables.
            Possibly some non-existent temporary tables.

            We can log our statement as a single DROP TEMPORARY TABLES
            statement.
          */
          assert((drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables() &&
                  !drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables()) ||
                 (!drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables() &&
                  drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables()) ||
                 (!drop_ctx->has_tmp_trans_tables() &&
                  !drop_ctx->has_tmp_non_trans_tables() &&
                  drop_ctx->has_tmp_nonexistent_tables()));
          drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
              Drop_tables_ctx::NO_GTID_SINGLE_TABLE_GROUP;
        }
      } else {
        /*
          Complex non-atomic case. We have several tables from non-atomic
          group 1.a, or tables from both atomic (1.b, 1.c, 1.d) and non-atomic
          groups, or mix of base and temporary tables.

          Our statement will be written to binary log as several DROP TABLES and
          DROP TEMPORARY TABLES statements.
        */
        drop_ctx->gtid_and_table_groups_state =
            Drop_tables_ctx::NO_GTID_MANY_TABLE_GROUPS;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if DROP TABLES or DROP DATABASE statement going to violate
  some foreign key constraint by dropping its parent table without
  dropping child at the same time.
*/
static bool rm_table_check_fks(THD *thd, Drop_tables_ctx *drop_ctx) {
  /*
    In FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 mode it is allowed to drop parent without
    dropping child at the same time, so we return early.
    In FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=1 mode we need to check if we are about to
    drop parent table without dropping child table.
  */
  if (thd->variables.option_bits & OPTION_NO_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS) return false;

  // Earlier we assert that only SEs supporting atomic DDL support FKs.
  for (Table_ref *table : drop_ctx->base_atomic_tables) {
    dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
    const dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name, &table_def))
      return true;
    assert(table_def != nullptr);

    if (table_def && table_def->hidden() == dd::Abstract_table::HT_HIDDEN_SE) {
      my_error(ER_NO_SUCH_TABLE, MYF(0), table->db, table->table_name);
      assert(true);
      return true;
    }

    for (const dd::Foreign_key_parent *fk : table_def->foreign_key_parents()) {
      if (drop_ctx->drop_database) {
        /*
          In case of DROP DATABASE list of tables to be dropped can be huge.
          We avoid scanning it by assuming that DROP DATABASE will drop all
          tables in the database and no tables from other databases.
        */
        if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                          table->db) != 0) {
          my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_DROP_PARENT, MYF(0), table->table_name,
                   fk->fk_name().c_str(), fk->child_table_name().c_str());
          return true;
        }
      } else {
        if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                          table->db) == 0 &&
            my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->child_table_name().c_str(),
                          table->table_name) == 0)
          continue;

        bool child_dropped = false;

        for (Table_ref *dropped : drop_ctx->base_atomic_tables) {
          if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                            fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                            dropped->db) == 0 &&
              my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->child_table_name().c_str(),
                            dropped->table_name) == 0) {
            child_dropped = true;
            break;
          }
        }

        if (!child_dropped) {
          my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_DROP_PARENT, MYF(0), table->table_name,
                   fk->fk_name().c_str(), fk->child_table_name().c_str());
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Update the unique constraint names for FKs which reference table
  being dropped.

  @param thd                Thread handle.
  @param parent_table_db    Schema name for table being dropped.
  @param parent_table_name  Name of the table being dropped.
  @param parent_table_def   dd::Table object representing the dropped table.
  @param hton               Handlerton for table's storage engine.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool adjust_fk_children_for_parent_drop(
    THD *thd, const char *parent_table_db, const char *parent_table_name,
    const dd::Table *parent_table_def, handlerton *hton [[maybe_unused]]) {
  for (const dd::Foreign_key_parent *parent_fk :
       parent_table_def->foreign_key_parents()) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      parent_fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                      parent_table_db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      parent_fk->child_table_name().c_str(),
                      parent_table_name) == 0)
      continue;

    dd::Table *child_table_def = nullptr;

    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(
            parent_fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
            parent_fk->child_table_name().c_str(), &child_table_def))
      return true;

    if (child_table_def == nullptr) continue;

    for (dd::Foreign_key *fk : *(child_table_def->foreign_keys())) {
      if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                        fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                        parent_table_db) == 0 &&
          my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                        fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                        parent_table_name) == 0) {
        // Note: Setting "" is interpreted as NULL.
        fk->set_unique_constraint_name("");
      }
    }

    if (thd->dd_client()->update(child_table_def)) return true;

    char buff_db[NAME_LEN + 1];
    char buff_table[NAME_LEN + 1];

    my_stpncpy(buff_db, parent_fk->child_schema_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);
    my_stpncpy(buff_table, parent_fk->child_table_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);

    /*
      In lower-case-table-names == 2 mode we store original versions of
      table and db names in the data-dictionary. Hence they need to be
      lowercased to be used with Table and Table Definition Caches.
    */
    if (lower_case_table_names == 2) {
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_db);
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_table);
    }

    mysql_ha_flush_table(thd, buff_db, buff_table);
    close_all_tables_for_name(thd, buff_db, buff_table, false);

#ifdef DISABLED_UNTIL_WL9533
    /*
      TODO: Simply removing entries from InnoDB internal cache breaks
            its FK checking logic at the moment. This is to be solved
            as part of WL#9533. We might have to replace invalidation
            with cache update to do this.Also we might have to postpone
            such invalidation/update until statement commit time.
    */
    if (hton->dict_cache_reset)
      hton->dict_cache_reset(parent_fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                             parent_fk->child_table_name().c_str());
#endif
  }

  return false;
}

/**
 * Validates the ALTER TABLE command with respect to any secondary engine
 * operations.
 *
 * @param alter_info  Alter table operations.
 * @param create_info Table option changes.
 * @param table       The table that is being altered.
 *
 * @return True if invalid, false otherwise.
 */
static bool validate_secondary_engine_option(THD *thd,
                                             const Alter_info &alter_info,
                                             const HA_CREATE_INFO &create_info,
                                             const TABLE &table) {
  // Validation necessary only for tables with a secondary engine defined.
  if (!table.s->has_secondary_engine()) return false;

  // Changing table option is the only valid ALTER TABLE operation.
  constexpr uint64_t supported_alter_operations = Alter_info::ALTER_OPTIONS;

  // The only table option that may be changed is SECONDARY_ENGINE.
  constexpr uint64_t supported_table_options = HA_CREATE_USED_SECONDARY_ENGINE;

  // Do not report an error if:
  //  (a) Current DDL is setting the secondary engine, OR
  //  (b) Secondary engine supports DDLs
  if ((alter_info.flags & ~supported_alter_operations ||
       create_info.used_fields & ~supported_table_options) &&
      !ha_secondary_engine_supports_ddl(thd, table.s->secondary_engine)) {
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE_DDL, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  // Secondary engine of a table must be set to NULL before it can be redefined.
  if (create_info.secondary_engine.str != nullptr) {
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
             "Table already has a secondary engine defined");
    return true;
  }

  // Check if this statement sets the primary engine. In this case we have to
  // reject the DDL.
  if ((alter_info.flags & Alter_info::ALTER_OPTIONS) &&
      (create_info.used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE)) {
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
             "Cannot change the primary engine of a table with a defined "
             "secondary engine");
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/**
 * Loads a table from its primary engine into its secondary engine.
 *
 * @note An MDL_EXCLUSIVE lock on the table must have been acquired prior to
 * calling this function to ensure that all currently running DML statements
 * commit before load begins.
 *
 * @param thd              Thread handler.
 * @param table            Table in primary storage engine.
 *
 * @return True if error, false otherwise.
 */
static bool secondary_engine_load_table(THD *thd, const TABLE &table) {
  assert(thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
      MDL_key::TABLE, table.s->db.str, table.s->table_name.str, MDL_EXCLUSIVE));
  assert(table.s->has_secondary_engine());

  // At least one column must be loaded into the secondary engine.
  if (bitmap_bits_set(table.read_set) == 0) {
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
             "All columns marked as NOT SECONDARY");
    return true;
  }

  // The defined secondary engine must be the name of a valid storage engine.
  plugin_ref plugin =
      ha_resolve_by_name(thd, &table.s->secondary_engine, false);
  if ((plugin == nullptr) || !plugin_is_ready(table.s->secondary_engine,
                                              MYSQL_STORAGE_ENGINE_PLUGIN)) {
    push_warning_printf(
        thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_UNKNOWN_STORAGE_ENGINE,
        ER_THD(thd, ER_UNKNOWN_STORAGE_ENGINE), table.s->secondary_engine.str);
    return false;
  }

  // The engine must support being used as a secondary engine.
  handlerton *hton = plugin_data<handlerton *>(plugin);
  if (!(hton->flags & HTON_IS_SECONDARY_ENGINE)) {
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
             "Unsupported secondary storage engine");
    return true;
  }

  // Get handler to the secondary engine into which the table will be loaded.
  const bool is_partitioned = table.s->m_part_info != nullptr;
  unique_ptr_destroy_only<handler> handler(
      get_new_handler(table.s, is_partitioned, thd->mem_root, hton));

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("before_secondary_engine_load_start", {
    const char action[] =
        "now SIGNAL before_load_start WAIT_FOR metadata_check_done";
    assert(!debug_sync_set_action(thd, STRING_WITH_LEN(action)));
  });

  // Load table from primary into secondary engine and add to change
  // propagation if that is enabled.
  return handler->ha_load_table(table);
}

/**
 * Unloads a table from its secondary engine.
 *
 * @note An MDL_EXCLUSIVE or stronger lock on the table must have been acquired
 * prior to calling this function to ensure that queries already offloaded to
 * the secondary engine finished execution before unloading the table.
 *
 * @param thd          Thread handler.
 * @param db_name      Database name.
 * @param table_name   Table name.
 * @param table_def    Table definition.
 * @param error_if_not_loaded If true and the table is not loaded in the
 *                            secondary engine, this function will return an
 *                            error. If false, this function will not return an
 *                            error if the table is not loaded in the secondary
 *                            engine.
 *
 * @return True if error, false otherwise.
 */
static bool secondary_engine_unload_table(THD *thd, const char *db_name,
                                          const char *table_name,
                                          const dd::Table &table_def,
                                          bool error_if_not_loaded) {
  assert(thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
      MDL_key::TABLE, db_name, table_name, MDL_EXCLUSIVE));

  // Nothing to unload if table has no secondary engine defined.
  LEX_CSTRING secondary_engine;
  if (!table_def.options().exists("secondary_engine") ||
      table_def.options().get("secondary_engine", &secondary_engine,
                              thd->mem_root))
    return false;

  // Get handlerton of secondary engine. It may happen that no handlerton is
  // found either if the defined secondary engine is invalid (if so, the table
  // was never loaded either) or if the secondary engine has been uninstalled
  // after tables were loaded into it (in which case the tables have already
  // been unloaded).
  plugin_ref plugin = ha_resolve_by_name(thd, &secondary_engine, false);
  if ((plugin == nullptr) ||
      !plugin_is_ready(secondary_engine, MYSQL_STORAGE_ENGINE_PLUGIN)) {
    if (error_if_not_loaded) {
      push_warning_printf(
          thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_UNKNOWN_STORAGE_ENGINE,
          ER_THD(thd, ER_UNKNOWN_STORAGE_ENGINE), secondary_engine.str);
    }
    return false;
  }
  handlerton *hton = plugin_data<handlerton *>(plugin);
  if (hton == nullptr) {
    if (error_if_not_loaded)
      my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
               "Table is not loaded on a secondary engine");
    return error_if_not_loaded;
  }

  // The defined secondary engine is a valid storage engine. However, if the
  // engine is not a valid secondary engine, no tables have been loaded and
  // there is nothing to be done.
  if (!(hton->flags & HTON_IS_SECONDARY_ENGINE)) return false;

  // Get handler for table in secondary engine.
  const bool is_partitioned = table_def.partition_type() != dd::Table::PT_NONE;
  unique_ptr_destroy_only<handler> handler(
      get_new_handler(nullptr, is_partitioned, thd->mem_root, hton));
  if (handler == nullptr) return true;

  // Unload table from secondary engine.
  return handler->ha_unload_table(db_name, table_name, error_if_not_loaded) > 0;
}

/**
  Auxiliary function which drops single base table.

  @param        thd             Thread handler.
  @param        drop_ctx        DROP TABLES runtime context.
  @param        table           Table to drop.
  @param        atomic          Indicates whether table to be dropped is in SE
                                which supports atomic DDL, so changes to the
                                data-dictionary should not be committed.
  @param[in,out] post_ddl_htons Set of handlertons for tables in SEs supporting
                                atomic DDL for which post-DDL hook needs to
                                be called after statement commit or rollback.
  @param[in,out] fk_invalidator       Object keeping track of which dd::Table
                                      objects need to be invalidated since the
                                      correspond to the parent tables for FKs
                                      on a table being dropped.
  @param[in,out] safe_to_release_mdl  Under LOCK TABLES set of metadata locks
                                      on tables dropped which is safe to
                                      release after DROP operation.
  @param        foreach_table_root MEM_ROOT which can be used for allocating
                                   objects which lifetime is limited to dropping
                                   of single table.

  @sa mysql_rm_table_no_locks().

  @retval  False - ok
  @retval  True  - error
*/

static bool drop_base_table(THD *thd, const Drop_tables_ctx &drop_ctx,
                            Table_ref *table, bool atomic,
                            std::set<handlerton *> *post_ddl_htons,
                            Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator,
                            std::vector<MDL_ticket *> *safe_to_release_mdl,
                            MEM_ROOT *foreach_table_root) {
  char path[FN_REFLEN + 1];

  /* Check that we have an exclusive lock on the table to be dropped. */
  assert(thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
      MDL_key::TABLE, table->db, table->table_name, MDL_EXCLUSIVE));

  /*
    Good point to check if we were killed for non-atomic tables group.
    All previous tables are dropped both in SE and data-dictionary and
    corresponding DROP TABLE statements are written to binary log.
    We didn't do anything for the current table yet.

    For atomic tables the exact place of this check should not matter.
  */
  if (thd->killed) return true;

  const dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;
  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name, &table_def))
    return true;
  assert(table_def != nullptr);

  if (table_def && table_def->hidden() == dd::Abstract_table::HT_HIDDEN_SE) {
    my_error(ER_NO_SUCH_TABLE, MYF(0), table->db, table->table_name);
    assert(true);
    return true;
  }

  // Drop table from secondary engine.
  if (secondary_engine_unload_table(thd, table->db, table->table_name,
                                    *table_def, false))
    return true; /* purecov: inspected */

  handlerton *hton{nullptr};
  if (dd::table_storage_engine(thd, table_def, &hton)) {
    assert(false);
    return true;
  }

  histograms::results_map results;
  bool histogram_error =
      histograms::drop_all_histograms(thd, *table, *table_def, results);

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("fail_after_drop_histograms", {
    my_error(ER_UNABLE_TO_DROP_COLUMN_STATISTICS, MYF(0), "dummy_column",
             table->db, table->table_name);
    histogram_error = true;
  });

  if (histogram_error) {
    /*
      Do a rollback request, so that we avoid commit from being called at a
      later stage.
    */
    thd->transaction_rollback_request = true;
    return true;
  }

  if (thd->locked_tables_mode) {
    /*
      Under LOCK TABLES we still have table open at this point.
      Close it and remove all instances from Table/Table Definition
      cache.

      Note that we won't try to reopen tables in storage engines
      supporting atomic DDL those removal will be later rolled back
      thanks to some error. Such situations should be fairly rare.
    */
    close_all_tables_for_name(thd, table->db, table->table_name, true);

    /*
      Find out if it is going to be safe to release MDL after dropping
      table under LOCK TABLES. It is not if we are dropping parent and
      leave child table around and locked.
    */
    bool safe_to_release = true;

    if (!table_def->foreign_key_parents().empty()) {
      //  We don't have SEs which support FKs and not atomic DDL at the moment.
      assert(atomic);

      for (const dd::Foreign_key_parent *fk :
           table_def->foreign_key_parents()) {
        if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                          table->db) == 0 &&
            my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->child_table_name().c_str(),
                          table->table_name) == 0)
          continue;

        bool child_dropped = false;

        for (Table_ref *dropped : drop_ctx.base_atomic_tables) {
          if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                            fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                            dropped->db) == 0 &&
              my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->child_table_name().c_str(),
                            dropped->table_name) == 0) {
            child_dropped = true;
            break;
          }
        }

        if (!child_dropped) {
          char buff_db[NAME_LEN + 1];
          char buff_table[NAME_LEN + 1];

          my_stpncpy(buff_db, fk->child_schema_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);
          my_stpncpy(buff_table, fk->child_table_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);

          /*
            In lower-case-table-names == 2 mode we store original versions of
            table and db names in the data-dictionary. Hence they need to be
            lowercased to produce correct MDL key.
          */
          if (lower_case_table_names == 2) {
            /* purecov: begin inspected */
            my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_db);
            my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_table);
            /* purecov: end */
          }

          if (thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
                  MDL_key::TABLE, buff_db, buff_table,
                  MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE)) {
            /*
              Child is not going to be dropped and locked in mode which
              requires foreign key checks. It is not safe to release MDL.
            */
            safe_to_release = false;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    if (safe_to_release)
      safe_to_release_mdl->push_back(table->mdl_request.ticket);
  } else {
    tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_ALL, table->db, table->table_name,
                     false);
  }

  /*
    If the table being dropped is a internal temporary table that was
    created by ALTER TABLE, we need to mark it as internal tmp table.
    This will enable us to build the filename as we build during ALTER
    TABLE.
  */
  if (table_def->hidden() == dd::Abstract_table::HT_HIDDEN_DDL)
    table->internal_tmp_table = true;

  (void)build_table_filename(path, sizeof(path) - 1, table->db,
                             table->table_name, "",
                             table->internal_tmp_table ? FN_IS_TMP : 0);

  /*
    Use memory root that is freed right after table processing for allocating
    dummy handler object for calling handler::delete_table() in order to avoid
    gobbling up memory when lots of tables are deleted.
  */
  MEM_ROOT *save_thd_mem_root = thd->mem_root;
  thd->mem_root = foreach_table_root;

  int error = ha_delete_table(thd, hton, path, table->db, table->table_name,
                              table_def, !drop_ctx.drop_database);

  thd->mem_root = save_thd_mem_root;

  /*
    Table was present in data-dictionary but is missing in storage engine.
    This situation can occur for SEs which don't support atomic DDL due
    to crashes. In this case we allow table removal from data-dictionary
    and reporting success if IF EXISTS clause was specified.

    Such situation should not be possible for SEs supporting atomic DDL,
    but we still play safe even in this case and allow table removal.
  */
  assert(!atomic || (error != ENOENT && error != HA_ERR_NO_SUCH_TABLE));

  if ((error == ENOENT || error == HA_ERR_NO_SUCH_TABLE) &&
      drop_ctx.if_exists) {
    error = 0;
    thd->clear_error();
  }

  if (atomic && hton->post_ddl) post_ddl_htons->insert(hton);

  if (error) {
    if (error == HA_ERR_ROW_IS_REFERENCED)
      my_error(ER_ROW_IS_REFERENCED, MYF(0));
    else if (error == HA_ERR_TOO_MANY_CONCURRENT_TRXS)
      my_error(HA_ERR_TOO_MANY_CONCURRENT_TRXS, MYF(0));
    else {
      String tbl_name;
      append_table_name(&tbl_name, table);
      my_error(((error == ENOENT || error == HA_ERR_NO_SUCH_TABLE)
                    ? ER_ENGINE_CANT_DROP_MISSING_TABLE
                    : ER_ENGINE_CANT_DROP_TABLE),
               MYF(0), tbl_name.c_ptr());
    }
    return true;
  }

#ifdef HAVE_PSI_SP_INTERFACE
  remove_all_triggers_from_perfschema(table->db, *table_def);
#endif
  /*
    Remove table from data-dictionary and immediately commit this change
    if we are removing table in SE which does not support atomic DDL.
    This way chances of SE and data-dictionary getting out of sync in
    case of crash are reduced.

    Things will go bad if we will fail to delete table from data-dictionary
    as table is already gone in SE. But this should be really rare situation
    (OOM, out of disk space, bugs). Also user can fix it by running DROP TABLE
    IF EXISTS on the same table again.

    Don't commit the changes if table belongs to SE supporting atomic DDL.
  */

  if (adjust_fk_children_for_parent_drop(thd, table->db, table->table_name,
                                         table_def, hton) ||
      adjust_fk_parents(thd, table->db, table->table_name, false, nullptr))
    return true;

  for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def->foreign_keys()) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                      table->db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                      table->table_name) == 0)
      continue;

    char buff_db[NAME_LEN + 1];
    char buff_table[NAME_LEN + 1];
    my_stpncpy(buff_db, fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);
    my_stpncpy(buff_table, fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);

    /*
      In lower-case-table-names == 2 mode we store original versions of table
      and db names in the data-dictionary. Hence they need to be lowercased
      before being used for TDC invalidation.
    */
    if (lower_case_table_names == 2) {
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_db);
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_table);
    }

    // We don't have any SEs which support FKs but do not support atomic DDL.
    assert(atomic);

    fk_invalidator->add(buff_db, buff_table, hton);
  }

  dd::Schema_MDL_locker mdl_locker(thd);
  if (mdl_locker.ensure_locked(table->db)) return true;
  bool result = dd::drop_table(thd, table->db, table->table_name, *table_def);

  if (!atomic) result = trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);

  /*
    In DROP DATABASE we can safely skip updating dependent views belonging
    to the same database if we know that they will be dropped atomically
    with our table.
  */
  result |= mark_referencing_views_invalid(thd, table,
                                           (drop_ctx.drop_database && atomic),
                                           !atomic, foreach_table_root);

  return result;
}

/**
  Execute the drop of a normal or temporary table.

  @param  thd             Thread handler
  @param  tables          Tables to drop
  @param  if_exists       If set, don't give an error if table doesn't exists.
                          In this case we give an warning of level 'NOTE'
  @param  drop_temporary  Only drop temporary tables
  @param  drop_database   This is DROP DATABASE statement. Drop views
                          and handle binary logging in a special way.
  @param[out] dropped_non_atomic_flag Indicates whether we have dropped some
                                      tables in SEs which don't support atomic
                                      DDL.
  @param[out] post_ddl_htons     Set of handlertons for tables in SEs supporting
                                 atomic DDL for which post-DDL hook needs to
                                 be called after statement commit or rollback.
  @param[out] fk_invalidator      Set of parent tables which participate in FKs
                                  together with tables dropped and which entries
                                  in DD cache need to be invalidated as result
                                  of DROP operation.
  @param[out] safe_to_release_mdl Under LOCK TABLES set of metadata locks on
                                  tables dropped which is safe to release
                                  after DROP operation.

  @retval  False - ok
  @retval  True  - error

  @note This function assumes that metadata locks have already been taken.
        It is also assumed that the tables have been removed from TDC.

  @note This function assumes that temporary tables to be dropped have
        been pre-opened using corresponding table list elements.

  @todo When logging to the binary log, we should log
        tmp_tables and transactional tables as separate statements if we
        are in a transaction;  This is needed to get these tables into the
        cached binary log that is only written on COMMIT.
        The current code only writes DROP statements that only uses temporary
        tables to the cache binary log.  This should be ok on most cases, but
        not all.
*/

bool mysql_rm_table_no_locks(THD *thd, Table_ref *tables, bool if_exists,
                             bool drop_temporary, bool drop_database,
                             bool *dropped_non_atomic_flag,
                             std::set<handlerton *> *post_ddl_htons,
                             Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator,
                             std::vector<MDL_ticket *> *safe_to_release_mdl) {
  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  Drop_tables_ctx drop_ctx(if_exists, drop_temporary, drop_database);
  std::vector<MDL_ticket *> safe_to_release_mdl_atomic;

  bool default_db_doesnt_exist = false;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  *dropped_non_atomic_flag = false;

  if (rm_table_sort_into_groups(thd, &drop_ctx, tables)) return true;

  /*
    Figure out in which situation we are regarding GTID and different
    table groups.
  */
  if (rm_table_eval_gtid_and_table_groups_state(thd, &drop_ctx)) return true;

  if (!drop_ctx.if_exists && drop_ctx.has_any_nonexistent_tables()) {
    /*
      No IF EXISTS clause and some non-existing tables.

      Fail before dropping any tables. This gives us nice "atomic" (succeed
      or don't drop anything) behavior for most common failure scenario even
      for tables which don't support atomic DDL.

      Do this check after getting full list of missing tables to produce
      better error message.
    */
    String wrong_tables;

    for (Table_ref *table : drop_ctx.nonexistent_tables) {
      if (wrong_tables.length()) wrong_tables.append(',');
      append_table_name(&wrong_tables, table);
    }

    my_error(ER_BAD_TABLE_ERROR, MYF(0), wrong_tables.c_ptr());
    return true;
  }

  /* Check if we are about to violate any foreign keys. */
  if (rm_table_check_fks(thd, &drop_ctx)) return true;

  if (drop_ctx.if_exists && drop_ctx.has_any_nonexistent_tables()) {
    for (Table_ref *table : drop_ctx.nonexistent_tables) {
      String tbl_name;
      append_table_name(&tbl_name, table);
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_BAD_TABLE_ERROR,
                          ER_THD(thd, ER_BAD_TABLE_ERROR), tbl_name.c_ptr());
    }
  }

  /* Non-existent temporary tables with IF EXISTS do not need any
     further processing */
  if (drop_ctx.if_exists && drop_ctx.has_tmp_nonexistent_tables()) {
    drop_ctx.nonexistent_tables.clear();

    /* If such tables were all we had, there is nothing else to do */
    if (!drop_ctx.has_base_atomic_tables() &&
        !drop_ctx.has_base_non_atomic_tables() &&
        !drop_ctx.has_tmp_trans_tables() &&
        !drop_ctx.has_tmp_non_trans_tables() && !drop_ctx.has_views()) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  /*
    Check early if default database exists. We don't want code responsible
    for dropping temporary tables fail due to this check after some tables
    were dropped already.
  */
  if (thd->db().str != nullptr) {
    bool exists = false;
    if (dd::schema_exists(thd, thd->db().str, &exists)) return true;
    default_db_doesnt_exist = !exists;
  }

  MEM_ROOT foreach_table_root(key_memory_rm_table_foreach_root,
                              MEM_ROOT_BLOCK_SIZE);

  if (drop_ctx.has_base_non_atomic_tables()) {
    /*
      Handle base tables in storage engines which don't support atomic DDL.

      Their drop can't be rolled back in case of crash or error. So we drop
      each such table individually and write to binlog a single-table DROP
      TABLE statement corresponding to this action right after it.
      This increases chances of SE, data-dictionary and binary log being in
      sync if crash occurs.
      This also handles case of error/statement being killed in a natural
      way - by the time when error occurs we already have logged all drops
      which were successful. So we don't need to write the whole failed
      statement with error code to binary log.

      Note that we process non-atomic tables before atomic ones in order to
      avoid situations when DROP TABLES for mixed set of tables will fail
      and leave changes to atomic, "transactional" tables around.
    */
    for (Table_ref *table : drop_ctx.base_non_atomic_tables) {
      if (drop_base_table(thd, drop_ctx, table, false /* non-atomic */, nullptr,
                          nullptr, safe_to_release_mdl, &foreach_table_root))
        goto err_with_rollback;

      *dropped_non_atomic_flag = true;

      drop_ctx.dropped_non_atomic.push_back(table);

      if (!drop_ctx.has_gtid_many_table_groups()) {
        /*
          We don't have GTID assigned, or we have GTID assigned and this is
          single-table DROP TABLE for this specific table.

          Write single-table DROP TABLE statement to binary log.

          Do this even if table was dropped as part of DROP DATABASE statement,
          as this descreases chance of things getting out of sync in case of
          crash.
        */
        if (drop_ctx.drop_database) {
          if (mysql_bin_log.is_open()) {
            String built_query;

            built_query.set_charset(system_charset_info);
            built_query.append("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS ");

            append_identifier(thd, &built_query, table->table_name,
                              table->table_name_length, system_charset_info,
                              thd->charset());

            built_query.append(" /* generated by server */");

            thd->add_to_binlog_accessed_dbs(table->db);

            Query_log_event qinfo(thd, built_query.ptr(), built_query.length(),
                                  false, true, false, 0);
            qinfo.db = table->db;
            qinfo.db_len = table->db_length;

            if (mysql_bin_log.write_event(&qinfo)) goto err_with_rollback;
          }
        } else {
          Drop_tables_query_builder built_query(
              thd, false /* no TEMPORARY */, drop_ctx.if_exists,
              false /* stmt binlog cache */, false /* db exists */);

          built_query.add_table(table);

          if (built_query.write_bin_log()) goto err_with_rollback;
        }

        if (drop_ctx.has_no_gtid_single_table_group() ||
            drop_ctx.has_gtid_single_table_group()) {
          /*
            This was a single-table DROP TABLE for this specific table.
            Commit change to binary log and/or mark GTID as executed instead.
            In theory, we also can update slave info atomically with binlog/
            GTID changes,
          */
          if (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd))
            goto err_with_rollback;
        } else {
          /*
            We don't have GTID assigned and this is not single-table
            DROP TABLE. Commit change to binary log (if there was any)
            and get GTID assigned for our single-table change. Do not
            release ANONYMOUS_GTID ownership yet as there can be more
            tables to drop and corresponding statements to write to
            binary log. Do not update slave info as there might be more
            groups.
          */
          assert(drop_ctx.has_no_gtid_many_table_groups());

          thd->is_commit_in_middle_of_statement = true;
          bool error = (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd));
          thd->is_commit_in_middle_of_statement = false;

          if (error) goto err_with_rollback;
        }
      } else {
        /*
          We have GTID assigned and several tables from SEs which don't support
          atomic DDL, or tables in different groups. Postpone writing to binary
          log/marking GTID as executed until all tables are processed.

          Nothing to commit here as change to data-dictionary is already
          committed earlier.
        */
      }
      foreach_table_root.ClearForReuse();
    }
  }

  if (drop_ctx.has_base_atomic_tables() || drop_ctx.has_views() ||
      drop_ctx.has_base_nonexistent_tables()) {
    /*
      Handle base tables in SEs which support atomic DDL, as well as views
      and non-existent tables.

      Drop all these objects in SE and data-dictionary in a single atomic
      transaction. Write corresponding multi-table DROP TABLE statement to
      the binary log as part of the same transaction.
    */
    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "rm_table_no_locks_before_delete_table");
    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("sleep_before_no_locks_delete_table", my_sleep(100000););

    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("rm_table_no_locks_abort_before_atomic_tables", {
      my_error(ER_UNKNOWN_ERROR, MYF(0));
      goto err_with_rollback;
    });

    for (Table_ref *table : drop_ctx.base_atomic_tables) {
      if (drop_base_table(thd, drop_ctx, table, true /* atomic */,
                          post_ddl_htons, fk_invalidator,
                          &safe_to_release_mdl_atomic, &foreach_table_root)) {
        goto err_with_rollback;
      }
      foreach_table_root.ClearForReuse();
    }

    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("rm_table_no_locks_abort_after_atomic_tables", {
      my_error(ER_UNKNOWN_ERROR, MYF(0));
      goto err_with_rollback;
    });

    for (Table_ref *table : drop_ctx.views) {
      /* Check that we have an exclusive lock on the view to be dropped. */
      assert(thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
          MDL_key::TABLE, table->db, table->table_name, MDL_EXCLUSIVE));

      tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_ALL, table->db, table->table_name,
                       false);

      const dd::View *view = nullptr;
      if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name, &view))
        goto err_with_rollback;

      /*
        Since we drop views here only if called by DROP DATABASE:
        - We can safely skip marking depending views as invalid if they
          belong to the same database.
        - No need to log anything.
      */
      assert(drop_ctx.drop_database);

      if (thd->dd_client()->drop(view) ||
          mark_referencing_views_invalid(thd, table, true, false,
                                         &foreach_table_root))
        goto err_with_rollback;

      foreach_table_root.ClearForReuse();
    }

#ifndef NDEBUG
    for (Table_ref *table : drop_ctx.nonexistent_tables) {
      /*
        Check that we have an exclusive lock on the table which we were
        supposed drop.
      */
      assert(thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
          MDL_key::TABLE, table->db, table->table_name, MDL_EXCLUSIVE));
    }
#endif

    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "rm_table_no_locks_before_binlog");

    int error = 0;

    if (drop_ctx.drop_database) {
      /*
        This is DROP DATABASE.

        If we don't have GTID assigned removal of tables from this group will be
        logged as DROP DATABASE and committed atomically, together with removal
        of events and stored routines, by the caller.

        The same thing should happen if we have GTID assigned and tables only
        from this group.

        If we have GTID assigned and mix of tables from SEs which support atomic
        DDL and which don't support it we will still behave in similar way.
        If the whole statement succeeds removal of tables from all groups will
        be logged as single DROP DATABASE statement. In case of failure we will
        report special error, but in addition it makes sense to rollback all
        changes to tables in SEs supporting atomic DDL.

        So do nothing here in all three cases described above.
      */
    } else if (!drop_ctx.has_gtid_many_table_groups()) {
      /*
        We don't have GTID assigned, or we have GTID assigned and our DROP
        TABLES only drops table from this group, so we have fully atomic
        multi-table DROP TABLES statement.

        If we have not dropped any tables at all (we have only non-existing
        tables) we don't have transaction started. We can't use binlog's
        trx cache in this case as it requires active transaction with valid
        XID.
      */
      Drop_tables_query_builder built_query(
          thd, false /* no TEMPORARY */, drop_ctx.if_exists,
          /* stmt or trx cache. */
          drop_ctx.has_base_atomic_tables(), false /* db exists */);

      built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.base_atomic_tables);
      built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.nonexistent_tables);

      thd->thread_specific_used = true;

      if (built_query.write_bin_log()) goto err_with_rollback;

      if (drop_ctx.has_no_gtid_single_table_group() ||
          drop_ctx.has_gtid_single_table_group()) {
        /*
          This is fully atomic multi-table DROP TABLES.
          Commit changes to SEs, data-dictionary and binary log/or
          and mark GTID as executed/update slave info tables atomically.
        */
        error = (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd));
      } else {
        /*
          We don't have GTID assigned and this is not fully-atomic DROP TABLES.
          Commit changes to SE, data-dictionary and binary log and get GTID
          assigned for our changes.
          Do not release ANONYMOUS_GTID ownership and update slave info yet
          as there can be more tables (e.g. temporary) to drop and corresponding
          statements to write to binary log.
        */
        assert(drop_ctx.has_no_gtid_many_table_groups());

        thd->is_commit_in_middle_of_statement = true;
        error = (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd));
        thd->is_commit_in_middle_of_statement = false;
      }

      if (!error && thd->locked_tables_mode)
        safe_to_release_mdl->insert(safe_to_release_mdl->end(),
                                    safe_to_release_mdl_atomic.begin(),
                                    safe_to_release_mdl_atomic.end());
    } else {
      /*
        We have GTID assigned, some tables from SEs which don't support
        atomic DDL and some from SEs which do.

        Postpone writing to binary log and marking GTID as executed until
        later stage. We also postpone committing removal of tables in SEs
        supporting atomic DDL and corresponding changes to the data-
        dictionary until the same stage. This allows to minimize change
        difference between SEs/data-dictionary and binary log in case of
        crash.

        If crash occurs binary log won't contain any traces about removal
        of tables in both SEs support and not-supporting atomic DDL.
        And only tables in SEs not supporting atomic DDL will be missing
        from SEs and the data-dictionary. Since removal of tables in SEs
        supporting atomic DDL will be rolled back during recovery.
      */
    }

    if (error) goto err_with_rollback;
  }

  if (!drop_ctx.drop_database && drop_ctx.has_gtid_many_table_groups()) {
    /*
      We DROP TABLES statement with GTID assigned and either several tables
      from SEs which don't support atomic DDL, or at least one table from
      such SE and some tables from SEs which do support atomic DDL.

      We have postponed write to binlog earlier. Now it is time to do it.

      If we don't have active transaction at this point (i.e. no tables
      in SE supporting atomic DDL were dropped) we can't use binlog's trx
      cache for this. as it requires active transaction with valid XID.
      If we have active transaction (i.e. some tables in SE supporting
      atomic DDL were dropped) we have to use trx cache to ensure that
      our transaction is properly recovered in case of crash/restart.
    */
    Drop_tables_query_builder built_query(
        thd, false /* no TEMPORARY */, drop_ctx.if_exists,
        /* trx or stmt cache */
        drop_ctx.has_base_atomic_tables(), false /* db exists */);

    built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.base_non_atomic_tables);
    built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.base_atomic_tables);
    built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.nonexistent_tables);

    if (built_query.write_bin_log()) goto err_with_rollback;

    /*
      Commit our changes to the binary log (if any) and mark GTID
      as executed. This also commits removal of tables in SEs
      supporting atomic DDL from SE and the data-dictionary.
      In theory, we can update slave info atomically with binlog/GTID
      changes here.
    */
    if (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd))
      goto err_with_rollback;

    if (thd->locked_tables_mode)
      safe_to_release_mdl->insert(safe_to_release_mdl->end(),
                                  safe_to_release_mdl_atomic.begin(),
                                  safe_to_release_mdl_atomic.end());
  }

  if (!drop_ctx.drop_database) {
    /*
      Unless this is DROP DATABASE removal of tables in SEs
      supporting foreign keys is already committed at this point.
      So we can invalidate cache entries for parent tables.
    */
    fk_invalidator->invalidate(thd);
  }

  /*
    Dropping of temporary tables cannot be rolled back. On the other hand it
    can't fail at this stage. So to get nice error handling behavior
    (either fully succeed or fail and do nothing (if there are no tables
    which don't support atomic DDL)) we process such tables after we are
    done with base tables.

    DROP TEMPORARY TABLES does not commit an ongoing transaction. So in
    some circumstances we must binlog changes to non-transactional
    ahead of transaction (so we need to tell binlog that these changes
    are non-transactional), while changes to transactional tables
    should be binlogged as part of transaction.
  */
  if (drop_ctx.has_tmp_non_trans_tables()) {
    for (auto *table : drop_ctx.tmp_non_trans_tables) {
      /*
        Don't check THD::killed flag. We can't rollback deletion of
        temporary table, so aborting on KILL will make DROP TABLES
        less atomic.
        OTOH it is unlikely that we have many temporary tables to drop
        so being immune to KILL is not that horrible in most cases.
      */
      drop_temporary_table(thd, table);
    }
    thd->get_transaction()->mark_dropped_temp_table(Transaction_ctx::STMT);
  }

  if (drop_ctx.has_tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog()) {
    assert(drop_ctx.has_tmp_non_trans_tables());
    /*
      Handle non-transactional temporary tables.
    */

    /* DROP DATABASE doesn't deal with temporary tables. */
    assert(!drop_ctx.drop_database);

    /*
      If default database does not exist, set
      'is_drop_tmp_if_exists_with_no_defaultdb flag to 'true',
      so that the 'DROP TEMPORARY TABLE IF EXISTS' command is logged
      with a fully-qualified table name and we don't write "USE db"
      prefix.
    */
    const bool is_drop_tmp_if_exists_with_no_defaultdb =
        (drop_ctx.if_exists && default_db_doesnt_exist);
    Drop_tables_query_builder built_query(
        thd, true /* DROP TEMPORARY */, drop_ctx.if_exists,
        false /* stmt cache */, is_drop_tmp_if_exists_with_no_defaultdb);

    built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.tmp_non_trans_tables_to_binlog);
    /*
      If there are no transactional temporary tables to be dropped
      add non-existent tables to this group. This ensures that on
      slave we won't split DROP TEMPORARY TABLES even if some tables
      are missing on it (which is no-no for GTID mode).
    */
    if (drop_ctx.drop_temporary && !drop_ctx.has_tmp_trans_tables())
      built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.nonexistent_tables);

    thd->thread_specific_used = true;

    if (built_query.write_bin_log()) goto err_with_rollback;

    if (!drop_ctx.has_gtid_single_table_group()) {
      /*
        We don't have GTID assigned. If we are not inside of transaction
        commit transaction in binary log to get one for our statement.
      */
      if (mysql_bin_log.is_open() && !thd->in_active_multi_stmt_transaction()) {
        /*
          The single purpose of this hack is to generate GTID for the DROP
          TEMPORARY TABLES statement we just have written.

          Some notes about it:

          *) if the binary log is closed GTIDs are not generated, so there is
             no point in the below "commit".
          *) thd->in_active_multi_stmt_transaction() is true means that there
             is an active transaction with some changes to transactional tables
             and in binlog transactional cache. Doing "commit" in such a case
             will commit these changes in SE and flush binlog's cache to disk,
             so can not be allowed.
             OTOH, when thd->in_active_multi_stmt_transaction() false and
             thd->in_multi_stmt_transaction_mode() is true there is
             transaction from user's point of view. However there were no
             changes to transactional tables to commit (all changes were only
             to non-transactional tables) and nothing in binlog transactional
             cache (all changes to non-transactional tables were written to
             binlog directly). Calling "commit" in this case won't do anything
             besides generating GTID and can be allowed.
          *) We use MYSQL_BIN_LOG::commit() and not trans_commit_implicit(),
             for example, because we don't want to end user's explicitly
             started transaction.
          *) In theory we can allow to update slave info here by not raising
             THD::is_commit_in_middle_of_statement flag if we are in
             no-GTID-single-group case. However there is little benefit from
             it as dropping of temporary tables should not fail.

          TODO: Consider if there is some better way to achieve this.
                For example, can we use trans_commit_implicit() to split
                out temporary parts from DROP TABLES statement or when
                splitting DROP TEMPORARY TABLES and there is no explicit
                user transaction. And just write two temporary parts
                to appropriate caches in case when DROP TEMPORARY is used
                inside of user's transaction?
        */
        thd->is_commit_in_middle_of_statement = true;
        bool error = mysql_bin_log.commit(thd, true);
        thd->is_commit_in_middle_of_statement = false;

        if (error) goto err_with_rollback;
      }
    } else {
      /*
        We have GTID assigned. Rely on commit at the end of statement or
        transaction to flush changes to binary log and mark GTID as executed.
      */
    }
  }

  if (drop_ctx.has_tmp_trans_tables()) {
    for (auto *table : drop_ctx.tmp_trans_tables) {
      /*
        Don't check THD::killed flag. We can't rollback deletion of
        temporary table, so aborting on KILL will make DROP TABLES
        less atomic.
        OTOH it is unlikely that we have many temporary tables to drop
        so being immune to KILL is not that horrible in most cases.
      */
      drop_temporary_table(thd, table);
    }
    thd->get_transaction()->mark_dropped_temp_table(Transaction_ctx::STMT);
  }

  if (drop_ctx.has_tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog() ||
      (!drop_ctx.has_tmp_non_trans_tables() &&
       drop_ctx.has_tmp_nonexistent_tables())) {
    /*
      Handle transactional temporary tables (and possibly non-existent
      temporary tables if they were not handled earlier).
    */

    /* DROP DATABASE doesn't deal with temporary tables. */
    assert(!drop_ctx.drop_database);

    /*
      If default database does not exist, set
      'is_drop_tmp_if_exists_with_no_defaultdb flag to 'true',
      so that the 'DROP TEMPORARY TABLE IF EXISTS' command is logged
      with a fully-qualified table name and we don't write "USE db"
      prefix.

      If we are executing DROP TABLES (without TEMPORARY clause) we
      can't use binlog's trx cache, as it requires activetransaction
      with valid XID. Luckily, trx cache is not strictly necessary in
      this case and DROP TEMPORARY TABLES where it is really needed is
      exempted from this rule.
    */
    const bool is_drop_tmp_if_exists_with_no_defaultdb =
        (drop_ctx.if_exists && default_db_doesnt_exist);

    Drop_tables_query_builder built_query(
        thd, true /* DROP TEMPORARY */, drop_ctx.if_exists,
        drop_ctx.drop_temporary /* trx/stmt cache */,
        is_drop_tmp_if_exists_with_no_defaultdb);

    built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.tmp_trans_tables_to_binlog);

    /*
      Add non-existent temporary tables to this group if there are some
      and they were not handled earlier.
      This ensures that on slave we won't split DROP TEMPORARY TABLES
      even if some tables are missing on it (which is no-no for GTID mode).
    */
    if (drop_ctx.drop_temporary)
      built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.nonexistent_tables);

    thd->thread_specific_used = true;

    if (built_query.write_bin_log()) goto err_with_rollback;

    if (!drop_ctx.has_gtid_single_table_group()) {
      /*
        We don't have GTID assigned. If we are not inside of transaction
        commit transaction in binary log to get one for our statement.
      */
      if (mysql_bin_log.is_open() && !thd->in_active_multi_stmt_transaction()) {
        /*
          See the rationale for the hack with "commit" above.
        */
        thd->is_commit_in_middle_of_statement = true;
        bool error = mysql_bin_log.commit(thd, true);
        thd->is_commit_in_middle_of_statement = false;

        if (error) goto err_with_rollback;
      }
    } else {
      /*
        We have GTID assigned. Rely on commit at the end of statement or
        transaction to flush changes to binary log and mark GTID as executed.
      */
    }
  }

  if (!drop_ctx.drop_database) {
    for (handlerton *hton : *post_ddl_htons) hton->post_ddl(thd);
  }

  return false;

err_with_rollback:
  if (!drop_ctx.drop_database) {
    /*
      Be consistent with successful case. Roll back statement
      and call post-DDL hooks within this function.

      Note that this will rollback deletion of tables in SEs
      supporting atomic DDL only. Tables in engines which
      don't support atomic DDL are completely gone at this
      point.
    */

    if (drop_ctx.has_gtid_many_table_groups() &&
        drop_ctx.has_dropped_non_atomic()) {
      /*
        So far we have been postponing writing DROP TABLES statement for
        tables in engines not supporting atomic DDL. We are going to write
        it now and let it to consume GTID assigned. Hence rollback of
        tables deletion of in SEs supporting atomic DDL should not rollback
        GTID. Use guard class to disable this.
      */
      Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(thd);
      trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
      /*
        Full rollback in case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request
        and to synchronize DD state in cache and on disk (as statement
        rollback doesn't clear DD cache of modified uncommitted objects).
      */
      trans_rollback(thd);
    } else {
      trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
      /*
        Full rollback in case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request
        and to synchronize DD state in cache and on disk (as statement
        rollback doesn't clear DD cache of modified uncommitted objects).
      */
      trans_rollback(thd);
    }

    for (handlerton *hton : *post_ddl_htons) hton->post_ddl(thd);

    if (drop_ctx.has_gtid_many_table_groups() &&
        drop_ctx.has_dropped_non_atomic()) {
      /*
        We have some tables dropped in SEs which don't support atomic DDL for
        which there were no binlog events written so far. Now we are going to
        write DROP TABLES statement for them and mark GTID as executed.
        This is not totally correct since original statement is only partially
        executed, but is consistent with 5.7 behavior.

        TODO: Long-term we probably should generate new slave-based GTID for
              this event, or report special error about partial execution.

        We don't have active transaction at this point so we can't use binlog's
        trx cache for this. It requires active transaction with valid XID.

      */
      Drop_tables_query_builder built_query(
          thd, false /* no TEMPORARY */, drop_ctx.if_exists,
          false /* stmt cache*/, false /* db exists */);

      built_query.add_array(drop_ctx.dropped_non_atomic);

      (void)built_query.write_bin_log();

      // Write statement to binary log and mark GTID as executed.

      // We need to turn off updating of slave info
      // without conflicting with GTID update.
      {
        Disable_slave_info_update_guard substatement_guard(thd);

        (void)trans_commit_stmt(thd);
        (void)trans_commit_implicit(thd);
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
}

/**
  Quickly remove a table.

  @param thd         Thread context.
  @param base        The handlerton handle.
  @param db          The database name.
  @param table_name  The table name.
  @param flags       Flags for build_table_filename().

  @note In case when NO_DD_COMMIT flag was used, the caller must rollback
        both statement and transaction on failure. This is necessary to
        revert results of handler::ha_delete_table() call in case when
        update to the data-dictionary which follows it fails. Also this must
        be done before any further accesses to DD. @sa dd::drop_table().

  @return False in case of success, True otherwise.
*/

bool quick_rm_table(THD *thd, handlerton *base, const char *db,
                    const char *table_name, uint flags) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  // Build the schema qualified table name, to be submitted to the handler.
  char path[FN_REFLEN + 1];
  (void)build_table_filename(path, sizeof(path) - 1, db, table_name, "", flags);

  const dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;
  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(db, table_name, &table_def)) return true;

  /* We try to remove non-existing tables in some scenarios. */
  if (!table_def) return false;

  if (ha_delete_table(thd, base, path, db, table_name, table_def, false))
    return true;

  // Remove the table object from the data dictionary. If this fails, the
  // DD operation is already rolled back, and we must return with an error.
  // Note that the DD operation is done after invoking the SE. This is
  // because the DDL code will handle situations where a table is present
  // in the DD while missing from the SE, but not the opposite.
  if (!dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(db, table_name)) {
    bool result = dd::drop_table(thd, db, table_name, *table_def);
    if (!(flags & NO_DD_COMMIT))
      result = trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);
    if (result) {
      assert(thd->is_error() || thd->killed);
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/*
   Sort keys according to the following properties, in decreasing order of
   importance:
   - PRIMARY KEY
   - UNIQUE with all columns NOT NULL
   - UNIQUE without partial segments
   - UNIQUE
   - without fulltext columns
   - without virtual generated columns

   This allows us to
   - check for duplicate key values faster (PK and UNIQUE are first)
   - prioritize PKs
   - be sure that, if there is no PK, the set of UNIQUE keys candidate for
   promotion starts at number 0, and we can choose #0 as PK (it is required
   that PK has number 0).
*/

namespace {

struct sort_keys {
  bool operator()(const KEY &a, const KEY &b) const {
    // std::sort may compare an element to itself:
    if (&a == &b) return false;
    // Sort UNIQUE before not UNIQUE.
    if ((a.flags ^ b.flags) & HA_NOSAME) return a.flags & HA_NOSAME;

    if (a.flags & HA_NOSAME) {
      // Sort UNIQUE NOT NULL keys before other UNIQUE keys.
      if ((a.flags ^ b.flags) & HA_NULL_PART_KEY)
        return b.flags & HA_NULL_PART_KEY;

      // Sort PRIMARY KEY before other UNIQUE NOT NULL.
      if (a.name == primary_key_name) return true;
      if (b.name == primary_key_name) return false;

      // Sort keys don't containing partial segments before others.
      if ((a.flags ^ b.flags) & HA_KEY_HAS_PART_KEY_SEG)
        return b.flags & HA_KEY_HAS_PART_KEY_SEG;
    }

    if ((a.flags ^ b.flags) & HA_FULLTEXT) return b.flags & HA_FULLTEXT;

    if ((a.flags ^ b.flags) & HA_VIRTUAL_GEN_KEY)
      return b.flags & HA_VIRTUAL_GEN_KEY;

    /*
      Prefer original key order. usable_key_parts contains here
      the original key position.
    */
    return a.usable_key_parts < b.usable_key_parts;
  }
};

}  // namespace

/*
  Check TYPELIB (set or enum) for duplicates

  SYNOPSIS
    check_duplicates_in_interval()
    thd           Thread handle
    set_or_name   "SET" or "ENUM" string for warning message
    name    name of the checked column
    typelib   list of values for the column
    dup_val_count  returns count of duplicate elements

  DESCRIPTION
    This function prints an warning for each value in list
    which has some duplicates on its right

  RETURN VALUES
    0             ok
    1             Error
*/

static bool check_duplicates_in_interval(THD *thd, const char *set_or_name,
                                         const char *name, TYPELIB *typelib,
                                         const CHARSET_INFO *cs,
                                         uint *dup_val_count) {
  TYPELIB tmp = *typelib;
  const char **cur_value = typelib->type_names;
  unsigned int *cur_length = typelib->type_lengths;
  *dup_val_count = 0;

  for (; tmp.count > 1; cur_value++, cur_length++) {
    tmp.type_names++;
    tmp.type_lengths++;
    tmp.count--;
    if (find_type2(&tmp, *cur_value, *cur_length, cs)) {
      ErrConvString err(*cur_value, *cur_length, cs);
      if (thd->is_strict_mode()) {
        my_error(ER_DUPLICATED_VALUE_IN_TYPE, MYF(0), name, err.ptr(),
                 set_or_name);
        return true;
      }
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE,
                          ER_DUPLICATED_VALUE_IN_TYPE,
                          ER_THD(thd, ER_DUPLICATED_VALUE_IN_TYPE), name,
                          err.ptr(), set_or_name);
      (*dup_val_count)++;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Prepare a create_table instance for packing

  @param thd                    Thread handle
  @param [in,out] sql_field     field to prepare for packing
  @param table_flags            table flags

  @return true if error, false if ok
*/

bool prepare_pack_create_field(THD *thd, Create_field *sql_field,
                               longlong table_flags) {
  unsigned int dup_val_count;
  DBUG_TRACE;
  assert(sql_field->charset);

  sql_field->is_nullable = true;
  sql_field->is_zerofill = false;
  sql_field->is_unsigned = false;

  switch (sql_field->sql_type) {
    case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
      if (!(table_flags & HA_CAN_GEOMETRY)) {
        my_error(ER_CHECK_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, MYF(0), "GEOMETRY");
        return true;
      }
      [[fallthrough]];
    case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_JSON:
      assert(sql_field->auto_flags == Field::NONE ||
             sql_field->auto_flags == Field::GENERATED_FROM_EXPRESSION);
      break;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      if (table_flags & HA_NO_VARCHAR) {
        /* Convert VARCHAR to CHAR because handler is not yet up to date */
        sql_field->sql_type = MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING;
        if (sql_field->max_display_width_in_codepoints() >
            MAX_FIELD_CHARLENGTH) {
          my_error(ER_TOO_BIG_FIELDLENGTH, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name,
                   static_cast<ulong>(MAX_FIELD_CHARLENGTH));
          return true;
        }
      }
      break;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
      break;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
      assert(sql_field->auto_flags == Field::NONE ||
             sql_field->auto_flags == Field::GENERATED_FROM_EXPRESSION);
      if (check_duplicates_in_interval(thd, "ENUM", sql_field->field_name,
                                       sql_field->interval, sql_field->charset,
                                       &dup_val_count))
        return true;
      if (sql_field->interval->count > MAX_ENUM_VALUES) {
        my_error(ER_TOO_BIG_ENUM, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
        return true;
      }
      break;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
      assert(sql_field->auto_flags == Field::NONE ||
             sql_field->auto_flags == Field::GENERATED_FROM_EXPRESSION);
      if (check_duplicates_in_interval(thd, "SET", sql_field->field_name,
                                       sql_field->interval, sql_field->charset,
                                       &dup_val_count))
        return true;
      /* Check that count of unique members is not more then 64 */
      if (sql_field->interval->count - dup_val_count > sizeof(longlong) * 8) {
        my_error(ER_TOO_BIG_SET, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
        return true;
      }
      break;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:  // Rest of string types
    case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDATE:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME2:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME2:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_NULL:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT:
      break;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP2:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL:
    default:
      if (sql_field->flags & ZEROFILL_FLAG) sql_field->is_zerofill = true;
      if (sql_field->flags & UNSIGNED_FLAG) sql_field->is_unsigned = true;
      break;
  }

  if (sql_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) sql_field->is_nullable = false;
  // Array fields are JSON fields, so override pack length
  sql_field->pack_length_override =
      sql_field->is_array ? (4 + portable_sizeof_char_ptr) : 0;

  return false;
}

TYPELIB *create_typelib(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, Create_field *field_def) {
  if (!field_def->interval_list.elements) return nullptr;

  TYPELIB *result =
      reinterpret_cast<TYPELIB *>(mem_root->Alloc(sizeof(TYPELIB)));
  if (!result) return nullptr;

  result->count = field_def->interval_list.elements;
  result->name = "";

  // Allocate type_names and type_lengths as one block.
  size_t nbytes = (sizeof(char *) + sizeof(uint)) * (result->count + 1);
  if (!(result->type_names =
            reinterpret_cast<const char **>(mem_root->Alloc(nbytes))))
    return nullptr;

  result->type_lengths =
      reinterpret_cast<uint *>(result->type_names + result->count + 1);

  List_iterator<String> it(field_def->interval_list);
  for (uint i = 0; i < result->count; i++) {
    size_t dummy;
    String *tmp = it++;

    if (String::needs_conversion(tmp->length(), tmp->charset(),
                                 field_def->charset, &dummy)) {
      uint cnv_errs;
      String conv;
      conv.copy(tmp->ptr(), tmp->length(), tmp->charset(), field_def->charset,
                &cnv_errs);

      result->type_names[i] = strmake_root(mem_root, conv.ptr(), conv.length());
      result->type_lengths[i] = conv.length();
    } else {
      result->type_names[i] = tmp->ptr();
      result->type_lengths[i] = tmp->length();
    }

    // Strip trailing spaces.
    size_t length = field_def->charset->cset->lengthsp(
        field_def->charset, result->type_names[i], result->type_lengths[i]);
    result->type_lengths[i] = length;
    (const_cast<char *>(result->type_names[i]))[length] = '\0';
  }
  result->type_names[result->count] = nullptr;  // End marker (char*)
  result->type_lengths[result->count] = 0;      // End marker (uint)

  field_def->interval_list.clear();  // Don't need interval_list anymore
  return result;
}

/**
  Prepare an instance of Create_field for field creation
  (fill all necessary attributes). Only used for stored programs.

  @param[in]  thd          Thread handle
  @param[out] field_def    An instance of initialized create_field

  @return Error status.
*/

bool prepare_sp_create_field(THD *thd, Create_field *field_def) {
  if (field_def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_SET) {
    if (prepare_set_field(thd, field_def)) return true;
  } else if (field_def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM) {
    if (prepare_enum_field(thd, field_def)) return true;
  } else if (field_def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_BIT)
    field_def->treat_bit_as_char = true;

  if (prepare_blob_field(thd, field_def, false)) return true;

  return prepare_pack_create_field(thd, field_def, HA_CAN_GEOMETRY);
}

/**
  Get the character set from field object generated by the parser, using
  default values when not set.

  @param sql_field    The sql_field object
  @param create_info  Info generated by parser
  @return character set
*/
const CHARSET_INFO *get_sql_field_charset(const Create_field *sql_field,
                                          const HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info) {
  const CHARSET_INFO *cs = sql_field->charset != nullptr
                               ? sql_field->charset
                               : create_info->default_table_charset;

  /*
    The hidden ARRAY typed column that backs the multi-valued index, and is
    implemented as a JSON column, can only use the character sets
    my_charset_utf8mb4_0900_bin or binary. This column's charset should not
    be changed when altering the table_charset.
    (See Field_typed_array for more details).
    Also table_charset must not affect the BLOB fields, so don't allow to change
    my_charset_bin to something else.
  */
  if (sql_field->is_array || cs == &my_charset_bin) return cs;

  /*
    table_charset is set only in ALTER TABLE t1 CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET csname
    when we want to change character set for all varchar/char columns.
  */
  if (create_info->table_charset != nullptr) return create_info->table_charset;

  return cs;
}

/**
   Modifies the first column definition whose SQL type is TIMESTAMP
   by adding the features DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP.

   @param column_definitions The list of column definitions, in the physical
                             order in which they appear in the table.
 */
void promote_first_timestamp_column(List<Create_field> *column_definitions) {
  List_iterator<Create_field> it(*column_definitions);
  Create_field *column_definition;

  while ((column_definition = it++) != nullptr) {
    if (column_definition->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP ||  // TIMESTAMP
        column_definition->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP2)   //  ms TIMESTAMP
    {
      if ((column_definition->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) != 0 &&  // NOT NULL,
          column_definition->constant_default ==
              nullptr &&                              // no constant default
          column_definition->gcol_info == nullptr &&  // not a generated column
          column_definition->auto_flags == Field::NONE)  // no function default
      {
        DBUG_PRINT("info", ("First TIMESTAMP column '%s' was promoted to "
                            "DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE "
                            "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
                            column_definition->field_name));
        column_definition->auto_flags =
            Field::DEFAULT_NOW | Field::ON_UPDATE_NOW;
      }
      return;
    }
  }
}

/**
  Check if there is a duplicate key. Report a warning for every duplicate key.

  @param thd                Thread context.
  @param error_schema_name  Schema name of the table used for error reporting.
  @param error_table_name   Table name used for error reporting.
  @param key                Key to be checked.
  @param key_info           Array with all keys for the table.
  @param key_count          Number of keys in the table.
  @param alter_info         Alter_info structure describing ALTER TABLE.

  @note Unlike has_index_def_changed() and similar code in
        mysql_compare_tables() this function compares KEY objects for the same
        table/created by the same mysql_prepare_create(). Hence difference in
        field number comparison. We also differentiate UNIQUE and PRIMARY keys.

  @retval false           Ok.
  @retval true            Error.
*/
static bool check_duplicate_key(THD *thd, const char *error_schema_name,
                                const char *error_table_name, const KEY *key,
                                const KEY *key_info, uint key_count,
                                Alter_info *alter_info) {
  const KEY *k;
  const KEY *k_end = key_info + key_count;

  /* This function should not be called for PRIMARY or generated keys. */
  assert(key->name != primary_key_name && !(key->flags & HA_GENERATED_KEY));

  for (k = key_info; k != k_end; k++) {
    // Looking for a similar key...

    if (k == key) {
      /*
        Since the duplicate index might exist before or after
        the modified key in the list, we continue the
        comparison with rest of the keys in case of DROP COLUMN
        operation.
      */
      if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_COLUMN)
        continue;
      else
        break;
    }

    /*
      Treat key as not duplicate if:
      - it is generated (as it will be automagically removed if duplicate later)
      - has different type (Instead of differentiating between PRIMARY and
        UNIQUE keys we simply skip check for PRIMARY keys. The fact that we
        have only one primary key for the table is checked elsewhere.)
      - has different algorithm
      - has different number of key parts
    */
    if ((k->flags & HA_GENERATED_KEY) ||
        ((key->flags & HA_KEYFLAG_MASK) != (k->flags & HA_KEYFLAG_MASK)) ||
        (k->name == primary_key_name) || (key->algorithm != k->algorithm) ||
        (key->user_defined_key_parts != k->user_defined_key_parts)) {
      // Keys are different.
      continue;
    }

    /*
      Keys 'key' and 'k' might be identical.
      Check that the keys have identical columns in the same order.
    */
    const KEY_PART_INFO *key_part;
    const KEY_PART_INFO *key_part_end =
        key->key_part + key->user_defined_key_parts;
    const KEY_PART_INFO *k_part;
    bool all_columns_are_identical = true;

    for (key_part = key->key_part, k_part = k->key_part;
         key_part < key_part_end; key_part++, k_part++) {
      /*
        Key definition is different if we are using a different field,
        if the used key part length is different or key parts has different
        direction. Note since both KEY objects come from
        mysql_prepare_create_table() we can compare field numbers directly.
      */
      if ((key_part->length != k_part->length) ||
          (key_part->fieldnr != k_part->fieldnr) ||
          (key_part->key_part_flag != k_part->key_part_flag)) {
        all_columns_are_identical = false;
        break;
      }
    }

    // Report a warning if we have two identical keys.

    if (all_columns_are_identical) {
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_DUP_INDEX,
                          ER_THD(thd, ER_DUP_INDEX), key->name,
                          error_schema_name, error_table_name);
      if (thd->is_error()) {
        // An error was reported.
        return true;
      }
      break;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Scan the indexes of the new table (including the added ones), and check
  if the field is referred by any index.

  @param field          Field in old table.
  @param new_field      Field in new table (create field).
  @param ha_alter_info  Alter inplace info structure.

  @retval true           Field changes collation, and is indexed.
  @retval false          Otherwise.
 */
static bool is_field_part_of_index(const Field &field [[maybe_unused]],
                                   const Create_field &new_field,
                                   Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info) {
  assert(new_field.field == &field);

  const KEY *new_key_end =
      ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer + ha_alter_info->key_count;
  for (const KEY *new_key = ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer;
       new_key < new_key_end; new_key++) {
    /*
      If the key of the new table has a part which referring to the create
      field submitted, then mark this as a change of the stored column type.
      This will prohibit performing this as an inplace operation.
    */
    const KEY_PART_INFO *end =
        new_key->key_part + new_key->user_defined_key_parts;
    for (const KEY_PART_INFO *new_part = new_key->key_part; new_part < end;
         new_part++) {
      if (get_field_by_index(ha_alter_info->alter_info, new_part->fieldnr) ==
          &new_field)
        return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Scan the fields used in partition expressions of the new table (including
  the added ones), and check if the field is used by a partitioning
  expression.
 */
static bool is_field_part_of_partition_expression(
    const Field &field, Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info) {
  if (ha_alter_info->modified_part_info == nullptr) return false;
  for (Field **ptr = ha_alter_info->modified_part_info->full_part_field_array;
       *ptr; ptr++) {
    if (*ptr == &field) return true;
    assert((*ptr)->field_index() != field.field_index());
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Helper function which allows to detect column types for which we historically
  used key packing (optimization implemented only by MyISAM) under erroneous
  assumption that they have BLOB type.
*/
static bool is_phony_blob(enum_field_types sql_type, uint decimals) {
  const uint FIELDFLAG_BLOB = 1024;
  const uint FIELDFLAG_DEC_SHIFT = 8;

  return (sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL || sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE ||
          sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DECIMAL) &&
         (((decimals << FIELDFLAG_DEC_SHIFT) & FIELDFLAG_BLOB) != 0);
}

static bool prepare_set_field(THD *thd, Create_field *sql_field) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  assert(sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_SET);

  /*
    Create typelib from interval_list, and if necessary
    convert strings from client character set to the
    column character set.
  */
  if (!sql_field->interval) {
    /*
      Create the typelib in runtime memory - we will free the
      occupied memory at the same time when we free this
      sql_field -- at the end of execution.
    */
    sql_field->interval = create_typelib(thd->mem_root, sql_field);
  }

  // Comma is an invalid character for SET names
  char comma_buf[4]; /* 4 bytes for utf32 */
  int comma_length = sql_field->charset->cset->wc_mb(
      sql_field->charset, ',', reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(comma_buf),
      reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(comma_buf) + sizeof(comma_buf));
  assert(comma_length > 0);

  for (uint i = 0; i < sql_field->interval->count; i++) {
    if (sql_field->charset->coll->strstr(sql_field->charset,
                                         sql_field->interval->type_names[i],
                                         sql_field->interval->type_lengths[i],
                                         comma_buf, comma_length, nullptr, 0)) {
      ErrConvString err(sql_field->interval->type_names[i],
                        sql_field->interval->type_lengths[i],
                        sql_field->charset);
      my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_VALUE_FOR_TYPE, MYF(0), "set", err.ptr());
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (sql_field->constant_default != nullptr) {
    const char *not_used;
    uint not_used2;
    bool not_found = false;
    String str;
    String *def = sql_field->constant_default->val_str(&str);
    if (def == nullptr) /* SQL "NULL" maps to NULL */
    {
      if ((sql_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) != 0) {
        my_error(ER_INVALID_DEFAULT, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
        return true;
      }

      /* else, NULL is an allowed value */
      (void)find_set(sql_field->interval, nullptr, 0, sql_field->charset,
                     &not_used, &not_used2, &not_found);
    } else /* not NULL */
    {
      (void)find_set(sql_field->interval, def->ptr(), def->length(),
                     sql_field->charset, &not_used, &not_used2, &not_found);
    }

    if (not_found) {
      my_error(ER_INVALID_DEFAULT, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

static bool prepare_enum_field(THD *thd, Create_field *sql_field) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  assert(sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM);

  /*
    Create typelib from interval_list, and if necessary
    convert strings from client character set to the
    column character set.
  */
  if (!sql_field->interval) {
    /*
      Create the typelib in runtime memory - we will free the
      occupied memory at the same time when we free this
      sql_field -- at the end of execution.
    */
    sql_field->interval = create_typelib(thd->mem_root, sql_field);
  }

  if (sql_field->constant_default != nullptr) {
    String str;
    String *def = sql_field->constant_default->val_str(&str);
    if (def == nullptr) /* SQL "NULL" maps to NULL */
    {
      if ((sql_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) != 0) {
        my_error(ER_INVALID_DEFAULT, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
        return true;
      }

      /* else, the defaults yield the correct length for NULLs. */
    } else /* not NULL */
    {
      def->length(sql_field->charset->cset->lengthsp(
          sql_field->charset, def->ptr(), def->length()));
      if (find_type2(sql_field->interval, def->ptr(), def->length(),
                     sql_field->charset) == 0) /* not found */
      {
        my_error(ER_INVALID_DEFAULT, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

bool prepare_create_field(THD *thd, const char *error_schema_name,
                          const char *error_table_name,
                          HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                          List<Create_field> *create_list,
                          int *select_field_pos, handler *file,
                          Create_field *sql_field, int field_no) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  assert(create_list);
  const CHARSET_INFO *save_cs;

  /* Set field charset. */
  save_cs = sql_field->charset = get_sql_field_charset(sql_field, create_info);

  if (sql_field->flags & BINCMP_FLAG) {
    // e.g. CREATE TABLE t1 (a CHAR(1) BINARY);
    if (!(sql_field->charset = get_charset_by_csname(sql_field->charset->csname,
                                                     MY_CS_BINSORT, MYF(0)))) {
      char tmp[65];
      strmake(strmake(tmp, save_cs->csname, sizeof(tmp) - 4),
              STRING_WITH_LEN("_bin"));
      my_error(ER_UNKNOWN_COLLATION, MYF(0), tmp);
      return true;
    }
    /*
      Now that we have sql_field->charset set properly,
      we don't need the BINCMP_FLAG any longer.
    */
    sql_field->flags &= ~BINCMP_FLAG;
  }

  /*
    Convert the default value from client character
    set into the column character set if necessary.
  */
  if (sql_field->constant_default &&
      save_cs != sql_field->constant_default->collation.collation &&
      (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING ||
       sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_STRING ||
       sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_SET ||
       sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM)) {
    /*
      Starting from 5.1 we work here with a copy of Create_field
      created by the caller, not with the instance that was
      originally created during parsing. It's OK to create
      a temporary item and initialize with it a member of the
      copy -- this item will be thrown away along with the copy
      at the end of execution, and thus not introduce a dangling
      pointer in the parsed tree of a prepared statement or a
      stored procedure statement.
    */
    sql_field->constant_default =
        sql_field->constant_default->safe_charset_converter(thd, save_cs);

    if (sql_field->constant_default == nullptr) {
      /* Could not convert */
      my_error(ER_INVALID_DEFAULT, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
      return true;
    }
  }

  if (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_SET) {
    if (prepare_set_field(thd, sql_field)) return true;
  } else if (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM) {
    if (prepare_enum_field(thd, sql_field)) return true;
  } else if (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_BIT) {
    if (file->ha_table_flags() & HA_CAN_BIT_FIELD) {
      create_info->null_bits +=
          sql_field->max_display_width_in_codepoints() & 7;
      sql_field->treat_bit_as_char = false;
    } else
      sql_field->treat_bit_as_char = true;
  }

  bool convert_to_character_set =
      (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_CHARSET);
  if (prepare_blob_field(thd, sql_field, convert_to_character_set)) {
    return true;
  }

  if (!(sql_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG)) create_info->null_bits++;

  if (check_column_name(to_lex_cstring(sql_field->field_name))) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_COLUMN_NAME, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
    return true;
  }

  // Validate field comment string
  std::string invalid_sub_str;
  if (is_invalid_string(
          LEX_CSTRING{sql_field->comment.str, sql_field->comment.length},
          system_charset_info, invalid_sub_str)) {
    // Provide contextual information
    std::string qualified_field_name = std::string(error_schema_name) + "." +
                                       std::string(error_table_name) + "." +
                                       std::string(sql_field->field_name);

    my_error(ER_COMMENT_CONTAINS_INVALID_STRING, MYF(0), "field",
             qualified_field_name.c_str(), system_charset_info->csname,
             invalid_sub_str.c_str());
    return true;
  }

  if (validate_comment_length(thd, sql_field->comment.str,
                              &sql_field->comment.length, COLUMN_COMMENT_MAXLEN,
                              ER_TOO_LONG_FIELD_COMMENT, sql_field->field_name))
    return true;

  // If this column has an SRID specified, check if the SRID actually exists
  // in the data dictionary.
  if (sql_field->m_srid.has_value() && sql_field->m_srid.value() != 0) {
    bool exists = false;
    if (Srs_fetcher::srs_exists(thd, sql_field->m_srid.value(), &exists)) {
      // An error has already been raised
      return true; /* purecov: deadcode */
    }

    if (!exists) {
      my_error(ER_SRS_NOT_FOUND, MYF(0), sql_field->m_srid.value());
      return true;
    }
  }

  /* Check if we have used the same field name before */
  Create_field *dup_field;
  List_iterator<Create_field> it(*create_list);
  for (int dup_no = 0; (dup_field = it++) != sql_field; dup_no++) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, sql_field->field_name,
                      dup_field->field_name) == 0) {
      /*
        If this was a CREATE ... SELECT statement, accept a field
        redefinition if we are changing a field in the SELECT part
      */
      if (field_no < (*select_field_pos) || dup_no >= (*select_field_pos)) {
        // If one of the columns is a functional index column, but not both,
        // return an error saying that the column name is in use. The reason we
        // only raise an error if one, but not both, is a functional index
        // column, is that we want to report a "duplicate key name"-error if the
        // user renames a functional index to an existing functional index name:
        //
        //  CREATE TABLE t1 (
        //    col1 INT
        //    , INDEX idx ((col1 + 1))
        //    , INDEX idx2 ((col1 + 2)));
        //
        // ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME INDEX idx TO idx2;
        //
        // Note that duplicate names for regular indexes are detected later, so
        // we don't bother checking those here.
        if ((is_field_for_functional_index(dup_field) !=
             is_field_for_functional_index(sql_field))) {
          std::string error_description;
          error_description.append("The column name '");
          error_description.append(sql_field->field_name);
          error_description.append("' is already in use by a hidden column");

          my_error(ER_INTERNAL_ERROR, MYF(0), error_description.c_str());
          return true;
        }

        if (!is_field_for_functional_index(dup_field) &&
            !is_field_for_functional_index(sql_field)) {
          my_error(ER_DUP_FIELDNAME, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
          return true;
        }
      } else {
        /* Field redefined */

        /*
          If we are replacing a BIT field, revert the increment
          of null_bits that was done above.
        */
        if (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_BIT &&
            file->ha_table_flags() & HA_CAN_BIT_FIELD) {
          create_info->null_bits -=
              sql_field->max_display_width_in_codepoints() & 7;
        }

        sql_field->constant_default = dup_field->constant_default;
        sql_field->sql_type = dup_field->sql_type;

        /*
          If we are replacing a field with a BIT field, we need
          to initialize treat_bit_as_char. Note that we do not need to
          increment null_bits here as this dup_field
          has already been processed.
        */
        if (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_BIT) {
          sql_field->treat_bit_as_char =
              !(file->ha_table_flags() & HA_CAN_BIT_FIELD);
        }

        sql_field->charset =
            (dup_field->charset ? dup_field->charset
                                : create_info->default_table_charset);
        sql_field->set_max_display_width_from_create_field(*dup_field);
        sql_field->decimals = dup_field->decimals;
        sql_field->auto_flags = dup_field->auto_flags;
        /*
           We're making one field from two, the result field will have
           dup_field->flags as flags. If we've incremented null_bits
           because of sql_field->flags, decrement it back.
        */
        if (!(sql_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG)) create_info->null_bits--;

        sql_field->flags = dup_field->flags;
        sql_field->interval = dup_field->interval;
        sql_field->gcol_info = dup_field->gcol_info;
        sql_field->m_default_val_expr = dup_field->m_default_val_expr;
        sql_field->stored_in_db = dup_field->stored_in_db;
        sql_field->hidden = dup_field->hidden;
        it.remove();  // Remove first (create) definition
        (*select_field_pos)--;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

  /* Don't pack rows in old tables if the user has requested this */
  if ((sql_field->flags & BLOB_FLAG) ||
      (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR &&
       create_info->row_type != ROW_TYPE_FIXED))
    create_info->table_options |= HA_OPTION_PACK_RECORD;

  if (prepare_pack_create_field(thd, sql_field, file->ha_table_flags()))
    return true;

  return false;
}

static void calculate_field_offsets(List<Create_field> *create_list) {
  assert(create_list);
  List_iterator<Create_field> it(*create_list);
  size_t record_offset = 0;
  bool has_vgc = false;
  Create_field *sql_field;
  while ((sql_field = it++)) {
    sql_field->offset = record_offset;
    /*
      For now skip fields that are not physically stored in the database
      (generated fields) and update their offset later (see the next loop).
    */
    if (sql_field->stored_in_db)
      record_offset += sql_field->pack_length();
    else
      has_vgc = true;
  }
  /* Update generated fields' offset*/
  if (has_vgc) {
    it.rewind();
    while ((sql_field = it++)) {
      if (!sql_field->stored_in_db) {
        sql_field->offset = record_offset;
        record_offset += sql_field->pack_length();
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
   Count keys and key segments. Note that FKs are ignored.
   Also mark redundant keys to be ignored.

   @param[in,out] key_list  List of keys to count and possibly mark as ignored.
   @param[out] key_count    Returned number of keys counted (excluding FK).
   @param[out] key_parts    Returned number of key segments (excluding FK).
   @param[out] fk_key_count Returned number of foreign keys.
   @param[in,out] redundant_keys  Array where keys to be ignored will be marked.
   @param[in]  se_index_flags Storage's flags for index support
*/

static bool count_keys(const Mem_root_array<Key_spec *> &key_list,
                       uint *key_count, uint *key_parts, uint *fk_key_count,
                       Mem_root_array<bool> *redundant_keys,
                       handler::Table_flags se_index_flags) {
  *key_count = 0;
  *key_parts = 0;

  for (size_t key_counter = 0; key_counter < key_list.size(); key_counter++) {
    const Key_spec *key = key_list[key_counter];

    for (size_t key2_counter = 0;
         key2_counter < key_list.size() && key_list[key2_counter] != key;
         key2_counter++) {
      const Key_spec *key2 = key_list[key2_counter];
      /*
        foreign_key_prefix(key, key2) returns 0 if key or key2, or both, is
        'generated', and a generated key is a prefix of the other key.
        Then we do not need the generated shorter key.

        KEYTYPE_SPATIAL and KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT cannot be used as
        supporting keys for foreign key constraints even if the
        generated key is prefix of such a key.
      */
      if ((key2->type != KEYTYPE_FOREIGN && key->type != KEYTYPE_FOREIGN &&
           key2->type != KEYTYPE_SPATIAL && key2->type != KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT &&
           !redundant_keys->at(key2_counter) &&
           !foreign_key_prefix(key, key2))) {
        /* TODO: issue warning message */
        /* mark that the generated key should be ignored */
        if (!key2->generated ||
            (key->generated && key->columns.size() < key2->columns.size()))
          (*redundant_keys)[key_counter] = true;
        else {
          (*redundant_keys)[key2_counter] = true;
          (*key_parts) -= key2->columns.size();
          (*key_count)--;
        }
        break;
      }
    }

    if (!redundant_keys->at(key_counter)) {
      if (key->type == KEYTYPE_FOREIGN)
        (*fk_key_count)++;
      else {
        uint mv_key_parts = 0;
        (*key_count)++;
        (*key_parts) += key->columns.size();
        for (uint i = 0; i < key->columns.size(); i++) {
          const Key_part_spec *kp = key->columns[i];
          if (!kp->is_ascending() && !(se_index_flags & HA_DESCENDING_INDEX)) {
            my_error(ER_CHECK_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, MYF(0), "descending indexes");
            return true;
          }
          if (kp->has_expression() && kp->get_expression()->returns_array()) {
            if (mv_key_parts++) {
              my_error(ER_NOT_SUPPORTED_YET, MYF(0),
                       "more than one multi-valued key part per index");
              return true;
            }
            if (!(se_index_flags & HA_MULTI_VALUED_KEY_SUPPORT)) {
              my_error(ER_CHECK_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, MYF(0),
                       "multi-valued indexes");
              return true;
            }
            if (kp->is_explicit()) {
              my_error(ER_WRONG_USAGE, MYF(0), "multi-valued index",
                       "explicit index order");
              return true;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

static bool prepare_key_column(THD *thd, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                               List<Create_field> *create_list,
                               const Key_spec *key, const Key_part_spec *column,
                               const size_t column_nr, KEY *key_info,
                               KEY_PART_INFO *key_part_info,
                               const handler *file, int *auto_increment,
                               const CHARSET_INFO **ft_key_charset) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    Find the matching table column.
  */
  uint field = 0;
  Create_field *sql_field = nullptr;
  assert(create_list);
  for (Create_field &it : *create_list) {
    if ((column->has_expression() || !is_hidden_by_system(&it)) &&
        my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, column->get_field_name(),
                      it.field_name) == 0) {
      sql_field = &it;
      break;
    }
    field++;
  }

  if (sql_field == nullptr) {
    my_error(ER_KEY_COLUMN_DOES_NOT_EXITS, MYF(0), column->get_field_name());
    return true;
  }

  Functional_index_error_handler functional_index_error_handler(
      sql_field, {key->name.str, key->name.length}, thd);

  /*
    Virtual generated column checks.
  */
  if (sql_field->is_virtual_gcol()) {
    const char *errmsg = nullptr;
    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT) {
      errmsg = "Fulltext index on virtual generated column";
      functional_index_error_handler.force_error_code(
          ER_FULLTEXT_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX);
    } else if (key->type == KEYTYPE_SPATIAL ||
               sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY) {
      errmsg = "Spatial index on virtual generated column";
      functional_index_error_handler.force_error_code(
          ER_SPATIAL_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX);
    } else if (key->type == KEYTYPE_PRIMARY) {
      errmsg = "Defining a virtual generated column as primary key";
      functional_index_error_handler.force_error_code(
          ER_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX_PRIMARY_KEY);
    }

    if (errmsg) {
      my_error(ER_UNSUPPORTED_ACTION_ON_GENERATED_COLUMN, MYF(0), errmsg);
      return true;
    }
    /* Check if the storage engine supports indexes on virtual columns. */
    if (!(file->ha_table_flags() & HA_CAN_INDEX_VIRTUAL_GENERATED_COLUMN)) {
      my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_HA_CREATE_OPTION, MYF(0),
               ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(file->ht),
               "Index on virtual generated column");
      return true;
    }
    key_info->flags |= HA_VIRTUAL_GEN_KEY;
  }

  // JSON columns cannot be used as keys.
  if (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_JSON) {
    my_error(ER_JSON_USED_AS_KEY, MYF(0), column->get_field_name());
    return true;
  }

  if (sql_field->auto_flags & Field::NEXT_NUMBER) {
    if (column_nr == 0 || (file->ha_table_flags() & HA_AUTO_PART_KEY))
      (*auto_increment)--;  // Field is used
  }

  /*
    Check for duplicate columns.
  */
  for (const Key_part_spec *dup_column : key->columns) {
    if (dup_column == column) break;
    if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, column->get_field_name(),
                       dup_column->get_field_name())) {
      my_error(ER_DUP_FIELDNAME, MYF(0), column->get_field_name());
      return true;
    }
  }

  uint column_length;
  if (key->type == KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT) {
    if ((sql_field->sql_type != MYSQL_TYPE_STRING &&
         sql_field->sql_type != MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR &&
         !is_blob(sql_field->sql_type)) ||
        sql_field->charset == &my_charset_bin ||
        sql_field->charset->mbminlen > 1 ||  // ucs2 doesn't work yet
        (*ft_key_charset && sql_field->charset != *ft_key_charset)) {
      my_error(ER_BAD_FT_COLUMN, MYF(0), column->get_field_name());
      return true;
    }
    *ft_key_charset = sql_field->charset;
    /*
      for fulltext keys keyseg length is 1 for blobs (it's ignored in ft
      code anyway, and 0 (set to column width later) for char's. it has
      to be correct col width for char's, as char data are not prefixed
      with length (unlike blobs, where ft code takes data length from a
      data prefix, ignoring column->length).
    */
    column_length = is_blob(sql_field->sql_type);
  } else {
    switch (sql_field->sql_type) {
      case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
        /* All indexes on geometry columns are R-tree indexes. */
        if (key->columns.size() > 1) {
          my_error(ER_TOO_MANY_KEY_PARTS, MYF(0), 1);
          return true;
        }
        key_info->flags |= HA_SPATIAL;
        if (key->key_create_info.is_algorithm_explicit &&
            key_info->algorithm != HA_KEY_ALG_RTREE) {
          assert(key->key_create_info.algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_HASH ||
                 key->key_create_info.algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_BTREE);
          my_error(ER_INDEX_TYPE_NOT_SUPPORTED_FOR_SPATIAL_INDEX, MYF(0),
                   key->key_create_info.algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_HASH ? "HASH"
                                                                     : "BTREE");
          return true;
        }
        key_info->algorithm = HA_KEY_ALG_RTREE;
        [[fallthrough]];
      case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_JSON:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_VAR_STRING:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_SET:
        column_length =
            column->get_prefix_length() * sql_field->charset->mbmaxlen;
        break;
      default:
        column_length = column->get_prefix_length();
    }

    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_SPATIAL ||
        key_info->algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_RTREE ||
        sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY) {
      if (column_length) {
        my_error(ER_WRONG_SUB_KEY, MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
      if (sql_field->sql_type != MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY) {
        my_error(ER_SPATIAL_MUST_HAVE_GEOM_COL, MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
      if (key_info->flags & HA_NOSAME) {
        my_error(ER_SPATIAL_UNIQUE_INDEX, MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
      if (column->is_explicit()) {
        my_error(ER_WRONG_USAGE, MYF(0), "spatial/fulltext/hash index",
                 "explicit index order");
        return true;
      }

      /*
        If the field is without an SRID specification, issue a warning telling
        the user that this index will not be used by the optimizer (useless
        spatial index). We do however have to allow creating such index in
        order to support dump/restore from older MySQL versions to new
        versions.

        NOTE: At this stage of ALTER TABLE/CREATE INDEX/whatever DDL, we may
        have copied all existing indexes into key list. Thus, this function may
        run for indexes that already exists. The variable
        "check_for_duplicate_indexes" will however be set to "false" for indexes
        that already are created, so we use this variable to distinguish between
        indexes that are to be created, and those that already are created.
      */
      if (key->check_for_duplicate_indexes && !sql_field->m_srid.has_value()) {
        push_warning_printf(
            thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, WARN_USELESS_SPATIAL_INDEX,
            ER_THD(thd, WARN_USELESS_SPATIAL_INDEX), sql_field->field_name);
      }

      /*
        4 is: (Xmin,Xmax,Ymin,Ymax), this is for 2D case
        Lately we'll extend this code to support more dimensions
      */
      column_length = 4 * sizeof(double);
    }

    if (is_blob(sql_field->sql_type)) {
      if (!(file->ha_table_flags() & HA_CAN_INDEX_BLOBS)) {
        my_error(ER_BLOB_USED_AS_KEY, MYF(0), column->get_field_name());
        return true;
      }
      if (!column_length) {
        my_error(ER_BLOB_KEY_WITHOUT_LENGTH, MYF(0), column->get_field_name());
        return true;
      }
    }

    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_PRIMARY) {
      /*
        Set NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG for the PRIMARY KEY column if default
        values is not explicitly provided for the column in CREATE TABLE
        statement and it is not an AUTO_INCREMENT field.

        Default values for TIMESTAMP/DATETIME needs special handling as:

        a) If default is explicitly specified (lets say this as case 1) :
             DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
             DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
           MySQL does not set sql_field->def flag , but sets
           Field::DEFAULT_NOW in Create_info::auto_flags.
           This flags are also set during timestamp column promotion (case2)

           When explicit_defaults_for_timestamp is not set, the behavior
           expected in both case1 and case2 is to retain the defaults even
           when the column participates in PRIMARY KEY. When
           explicit_defaults_for_timestamp is set, the promotion logic
           is disabled and the above mentioned flag is not used implicitly.

        b) If explicit_defaults_for_timestamp variable is not set:
           Default value assigned due to first timestamp column promotion is
           retained.
           Default constant value assigned due to implicit promotion of second
           timestamp column is removed.
      */
      if (!sql_field->constant_default &&
          !(sql_field->flags & AUTO_INCREMENT_FLAG) &&
          !(real_type_with_now_as_default(sql_field->sql_type) &&
            (sql_field->auto_flags & Field::DEFAULT_NOW)) &&
          !(sql_field->m_default_val_expr &&
            (sql_field->auto_flags & Field::GENERATED_FROM_EXPRESSION))) {
        sql_field->flags |= NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG;
      }
      /*
        Emitting error when field is a part of primary key and is
        explicitly requested to be NULL by the user.
      */
      if ((sql_field->flags & EXPLICIT_NULL_FLAG)) {
        my_error(ER_PRIMARY_CANT_HAVE_NULL, MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
    }

    if (!(sql_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG)) {
      if (key->type == KEYTYPE_PRIMARY) {
        /* Implicitly set primary key fields to NOT NULL for ISO conf. */
        sql_field->flags |= NOT_NULL_FLAG;
        sql_field->is_nullable = false;
        create_info->null_bits--;
      } else {
        key_info->flags |= HA_NULL_PART_KEY;
        if (!(file->ha_table_flags() & HA_NULL_IN_KEY)) {
          my_error(ER_NULL_COLUMN_IN_INDEX, MYF(0), column->get_field_name());
          return true;
        }
        if (key->type == KEYTYPE_SPATIAL ||
            sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY) {
          my_error(ER_SPATIAL_CANT_HAVE_NULL, MYF(0));
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }  // key->type != KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT

  key_part_info->fieldnr = field;
  key_part_info->offset = static_cast<uint16>(sql_field->offset);
  key_part_info->key_part_flag |= column->is_ascending() ? 0 : HA_REVERSE_SORT;

  size_t key_part_length = sql_field->key_length();

  if (column_length) {
    if (is_blob(sql_field->sql_type)) {
      key_part_length = column_length;
      /*
        There is a possibility that the given prefix length is less
        than the engine max key part length, but still greater
        than the BLOB field max size. We handle this case
        using the max_field_size variable below.
      */
      size_t max_field_size = blob_length_by_type(sql_field->sql_type);
      if (key_part_length > max_field_size ||
          key_part_length > file->max_key_length() ||
          key_part_length > file->max_key_part_length(create_info)) {
        // Given prefix length is too large, adjust it.
        key_part_length =
            min(file->max_key_length(), file->max_key_part_length(create_info));
        if (max_field_size)
          key_part_length = min(key_part_length, max_field_size);
        if (key->type == KEYTYPE_MULTIPLE) {
          /* not a critical problem */
          push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_TOO_LONG_KEY,
                              ER_THD(thd, ER_TOO_LONG_KEY),
                              static_cast<int>(key_part_length));
          /* Align key length to multibyte char boundary */
          key_part_length -= key_part_length % sql_field->charset->mbmaxlen;
          /*
            If SQL_MODE is STRICT, then report error, else report warning
            and continue execution.
          */
          if (thd->is_error()) return true;
        } else {
          my_error(ER_TOO_LONG_KEY, MYF(0), key_part_length);
          if (thd->is_error()) return true;
        }
      }
    }  // is_blob
    // Catch invalid use of partial keys
    else if (sql_field->sql_type != MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY &&
             // is the key partial?
             column_length != key_part_length &&
             // is prefix length bigger than field length?
             (column_length > key_part_length ||
              // can the field have a partial key?
              !Field::type_can_have_key_part(sql_field->sql_type) ||
              // does the storage engine allow prefixed search?
              ((file->ha_table_flags() & HA_NO_PREFIX_CHAR_KEYS) &&
               // and is this a 'unique' key?
               (key_info->flags & HA_NOSAME)))) {
      my_error(ER_WRONG_SUB_KEY, MYF(0));
      return true;
    } else if (!(file->ha_table_flags() & HA_NO_PREFIX_CHAR_KEYS))
      key_part_length = column_length;
  }  // column_length
  else if (key_part_length == 0) {
    if (is_field_for_functional_index(sql_field)) {
      // In case this is a functional index, print a more friendly error
      // message.
      Item *expression = column->get_expression();
      auto flags =
          enum_query_type(QT_NO_DB | QT_NO_TABLE | QT_FORCE_INTRODUCERS);
      String out;
      expression->print(thd, &out, flags);

      // Append a NULL-terminator, since Item::print does not necessarily add
      // one.
      out.append('\0');
      my_error(ER_WRONG_KEY_COLUMN_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX, MYF(0), out.ptr());
    } else {
      my_error(ER_WRONG_KEY_COLUMN, MYF(0), column->get_field_name());
    }
    return true;
  }

  if (key_part_length > file->max_key_part_length(create_info) &&
      key->type != KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT) {
    key_part_length = file->max_key_part_length(create_info);
    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_MULTIPLE) {
      /* not a critical problem */
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_TOO_LONG_KEY,
                          ER_THD(thd, ER_TOO_LONG_KEY),
                          static_cast<int>(key_part_length));
      /* Align key length to multibyte char boundary */
      key_part_length -= key_part_length % sql_field->charset->mbmaxlen;
      /*
        If SQL_MODE is STRICT, then report error, else report warning
        and continue execution.
      */
      if (thd->is_error()) return true;
    } else if ((thd->lex->alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_OPTIONS) &&
               (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_CHARSET)) {
      my_error(ER_COLUMN_CHANGE_SIZE, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name,
               sql_field->field->table->s->table_name.str, key->name.str,
               key_part_length);
      return true;
    } else {
      my_error(ER_TOO_LONG_KEY, MYF(0), key_part_length);
      if (thd->is_error()) return true;
    }
  }
  key_part_info->length = static_cast<uint16>(key_part_length);

  /*
    Use packed keys for long strings on the first column

    Due to incorrect usage of sql_field->pack_flag & FIELDFLAG_BLOB check
    we have used packing for some columns which are not strings or BLOBs
    (see also is_phony_blob()). Since changing this would mean breaking
    binary compatibility for MyISAM tables with indexes on such columns
    we mimic this buggy behavior here.
  */
  if ((create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_PACKED_KEYS) &&
      !((create_info->table_options & HA_OPTION_NO_PACK_KEYS)) &&
      (key_part_length >= KEY_DEFAULT_PACK_LENGTH &&
       (sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_STRING ||
        sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR ||
        is_blob(sql_field->sql_type) ||
        is_phony_blob(sql_field->sql_type, sql_field->decimals)))) {
    if ((column_nr == 0 &&
         (is_blob(sql_field->sql_type) ||
          is_phony_blob(sql_field->sql_type, sql_field->decimals))) ||
        sql_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR)
      key_info->flags |= HA_BINARY_PACK_KEY;
    else
      key_info->flags |= HA_PACK_KEY;
  }

  /*
    Check if the key segment is partial, set the key flag
    accordingly. Note that fulltext indexes ignores prefixes.
  */
  if (key->type != KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT &&
      key_part_length != sql_field->key_length()) {
    key_info->flags |= HA_KEY_HAS_PART_KEY_SEG;
    key_part_info->key_part_flag |= HA_PART_KEY_SEG;
  }

  key_info->key_length += key_part_length;
  return false;
}

/**
  Check if candidate parent/supporting key contains exactly the same
  columns as the foreign key, possibly, in different order. Also check
  that columns usage by key is acceptable, i.e. key is not over column
  prefix.

  @tparam F               Function class which returns foreign key's
                          referenced or referencing (depending on whether
                          we check candidate parent or supporting key)
                          column name by its index.
  @param  alter_info      Alter_info describing columns in parent or
                          child table.
  @param  fk_col_count    Number of columns in the foreign key.
  @param  fk_columns      Object of F type bound to the specific foreign key
                          for which parent/supporting key check is carried
                          out.
  @param  key             KEY object describing candidate parent/supporting
                          key.

  @sa fk_is_key_exact_match_any_order(uint, F, dd::Index).

  @retval True  - Key is proper parent/supporting key for the foreign key.
  @retval False - Key can't be parent/supporting key for the foreign key.
*/
template <class F>
static bool fk_is_key_exact_match_any_order(Alter_info *alter_info,
                                            uint fk_col_count,
                                            const F &fk_columns,
                                            const KEY *key) {
  if (fk_col_count != key->user_defined_key_parts) return false;

  for (uint i = 0; i < key->user_defined_key_parts; i++) {
    // Prefix parts are considered non-matching.
    if (key->key_part[i].key_part_flag & HA_PART_KEY_SEG) return false;

    const Create_field *col =
        get_field_by_index(alter_info, key->key_part[i].fieldnr);

    uint j = 0;
    while (j < fk_col_count) {
      if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, col->field_name, fk_columns(j)) ==
          0)
        break;
      j++;
    }
    if (j == fk_col_count) return false;

    /*
      Foreign keys over virtual columns are not allowed.
      This is checked at earlier stage.
    */
    assert(!col->is_virtual_gcol());
  }

  return true;
}

/**
  Count how many elements from the start of the candidate parent/supporting
  key match elements at the start of the foreign key (prefix parts are
  considered non-matching).

  @tparam F               Function class which returns foreign key's
                          referenced or referencing (depending on whether
                          we check candidate parent or supporting key)
                          column name by its index.
  @param  alter_info      Alter_info describing columns in parent or
                          child table.
  @param  fk_col_count    Number of columns in the foreign key.
  @param  fk_columns      Object of F type bound to the specific foreign key
                          for which parent/supporting key check is carried
                          out.
  @param  key             KEY object describing candidate parent/supporting
                          key.
  @param  hidden_cols_key If non-nullptr, points to KEY object representing
                          primary key for the table, which columns are added
                          to the candidate parent key and should be taken
                          into account when considering this parent key.

  @sa fk_key_prefix_match_count(uint, F, dd::Index, bool).

  @retval Number of matching columns.
*/
template <class F>
static uint fk_key_prefix_match_count(Alter_info *alter_info, uint fk_col_count,
                                      const F &fk_columns, const KEY *key,
                                      const KEY *hidden_cols_key) {
  uint col_idx = 0;

  for (; col_idx < key->user_defined_key_parts; ++col_idx) {
    if (col_idx == fk_col_count) break;
    // Prefix parts are considered non-matching.
    if (key->key_part[col_idx].key_part_flag & HA_PART_KEY_SEG) break;
    const Create_field *col =
        get_field_by_index(alter_info, key->key_part[col_idx].fieldnr);

    if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, col->field_name,
                      fk_columns(col_idx)) != 0)
      break;

    /*
      Foreign keys over virtual columns are not allowed.
      This is checked at earlier stage.
    */
    assert(!col->is_virtual_gcol());
  }

  if (col_idx < fk_col_count && col_idx == key->user_defined_key_parts &&
      hidden_cols_key) {
    /*
      We have not found all foreign key columns and have not encountered
      unsuitable columns so far. Continue counting columns from hidden
      part of the key if it exists.
    */
    for (uint add_col_idx = 0;
         add_col_idx < hidden_cols_key->user_defined_key_parts; ++add_col_idx) {
      if (col_idx == fk_col_count) break;

      KEY_PART_INFO *add_key_part = hidden_cols_key->key_part + add_col_idx;
      /*
        Hidden part of the key doesn't include columns already in the key,
        unless they are used as prefix columns (which is impossible here).
      */
      if (std::any_of(key->key_part,
                      key->key_part + key->user_defined_key_parts,
                      [add_key_part](const KEY_PART_INFO &key_part) {
                        return key_part.fieldnr == add_key_part->fieldnr;
                      }))
        continue;
      /*
        prepare_self_ref_fk_parent_key() ensures that we can't meet
        primary keys with prefix parts here.
      */
      assert(!(add_key_part->key_part_flag & HA_PART_KEY_SEG));

      const Create_field *col =
          get_field_by_index(alter_info, add_key_part->fieldnr);

      if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, col->field_name,
                        fk_columns(col_idx)) != 0)
        break;

      assert(!col->is_virtual_gcol());
      ++col_idx;
    }
  }

  return col_idx;
}

/**
  Check if candidate parent/supporting key contains all columns from the
  foreign key at its start and in the same order it is in the foreign key.
  Also check that columns usage by key is acceptable, i.e. key is not over
  column prefix.

  @tparam F               Function class which returns foreign key's
                          referenced or referencing (depending on whether
                          we check candidate parent or supporting key)
                          column name by its index.
  @param  alter_info      Alter_info describing columns in parent or
                          child table.
  @param  fk_col_count    Number of columns in the foreign key.
  @param  fk_columns      Object of F type bound to the specific foreign key
                          for which parent/supporting key check is carried
                          out.
  @param  key             KEY object describing candidate parent/supporting
                          key.
  @param  hidden_cols_key If non-nullptr, points to KEY object representing
                          primary key for the table, which columns are added
                          to the candidate parent key and should be taken
                          into account when considering this parent key.

  @sa fk_key_is_full_prefix_match(uint, F, dd::Index, bool).

  @retval True  - Key is proper parent/supporting key for the foreign key.
  @retval False - Key can't be parent/supporting key for the foreign key.
*/
template <class F>
static bool fk_key_is_full_prefix_match(Alter_info *alter_info,
                                        uint fk_col_count, const F &fk_columns,
                                        const KEY *key,
                                        const KEY *hidden_cols_key) {
  /*
    The index may have more elements, but must start with the same
    elements as the FK.
  */
  if (fk_col_count >
      key->user_defined_key_parts +
          (hidden_cols_key ? hidden_cols_key->user_defined_key_parts : 0))
    return false;

  uint match_count = fk_key_prefix_match_count(
      alter_info, fk_col_count, fk_columns, key, hidden_cols_key);
  return (match_count == fk_col_count);
}

/**
  Check if parent key for self-referencing foreign key exists, set
  foreign key's unique constraint name accordingly. Emit error if
  no parent key found.

  @note Prefer unique key if possible. If parent key is non-unique
        unique constraint name is set to NULL.

  @note Explicitly skip the supporting index as a candidate parent
        index to maintain previous behavior for engines that require
        the two indexes to be different.

  @param          hton            Handlerton for table's storage engine.
  @param          alter_info      Alter_info object describing parent table.
  @param          key_info_buffer Array describing keys in parent table.
  @param          key_count       Number of keys in parent table.
  @param          supporting_key  Pointer to KEY representing the supporting
                                  index.
  @param          old_fk_table    dd::Table object from which pre-existing
                                  FK comes from. nullptr if this FK is newly
                                  added.
  @param[in,out]  fk              FOREIGN_KEY object describing the FK, its
                                  unique_index_name member will be updated
                                  if matching unique constraint is found.

  @retval Operation result. False if success.
*/
static bool prepare_self_ref_fk_parent_key(
    handlerton *hton, Alter_info *alter_info, const KEY *key_info_buffer,
    const uint key_count, const KEY *supporting_key,
    const dd::Table *old_fk_table, FOREIGN_KEY *fk) {
  auto fk_columns_lambda = [fk](uint i) { return fk->fk_key_part[i].str; };
  for (const KEY *key = key_info_buffer; key < key_info_buffer + key_count;
       key++) {
    // We can't use FULLTEXT or SPATIAL indexes.
    if (key->flags & (HA_FULLTEXT | HA_SPATIAL)) continue;

    if (hton->foreign_keys_flags &
        HTON_FKS_NEED_DIFFERENT_PARENT_AND_SUPPORTING_KEYS) {
      /*
        The storage engine does not support using the same index for both the
        supporting index and the parent index. In this case, the supporting
        index cannot be a candidate parent index, and must be skipped.
      */
      if (key == supporting_key) continue;
    }

    if (hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_PREFIX_PARENT_KEYS) {
      /*
        Engine supports unique and non unique-parent keys which contain full
        foreign key as its prefix. Example: InnoDB.

        Primary and unique keys are sorted before non-unique keys.
        So if there is suitable unique parent key we will always find
        it before encountering any non-unique keys.
      */

      const KEY *hidden_cols_key = nullptr;

      if (hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_EXTENDED_PARENT_KEYS) {
        /*
          Engine considers hidden part of key (columns from primary key
          which are implicitly added to secondary keys) when determines
          if it can serve as parent. Example: InnoDB.

          Since KEY objects do not contain information about hidden parts
          of the keys at this point, we have to figure out list of hidden
          columns based on KEY object for explicit or implicit primary key.
          For the sake of consistency with non-self-referencing case we
          exclude primary keys with prefix elements from our consideration.

          Thanks to the way keys are sorted, to find primary key it is
          enough to check if the first key in key array satisfies
          requirements on candidate key (unique, without null, prefix or
          virtual parts). This also automatically excludes explicit primary
          keys with prefix parts.
        */
        if (key != key_info_buffer && (key_info_buffer->flags & HA_NOSAME) &&
            !(key_info_buffer->flags &
              (HA_NULL_PART_KEY | HA_KEY_HAS_PART_KEY_SEG |
               HA_VIRTUAL_GEN_KEY)))
          hidden_cols_key = key_info_buffer;
      }

      if (fk_key_is_full_prefix_match(alter_info, fk->key_parts,
                                      fk_columns_lambda, key,
                                      hidden_cols_key)) {
        /*
          We only store names of PK or UNIQUE keys in UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME.
          InnoDB allows non-unique indexes as parent keys for which NULL is
          stored.
        */
        if (key->flags & HA_NOSAME)
          fk->unique_index_name = key->name;
        else
          fk->unique_index_name = nullptr;
        return false;
      }
    } else {
      /*
        Default case. Engine only supports unique parent keys which
        contain exactly the same columns as foreign key, possibly
        in different order. Example: NDB.
      */
      if ((key->flags & HA_NOSAME) &&
          fk_is_key_exact_match_any_order(alter_info, fk->key_parts,
                                          fk_columns_lambda, key)) {
        fk->unique_index_name = key->name;
        return false;
      }
    }
  }

  //  No matching parent key!
  if (old_fk_table == nullptr) {
    // This is new foreign key for which parent key is missing.
    my_error(ER_FK_NO_INDEX_PARENT, MYF(0), fk->name, fk->ref_table.str);
  } else {
    /*
      Old foreign key for which parent key or supporting key must have
      been dropped by this ALTER TABLE. Some analysis is needed to determine
      what has been dropped.

      Find old foreign key definition first.
    */
    auto same_name = [fk](const dd::Foreign_key *el) {
      return my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk->name, el->name().c_str()) ==
             0;
    };

    auto old_fk = std::find_if(old_fk_table->foreign_keys().begin(),
                               old_fk_table->foreign_keys().end(), same_name);
    assert(old_fk != old_fk_table->foreign_keys().end());

    /*
      Then, unless the SE supports it, we need to find the old
      supporting key, to avoid selecting the incorrect parent key, and to
      make sure we determine whether the supporting or the parent key was
      dropped. This is done as follows:

      - If the name of the old and new supporting key is the same,
        then we have either dropped the parent key, or we have dropped
        the supporting key and renamed another key to the supporting
        key's name.
      - If the name of the old and new supporting key is different,
        then we have either dropped the supporting key, or we have dropped
        the parent key and renamed the supporting key to a different name.

      When finding the original key name, just getting the unique constraint
      name won't work for non-unique parent keys. Ideally, we should be
      using the handlerton of the old table version below, however, in
      practice, the new table version's handlerton works just fine, since
      we do not allow changing storage engines for tables with foreign keys.
    */
    const char *dropped_key = "<unknown key name>";
    if (hton->foreign_keys_flags &
        HTON_FKS_NEED_DIFFERENT_PARENT_AND_SUPPORTING_KEYS) {
      const dd::Index *old_sk =
          find_fk_supporting_key(hton, old_fk_table, *old_fk);
      const dd::Index *old_pk =
          find_fk_parent_key(hton, old_sk, old_fk_table, *old_fk);

      if (old_sk != nullptr && old_pk != nullptr) {
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, supporting_key->name,
                          old_sk->name().c_str()) == 0) {
          dropped_key = old_pk->name().c_str();
          auto renamed_to_sk = [supporting_key](const Alter_rename_key *key) {
            return (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, supporting_key->name,
                                  key->new_name) == 0);
          };
          if (std::any_of(alter_info->alter_rename_key_list.begin(),
                          alter_info->alter_rename_key_list.end(),
                          renamed_to_sk)) {
            dropped_key = old_sk->name().c_str();
          }
        } else {
          dropped_key = old_sk->name().c_str();
          auto renamed_from_sk = [old_sk](const Alter_rename_key *key) {
            return (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, old_sk->name().c_str(),
                                  key->old_name) == 0);
          };
          if (std::any_of(alter_info->alter_rename_key_list.begin(),
                          alter_info->alter_rename_key_list.end(),
                          renamed_from_sk)) {
            dropped_key = old_pk->name().c_str();
          }
        }
      }
    } else {
      const dd::Index *old_pk =
          find_fk_parent_key(hton, nullptr, old_fk_table, *old_fk);
      if (old_pk) dropped_key = old_pk->name().c_str();
    }

    my_error(ER_DROP_INDEX_FK, MYF(0), dropped_key);
  }
  return true;
}

/**
  Find supporting key for the foreign key.

  @param  hton              Handlerton for table's storage engine.
  @param  alter_info        Alter_info object describing child table.
  @param  key_info_buffer   Array describing keys in child table.
  @param  key_count         Number of keys in child table.
  @param  fk                FOREIGN_KEY object describing the FK.

  @sa find_fk_supporting_key(handlerton*, const dd::Table*,
                             const dd::Foreign_key*)

  @retval non-nullptr - pointer to KEY object describing supporting key.
  @retval nullptr     - if no supporting key were found.
*/
static const KEY *find_fk_supporting_key(handlerton *hton,
                                         Alter_info *alter_info,
                                         const KEY *key_info_buffer,
                                         const uint key_count,
                                         const FOREIGN_KEY *fk) {
  uint best_match_count = 0;
  const KEY *best_match_key = nullptr;

  auto fk_columns_lambda = [fk](uint i) { return fk->key_part[i].str; };

  for (const KEY *key = key_info_buffer; key < key_info_buffer + key_count;
       key++) {
    // We can't use FULLTEXT or SPATIAL indexes.
    if (key->flags & (HA_FULLTEXT | HA_SPATIAL)) continue;

    if (key->algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_HASH) {
      if (hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_SUPPORTING_HASH_KEYS) {
        /*
          Storage engine supports hash keys as supporting keys for foreign
          keys. Hash key should contain all foreign key columns and only
          them (although in any order).
          Example: NDB and unique/primary key with USING HASH clause.
         */
        if (fk_is_key_exact_match_any_order(alter_info, fk->key_parts,
                                            fk_columns_lambda, key))
          return key;
      }
    } else {
      if (hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_ANY_PREFIX_SUPPORTING_KEYS) {
        /*
          Storage engine supports non-hash keys which have common prefix
          with the foreign key as supporting keys for it. If there are
          several such keys, one which shares biggest prefix with FK is
          chosen.

          Example: NDB and non-unique keys, or unique/primary keys without
                   explicit USING HASH clause.
         */
        uint match_count = fk_key_prefix_match_count(
            alter_info, fk->key_parts, fk_columns_lambda, key, nullptr);

        if (match_count > best_match_count) {
          best_match_count = match_count;
          best_match_key = key;
        }
      } else {
        /*
          Default case. Storage engine supports non-hash keys which contain
          full foreign key as prefix as supporting key for it.
          Example: InnoDB.

          SQL-layer tries to automatically create such generated key when
          foreign key is created.
        */
        if (fk_key_is_full_prefix_match(alter_info, fk->key_parts,
                                        fk_columns_lambda, key, nullptr))
          return key;
      }
    }
  }
  return best_match_key;
}

/**
  Make old table definition's foreign keys use temporary names.
  This is needed to avoid problems with duplicate foreign key
  names while we have two definitions of the same table.

  @param  thd           Thread context.
  @param  db_name       Database where old table definition resides.
  @param  backup_name   Temporary name assigned to old table definition
                        during ALTER TABLE.

  @returns False - Success, True - Failure.
*/

static bool adjust_foreign_key_names_for_old_table_version(
    THD *thd, const char *db_name, const char *backup_name) {
  dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;
  MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(db_name, backup_name,
                                                 &table_def))
    return true;
  assert(table_def != nullptr);

  for (dd::Foreign_key *fk : *table_def->foreign_keys()) {
    char temp_fk_name[4 + 20 + 1];

    snprintf(temp_fk_name, sizeof(temp_fk_name), "#fk_%llu",
             (ulonglong)fk->id());

    /*
      Acquire metadata locks on temporary names before updating data-dictionary
      just in case somebody tries to create foreign keys with names like
      #fk_<number> concurrently.
    */
    MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;
    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::FOREIGN_KEY, db_name, temp_fk_name,
                     MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);
    mdl_requests.push_front(mdl_request);

    // Update dd::Foreign_key object but do not store it in data-dictionary yet.
    fk->set_name(temp_fk_name);
  }

  assert(!mdl_requests.is_empty());

  if (thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  return thd->dd_client()->update(table_def);
}

/**
  Find max value of number component among existing generated foreign
  key names for the table.

  @param table_name   Table name (should be already in lowercase
                      if l_c_t_n > 0).
  @param table_def    Table definition.
  @param hton         Table storage engine.

  @note We assume that generated names follow pattern:
        (table name)(SE-specific or default FK name suffix)(number)
        E.g. "table_name_ibfk_####" for InnoDB. This function is in sync
        with generate_fk_name() and dd::rename_foreign_keys().

  @note This function mimics dict_table_get_highest_foreign_id() from 5.7.
*/

static uint get_fk_max_generated_name_number(const char *table_name,
                                             const dd::Table *table_def,
                                             handlerton *hton) {
  uint key_number = 0;
  /*
    There is no need to lowercase table_name as it is already supposed
    to be in lowercase.
  */
  size_t table_name_length = strlen(table_name);

  const LEX_CSTRING &fk_name_suffix =
      hton->fk_name_suffix.str ? hton->fk_name_suffix : FK_NAME_DEFAULT_SUFFIX;

  for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def->foreign_keys()) {
    /*
      We assume that the name is generated if it starts with:
      <table_name><SE-specific or default FK name suffix>

      Note that unlike during RENAME TABLE handling, here, i.e. when
      generating name for new constraints, we mimic InnoDB's behavior from
      5.7 and ignore pre-existing generated names which have pre-4.0.18 format.
    */
    if (dd::is_generated_foreign_key_name(table_name, table_name_length, hton,
                                          *fk) &&
        (fk->name().c_str()[table_name_length + fk_name_suffix.length] !=
         '0')) {
      char *end = nullptr;
      uint nr = my_strtoull(
          fk->name().c_str() + table_name_length + fk_name_suffix.length, &end,
          10);
      if (!*end && nr > key_number) key_number = nr;
    }
  }
  return key_number;
}

/**
  Generate a foreign key name and store it in buffer provided.

  @note Foreign key names have to be unique for a given schema.
        This function is used when the user has not specified
        neither constraint name nor foreign key name.

  @note We generated names according to the pattern:
        (table name)(SE-specific or default FK name suffix)(counter)
        The counter is 1-based and per table. The number chosen for the
        counter is 1 higher than the highest number currently in use.
        For InnoDB "_ibfk_" is used as suffix, so names are compatible
        with names generated by InnoDB in 5.7. For NDB, suffix "_fk_"
        is used and compatibility is not preserved (as in 5.7 NDB
        uses radically different approach anyway).

  @param          name_buff                     Buffer for generated name.
  @param          name_buff_size                Size of name buffer, if buffer
                                                is too small generated name
                                                will be truncated.
  @param          table_name                    Table name.
  @param          hton                          Table storage engine.
  @param[in,out]  fk_max_generated_name_number  Max value of number component
                                                among existing generated
                                                foreign key names.
*/

static void generate_fk_name(char *name_buff, size_t name_buff_size,
                             const char *table_name, handlerton *hton,
                             uint *fk_max_generated_name_number) {
  snprintf(name_buff, name_buff_size, "%s%s%u", table_name,
           (hton->fk_name_suffix.str ? hton->fk_name_suffix.str
                                     : FK_NAME_DEFAULT_SUFFIX.str),
           ++*fk_max_generated_name_number);
}

/**
  Generate a foreign key name, allocate memory from thread's current
  memory root for it.

  @note Foreign key names have to be unique for a given schema.
        This function is used when the user has not specified
        neither constraint name nor foreign key name.

  @note We generated names according to the pattern:
        (table name)(SE-specific or default FK name suffix)(counter)
        The counter is 1-based and per table. The number chosen for the
        counter is 1 higher than the highest number currently in use.
        For InnoDB "_ibfk_" is used as suffix, so names are compatible
        with names generated by InnoDB in 5.7. For NDB, suffix "_fk_"
        is used and compatibility is not preserved (as in 5.7 NDB
        uses radically different approach anyway).

  @param         table_name                    Table name.
  @param         hton                          Table storage engine.
  @param[in,out] fk_max_generated_name_number  Max value of number component
                                               among existing generated foreign
                                               key names.

  @retval  Generated name
*/

static const char *generate_fk_name(const char *table_name, handlerton *hton,
                                    uint *fk_max_generated_name_number) {
  // The below buffer should be sufficient for any generated name.
  char name[NAME_LEN + MAX_FK_NAME_SUFFIX_LENGTH + 10 + 1];
  generate_fk_name(name, sizeof(name), table_name, hton,
                   fk_max_generated_name_number);
  return sql_strdup(name);
}

/**
  Check if candidate parent/supporting key contains exactly the same
  columns as the foreign key, possibly, in different order. Also check
  that columns usage by key is acceptable, i.e. key is not over column
  prefix.

  @tparam F               Function class which returns foreign key's
                          referenced or referencing (depending on whether
                          we check candidate parent or supporting key)
                          column name by its index.
  @param  fk_col_count    Number of columns in the foreign key.
  @param  fk_columns      Object of F type bound to the specific foreign key
                          for which parent/supporting key check is carried
                          out.
  @param  idx             dd::Index object describing candidate parent/
                          supporting key.

  @sa fk_is_key_exact_match_any_order(Alter_info, uint, F, KEY).

  @retval True  - Key is proper parent/supporting key for the foreign key.
  @retval False - Key can't be parent/supporting key for the foreign key.
*/
template <class F>
static bool fk_is_key_exact_match_any_order(uint fk_col_count,
                                            const F &fk_columns,
                                            const dd::Index *idx) {
  /*
    Skip keys which have less elements (including hidden ones)
    than foreign key right away.
  */
  if (fk_col_count > idx->elements().size()) return false;

  uint col_matched = 0;

  for (const dd::Index_element *idx_el : idx->elements()) {
    if (idx_el->is_hidden()) continue;

    uint j = 0;
    while (j < fk_col_count) {
      if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, idx_el->column().name().c_str(),
                        fk_columns(j)) == 0)
        break;
      j++;
    }
    if (j == fk_col_count) return false;

    /*
      Foreign keys over virtual columns are not allowed.
      This is checked at earlier stage.
    */
    assert(!idx_el->column().is_virtual());

    /*
      Prefix keys are not allowed/considered non-matching.

      There is a special provision which allows to treat unique keys on
      POINT and BLOB columns with prefix length equal to real column
      length as candidate/primary keys. However, since InnoDB doesn't
      allow columns of such types in FKs, we don't need similar provision
      here. So we can simply use dd::Index_element::is_prefix().

      Calling Index_element::is_prefix() can be a bit expensive so
      we do this after checking if foreign key has matching column
      (foreign key column list is likely to be small).
    */
    if (idx_el->is_prefix()) return false;

    ++col_matched;
  }

  return (col_matched == fk_col_count);
}

/**
  Count how many elements from the start of the candidate parent/supporting
  key match elements at the start of the foreign key (prefix parts are
  considered non-matching).

  @tparam F               Function class which returns foreign key's
                          referenced or referencing (depending on whether
                          we check candidate parent or supporting key)
                          column name by its index.
  @param  fk_col_count    Number of columns in the foreign key.
  @param  fk_columns      Object of F type bound to the specific foreign key
                          for which parent/supporting key check is carried
                          out.
  @param  idx             dd::Index object describing candidate parent/
                          supporting key.
  @param  use_hidden      Use hidden elements of the key as well.

  @sa fk_key_prefix_match_count(Alter_info, uint, F, KEY, KEY).

  @retval Number of matching columns.
*/
template <class F>
static uint fk_key_prefix_match_count(uint fk_col_count, const F &fk_columns,
                                      const dd::Index *idx, bool use_hidden) {
  uint fk_col_idx = 0;

  for (const dd::Index_element *idx_el : idx->elements()) {
    if (fk_col_idx == fk_col_count) break;

    if (!use_hidden && idx_el->is_hidden()) continue;

    if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, idx_el->column().name().c_str(),
                      fk_columns(fk_col_idx)) != 0)
      break;

    /*
      Foreign keys over virtual columns are not allowed.
      This is checked at earlier stage.
    */
    assert(!idx_el->column().is_virtual());

    /*
      Prefix parts are considered non-matching.

      There is a special provision which allows to treat unique keys on
      POINT and BLOB columns with prefix length equal to real column
      length as candidate/primary keys. However, since InnoDB doesn't
      allow columns of such types in FKs, we don't need similar provision
      here. So we can simply use dd::Index_element::is_prefix().

      Calling Index_element::is_prefix() can be a bit expensive so
      we do this after checking column name.

      InnoDB doesn't set correct length for hidden index elements so
      we simply assume that they use the full columns. We avoid calling
      this code when it is not correct, see find_fk_parent_key().
    */
    if (!idx_el->is_hidden() && idx_el->is_prefix()) break;

    ++fk_col_idx;
  }

  return fk_col_idx;
}

/**
  Check if candidate parent/supporting key contains all columns from the
  foreign key at its start and in the same order it is in the foreign key.
  Also check that columns usage by key is acceptable, i.e. key is not over
  column prefix.

  @tparam F               Function class which returns foreign key's
                          referenced or referencing (depending on whether
                          we check candidate parent or supporting key)
                          column name by its index.
  @param  fk_col_count    Number of columns in the foreign key.
  @param  fk_columns      Object of F type bound to the specific foreign key
                          for which parent/supporting key check is carried
                          out.
  @param  idx             dd::Index object describing candidate parent/
                          supporting key.
  @param  use_hidden      Use hidden elements of the key as well.

  @sa fk_key_is_full_prefix_match(Alter_info, uint, F, KEY, KEY).

  @retval True  - Key is proper parent/supporting key for the foreign key.
  @retval False - Key can't be parent/supporting key for the foreign key.
*/
template <class F>
static bool fk_key_is_full_prefix_match(uint fk_col_count, const F &fk_columns,
                                        const dd::Index *idx, bool use_hidden) {
  // The index must have at least same amount of elements as the foreign key.
  if (fk_col_count > idx->elements().size()) return false;

  uint match_count =
      fk_key_prefix_match_count(fk_col_count, fk_columns, idx, use_hidden);

  return (match_count == fk_col_count);
}

/**
  Find parent key which matches the foreign key. Prefer unique key if possible.

  @tparam F                 Function class which returns foreign key's column
                            name by its index.
  @param  hton              Handlerton for tables' storage engine. Used to
                            figure out what kind of parent keys are supported
                            by the storage engine..
  @param  supporting_key    Supporting key of the child. Needed to skip
                            supporting keys as candidate parent keys for
                            self referencing FKs.
  @param  parent_table_def  dd::Table object describing the parent table.
  @param  fk_col_count      Number of columns in the foreign key.
  @param  fk_columns        Object of F type bound to the specific foreign key
                            for which parent key check is carried out.

  @retval non-nullptr - pointer to dd::Index object describing the parent key.
  @retval nullptr     - if no parent key were found.
*/
template <class F>
static const dd::Index *find_fk_parent_key(handlerton *hton,
                                           const dd::Index *supporting_key,
                                           const dd::Table *parent_table_def,
                                           uint fk_col_count,
                                           const F &fk_columns) {
  bool use_hidden = false;

  if (hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_EXTENDED_PARENT_KEYS) {
    assert(hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_PREFIX_PARENT_KEYS);
    /*
      Engine considers hidden part of key (columns from primary key
      which are implicitly added to secondary keys) when determines
      if it can serve as parent. Example: InnoDB.

      Note that InnoDB doesn't correctly set length of these hidden
      elements of keys, so we assume that they always cover the whole
      column. To be able to do this we need to exclude primary keys
      with prefix elements [sic!] from consideration. This means that
      we won't support some exotic parent key scenarios which were
      supported in 5.7. For example:

      CREATE TABLE t1 (a INT, b CHAR(100), c int, KEY(c),
                       PRIMARY KEY (a, b(10)));
      CREATE TABLE t2 (fk1 int, fk2 int,
                       FOREIGN KEY (fk1, fk2) REFERENCES t1 (c, a));
    */
    dd::Table::Index_collection::const_iterator first_idx_it =
        std::find_if(parent_table_def->indexes().cbegin(),
                     parent_table_def->indexes().cend(),
                     [](const dd::Index *i) { return !i->is_hidden(); });

    if (first_idx_it != parent_table_def->indexes().cend()) {
      /*
        Unlike similar check in prepare_self_ref_fk_parent_key() call
        to dd::Index::is_candidate_key() is not cheap, so we try to
        avoid it unless absolutely necessary. As result we try to use
        hidden columns even for tables without implicit primary key,
        which works fine (since such tables won't have any hidden
        columns matching foreign key columns).
      */
      if ((*first_idx_it)->type() != dd::Index::IT_PRIMARY ||
          (*first_idx_it)->is_candidate_key())
        use_hidden = true;
    }
  }

  for (const dd::Index *idx : parent_table_def->indexes()) {
    // We can't use FULLTEXT or SPATIAL indexes.
    if (idx->type() == dd::Index::IT_FULLTEXT ||
        idx->type() == dd::Index::IT_SPATIAL)
      continue;

    if (hton->foreign_keys_flags &
        HTON_FKS_NEED_DIFFERENT_PARENT_AND_SUPPORTING_KEYS) {
      /*
        The storage engine does not support using the same index for both the
        supporting index and the parent index. In this case, the supporting
        index cannot be a candidate parent index, and must be skipped.
      */
      if (idx == supporting_key) continue;
    }

    // We also can't use hidden indexes.
    if (idx->is_hidden()) continue;

    if (hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_PREFIX_PARENT_KEYS) {
      /*
        Engine supports unique and non unique-parent keys which contain full
        foreign key as its prefix. Example: InnoDB.

        Primary and unique keys are sorted before non-unique keys.
        So if there is suitable unique parent key we will always find
        it before any non-unique key.
      */

      if (fk_key_is_full_prefix_match(fk_col_count, fk_columns, idx,
                                      use_hidden))
        return idx;
    } else {
      /*
        Default case. Engine only supports unique parent keys which
        contain exactly the same columns as foreign key, possibly
        in different order. Example: NDB.
      */
      if ((idx->type() == dd::Index::IT_PRIMARY ||
           idx->type() == dd::Index::IT_UNIQUE) &&
          fk_is_key_exact_match_any_order(fk_col_count, fk_columns, idx))
        return idx;
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

/**
  Find supporting key for the foreign key.

  @param  hton              Handlerton for tables' storage engine. Used to
                            figure out what kind of supporting keys are
                            allowed  by the storage engine.
  @param  table_def         dd::Table object describing the child table.
  @param  fk                dd::Foreign_key object describing the foreign
                            key.

  @sa find_fk_supporting_key(handlerton*, Alter_info*, const KEY*, uint,
                             const FOREIGN_KEY*)

  @retval non-nullptr - pointer to dd::Index object describing supporting key.
  @retval nullptr     - if no supporting key were found.
*/
static const dd::Index *find_fk_supporting_key(handlerton *hton,
                                               const dd::Table *table_def,
                                               const dd::Foreign_key *fk) {
  uint best_match_count = 0;
  const dd::Index *best_match_idx = nullptr;

  auto fk_columns_lambda = [fk](uint i) {
    return fk->elements()[i]->column().name().c_str();
  };

  for (const dd::Index *idx : table_def->indexes()) {
    // We can't use FULLTEXT or SPATIAL indexes.
    if (idx->type() == dd::Index::IT_FULLTEXT ||
        idx->type() == dd::Index::IT_SPATIAL)
      continue;

    // We also can't use hidden indexes.
    if (idx->is_hidden()) continue;

    if (idx->algorithm() == dd::Index::IA_HASH) {
      if (hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_SUPPORTING_HASH_KEYS) {
        /*
          Storage engine supports hash keys as supporting keys for foreign
          keys. Hash key should contain all foreign key columns and only
          them (although in any order).
          Example: NDB and unique/primary key with USING HASH clause.
         */
        if (fk_is_key_exact_match_any_order(fk->elements().size(),
                                            fk_columns_lambda, idx))
          return idx;
      }
    } else {
      if (hton->foreign_keys_flags & HTON_FKS_WITH_ANY_PREFIX_SUPPORTING_KEYS) {
        /*
          Storage engine supports non-hash keys which have common prefix
          with the foreign key as supporting keys for it. If there are
          several such keys, one which shares biggest prefix with FK is
          chosen.

          Example: NDB and non-unique keys, or unique/primary keys without
                   explicit USING HASH clause.
         */
        uint match_count = fk_key_prefix_match_count(
            fk->elements().size(), fk_columns_lambda, idx, false);

        if (match_count > best_match_count) {
          best_match_count = match_count;
          best_match_idx = idx;
        }
      } else {
        /*
          Default case. Storage engine supports non-hash keys which contain
          full foreign key as prefix as supporting key for it.
          Example: InnoDB.

          SQL-layer tries to automatically create such generated key when
          foreign key is created.
        */
        if (fk_key_is_full_prefix_match(fk->elements().size(),
                                        fk_columns_lambda, idx, false))
          return idx;
      }
    }
  }
  return best_match_idx;
}

/*
  Check if parent key for foreign key exists, set foreign key's unique
  constraint name accordingly. Emit error if no parent key found.

  @note Prefer unique key if possible. If parent key is non-unique
        unique constraint name is set to NULL.

  @note CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE code use this function for
        non-self-referencing foreign keys.

  @sa prepare_fk_parent_key(handlerton, dd::Table, dd::Table, dd::Table,
                            dd::Foreign_key)

  @param  hton              Handlerton for tables' storage engine.
  @param  parent_table_def  dd::Table object describing parent table.
  @param  fk[in,out]        FOREIGN_KEY object describing the FK, its
                            unique_index_name member will be updated
                            if matching unique constraint is found.

  @retval Operation result. False if success.
*/
static bool prepare_fk_parent_key(handlerton *hton,
                                  const dd::Table *parent_table_def,
                                  FOREIGN_KEY *fk) {
  auto fk_columns_lambda = [fk](uint i) { return fk->fk_key_part[i].str; };

  /*
    Here, it is safe to pass nullptr as supporting key, since this
    function is not called for self referencing foreign keys.
  */
  const dd::Index *parent_key = find_fk_parent_key(
      hton, nullptr, parent_table_def, fk->key_parts, fk_columns_lambda);

  if (parent_key != nullptr) {
    /*
      We only store names of PRIMARY/UNIQUE keys in unique_index_name,
      even though InnoDB allows non-unique indexes as parent keys.
    */
    if (parent_key->type() == dd::Index::IT_PRIMARY ||
        parent_key->type() == dd::Index::IT_UNIQUE) {
      fk->unique_index_name = parent_key->name().c_str();
    } else {
      assert(fk->unique_index_name == nullptr);
    }
    return false;
  }

  my_error(ER_FK_NO_INDEX_PARENT, MYF(0), fk->name, fk->ref_table.str);
  return true;
}

/**
  Find parent key which matches the foreign key. Prefer unique key if possible.

  @param  hton              Handlerton for tables' storage engine.
  @param  supporting_key    Supporting key of the child. Needed to skip
                            supporting keys as candidate parent keys for
                            self referencing FKs.
  @param  parent_table_def  dd::Table object describing the parent table.
  @param  fk                dd::Foreign_key object describing the foreign key.

  @retval non-nullptr - pointer to dd::Index object describing the parent key.
  @retval nullptr     - if no parent key were found.
*/
static const dd::Index *find_fk_parent_key(handlerton *hton,
                                           const dd::Index *supporting_key,
                                           const dd::Table *parent_table_def,
                                           const dd::Foreign_key *fk) {
  auto fk_columns_lambda = [fk](uint i) {
    return fk->elements()[i]->referenced_column_name().c_str();
  };
  return find_fk_parent_key(hton, supporting_key, parent_table_def,
                            fk->elements().size(), fk_columns_lambda);
}

bool prepare_fk_parent_key(handlerton *hton, const dd::Table *parent_table_def,
                           const dd::Table *old_parent_table_def,
                           const dd::Table *old_child_table_def,
                           bool is_self_referencing_fk, dd::Foreign_key *fk) {
  const dd::Index *supporting_key = nullptr;

  /*
    For self referencing foreign keys, we should identify the supporting
    key to make sure it is not considered as a candidate parent key,
    unless the SE supports this. This function will be called for self
    referencing foreign keys only during upgrade from 5.7.
  */
  if (is_self_referencing_fk &&
      (hton->foreign_keys_flags &
       HTON_FKS_NEED_DIFFERENT_PARENT_AND_SUPPORTING_KEYS)) {
    supporting_key = find_fk_supporting_key(hton, parent_table_def, fk);
  }

  const dd::Index *parent_key =
      find_fk_parent_key(hton, supporting_key, parent_table_def, fk);

  if (parent_key == nullptr) {
    // No matching parent key in new table definition.
    if (old_parent_table_def == nullptr) {
      /*
        No old version of parent table definition. This must be CREATE
        TABLE or RENAME TABLE (or possibly ALTER TABLE RENAME).
      */
      my_error(ER_FK_NO_INDEX_PARENT, MYF(0), fk->name().c_str(),
               fk->referenced_table_name().c_str());
    } else {
      /*
        This is ALTER TABLE which dropped parent key.

        To report error we find original foreign key definition first.
      */
      assert(old_child_table_def != nullptr);
      auto same_name = [fk](const dd::Foreign_key *el) {
        return my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk->name().c_str(),
                             el->name().c_str()) == 0;
      };
      auto old_fk =
          std::find_if(old_child_table_def->foreign_keys().begin(),
                       old_child_table_def->foreign_keys().end(), same_name);
      assert(old_fk != old_child_table_def->foreign_keys().end());

      /*
        This function is normally called only for non-self referencing foreign
        keys. The only exception is during upgrade from 5.7, in which case
        old_parent_table_def == nullptr, which means that a different execution
        path is taken above. Hence, it is safe to submit nullptr as the
        supporting key in the call to find_fk_parent_key() below.
      */
      assert(!is_self_referencing_fk);

      /*
        And then try to find original parent key name. Just getting
        unique constraint name won't work for non-unique parent key.
        Ideally we should be using handlerton of old table version
        below, however, in practice, new table version's handlerton
        works just fine, since we do not allow changing of storage
        engines for tables with foreign keys.
      */
      const dd::Index *old_pk =
          find_fk_parent_key(hton, nullptr, old_parent_table_def, *old_fk);
      my_error(ER_DROP_INDEX_FK, MYF(0),
               old_pk ? old_pk->name().c_str() : "<unknown key name>");
    }
    return true;
  }

  /*
    If parent key is not PRIMARY/UNIQUE set UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME to
    NULL value. This is done by setting the name to "", which is
    interpreted as NULL when it is stored to the DD tables.
  */
  if (parent_key->type() == dd::Index::IT_PRIMARY ||
      parent_key->type() == dd::Index::IT_UNIQUE) {
    fk->set_unique_constraint_name(parent_key->name().c_str());
  } else {
    fk->set_unique_constraint_name("");
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Helper which builds Ha_fk_column_type describing column type from
  its Create_field object.

  @sa fill_dd_columns_from_create_fields().
*/

static void fill_ha_fk_column_type(Ha_fk_column_type *fk_column_type,
                                   const Create_field *field) {
  fk_column_type->type = dd::get_new_field_type(field->sql_type);
  fk_column_type->char_length = field->max_display_width_in_bytes();
  fk_column_type->field_charset = field->charset;
  fk_column_type->elements_count = field->interval ? field->interval->count : 0;
  fk_column_type->numeric_scale = 0;
  dd::get_field_numeric_scale(field, &fk_column_type->numeric_scale);
  fk_column_type->is_unsigned = field->is_unsigned;
}

/**
  Helper which builds Ha_fk_column_type describing column type from
  its dd::Column object.
*/

static bool fill_ha_fk_column_type(Ha_fk_column_type *fk_column_type,
                                   const dd::Column *column) {
  fk_column_type->type = column->type();
  fk_column_type->char_length = column->char_length();
  fk_column_type->field_charset = dd_get_mysql_charset(column->collation_id());
  if (fk_column_type->field_charset == nullptr) {
    my_printf_error(ER_UNKNOWN_COLLATION,
                    "invalid collation id %llu for table %s, column %s", MYF(0),
                    column->collation_id(), column->table().name().c_str(),
                    column->name().c_str());
    return true;
  }
  fk_column_type->elements_count = column->elements_count();
  fk_column_type->numeric_scale = column->numeric_scale();
  fk_column_type->is_unsigned = column->is_unsigned();
  return false;
}

/**
  Prepare FOREIGN_KEY struct with info about a foreign key.

  @param thd                 Thread handle.
  @param create_info         Create info from parser.
  @param alter_info          Alter_info structure describing ALTER TABLE.
  @param db                  Database name.
  @param table_name          Table name.
  @param is_partitioned      Indicates whether table is partitioned.
  @param key_info_buffer     Array of indexes.
  @param key_count           Number of indexes.
  @param fk_info_all         FOREIGN_KEY array with foreign keys which were
                             already processed.
  @param fk_number           Number of foreign keys which were already
                             processed.
  @param se_supports_fks     Indicates whether SE supports FKs.
                             If not only basic FK validation is
                             performed.
  @param find_parent_key     Indicates whether we need to lookup name of unique
                             constraint in parent table for the FK.
  @param[in,out] fk_key                        Parser info about new FK to
                                               prepare.
  @param[in,out] fk_max_generated_name_number  Max value of number component
                                               among existing generated foreign
                                               key names.
  @param[out] fk_info        Struct to populate.

  @retval true if error (error reported), false otherwise.
*/

static bool prepare_foreign_key(THD *thd, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                                Alter_info *alter_info, const char *db,
                                const char *table_name, bool is_partitioned,
                                KEY *key_info_buffer, uint key_count,
                                const FOREIGN_KEY *fk_info_all, uint fk_number,
                                bool se_supports_fks, bool find_parent_key,
                                Foreign_key_spec *fk_key,
                                uint *fk_max_generated_name_number,
                                FOREIGN_KEY *fk_info) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  // FKs are not supported for temporary tables.
  if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
    my_error(ER_CANNOT_ADD_FOREIGN, MYF(0), table_name);
    return true;
  }

  // FKs are not supported with CREATE TABLE ... START TRANSACTION.
  if (create_info->m_transactional_ddl) {
    my_error(ER_FOREIGN_KEY_WITH_ATOMIC_CREATE_SELECT, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  // Validate checks (among other things) that index prefixes are
  // not used and that generated columns are not used with
  // SET NULL and ON UPDATE CASCASE. Since this cannot change once
  // the FK has been made, it is enough to check it for new FKs.
  if (fk_key->validate(thd, table_name, alter_info->create_list)) return true;

  if (!se_supports_fks) return false;

  if (fk_key->has_explicit_name) {
    assert(fk_key->name.str);
    fk_info->name = fk_key->name.str;
  } else {
    fk_info->name = generate_fk_name(table_name, create_info->db_type,
                                     fk_max_generated_name_number);
    /*
      Update Foreign_key_spec::name member as some storage engines
      (e.g. NDB) rely on this information. To make this safe for
      prepared statement re-execution we have to employ
      Foreign_key_spec::has_explicit_name. Solving this issue in a
      better way requires change of approach which NDB uses to get
      info about added foreign keys.
    */
    fk_key->name.str = thd->stmt_arena->mem_strdup(fk_info->name);
    fk_key->name.length = strlen(fk_info->name);

    // Length of generated name should be checked as well.
    if (check_string_char_length(to_lex_cstring(fk_info->name), "",
                                 NAME_CHAR_LEN, system_charset_info, true)) {
      my_error(ER_TOO_LONG_IDENT, MYF(0), fk_info->name);
      return true;
    }
  }

  /*
    Check that we are not creating several foreign keys with the same
    name over same table. This is mostly to avoid expensive phases of
    ALTER TABLE in such a case. Without this check the problem will be
    detected at the later stage when info about foreign keys is stored
    in data-dictionary.
  */
  for (uint fk_idx = 0; fk_idx < fk_number; fk_idx++) {
    if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk_info_all[fk_idx].name,
                       fk_info->name)) {
      my_error(ER_FK_DUP_NAME, MYF(0), fk_info->name);
      return true;
    }
  }

  fk_info->key_parts = fk_key->columns.size();

  /*
    In --lower-case-table-names=2 mode we are to use lowercased versions of
    parent db and table names for acquiring MDL and lookup, but still need
    to store their original versions in the data-dictionary.
  */
  if (lower_case_table_names == 2) {
    fk_info->ref_db = fk_key->orig_ref_db;
    fk_info->ref_table = fk_key->orig_ref_table;
  } else {
    fk_info->ref_db = fk_key->ref_db;
    fk_info->ref_table = fk_key->ref_table;
  }

  fk_info->delete_opt = fk_key->delete_opt;
  fk_info->update_opt = fk_key->update_opt;
  fk_info->match_opt = fk_key->match_opt;

  fk_info->key_part = reinterpret_cast<LEX_CSTRING *>(
      thd->mem_calloc(sizeof(LEX_CSTRING) * fk_key->columns.size()));
  fk_info->fk_key_part = reinterpret_cast<LEX_CSTRING *>(
      thd->mem_calloc(sizeof(LEX_CSTRING) * fk_key->columns.size()));

  Prealloced_array<Create_field *, 1> referencing_fields(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME);

  for (size_t column_nr = 0; column_nr < fk_key->ref_columns.size();
       column_nr++) {
    const Key_part_spec *col = fk_key->columns[column_nr];

    /* Check that referencing column exists and is not virtual. */
    List_iterator<Create_field> find_it(alter_info->create_list);
    Create_field *find;
    while ((find = find_it++)) {
      if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, col->get_field_name(),
                        find->field_name) == 0) {
        break;
      }
    }
    if (find == nullptr) {
      /*
        In practice this should not happen as wrong column name is caught
        during generated index processing and error with good enough message
        is reported. So we don't fuss about error message here.
      */
      my_error(ER_CANNOT_ADD_FOREIGN, MYF(0));
      return true;
    }

    if (find->is_virtual_gcol()) {
      my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_USE_VIRTUAL_COLUMN, MYF(0), fk_info->name,
               col->get_field_name());
      return true;
    }

    /*
      Foreign keys with SET NULL as one of referential actions do not
      make sense if any of referencing columns are non-nullable, so
      we prohibit them.
    */
    if ((fk_info->delete_opt == FK_OPTION_SET_NULL ||
         fk_info->update_opt == FK_OPTION_SET_NULL) &&
        find->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) {
      my_error(ER_FK_COLUMN_NOT_NULL, MYF(0), col->get_field_name(),
               fk_info->name);
      return true;
    }

    /*
      Check constraints evaluation is done before writing row to the storage
      engine but foreign key referential actions SET NULL, UPDATE CASCADE and
      SET DEFAULT are executed by the engine. Check constraints can not be
      evaluated for the these foreign key referential actions, so prohibit
      them.
    */
    if (fk_info->delete_opt == FK_OPTION_SET_NULL ||
        fk_info->delete_opt == FK_OPTION_DEFAULT ||
        fk_info->update_opt == FK_OPTION_SET_NULL ||
        fk_info->update_opt == FK_OPTION_DEFAULT ||
        fk_info->update_opt == FK_OPTION_CASCADE) {
      for (auto &cc_spec : alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list) {
        if (cc_spec->expr_refers_column(find->field_name)) {
          my_error(ER_CHECK_CONSTRAINT_CLAUSE_USING_FK_REFER_ACTION_COLUMN,
                   MYF(0), find->field_name, cc_spec->name.str, fk_info->name);
          return true;
        }
      }
    }

    referencing_fields.push_back(find);

    /*
      Unlike for referenced columns, for referencing columns it doesn't matter
      which version of column name (i.e. coming from FOREIGN KEY clause or
      coming from table definition, they can differ in case) is stored in
      FOREIGN_KEY structure. Information about referencing columns is stored
      as their IDs in the data dictionary and as pointer to dd::Column object
      in in-memory representation.
    */
    fk_info->key_part[column_nr].str = col->get_field_name();
    fk_info->key_part[column_nr].length = std::strlen(col->get_field_name());

    /*
      Save version of referenced column name coming from FOREIGN KEY clause.
      Later we will replace it with version of name coming from parent table
      definition if possible (these versions can differ in case).
    */
    const Key_part_spec *fk_col = fk_key->ref_columns[column_nr];
    fk_info->fk_key_part[column_nr].str = fk_col->get_field_name();
    fk_info->fk_key_part[column_nr].length =
        std::strlen(fk_col->get_field_name());
  }

  if (find_parent_key) {
    /*
      Check if we are trying to add foreign key to partitioned table
      and table's storage engine doesn't support foreign keys over
      partitioned tables.
    */
    if (is_partitioned &&
        (!create_info->db_type->partition_flags ||
         create_info->db_type->partition_flags() & HA_CANNOT_PARTITION_FK)) {
      my_error(ER_FOREIGN_KEY_ON_PARTITIONED, MYF(0));
      return true;
    }

    const KEY *supporting_key = find_fk_supporting_key(
        create_info->db_type, alter_info, key_info_buffer, key_count, fk_info);

    if (supporting_key == nullptr) {
      /*
        Since we always add generated supporting key when adding new
        foreign key the failure to find key above is likely to mean
        that generated key was auto-converted to spatial key or it is
        some other corner case.
      */
      my_error(ER_FK_NO_INDEX_CHILD, MYF(0), fk_info->name, table_name);
      return true;
    }

    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk_info->ref_db.str, db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk_info->ref_table.str,
                      table_name) == 0) {
      // FK which references the same table on which it is defined.
      for (uint i = 0; i < fk_info->key_parts; i++) {
        List_iterator_fast<Create_field> field_it(alter_info->create_list);
        const Create_field *field;

        // Check that referenced column exists and is non-virtual.
        while ((field = field_it++)) {
          if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field->field_name,
                            fk_info->fk_key_part[i].str) == 0)
            break;
        }
        if (field == nullptr) {
          my_error(ER_FK_NO_COLUMN_PARENT, MYF(0), fk_info->fk_key_part[i].str,
                   fk_info->name, fk_info->ref_table.str);
          return true;
        }

        if (field->is_virtual_gcol()) {
          my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_USE_VIRTUAL_COLUMN, MYF(0), fk_info->name,
                   fk_info->fk_key_part[i].str);
          return true;
        }

        // Check that types of referencing and referenced columns are
        // compatible.
        if (create_info->db_type->check_fk_column_compat) {
          Ha_fk_column_type child_column_type, parent_column_type;

          fill_ha_fk_column_type(&child_column_type, referencing_fields[i]);
          fill_ha_fk_column_type(&parent_column_type, field);

          if (!create_info->db_type->check_fk_column_compat(
                  &child_column_type, &parent_column_type, true)) {
            my_error(ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS, MYF(0),
                     fk_info->key_part[i].str, fk_info->fk_key_part[i].str,
                     fk_info->name);
            return true;
          }
        }

        /*
          Be compatible with 5.7. Use version of referenced column name
          coming from parent table definition and not the one that was
          used in FOREIGN KEY clause.
        */
        fk_info->fk_key_part[i].str = field->field_name;
        fk_info->fk_key_part[i].length = std::strlen(field->field_name);
      }

      if (prepare_self_ref_fk_parent_key(create_info->db_type, alter_info,
                                         key_info_buffer, key_count,
                                         supporting_key, nullptr, fk_info))
        return true;
    } else {
      /*
        FK which references other table than one on which it is defined.

        Check that table exists and its storage engine as the first step.
      */
      const dd::Table *parent_table_def = nullptr;

      if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(fk_info->ref_db.str, fk_info->ref_table.str,
                                    &parent_table_def))
        return true;

      handlerton *parent_hton = nullptr;
      if (parent_table_def != nullptr &&
          dd::table_storage_engine(thd, parent_table_def, &parent_hton))
        return true;

      if (parent_table_def == nullptr || create_info->db_type != parent_hton) {
        if (!(thd->variables.option_bits & OPTION_NO_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS)) {
          my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_OPEN_PARENT, MYF(0), fk_info->ref_table.str);
          return true;
        }
        /*
          Missing parent table is legitimate case in FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 mode.

          FOREIGN_KEY::unique_index_name should be already set to value which
          corresponds to NULL value in FOREIGN_KEYS.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME
          column.

          For compatibility reasons we treat difference in parent SE in the same
          way as missing parent table.
        */
        assert(fk_info->unique_index_name == nullptr);
      } else {
        /*
          Check that parent table is not partitioned or storage engine
          supports foreign keys over partitioned tables.
        */
        if (parent_table_def->partition_type() != dd::Table::PT_NONE &&
            (!parent_hton->partition_flags ||
             parent_hton->partition_flags() & HA_CANNOT_PARTITION_FK)) {
          my_error(ER_FOREIGN_KEY_ON_PARTITIONED, MYF(0));
          return true;
        }

        /* Then check that referenced columns exist and are non-virtual. */
        for (uint i = 0; i < fk_info->key_parts; i++) {
          const char *ref_column_name = fk_info->fk_key_part[i].str;

          auto same_column_name = [ref_column_name](const dd::Column *c) {
            return my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, c->name().c_str(),
                                 ref_column_name) == 0;
          };

          auto ref_column =
              std::find_if(parent_table_def->columns().begin(),
                           parent_table_def->columns().end(), same_column_name);

          if (ref_column == parent_table_def->columns().end()) {
            my_error(ER_FK_NO_COLUMN_PARENT, MYF(0), ref_column_name,
                     fk_info->name, fk_info->ref_table.str);
            return true;
          }

          if ((*ref_column)->is_virtual()) {
            my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_USE_VIRTUAL_COLUMN, MYF(0), fk_info->name,
                     ref_column_name);
            return true;
          }

          // Check that types of referencing and referenced columns are
          // compatible.
          if (create_info->db_type->check_fk_column_compat) {
            Ha_fk_column_type child_column_type, parent_column_type;

            fill_ha_fk_column_type(&child_column_type, referencing_fields[i]);
            if (fill_ha_fk_column_type(&parent_column_type, *ref_column))
              return true;

            if (!create_info->db_type->check_fk_column_compat(
                    &child_column_type, &parent_column_type, true)) {
              my_error(ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS, MYF(0),
                       fk_info->key_part[i].str, ref_column_name,
                       fk_info->name);
              return true;
            }
          }

          /*
            Be compatible with 5.7. Use version of referenced column name
            coming from parent table definition and not the one that was
            used in FOREIGN KEY clause.
          */
          fk_info->fk_key_part[i].str = (*ref_column)->name().c_str();
          fk_info->fk_key_part[i].length = (*ref_column)->name().length();
        }

        if (prepare_fk_parent_key(create_info->db_type, parent_table_def,
                                  fk_info))
          return true;
      }
    }
  } else {
    assert(fk_info->unique_index_name == nullptr);
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Check that pre-existing self-referencing foreign key or an orphan
  non-self-referencing foreign key become non-orphan/adopted self-referencing
  foreign key as a result of table rename operation will be valid after ALTER
  TABLE, i.e. that table has parent index and types of child and parent
  columns are compatible. Also update DD.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME accordingly.

  @param          thd                 Thread context..
  @param          create_info         HA_CREATE_INFO describing table.
  @param          alter_info          Alter_info structure describing
                                      table.
  @param          key_info            Array of indexes.
  @param          key_count           Number of indexes.
  @param          supporting_key      Supporting key for the foreign key.
  @param          existing_fks_table  dd::Table object for table version
                                      from which pre-existing foreign keys
                                      come from. Needed for error
                                      reporting.
  @param          referencing_fields  List of foreign key referencing fields.
  @param[in,out]  fk                  FOREIGN_KEY object describing
                                      pre-existing foreign key.

  @retval true if error (error reported), false otherwise.
*/
static bool prepare_preexisting_self_ref_foreign_key(
    THD *thd, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info, Alter_info *alter_info,
    KEY *key_info, uint key_count, const KEY *supporting_key,
    const dd::Table *existing_fks_table, FOREIGN_KEY *fk,
    const Prealloced_array<Create_field *, 1> &referencing_fields) {
  Create_field *sql_field;
  List_iterator<Create_field> it(alter_info->create_list);

  // Check that types of child and parent columns are still compatible.
  if (create_info->db_type->check_fk_column_compat) {
    for (size_t j = 0; j < fk->key_parts; j++) {
      it.rewind();
      while ((sql_field = it++)) {
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk->fk_key_part[j].str,
                          sql_field->field_name) == 0)
          break;
      }
      // We already have checked that referenced column exists.
      assert(sql_field != nullptr);

      Ha_fk_column_type child_column_type, parent_column_type;

      fill_ha_fk_column_type(&child_column_type, referencing_fields[j]);
      fill_ha_fk_column_type(&parent_column_type, sql_field);

      /*
        Allow charset discrepancies between child and parent columns
        in FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 mode. This provides a way to change
        charset of column which participates in a foreign key without
        dropping the latter.
        We allow such discrepancies even for foreign keys that has same
        table as child and parent in order to be consistent with general
        case, in which there is no way to change charset of both child
        and parent columns simultaneously.

        We do not allow creation of same discrepancies when adding
        new foreign key using CREATE/ALTER TABLE or adding new parent
        for existing orphan foreign key using CREATE/RENAME TABLE.
      */
      if (!create_info->db_type->check_fk_column_compat(
              &child_column_type, &parent_column_type,
              !(thd->variables.option_bits & OPTION_NO_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS))) {
        my_error(ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS, MYF(0), fk->key_part[j].str,
                 fk->fk_key_part[j].str, fk->name);
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  /*
    Check that foreign key still has matching parent key and adjust
    DD.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME accordingly.
  */
  if (prepare_self_ref_fk_parent_key(create_info->db_type, alter_info, key_info,
                                     key_count, supporting_key,
                                     existing_fks_table, fk))
    return true;

  return false;
}

/**
  Check that pre-existing foreign key will be still valid after ALTER TABLE,
  i.e. that table still has supporting index and types of child and parent
  columns are still compatible. Also if necessary check that there is parent
  index and update DD.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME accordingly.

  @param          thd                 Thread context..
  @param          create_info         HA_CREATE_INFO describing table.
  @param          alter_info          Alter_info structure describing
                                      ALTER TABLE.
  @param          schema_name         Table schema name.
  @param          table_name          Table name.
  @param          key_info            Array of indexes.
  @param          key_count           Number of indexes.
  @param          existing_fks_table  dd::Table object for table version
                                      from which pre-existing foreign keys
                                      come from. Needed for error
                                      reporting.
  @param[in,out]  fk                  FOREIGN_KEY object describing
                                      pre-existing foreign key.

  @retval true if error (error reported), false otherwise.
*/
static bool prepare_preexisting_foreign_key(
    THD *thd, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info, Alter_info *alter_info,
    const char *schema_name, const char *table_name, KEY *key_info,
    uint key_count, const dd::Table *existing_fks_table, FOREIGN_KEY *fk) {
  Create_field *sql_field;
  List_iterator<Create_field> it(alter_info->create_list);
  Prealloced_array<Create_field *, 1> referencing_fields(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME);

  for (size_t j = 0; j < fk->key_parts; j++) {
    it.rewind();
    while ((sql_field = it++)) {
      if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk->key_part[j].str,
                        sql_field->field_name) == 0)
        break;
    }
    // We already have checked that referencing column exists.
    assert(sql_field != nullptr);
    // Save Create_field to be used in type compatibility check later.
    referencing_fields.push_back(sql_field);

    /*
      Check if this foreign key has SET NULL as one of referential actions
      and one of its referencing columns became non-nullable.

      We do this check here rather than in transfer_preexisting_foreign_keys()
      in order to avoid complicated handling of case when column becomes
      non-nullable implicitly because it is part of PRIMARY KEY added.
    */
    if ((fk->delete_opt == FK_OPTION_SET_NULL ||
         fk->update_opt == FK_OPTION_SET_NULL) &&
        (sql_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG)) {
      my_error(ER_FK_COLUMN_NOT_NULL, MYF(0), fk->key_part[j].str, fk->name);
      return true;
    }

    /*
      Check constraints evaluation is done before writing row to the storage
      engine but foreign key referential actions SET NULL, UPDATE CASCADE and
      SET DEFAULT are executed by the engine. Check constraints can not be
      evaluated for the these foreign key referential actions, so we prohibit
      them.
    */
    if (fk->delete_opt == FK_OPTION_SET_NULL ||
        fk->delete_opt == FK_OPTION_DEFAULT ||
        fk->update_opt == FK_OPTION_SET_NULL ||
        fk->update_opt == FK_OPTION_DEFAULT ||
        fk->update_opt == FK_OPTION_CASCADE) {
      for (auto &cc_spec : alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list) {
        if (cc_spec->expr_refers_column(sql_field->field_name)) {
          my_error(ER_CHECK_CONSTRAINT_CLAUSE_USING_FK_REFER_ACTION_COLUMN,
                   MYF(0), sql_field->field_name, cc_spec->name.str, fk->name);
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // Check that we still have supporting index on child table.
  const KEY *supporting_key = find_fk_supporting_key(
      create_info->db_type, alter_info, key_info, key_count, fk);
  if (supporting_key == nullptr) {
    /*
      If there is no supporting index, it must have been dropped by
      this ALTER TABLE. Find old foreign key definition and supporting
      index which matched it in old table definition in order to report
      nice error.
    */
    auto same_name = [fk](const dd::Foreign_key *el) {
      return my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk->name, el->name().c_str()) ==
             0;
    };
    auto old_fk =
        std::find_if(existing_fks_table->foreign_keys().begin(),
                     existing_fks_table->foreign_keys().end(), same_name);
    assert(old_fk != existing_fks_table->foreign_keys().end());

    const dd::Index *old_key = find_fk_supporting_key(
        create_info->db_type, existing_fks_table, *old_fk);
    my_error(ER_DROP_INDEX_FK, MYF(0),
             old_key ? old_key->name().c_str() : "<unknown key name>");
    return true;
  }

  if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->ref_db.str, schema_name) == 0 &&
      my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->ref_table.str, table_name) == 0) {
    // Pre-existing foreign key which has same table as parent and child.

    // TODO: Run this check only in cases when column type is really changed in
    // order to avoid unnecessary work.
    if (prepare_preexisting_self_ref_foreign_key(
            thd, create_info, alter_info, key_info, key_count, supporting_key,
            existing_fks_table, fk, referencing_fields))
      return true;
  } else if (alter_info->new_table_name.str != nullptr &&
             my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->ref_db.str,
                           alter_info->new_db_name.str) == 0 &&
             my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->ref_table.str,
                           alter_info->new_table_name.str) == 0) {
    /*
      Pre-existing orphan non-self-referencing foreign key become
      non-orphan/adopted self-referencing foreign key as a result of table
      rename operation.
    */
    if (prepare_preexisting_self_ref_foreign_key(
            thd, create_info, alter_info, key_info, key_count, supporting_key,
            nullptr, fk, referencing_fields))
      return true;
  } else {
    /*
      Pre-existing foreign key with different tables as child and parent.

      There is no need to update DD.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME.

      Parent table definition is needed to check column types compatibility.

      Skip check if parent table doesn't exist or uses wrong engine.
    */
    if (create_info->db_type->check_fk_column_compat) {
      const dd::Table *parent_table_def = nullptr;
      if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(fk->ref_db.str, fk->ref_table.str,
                                    &parent_table_def))
        return true;

      handlerton *parent_hton = nullptr;
      if (parent_table_def != nullptr &&
          dd::table_storage_engine(thd, parent_table_def, &parent_hton))
        return true;

      if (parent_table_def != nullptr && create_info->db_type == parent_hton) {
        for (size_t j = 0; j < fk->key_parts; j++) {
          const char *ref_column_name = fk->fk_key_part[j].str;

          auto same_column_name = [ref_column_name](const dd::Column *c) {
            return my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, c->name().c_str(),
                                 ref_column_name) == 0;
          };

          auto ref_column =
              std::find_if(parent_table_def->columns().begin(),
                           parent_table_def->columns().end(), same_column_name);
          assert(ref_column != parent_table_def->columns().end());

          Ha_fk_column_type child_column_type, parent_column_type;

          fill_ha_fk_column_type(&child_column_type, referencing_fields[j]);
          if (fill_ha_fk_column_type(&parent_column_type, *ref_column))
            return true;

          /*
            See comment in prepare_preexisting_self_ref_foreign_key() about
            allowing charset discrepancies between child and parent columns in
            FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 mode.
          */
          if (!create_info->db_type->check_fk_column_compat(
                  &child_column_type, &parent_column_type,
                  !(thd->variables.option_bits &
                    OPTION_NO_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS))) {
            my_error(ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS, MYF(0), fk->key_part[j].str,
                     ref_column_name, fk->name);
            return true;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

static bool prepare_key(
    THD *thd, const char *error_schema_name, const char *error_table_name,
    HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info, List<Create_field> *create_list,
    const Key_spec *key, KEY **key_info_buffer, KEY *key_info,
    KEY_PART_INFO **key_part_info, Mem_root_array<const KEY *> &keys_to_check,
    uint key_number, const handler *file, int *auto_increment) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  assert(create_list);
  assert(key_info->flags == 0);  // No flags should be set yet

  /*
    General checks.
  */

  if (key->columns.size() > file->max_key_parts() &&
      key->type != KEYTYPE_SPATIAL) {
    my_error(ER_TOO_MANY_KEY_PARTS, MYF(0), file->max_key_parts());
    return true;
  }

  if (check_string_char_length(key->name, "", NAME_CHAR_LEN,
                               system_charset_info, true)) {
    my_error(ER_TOO_LONG_IDENT, MYF(0), key->name.str);
    return true;
  }

  if (key->name.str && (key->type != KEYTYPE_PRIMARY) &&
      !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key->name.str, primary_key_name)) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_NAME_FOR_INDEX, MYF(0), key->name.str);
    return true;
  }

  /* Create the key name based on the first column (if not given) */
  if (key->type == KEYTYPE_PRIMARY)
    key_info->name = primary_key_name;
  else if (key->name.str)
    key_info->name = key->name.str;
  else {
    const Key_part_spec *first_col = key->columns[0];
    List_iterator<Create_field> it(*create_list);
    Create_field *sql_field;
    while ((sql_field = it++) &&
           my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, first_col->get_field_name(),
                         sql_field->field_name))
      ;
    if (!sql_field) {
      my_error(ER_KEY_COLUMN_DOES_NOT_EXITS, MYF(0),
               first_col->get_field_name());
      return true;
    }
    key_info->name =
        make_unique_key_name(sql_field->field_name, *key_info_buffer, key_info);
  }
  if (key->type != KEYTYPE_PRIMARY &&
      check_if_keyname_exists(key_info->name, *key_info_buffer, key_info)) {
    my_error(ER_DUP_KEYNAME, MYF(0), key_info->name);
    return true;
  }

  if (!key_info->name || check_column_name(to_lex_cstring(key_info->name))) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_NAME_FOR_INDEX, MYF(0), key_info->name);
    return true;
  }

  key_info->comment.length = key->key_create_info.comment.length;
  key_info->comment.str = key->key_create_info.comment.str;

  // Validate index comment string
  std::string invalid_sub_str;
  if (is_invalid_string({key_info->comment.str, key_info->comment.length},
                        system_charset_info, invalid_sub_str)) {
    my_error(ER_COMMENT_CONTAINS_INVALID_STRING, MYF(0), "index",
             (std::string(error_schema_name) + "." +
              std::string(error_table_name) + "." + std::string(key->name.str))
                 .c_str(),
             system_charset_info->csname, invalid_sub_str.c_str());
    return true;
  }

  if (validate_comment_length(thd, key_info->comment.str,
                              &key_info->comment.length, INDEX_COMMENT_MAXLEN,
                              ER_TOO_LONG_INDEX_COMMENT, key_info->name))
    return true;
  if (key_info->comment.length > 0) key_info->flags |= HA_USES_COMMENT;

  key_info->engine_attribute = key->key_create_info.m_engine_attribute;
  if (key_info->engine_attribute.length > 0)
    key_info->flags |= HA_INDEX_USES_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE;
  key_info->secondary_engine_attribute =
      key->key_create_info.m_secondary_engine_attribute;
  if (key_info->secondary_engine_attribute.length > 0)
    key_info->flags |= HA_INDEX_USES_SECONDARY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE;
#ifndef NDEBUG
  decltype(key_info->flags) flags_before_switch = key_info->flags;
#endif /* NDEBUG */
  switch (key->type) {
    case KEYTYPE_MULTIPLE:
      break;
    case KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT:
      if (!(file->ha_table_flags() & HA_CAN_FULLTEXT)) {
        my_error(ER_TABLE_CANT_HANDLE_FT, MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
      key_info->flags |= HA_FULLTEXT;
      if (key->key_create_info.parser_name.str) {
        key_info->parser_name = key->key_create_info.parser_name;
        key_info->flags |= HA_USES_PARSER;
      } else
        key_info->parser_name = NULL_CSTR;
      break;
    case KEYTYPE_SPATIAL:
      if (!(file->ha_table_flags() & HA_CAN_RTREEKEYS)) {
        my_error(ER_TABLE_CANT_HANDLE_SPKEYS, MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
      if (key->columns.size() != 1) {
        my_error(ER_TOO_MANY_KEY_PARTS, MYF(0), 1);
        return true;
      }
      key_info->flags |= HA_SPATIAL;
      break;
    case KEYTYPE_PRIMARY:
    case KEYTYPE_UNIQUE:
      key_info->flags |= HA_NOSAME;
      break;
    default:
      assert(false);
      return true;
  }
  // Verify that no bits set before switch have been cleared.
  assert((key_info->flags & flags_before_switch) == flags_before_switch);
  if (key->generated) key_info->flags |= HA_GENERATED_KEY;

  key_info->algorithm = key->key_create_info.algorithm;
  key_info->user_defined_key_parts = key->columns.size();
  key_info->actual_key_parts = key_info->user_defined_key_parts;
  key_info->key_part = *key_part_info;
  key_info->usable_key_parts = key_number;
  key_info->is_algorithm_explicit = false;
  key_info->is_visible = key->key_create_info.is_visible;

  /*
    Make SPATIAL to be RTREE by default
    SPATIAL only on BLOB or at least BINARY, this
    actually should be replaced by special GEOM type
    in near future when new frm file is ready
    checking for proper key parts number:
  */

  if (key_info->flags & HA_SPATIAL) {
    assert(!key->key_create_info.is_algorithm_explicit);
    key_info->algorithm = HA_KEY_ALG_RTREE;
  } else if (key_info->flags & HA_FULLTEXT) {
    assert(!key->key_create_info.is_algorithm_explicit);
    key_info->algorithm = HA_KEY_ALG_FULLTEXT;
  } else {
    if (key->key_create_info.is_algorithm_explicit) {
      if (key->key_create_info.algorithm != HA_KEY_ALG_RTREE) {
        /*
          If key algorithm was specified explicitly check if it is
          supported by SE.
        */
        if (file->is_index_algorithm_supported(
                key->key_create_info.algorithm)) {
          key_info->is_algorithm_explicit = true;
          key_info->algorithm = key->key_create_info.algorithm;
        } else {
          /*
            If explicit algorithm is not supported by SE, replace it with
            default one. Don't mark key algorithm as explicitly specified
            in this case.
          */
          key_info->algorithm = file->get_default_index_algorithm();

          push_warning_printf(
              thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_UNSUPPORTED_INDEX_ALGORITHM,
              ER_THD(thd, ER_UNSUPPORTED_INDEX_ALGORITHM),
              ((key->key_create_info.algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_HASH) ? "HASH"
                                                                   : "BTREE"));
        }
      }
    } else {
      /*
        If key algorithm was not explicitly specified used default one for
        this SE. Interesting side-effect of this is that ALTER TABLE will
        cause index rebuild if SE default changes.
        Assert that caller doesn't use any non-default algorithm in this
        case as such setting is ignored anyway.
      */
      assert(key->key_create_info.algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_SE_SPECIFIC);
      key_info->algorithm = file->get_default_index_algorithm();
    }
  }

  /*
    Take block size from key part or table part
    TODO: Add warning if block size changes. We can't do it here, as
    this may depend on the size of the key
  */
  key_info->block_size =
      (key->key_create_info.block_size ? key->key_create_info.block_size
                                       : create_info->key_block_size);

  if (key_info->block_size) key_info->flags |= HA_USES_BLOCK_SIZE;

  const CHARSET_INFO *ft_key_charset = nullptr;  // for FULLTEXT
  key_info->key_length = 0;
  for (size_t column_nr = 0; column_nr < key->columns.size();
       column_nr++, (*key_part_info)++) {
    if (prepare_key_column(thd, create_info, create_list, key,
                           key->columns[column_nr], column_nr, key_info,
                           *key_part_info, file, auto_increment,
                           &ft_key_charset))
      return true;
  }
  key_info->actual_flags = key_info->flags;

  if (key_info->key_length > file->max_key_length() &&
      key->type != KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT) {
    my_error(ER_TOO_LONG_KEY, MYF(0), file->max_key_length());
    if (thd->is_error())  // May be silenced - see Bug#20629014
      return true;
  }

  /*
    We only check for duplicate indexes if it is requested and the key is
    not auto-generated and non-PRIMARY.

    Check is requested if the key was explicitly created or altered
    (Index is altered/column associated with it is dropped) by the user
    (unless it's a foreign key).

    The fact that we have only one PRIMARY key for the table is checked
    elsewhere.

    At this point we simply add qualifying keys to the list, so we can
    perform check later when we properly construct KEY objects for all
    keys.
  */
  if (key->check_for_duplicate_indexes && !key->generated &&
      key->type != KEYTYPE_PRIMARY) {
    if (keys_to_check.push_back(key_info)) return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Primary/unique key check. Checks that:

  - If the storage engine requires it, that there is an index that is
    candidate for promotion.

  - If such a promotion occurs, checks that the candidate index is not
    declared invisible.

  @param file The storage engine handler.
  @param key_info_buffer All indexes in the table.
  @param key_count Number of indexes.

  @retval false OK.
  @retval true An error occurred and my_error() was called.
*/

static bool check_promoted_index(const handler *file,
                                 const KEY *key_info_buffer, uint key_count) {
  bool has_unique_key = false;
  const KEY *end = key_info_buffer + key_count;
  for (const KEY *k = key_info_buffer; k < end && !has_unique_key; ++k)
    if (!(k->flags & HA_NULL_PART_KEY) && (k->flags & HA_NOSAME)) {
      has_unique_key = true;
      if (!k->is_visible) {
        my_error(ER_PK_INDEX_CANT_BE_INVISIBLE, MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
    }
  if (!has_unique_key && (file->ha_table_flags() & HA_REQUIRE_PRIMARY_KEY)) {
    my_error(ER_REQUIRES_PRIMARY_KEY, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

namespace {
/**
  This class is used as an input argument to Item::walk, and takes care of
  replacing the field pointer in Item_field with pointers to a
  Create_field_wrapper. This allows us to get the metadata for a column that
  isn't created yet (Create_field).
*/
class Replace_field_processor_arg {
 public:
  Replace_field_processor_arg(THD *thd, List<Create_field> *fields,
                              const HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                              const char *functional_index_name)
      : m_thd(thd),
        m_fields(fields),
        m_create_info(create_info),
        m_functional_index_name(functional_index_name) {}

  const HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info() const { return m_create_info; }

  const THD *thd() const { return m_thd; }

  List<Create_field> const *fields() const { return m_fields; }

  const char *functional_index_name() const { return m_functional_index_name; }

 private:
  THD *m_thd;
  List<Create_field> *m_fields;
  const HA_CREATE_INFO *m_create_info;
  const char *m_functional_index_name;
};
}  // namespace

bool Item_field::replace_field_processor(uchar *arg) {
  Replace_field_processor_arg *targ =
      pointer_cast<Replace_field_processor_arg *>(arg);

  if (field_name == nullptr) {
    // Ideally we should be able to handle the function DEFAULT() as well,
    // but that seems rather difficult since it relies on having a TABLE object
    // available (which we obviously don't have during CREATE TABLE). So
    // disallow that function for now.
    assert(type() == Item::INSERT_VALUE_ITEM ||
           type() == Item::DEFAULT_VALUE_ITEM);
    my_error(ER_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX_FUNCTION_IS_NOT_ALLOWED, MYF(0),
             targ->functional_index_name());
    return true;
  }

  const Create_field *create_field = nullptr;
  for (const Create_field &create_field_it : *targ->fields()) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field_name,
                      create_field_it.field_name) == 0) {
      create_field = &create_field_it;
      break;
    }
  }

  if (create_field) {
    field = new (targ->thd()->mem_root) Create_field_wrapper(create_field);
    switch (create_field->sql_type) {
      case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB: {
        assert(create_field->charset != nullptr);
        set_data_type_string(blob_length_by_type(create_field->sql_type),
                             create_field->charset);
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_STRING:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR: {
        assert(create_field->charset != nullptr);
        set_data_type_string(create_field->max_display_width_in_codepoints(),
                             create_field->charset);
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL: {
        uint precision = my_decimal_length_to_precision(
            create_field->max_display_width_in_codepoints(),
            create_field->decimals, create_field->is_unsigned);
        set_data_type_decimal(precision, create_field->decimals);
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME2: {
        set_data_type_datetime(create_field->decimals);
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP2: {
        set_data_type_timestamp(create_field->decimals);
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDATE: {
        set_data_type_date();
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME2: {
        set_data_type_time(create_field->decimals);
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_YEAR: {
        set_data_type_year();
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_INT24:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_SHORT:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_LONGLONG:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT: {
        fix_char_length(create_field->max_display_width_in_codepoints());
        set_data_type(create_field->sql_type);
        collation.set_numeric();
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE: {
        set_data_type_double();
        decimals = create_field->decimals;
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT: {
        set_data_type_float();
        decimals = create_field->decimals;
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_JSON: {
        set_data_type_json();
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY: {
        set_data_type_geometry();
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_ENUM: {
        set_data_type(create_field->sql_type);
        collation.collation = create_field->charset;
        fix_char_length(create_field->max_display_width_in_codepoints());
        break;
      }
      case MYSQL_TYPE_SET: {
        set_data_type(create_field->sql_type);
        collation.collation = create_field->charset;
        fix_char_length(create_field->max_display_width_in_codepoints());
        break;
      }
      default: {
        assert(false); /* purecov: deadcode */
      }
    }

    fixed = true;
  } else {
    // If the field could not be found, it means that we have added a reference
    // to a non-existing field. Report an error and return.
    my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), field_name, "functional index");
    return true;
  }

  unsigned_flag = create_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_BIT ||
                  field->is_flag_set(UNSIGNED_FLAG);
  set_nullable(create_field->is_nullable);
  field->field_length = max_length;
  return false;
}

/**
  Check if the given key name exists in the array of keys. The lookup is
  case insensitive.

  @param keys the array to check for the key name in
  @param key_name the key name to look for.
  @param key_to_ignore a pointer to the key we don't want to check against. This
         is used when checking for duplicate functional index names.

  @retval true if the key name exists in the array
  @retval false if the key name doesn't exist in the array
*/
static bool key_name_exists(const Mem_root_array<Key_spec *> &keys,
                            const std::string &key_name,
                            const Key_spec *key_to_ignore) {
  for (Key_spec *key_spec : keys) {
    if (key_spec == key_to_ignore) {
      continue;
    }

    if (key_spec->name.str != nullptr &&
        my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_name.c_str(),
                      key_spec->name.str) == 0) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/// Checks if a column with the given name exists in a list of fields.
static bool column_name_exists(const List<Create_field> &fields,
                               const string &column_name) {
  for (const Create_field &field : fields) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, column_name.c_str(),
                      field.field_name) == 0) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Create a name for the hidden generated column that represents the functional
  key part.

  The name is a string on the form `!hidden!index_name!key_part!counter`. The
  counter is usually 0, but is incremented until a unique name is found, in the
  unlikely event that there is another column with the same name. The index_name
  part may be truncated to make sure the column name does not exceed the maximum
  column name length (NAME_CHAR_LEN).

  @param key_name the name of the index.
  @param key_part_number the key part number, starting from zero.
  @param fields the other columns in the table
  @param mem_root the MEM_ROOT where the column name should be allocated.

  @returns the name for the hidden generated column, allocated on the supplied
           MEM_ROOT
*/
static const char *make_functional_index_column_name(
    std::string_view key_name, unsigned key_part_number,
    const List<Create_field> &fields, MEM_ROOT *mem_root) {
  // Loop until we have found a unique name. We'll usually find one in the first
  // iteration, but if there are user-defined columns using the same naming
  // scheme, we might need to increment the counter to avoid collisions. We're
  // guaranteed to find a unique name in at most fields.size() + 1 iterations.
  for (unsigned count = 0;; ++count) {
    assert(count <= fields.size());

    string name("!hidden!");
    name += key_name;

    string suffix("!");
    suffix += to_string(key_part_number);
    suffix += '!';
    suffix += to_string(count);

    // If the name is so long that we hit the NAME_CHAR_LEN limit, truncate the
    // index name part, so that there is enough room to add the suffix with the
    // key part number and the counter. (If we had truncated the counter, we
    // could loop forever because the generated name is the same in each
    // iteration.)
    name.resize(min(name.size(), NAME_CHAR_LEN - suffix.size()));
    name.append(suffix);
    assert(name.size() <= NAME_CHAR_LEN);

    if (column_name_exists(fields, name)) {
      continue;
    }

    return strmake_root(mem_root, name.data(), name.size());
  }
}

/**
  Whether or not we have a replication setup, _and_ the master sorts
  functional index columns last in the table. Sorting said columns last was
  introduced in version 8.0.18, and this function helps us keep consistent
  behavior in a OLD->NEW replication setup.

  @returns false if we have a replication setup, _and_ the server is on a old
    version that doesn't sort functional index columns last.
*/
static bool is_not_slave_or_master_sorts_functional_index_columns_last(
    uint32_t master_version) {
  // From version 8.0.18, the server will sort functional index columns last in
  // the table.
  return master_version >= 80018 && master_version != UNKNOWN_SERVER_VERSION;
}

/**
  Prepares a functional index by adding a hidden indexed generated column for
  the key part.

  A functional index is implemented as a hidden generated column over the
  expression specified in the index, and the hidden generated column is then
  indexed. This function adds a hidden generated column to the Create_list,
  and updates the key specification to point to this new column. The generated
  column is given a name that is a hash of the key name and the key part number.

  @param thd The thread handler
  @param key_spec The index that contains the key part.-
  @param alter_info A structure describing the changes to be carried out. This
                    structure will be updated with the new generated column.
  @param kp The specification of the key part. This contains the expression we
            will create a generated column for, and it will be updated to point
            at the newly created generated column.
  @param key_part_number The number of the key part.
  @param create_info A structure describing the table to be created

  @returns The newly added Create_field on success, of nullptr in case of errors
*/
static Create_field *add_functional_index_to_create_list(
    THD *thd, Key_spec *key_spec, Alter_info *alter_info, Key_part_spec *kp,
    uint key_part_number, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info) {
  // A functional index cannot be a primary key
  if (key_spec->type == KEYTYPE_PRIMARY) {
    my_error(ER_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX_PRIMARY_KEY, MYF(0));
    return nullptr;
  }

  // If the key isn't given a name explicitly by the user, we must auto-generate
  // a name here. "Normal" indexes will be given a name in prepare_key(), but
  // that is too late for functional indexes since we want the hidden generated
  // column name to be based on the index name.
  if (key_spec->name.str == nullptr) {
    std::string key_name;
    int count = 2;
    key_name.assign("functional_index");
    while (key_name_exists(alter_info->key_list, key_name, nullptr)) {
      key_name.assign("functional_index_");
      key_name.append(std::to_string(count++));
    }

    key_spec->name.length = key_name.size();
    key_spec->name.str = strmake_root(thd->stmt_arena->mem_root,
                                      key_name.c_str(), key_name.size());
  }

  // First we need to resolve the expression in the functional index so that we
  // know the correct collation, data type, length etc...
  const Access_bitmask saved_privilege = thd->want_privilege;
  thd->want_privilege = SELECT_ACL;

  {
    // Create a scope guard so that we are guaranteed that the privileges are
    // set back to the original value.
    auto handler_guard = create_scope_guard(
        [thd, saved_privilege]() { thd->want_privilege = saved_privilege; });

    Functional_index_error_handler error_handler(
        {key_spec->name.str, key_spec->name.length}, thd);

    const Prepared_stmt_arena_holder ps_arena_holder(thd);

    Item *expr = kp->get_expression();
    if (expr->type() == Item::FIELD_ITEM) {
      my_error(ER_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX_ON_FIELD, MYF(0));
      return nullptr;
    }

    if (pre_validate_value_generator_expr(
            kp->get_expression(), key_spec->name.str, VGS_GENERATED_COLUMN)) {
      return nullptr;
    }

    Replace_field_processor_arg replace_field_argument(
        thd, &alter_info->create_list, create_info, key_spec->name.str);
    if (expr->walk(&Item::replace_field_processor, enum_walk::PREFIX,
                   reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(&replace_field_argument))) {
      return nullptr;
    }

    if (kp->resolve_expression(thd)) return nullptr;
  }

  const char *field_name = make_functional_index_column_name(
      {key_spec->name.str, key_spec->name.length}, key_part_number,
      alter_info->create_list, thd->stmt_arena->mem_root);

  Item *item = kp->get_expression();

  // Ensure that we aren't trying to index a field
  assert(item->type() != Item::FIELD_ITEM);

  TABLE tmp_table;
  TABLE_SHARE share;
  tmp_table.s = &share;
  init_tmp_table_share(thd, &share, "", 0, "", "", nullptr);

  tmp_table.s->db_create_options = 0;
  tmp_table.s->db_low_byte_first = false;
  tmp_table.set_not_started();

  Create_field *cr = generate_create_field(thd, item, &tmp_table);
  if (cr == nullptr) {
    return nullptr; /* purecov: deadcode */
  }

  if (is_blob(cr->sql_type)) {
    my_error(ER_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX_ON_LOB, MYF(0));
    return nullptr;
  }

  // Don't even bother trying to create a non-conformant table.
  if (alter_info->create_list.is_empty()) {
    my_error(ER_TABLE_MUST_HAVE_A_VISIBLE_COLUMN, MYF(0));
    return nullptr;
  }

  cr->field_name = field_name;
  cr->field = nullptr;
  cr->hidden = dd::Column::enum_hidden_type::HT_HIDDEN_SQL;
  cr->stored_in_db = false;

  Value_generator *gcol_info = new (thd->mem_root) Value_generator();
  gcol_info->expr_item = kp->get_expression();
  gcol_info->set_field_stored(false);
  gcol_info->set_field_type(cr->sql_type);
  cr->gcol_info = gcol_info;

  if (is_not_slave_or_master_sorts_functional_index_columns_last(
          thd->variables.original_server_version)) {
    // Ensure that we insert the new hidden column in the correct place. That
    // is, hidden generated columns for functional indexes should be placed at
    // the end, sorted on their column name.
    List_iterator<Create_field> insert_iterator(alter_info->create_list);
    for (const Create_field &current : alter_info->create_list) {
      if (is_field_for_functional_index(&current)) {
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, cr->field_name,
                          current.field_name) < 0) {
          break;
        }
      }

      insert_iterator++;
    }

    // insert_iterator points to the last element where the field name is
    // "less than" the new Create_fields field name. So the correct place to
    // insert the new Create_field is _after_ the element that insert_iterator
    // points to.
    assert(!insert_iterator.is_before_first());
    insert_iterator.after(cr);
  } else {
    // If the master doesn't sort functional index columns last, the slave
    // shouldn't do it either.
    alter_info->create_list.push_back(cr);
  }

  alter_info->flags |= Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN;
  kp->set_name_and_prefix_length(field_name, 0);
  return cr;
}

/**
  Check if the given column exists in the create list.

  @param column_name the column name to look for.
  @param create_list the create list where the search is performed.

  @retval true the column exists in the create list.
  @retval false the column does not exist in the create list.
*/
static bool column_exists_in_create_list(const char *column_name,
                                         List<Create_field> &create_list) {
  for (const auto &it : create_list) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, column_name, it.field_name) == 0) {
      return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

// Prepares the table and key structures for table creation.
bool mysql_prepare_create_table(
    THD *thd, const char *error_schema_name, const char *error_table_name,
    HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info, Alter_info *alter_info, handler *file,
    bool is_partitioned, KEY **key_info_buffer, uint *key_count,
    FOREIGN_KEY **fk_key_info_buffer, uint *fk_key_count,
    FOREIGN_KEY *existing_fks, uint existing_fks_count,
    const dd::Table *existing_fks_table, uint fk_max_generated_name_number,
    int select_field_count, bool find_parent_keys) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    Validation of table properties.
  */
  LEX_STRING *connect_string = &create_info->connect_string;
  if (connect_string->length != 0 &&
      connect_string->length > CONNECT_STRING_MAXLEN &&
      (system_charset_info->cset->charpos(
           system_charset_info, connect_string->str,
           (connect_string->str + connect_string->length),
           CONNECT_STRING_MAXLEN) < connect_string->length)) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_STRING_LENGTH, MYF(0), connect_string->str, "CONNECTION",
             CONNECT_STRING_MAXLEN);
    return true;
  }

  LEX_STRING *compress = &create_info->compress;
  if (compress->length != 0 && compress->length > TABLE_COMMENT_MAXLEN &&
      system_charset_info->cset->charpos(
          system_charset_info, compress->str, compress->str + compress->length,
          TABLE_COMMENT_MAXLEN) < compress->length) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_STRING_LENGTH, MYF(0), compress->str, "COMPRESSION",
             TABLE_COMMENT_MAXLEN);
    return true;
  }

  LEX_STRING *encrypt_type = &create_info->encrypt_type;
  if (encrypt_type->length != 0 &&
      encrypt_type->length > TABLE_COMMENT_MAXLEN &&
      system_charset_info->cset->charpos(
          system_charset_info, encrypt_type->str,
          encrypt_type->str + encrypt_type->length,
          TABLE_COMMENT_MAXLEN) < encrypt_type->length) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_STRING_LENGTH, MYF(0), encrypt_type->str, "ENCRYPTION",
             TABLE_COMMENT_MAXLEN);
    return true;
  }

  // Validate table comment string
  std::string invalid_sub_str;
  if (is_invalid_string({create_info->comment.str, create_info->comment.length},
                        system_charset_info, invalid_sub_str)) {
    my_error(
        ER_COMMENT_CONTAINS_INVALID_STRING, MYF(0), "table",
        (std::string(error_schema_name) + "." + std::string(error_table_name))
            .c_str(),
        system_charset_info->csname, invalid_sub_str.c_str());
    return true;
  }

  if (validate_comment_length(
          thd, create_info->comment.str, &create_info->comment.length,
          TABLE_COMMENT_MAXLEN, ER_TOO_LONG_TABLE_COMMENT, error_table_name)) {
    return true;
  }

  if (alter_info->create_list.elements > MAX_FIELDS) {
    my_error(ER_TOO_MANY_FIELDS, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  /*
    Checks which previously were done during .FRM creation.

    TODO: Check if the old .FRM limitations still make sense
    with the new DD.
  */

  /* Fix this when we have new .frm files;  Current limit is 4G rows (QQ) */
  constexpr ulonglong u32max = UINT_MAX32;
  if (create_info->max_rows > UINT_MAX32) {
    // Values larger than uint32_max are capped to uint32_max.
    // Emit a warning about this.
    push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE,
                        ER_THD(thd, ER_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE), "max_rows",
                        create_info->max_rows, 0ULL, u32max, u32max);
    create_info->max_rows = UINT_MAX32;
  }
  if (create_info->min_rows > UINT_MAX32) {
    // Values larger than uint32_max are capped to uint32_max.
    // Emit a warning about this.
    push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE,
                        ER_THD(thd, ER_VALUE_OUT_OF_RANGE), "min_rows",
                        create_info->min_rows, 0ULL, u32max, u32max);
    create_info->min_rows = UINT_MAX32;
  }

  if (create_info->row_type == ROW_TYPE_DYNAMIC)
    create_info->table_options |= HA_OPTION_PACK_RECORD;

  /*
    Prepare fields, which must be done before calling
    add_functional_index_to_create_list(). The reason is that
    prepare_create_field() sets several properties of all Create_fields, such as
    character set. We need the character set in order to get the correct
    display width for each Create_field, which is in turn needed to resolve the
    correct data type/length for each hidden generated column added by
    add_functional_index_to_create_list().
  */
  int select_field_pos = alter_info->create_list.elements - select_field_count;
  create_info->null_bits = 0;
  int field_no = 0;
  Create_field *sql_field;
  List_iterator<Create_field> it(alter_info->create_list);
  for (; (sql_field = it++); field_no++) {
    if (prepare_create_field(thd, error_schema_name, error_table_name,
                             create_info, &alter_info->create_list,
                             &select_field_pos, file, sql_field, field_no))
      return true;
  }

  // Go through all functional key parts. For each functional key part, resolve
  // the expression and add a hidden generated column to the create list.
  for (Key_spec *key : alter_info->key_list) {
    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_FOREIGN) continue;

    for (size_t j = 0; j < key->columns.size(); ++j) {
      Key_part_spec *key_part_spec = key->columns[j];
      // In the case of procedures, the Key_part_spec may both have an
      // expression and a field name assigned to it. But the hidden generated
      // will not exist in the create list, so we will have to add it.
      if (!key_part_spec->has_expression() ||
          (key_part_spec->get_field_name() != nullptr &&
           column_exists_in_create_list(key_part_spec->get_field_name(),
                                        alter_info->create_list))) {
        continue;
      }

      Create_field *new_create_field = add_functional_index_to_create_list(
          thd, key, alter_info, key_part_spec, j, create_info);
      if (new_create_field == nullptr) {
        return true;
      }

      // Call prepare_create_field on the Create_field that was added by
      // add_functional_index_to_create_list().
      assert(is_field_for_functional_index(new_create_field));
      if (prepare_create_field(thd, error_schema_name, error_table_name,
                               create_info, &alter_info->create_list,
                               &select_field_pos, file, new_create_field,
                               ++field_no)) {
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  // Now that we have all the Create_fields available, calculate the offsets
  // for each column.
  calculate_field_offsets(&alter_info->create_list);

  /*
    Auto increment and blob checks.
  */
  int auto_increment = 0;
  int blob_columns = 0;
  it.rewind();
  while ((sql_field = it++)) {
    if (sql_field->auto_flags & Field::NEXT_NUMBER) auto_increment++;
    switch (sql_field->sql_type) {
      case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
      case MYSQL_TYPE_JSON:
        blob_columns++;
        break;
      default:
        if (sql_field->is_array) blob_columns++;
        break;
    }
  }
  if (auto_increment > 1) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_AUTO_KEY, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }
  if (auto_increment && (file->ha_table_flags() & HA_NO_AUTO_INCREMENT)) {
    my_error(ER_TABLE_CANT_HANDLE_AUTO_INCREMENT, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }
  if (blob_columns && (file->ha_table_flags() & HA_NO_BLOBS)) {
    my_error(ER_TABLE_CANT_HANDLE_BLOB, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }
  /*
   CREATE TABLE[with auto_increment column] SELECT is unsafe as the rows
   inserted in the created table depends on the order of the rows fetched
   from the select tables. This order may differ on master and slave. We
   therefore mark it as unsafe.
  */
  if (select_field_count > 0 && auto_increment)
    thd->lex->set_stmt_unsafe(LEX::BINLOG_STMT_UNSAFE_CREATE_SELECT_AUTOINC);

  /*
    Count keys and key segments.
    Also mark redundant keys to be ignored.
  */
  uint key_parts;
  Mem_root_array<bool> redundant_keys(thd->mem_root,
                                      alter_info->key_list.size(), false);
  if (count_keys(alter_info->key_list, key_count, &key_parts, fk_key_count,
                 &redundant_keys, file->ha_table_flags()))
    return true;
  if (*key_count > file->max_keys()) {
    my_error(ER_TOO_MANY_KEYS, MYF(0), file->max_keys());
    return true;
  }

  /*
    Make KEY objects for the keys in the new table.
  */
  KEY *key_info;
  (*key_info_buffer) = key_info = (KEY *)sql_calloc(sizeof(KEY) * (*key_count));
  KEY_PART_INFO *key_part_info =
      (KEY_PART_INFO *)sql_calloc(sizeof(KEY_PART_INFO) * key_parts);

  if (!*key_info_buffer || !key_part_info) return true;  // Out of memory

  Mem_root_array<const KEY *> keys_to_check(thd->mem_root);
  if (keys_to_check.reserve(*key_count)) return true;  // Out of memory

  uint key_number = 0;
  bool primary_key = false;

  // First prepare non-foreign keys so that they are ready when
  // we prepare foreign keys.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < alter_info->key_list.size(); i++) {
    if (redundant_keys[i]) continue;  // Skip redundant keys

    const Key_spec *key = alter_info->key_list[i];

    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_PRIMARY) {
      if (primary_key) {
        my_error(ER_MULTIPLE_PRI_KEY, MYF(0));
        return true;
      }
      primary_key = true;
    }

    if (key->type != KEYTYPE_FOREIGN) {
      if (prepare_key(thd, error_schema_name, error_table_name, create_info,
                      &alter_info->create_list, key, key_info_buffer, key_info,
                      &key_part_info, keys_to_check, key_number, file,
                      &auto_increment))
        return true;
      key_info++;
      key_number++;
    }
  }
  // If the table is created without PK, we must check if this has
  // been disabled and return error. Limit the effect of sql_require_primary_key
  // to only those SEs that can participate in replication.
  if (!primary_key && !thd->is_dd_system_thread() &&
      !thd->is_initialize_system_thread() &&
      (file->ha_table_flags() &
       (HA_BINLOG_ROW_CAPABLE | HA_BINLOG_STMT_CAPABLE)) != 0 &&
      thd->variables.sql_require_primary_key) {
    my_error(ER_TABLE_WITHOUT_PK, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  /*
    At this point all KEY objects are for indexes are fully constructed.
    So we can check for duplicate indexes for keys for which it was requested.
  */
  const KEY **dup_check_key;
  for (dup_check_key = keys_to_check.begin();
       dup_check_key != keys_to_check.end(); dup_check_key++) {
    if (check_duplicate_key(thd, error_schema_name, error_table_name,
                            *dup_check_key, *key_info_buffer, *key_count,
                            alter_info))
      return true;
  }

  if (!primary_key && check_promoted_index(file, *key_info_buffer, *key_count))
    return true;

  /*
    Any auto increment columns not found during prepare_key?
  */
  if (auto_increment > 0) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_AUTO_KEY, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  /* Sort keys in optimized order */
  std::sort(*key_info_buffer, *key_info_buffer + *key_count, sort_keys());

  /*
    Normal keys are done, now prepare foreign keys.

    We do this after sorting normal keys to get predictable behavior
    when searching for parent keys for self-referencing foreign keys.
  */
  bool se_supports_fks =
      (create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS);

  assert(se_supports_fks || existing_fks_count == 0);

  (*fk_key_count) += existing_fks_count;
  FOREIGN_KEY *fk_key_info;
  (*fk_key_info_buffer) = fk_key_info =
      (FOREIGN_KEY *)sql_calloc(sizeof(FOREIGN_KEY) * (*fk_key_count));

  if (!fk_key_info) return true;  // Out of memory

  // Copy pre-existing foreign keys.
  if (existing_fks_count > 0)
    memcpy(*fk_key_info_buffer, existing_fks,
           existing_fks_count * sizeof(FOREIGN_KEY));
  uint fk_number = existing_fks_count;
  fk_key_info += existing_fks_count;

  /*
    Check if we are trying to add partitioning to the table with existing
    foreign keys and table's storage engine doesn't support foreign keys
    over partitioned tables.
  */
  if (is_partitioned && existing_fks_count > 0 &&
      (!create_info->db_type->partition_flags ||
       create_info->db_type->partition_flags() & HA_CANNOT_PARTITION_FK)) {
    my_error(ER_FOREIGN_KEY_ON_PARTITIONED, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  /*
    Check that definitions of existing foreign keys are not broken by this
    ALTER TABLE. Update FOREIGN_KEY::unique_constraint_name if necessary.
  */
  for (FOREIGN_KEY *fk = *fk_key_info_buffer;
       fk < (*fk_key_info_buffer) + existing_fks_count; fk++) {
    if (prepare_preexisting_foreign_key(
            thd, create_info, alter_info, error_schema_name, error_table_name,
            *key_info_buffer, *key_count, existing_fks_table, fk))
      return true;
  }

  // Prepare new foreign keys.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < alter_info->key_list.size(); i++) {
    if (redundant_keys[i]) continue;  // Skip redundant keys

    Key_spec *key = alter_info->key_list[i];

    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_FOREIGN) {
      if (prepare_foreign_key(thd, create_info, alter_info, error_schema_name,
                              error_table_name, is_partitioned,
                              *key_info_buffer, *key_count, *fk_key_info_buffer,
                              fk_number, se_supports_fks, find_parent_keys,
                              down_cast<Foreign_key_spec *>(key),
                              &fk_max_generated_name_number, fk_key_info))
        return true;

      if (se_supports_fks) {
        fk_key_info++;
        fk_number++;
      }
    }
  }

  /*
    Check if  STRICT SQL mode is active and server is not started with
    --explicit-defaults-for-timestamp. Below check was added to prevent implicit
    default 0 value of timestamp. When explicit-defaults-for-timestamp server
    option is removed, whole set of check can be removed.

    Note that this check must be after KEYs have been created as this
    can cause the NOT_NULL_FLAG to be set.
  */
  if (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_NO_ZERO_DATE &&
      !thd->variables.explicit_defaults_for_timestamp) {
    it.rewind();
    while ((sql_field = it++)) {
      if (!sql_field->constant_default && !sql_field->gcol_info &&
          is_timestamp_type(sql_field->sql_type) &&
          (sql_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) &&
          !(sql_field->auto_flags & Field::DEFAULT_NOW)) {
        /*
          An error should be reported if:
            - there is no explicit DEFAULT clause (default column value);
            - this is a TIMESTAMP column;
            - the column is not NULL;
            - this is not the DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP column.
          And from checks before while loop,
            - STRICT SQL mode is active;
            - server is not started with --explicit-defaults-for-timestamp

          In other words, an error should be reported if
            - STRICT SQL mode is active;
            - the column definition is equivalent to
              'column_name TIMESTAMP DEFAULT 0'.
        */

        my_error(ER_INVALID_DEFAULT, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name);
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  // Check that we have at least one visible column.
  bool has_visible_column = false;
  it.rewind();
  while ((sql_field = it++)) {
    if (sql_field->hidden == dd::Column::enum_hidden_type::HT_VISIBLE) {
      has_visible_column = true;
      break;
    }
  }
  if (!has_visible_column) {
    my_error(ER_TABLE_MUST_HAVE_A_VISIBLE_COLUMN, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  /* If fixed row records, we need one bit to check for deleted rows */
  if (!(create_info->table_options & HA_OPTION_PACK_RECORD))
    create_info->null_bits++;
  ulong data_offset = (create_info->null_bits + 7) / 8;
  size_t reclength = data_offset;
  it.rewind();
  while ((sql_field = it++)) {
    size_t length = sql_field->pack_length();
    if (sql_field->offset + data_offset + length > reclength)
      reclength = sql_field->offset + data_offset + length;
  }
  if (reclength > file->max_record_length()) {
    my_error(ER_TOO_BIG_ROWSIZE, MYF(0),
             static_cast<long>(file->max_record_length()));
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  @brief check comment length of table, column, index and partition

  @details If comment length is more than the standard length
    truncate it and store the comment length up to the standard
    comment length size

  @param          thd             Thread handle
  @param          comment_str     Comment string
  @param[in,out]  comment_len     Comment length
  @param          max_len         Maximum allowed comment length
  @param          err_code        Error message
  @param          comment_name    Type of comment

  @return Operation status
    @retval       true            Error found
    @retval       false           On success
*/

bool validate_comment_length(THD *thd, const char *comment_str,
                             size_t *comment_len, uint max_len, uint err_code,
                             const char *comment_name) {
  size_t length = 0;
  DBUG_TRACE;

  if (comment_str == nullptr) {
    assert(*comment_len == 0);
    return false;
  }
  size_t tmp_len = system_charset_info->cset->charpos(
      system_charset_info, comment_str, comment_str + *comment_len, max_len);
  if (tmp_len < *comment_len) {
    if (thd->is_strict_mode()) {
      my_error(err_code, MYF(0), comment_name, static_cast<ulong>(max_len));
      return true;
    }
    char warn_buff[MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE];
    length =
        snprintf(warn_buff, sizeof(warn_buff), ER_THD_NONCONST(thd, err_code),
                 comment_name, static_cast<ulong>(max_len));
    /* do not push duplicate warnings */
    if (!thd->get_stmt_da()->has_sql_condition(warn_buff, length))
      push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, err_code, warn_buff);
    *comment_len = tmp_len;
  }
  return false;
}

/*
  Set table default charset, if not set

  SYNOPSIS
    set_table_default_charset()
    create_info        Table create information

  DESCRIPTION
    If the table character set was not given explicitly,
    let's fetch the database default character set and
    apply it to the table.
*/

static bool set_table_default_charset(THD *thd, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                                      const dd::Schema &schema) {
  /*
    If the table character set was not given explicitly,
    let's fetch the database default character set and
    apply it to the table.
  */
  if (create_info->default_table_charset == nullptr) {
    if (get_default_db_collation(schema, &create_info->default_table_charset))
      return true;
  } else {
    assert((create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_CHARSET) == 0 ||
           (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_DEFAULT_CHARSET) ||
           create_info->default_table_charset == create_info->table_charset);

    if ((create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_DEFAULT_CHARSET) &&
        !(create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_DEFAULT_COLLATE) &&
        create_info->default_table_charset == &my_charset_utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci) {
      create_info->default_table_charset =
          thd->variables.default_collation_for_utf8mb4;

      // ALTER TABLE ... CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET ...
      if (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_CHARSET) {
        create_info->table_charset = create_info->default_table_charset;
      }
    }
  }

  if (create_info->default_table_charset == nullptr)
    create_info->default_table_charset = thd->collation();

  return false;
}

/*
  Extend long VARCHAR fields to blob & prepare field if it's a blob

  SYNOPSIS
    prepare_blob_field()
    sql_field   Field to check

  RETURN
    0 ok
    1 Error (sql_field can't be converted to blob)
        In this case the error is given
*/

static bool prepare_blob_field(THD *thd, Create_field *sql_field,
                               bool convert_character_set) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  // Skip typed array fields
  if (sql_field->is_array) return false;

  if (sql_field->max_display_width_in_bytes() > MAX_FIELD_VARCHARLENGTH &&
      !(sql_field->flags & BLOB_FLAG)) {
    /* Convert long VARCHAR columns to TEXT or BLOB */
    char warn_buff[MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE];

    if (sql_field->constant_default || thd->is_strict_mode()) {
      my_error(ER_TOO_BIG_FIELDLENGTH, MYF(0), sql_field->field_name,
               static_cast<ulong>(MAX_FIELD_VARCHARLENGTH /
                                  sql_field->charset->mbmaxlen));
      return true;
    }
    sql_field->sql_type =
        get_blob_type_from_length(sql_field->max_display_width_in_bytes());
    sql_field->flags |= BLOB_FLAG;
    snprintf(warn_buff, sizeof(warn_buff), ER_THD(thd, ER_AUTO_CONVERT),
             sql_field->field_name,
             (sql_field->charset == &my_charset_bin) ? "VARBINARY" : "VARCHAR",
             (sql_field->charset == &my_charset_bin) ? "BLOB" : "TEXT");
    push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_AUTO_CONVERT, warn_buff);
  }

  /*
    If the user has given a length to the BLOB/TEXT column explicitly, we make
    sure that we choose the most appropriate data type. For instance, "TEXT(63)
    CHARACTER SET utf8mb4" is automatically converted to TINYTEXT since TINYTEXT
    can hold 255 _bytes_ of data (which is enough for 63 _characters_ of
    utf8mb4).

    Also, if we are changing the character set to a character set that requires
    more storage per character, we might need to change the column to a bigger
    type in order to not loose any data. Consider the following example:

      CREATE TABLE t1 (a TINYTEXT CHARACTER SET latin1);
      ALTER TABLE t1 CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8mb4;

    TINYTEXT can store up to 255 _bytes_ of data, and since "latin1" requires
    one byte per character the user can store 255 _characters_ into this column.
    If we are changing the character set to utf8mb4, each character suddenly
    requires 4 bytes of storage. So an existing string in the column "a" that
    is 255 characters long now suddenly requires 1020 _bytes_ of storage. This
    does not fit into TINYTEXT, so we need to switch the data type to TEXT in
    order not to loose any existing data (TEXT can store up to 65536 _bytes_ of
    data, which is 16384 _characters_ of utf8mb4 data).
  */
  if ((sql_field->flags & BLOB_FLAG) &&
      (sql_field->sql_type == FIELD_TYPE_BLOB ||
       sql_field->sql_type == FIELD_TYPE_TINY_BLOB ||
       sql_field->sql_type == FIELD_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB)) {
    if (sql_field->explicit_display_width()) {
      sql_field->sql_type =
          get_blob_type_from_length(sql_field->max_display_width_in_bytes());
    } else if (convert_character_set && sql_field->field != nullptr) {
      // If sql_field->field == nullptr, it means that we are doing a "CONVERT
      // TO CHARACTER SET" _and_ adding a new column in the same statement.
      // The new column will have the new correct character set, so we don't
      // need to do anything for that column here.
      const size_t max_codepoints_old_field =
          sql_field->field->char_length() /
          sql_field->field->charset()->mbmaxlen;
      const size_t max_bytes_new_field =
          max_codepoints_old_field * sql_field->charset->mbmaxlen;
      sql_field->sql_type = get_blob_type_from_length(max_bytes_new_field);
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
   Struct for representing the result of checking if a table exists
   before trying to create it. The result has two different
   dimensions; if the table actually exists, and if an error
   occurred. If the table exists m_error will still be false if this is
   CREATE IF NOT EXISTS.
*/
struct Table_exists_result {
  /** true if the table already exists */
  bool m_table_exists;

  /** true if my_error() has been called and an error must be propagated. */
  bool m_error;
};

/**
   Check if table already exists.

   @param thd                     thread handle
   @param schema_name             schema name.
   @param table_name              table name.
   @param alias                   alt representation of table_name.
   @param ha_lex_create_tmp_table true if creating a tmp table.
   @param ha_create_if_not_exists true if this is CREATE IF NOT EXISTS.
   @param internal_tmp_table      true if this is an internal tmp table.

   @return false if successful, true otherwise.
*/
static Table_exists_result check_if_table_exists(
    THD *thd, const char *schema_name, const char *table_name,
    const char *alias, bool ha_lex_create_tmp_table,
    bool ha_create_if_not_exists, bool internal_tmp_table) {
  if (ha_lex_create_tmp_table &&
      find_temporary_table(thd, schema_name, table_name)) {
    if (ha_create_if_not_exists) {
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR,
                          ER_THD(thd, ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR), alias);
      return {true, false};
    }
    my_error(ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR, MYF(0), alias);
    return {true, true};
  }

  if (!internal_tmp_table && !ha_lex_create_tmp_table &&
      !dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(schema_name, table_name)) {
    const dd::Abstract_table *at = nullptr;
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(schema_name, table_name, &at)) {
      return {false, true};
    }

    if (at != nullptr) {
      if (ha_create_if_not_exists) {
        push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR,
                            ER_THD(thd, ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR), alias);
        return {true, false};
      }
      my_error(ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR, MYF(0), table_name);
      return {true, true};
    }
  }

  /*
    Check that table with given name does not already
    exist in any storage engine. In such a case it should
    be discovered and the error ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR be returned
    unless user specified CREATE TABLE IF EXISTS
    An exclusive metadata lock ensures that no
    one else is attempting to discover the table. Since
    it's not on disk as a frm file, no one could be using it!
  */
  if (!ha_lex_create_tmp_table &&
      !dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(schema_name, table_name)) {
    int retcode = ha_table_exists_in_engine(thd, schema_name, table_name);
    DBUG_PRINT("info", ("exists_in_engine: %u", retcode));
    switch (retcode) {
      case HA_ERR_NO_SUCH_TABLE:
        /* Normal case, no table exists. we can go and create it */
        break;

      case HA_ERR_TABLE_EXIST:
        DBUG_PRINT("info", ("Table existed in handler"));

        if (ha_create_if_not_exists) {
          push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE,
                              ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR,
                              ER_THD(thd, ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR), alias);
          return {true, false};
        }
        my_error(ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR, MYF(0), table_name);
        return {true, true};
        break;

      default:
        DBUG_PRINT("info", ("error: %u from storage engine", retcode));
        my_error(retcode, MYF(0), table_name);
        return {true, true};
    }
  }
  return {false, false};
}

/**
  Create a table

  @param thd                 Thread object
  @param schema              DD schema object
  @param db                  Database
  @param table_name          Table name
  @param error_table_name    The real table name in case table_name is a
  temporary table (ALTER). Used for error messages and for checking whether the
  table is a white listed system table.
  @param path                Path to table (i.e. to its .FRM file without
                             the extension).
  @param create_info         Create information (like MAX_ROWS)
  @param alter_info          Description of fields and keys for new table
  @param internal_tmp_table  Set to true if this is an internal temporary table
                             (From ALTER TABLE)
  @param select_field_count  Number of fields coming from SELECT part of
                             CREATE TABLE ... SELECT statement. Must be zero
                             for standard create of table.
  @param find_parent_keys    Indicates whether we need to lookup name of unique
                             constraint in parent table for foreign keys.
  @param no_ha_table         Indicates that only .FRM file (and PAR file if
  table is partitioned) needs to be created and not a table in the storage
  engine.
  @param do_not_store_in_dd  Indicates that we should postpone storing table
                             object in the data-dictionary. Requires SE
                             supporting atomic DDL and no_ha_table flag set.
  @param[out] is_trans       Identifies the type of engine where the table
                             was created: either trans or non-trans.
  @param[out] key_info       Array of KEY objects describing keys in table
                             which was created.
  @param[out] key_count      Number of keys in table which was created.
  @param      keys_onoff     Enable or disable keys.
  @param[out] fk_key_info    Array of FOREIGN_KEY objects describing foreign
                             keys in table which was created.
  @param[out] fk_key_count   Number of foreign keys in table which was created.
  @param[in] existing_fk_info Array of FOREIGN_KEY objects for foreign keys
                             which already existed in the table
                             (in case of ALTER TABLE).
  @param[in] existing_fk_count Number of pre-existing foreign keys.
  @param[in] existing_fk_table dd::Table object for table version from which
                               pre-existing foreign keys come from. Needed
                               for error reporting.
  @param[in] fk_max_generated_name_number  Max value of number component among
                                           existing generated foreign key names.
  @param[out] table_def      Data-dictionary object describing the table
                             created if do_not_store_in_dd option was
                             used or because the table is temporary and
                             was not open due to no_ha_table. Not set
                             otherwise.
  @param[out] post_ddl_ht    Set to handlerton for table's SE, if this SE
                             supports atomic DDL, so caller can call SE
                             post DDL hook after committing transaction.

  If one creates a temporary table, this is automatically opened

  Note that this function assumes that caller already have taken
  exclusive metadata lock on table being created or used some other
  way to ensure that concurrent operations won't intervene.
  mysql_create_table() is a wrapper that can be used for this.

  @note On failure, for engines supporting atomic DDL, the caller must
        rollback statement and transaction before doing anything else.

  @retval false OK
  @retval true  error
*/

static bool create_table_impl(
    THD *thd, const dd::Schema &schema, const char *db, const char *table_name,
    const char *error_table_name, const char *path, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
    Alter_info *alter_info, bool internal_tmp_table, uint select_field_count,
    bool find_parent_keys, bool no_ha_table, bool do_not_store_in_dd,
    bool *is_trans, KEY **key_info, uint *key_count,
    Alter_info::enum_enable_or_disable keys_onoff, FOREIGN_KEY **fk_key_info,
    uint *fk_key_count, FOREIGN_KEY *existing_fk_info, uint existing_fk_count,
    const dd::Table *existing_fk_table, uint fk_max_generated_name_number,
    std::unique_ptr<dd::Table> *table_def, handlerton **post_ddl_ht) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  DBUG_PRINT("enter", ("db: '%s'  table: '%s'  tmp: %d", db, table_name,
                       internal_tmp_table));

  if (check_engine(db, table_name, create_info)) return true;

  // Secondary engine cannot be defined for temporary tables.
  if (create_info->secondary_engine.str != nullptr &&
      create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0), "Temporary tables not supported");
    return true;
  }

  if (set_table_default_charset(thd, create_info, schema)) return true;

  const char *alias = table_case_name(create_info, table_name);

  partition_info *part_info = thd->work_part_info;

  std::unique_ptr<handler, Destroy_only<handler>> file(get_new_handler(
      (TABLE_SHARE *)nullptr,
      (part_info ||
       (create_info->db_type->partition_flags &&
        (create_info->db_type->partition_flags() & HA_USE_AUTO_PARTITION))),
      thd->mem_root, create_info->db_type));
  if (file.get() == nullptr) {
    mem_alloc_error(sizeof(handler));
    return true;
  }

  if (!part_info && create_info->db_type->partition_flags &&
      (create_info->db_type->partition_flags() & HA_USE_AUTO_PARTITION)) {
    Partition_handler *part_handler = file->get_partition_handler();
    assert(part_handler != nullptr);

    /*
      Table is not defined as a partitioned table but the engine handles
      all tables as partitioned. The handler will set up the partition info
      object with the default settings.
    */
    thd->work_part_info = part_info = new (thd->mem_root) partition_info();
    if (!part_info) {
      mem_alloc_error(sizeof(partition_info));
      return true;
    }
    part_handler->set_auto_partitions(part_info);
    part_info->default_engine_type = create_info->db_type;
    part_info->is_auto_partitioned = true;
  }
  if (part_info) {
    /*
      The table has been specified as a partitioned table.
      If this is part of an ALTER TABLE the handler will be the partition
      handler but we need to specify the default handler to use for
      partitions also in the call to check_partition_info. We transport
      this information in the default_db_type variable, it is either
      DB_TYPE_DEFAULT or the engine set in the ALTER TABLE command.
    */
    handlerton *engine_type;
    List_iterator<partition_element> part_it(part_info->partitions);
    partition_element *part_elem;

    while ((part_elem = part_it++)) {
      if (part_elem->part_comment) {
        size_t comment_len = strlen(part_elem->part_comment);

        // Validate partition comment string
        std::string invalid_sub_str;
        if (is_invalid_string({part_elem->part_comment, comment_len},
                              system_charset_info, invalid_sub_str)) {
          my_error(ER_COMMENT_CONTAINS_INVALID_STRING, MYF(0), "partition",
                   (std::string(db) + "." + std::string(error_table_name) +
                    "." + std::string(part_elem->partition_name))
                       .c_str(),
                   system_charset_info->csname, invalid_sub_str.c_str());
          return true;
        }

        if (validate_comment_length(thd, part_elem->part_comment, &comment_len,
                                    TABLE_PARTITION_COMMENT_MAXLEN,
                                    ER_TOO_LONG_TABLE_PARTITION_COMMENT,
                                    part_elem->partition_name))
          return true;
        part_elem->part_comment[comment_len] = '\0';
      }
      if (part_elem->subpartitions.elements) {
        List_iterator<partition_element> sub_it(part_elem->subpartitions);
        partition_element *subpart_elem;
        while ((subpart_elem = sub_it++)) {
          if (subpart_elem->part_comment) {
            size_t comment_len = strlen(subpart_elem->part_comment);

            // Validate subpartition comment string
            std::string invalid_sub_str;
            if (is_invalid_string({subpart_elem->part_comment, comment_len},
                                  system_charset_info, invalid_sub_str)) {
              my_error(ER_COMMENT_CONTAINS_INVALID_STRING, MYF(0),
                       "subpartition",
                       (std::string(db) + "." + std::string(error_table_name) +
                        "." + std::string(part_elem->partition_name) + "." +
                        std::string(subpart_elem->partition_name))
                           .c_str(),
                       system_charset_info->csname, invalid_sub_str.c_str());
              return true;
            }

            if (validate_comment_length(thd, subpart_elem->part_comment,
                                        &comment_len,
                                        TABLE_PARTITION_COMMENT_MAXLEN,
                                        ER_TOO_LONG_TABLE_PARTITION_COMMENT,
                                        subpart_elem->partition_name))
              return true;
            subpart_elem->part_comment[comment_len] = '\0';
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
      my_error(ER_PARTITION_NO_TEMPORARY, MYF(0));
      return true;
    }
    if (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE) {
      part_info->default_engine_type = create_info->db_type;
    } else {
      if (part_info->default_engine_type == nullptr) {
        part_info->default_engine_type =
            ha_checktype(thd, DB_TYPE_DEFAULT, false, false);
      }
    }
    DBUG_PRINT("info",
               ("db_type = %s create_info->db_type = %s",
                ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(part_info->default_engine_type),
                ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(create_info->db_type)));
    if (part_info->check_partition_info(thd, &engine_type, file.get(),
                                        create_info, false))
      return true;
    part_info->default_engine_type = engine_type;

    if (!engine_type->partition_flags) {
      /*
        The handler assigned to the table cannot handle partitioning.
      */
      my_error(ER_CHECK_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, MYF(0), "native partitioning");
      return true;
    }
    if (create_info->db_type != engine_type) {
      /*
        We come here when we don't use a partitioned handler.
        Since we use a partitioned table it must be "native partitioned".
        We have switched engine from defaults, most likely only specified
        engines in partition clauses.
      */
      file.reset(get_new_handler((TABLE_SHARE *)nullptr, true, thd->mem_root,
                                 engine_type));
      if (file.get() == nullptr) {
        mem_alloc_error(sizeof(handler));
        return true;
      }
      create_info->db_type = engine_type;
    }
  }

  Table_exists_result ter = check_if_table_exists(
      thd, db, table_name, alias,
      (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE),
      (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_IF_NOT_EXISTS), internal_tmp_table);
  if (ter.m_error) {
    return true;
  }
  if (ter.m_table_exists) {
    return false;
  }

  /* Suppress key length errors if this is a white listed table. */
  Key_length_error_handler error_handler;
  bool is_whitelisted_table =
      (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) !=
          HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE &&
      (thd->is_server_upgrade_thread() ||
       create_info->db_type->db_type == DB_TYPE_INNODB) &&
      (dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(db, error_table_name) ||
       dd::get_dictionary()->is_system_table_name(db, error_table_name));
  if (is_whitelisted_table) thd->push_internal_handler(&error_handler);

  bool prepare_error = mysql_prepare_create_table(
      thd, db, error_table_name, create_info, alter_info, file.get(),
      (part_info != nullptr), key_info, key_count, fk_key_info, fk_key_count,
      existing_fk_info, existing_fk_count, existing_fk_table,
      fk_max_generated_name_number, select_field_count, find_parent_keys);

  if (is_whitelisted_table) thd->pop_internal_handler();

  if (prepare_error) return true;

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_creating_table);

  {
    size_t dirlen;
    char dirpath[FN_REFLEN];

    /*
      data_file_name and index_file_name include the table name without
      extension. Mostly this does not refer to an existing file. When
      comparing data_file_name or index_file_name against the data
      directory, we try to resolve all symbolic links. On some systems,
      we use realpath(3) for the resolution. This returns ENOENT if the
      resolved path does not refer to an existing file. my_realpath()
      does then copy the requested path verbatim, without symlink
      resolution. Thereafter the comparison can fail even if the
      requested path is within the data directory. E.g. if symlinks to
      another file system are used. To make realpath(3) return the
      resolved path, we strip the table name and compare the directory
      path only. If the directory doesn't exist either, table creation
      will fail anyway.
    */
    if (create_info->data_file_name) {
      dirname_part(dirpath, create_info->data_file_name, &dirlen);
      if (test_if_data_home_dir(dirpath)) {
        my_error(ER_WRONG_ARGUMENTS, MYF(0), "DATA DIRECTORY");
        return true;
      }
    }
    if (create_info->index_file_name) {
      dirname_part(dirpath, create_info->index_file_name, &dirlen);
      if (test_if_data_home_dir(dirpath)) {
        my_error(ER_WRONG_ARGUMENTS, MYF(0), "INDEX DIRECTORY");
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  if (check_partition_dirs(thd->lex->part_info)) return true;

  if (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_NO_DIR_IN_CREATE) {
    if (create_info->data_file_name)
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, WARN_OPTION_IGNORED,
                          ER_THD(thd, WARN_OPTION_IGNORED), "DATA DIRECTORY");
    if (create_info->index_file_name)
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, WARN_OPTION_IGNORED,
                          ER_THD(thd, WARN_OPTION_IGNORED), "INDEX DIRECTORY");
    create_info->data_file_name = create_info->index_file_name = nullptr;
  }

  if (thd->variables.keep_files_on_create)
    create_info->options |= HA_CREATE_KEEP_FILES;

  /*
    Create table definitions.
    If "no_ha_table" is false also create table in storage engine.
  */
  if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
    if (rea_create_tmp_table(thd, path, schema, db, table_name, create_info,
                             alter_info->create_list, *key_count, *key_info,
                             keys_onoff,
                             &alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list,
                             file.get(), no_ha_table, is_trans, table_def))
      return true;
  } else {
    if (rea_create_base_table(thd, path, schema, db, table_name, create_info,
                              alter_info->create_list, *key_count, *key_info,
                              keys_onoff, *fk_key_count, *fk_key_info,
                              &alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list,
                              file.get(), no_ha_table, do_not_store_in_dd,
                              part_info, is_trans, table_def, post_ddl_ht))
      return true;
  }

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_after_create);
  if ((create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) &&
      thd->in_multi_stmt_transaction_mode()) {
    /*
      When autocommit is disabled, creating temporary table sets this
      flag to start transaction in any case (regardless of binlog=on/off,
      binlog format and transactional/non-transactional engine) to make
      behavior consistent.
    */
    thd->server_status |= SERVER_STATUS_IN_TRANS;
  }
  return false;
}

/*
  This function disallows requests to use general tablespace for the table
  with ENCRYPTION clause different from the general tablespace's encryption
  type.

  @param thd          Thread
  @param create_info  Metadata of the table.

  @returns true on failure, false on success.
*/
static bool validate_table_encryption(THD *thd, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info) {
  // Study if this table uses general tablespaces and if any one is encrypted.
  bool uses_general_tablespace = false;
  bool uses_encrypted_tablespace = false;
  dd::Encrypt_result result =
      dd::is_tablespace_encrypted(thd, create_info, &uses_general_tablespace);
  if (result.error) return true;

  if (uses_general_tablespace) {
    uses_encrypted_tablespace = result.value;
  } else if (!create_info->tablespace &&
             create_info->db_type->get_tablespace_type_by_name) {
    /*
      No tablespace is explicitly specified. InnoDB can either use
      file-per-table or general tablespace based on 'innodb_file_per_table'
      setting, so ask SE about it.
     */
    Tablespace_type tt;
    if (create_info->db_type->get_tablespace_type_by_name(
            create_info->tablespace, &tt)) {
      return true;
    }
    uses_general_tablespace = (tt != Tablespace_type::SPACE_TYPE_IMPLICIT);
  }

  /*
    Stop if table's uses general tablespace and the requested encryption
    type does not match the general tablespace encryption type.
  */
  bool requested_type = dd::is_encrypted(create_info->encrypt_type);
  if (uses_general_tablespace && requested_type != uses_encrypted_tablespace) {
    my_error(ER_INVALID_ENCRYPTION_REQUEST, MYF(0),
             requested_type ? "'encrypted'" : "'unencrypted'",
             uses_encrypted_tablespace ? "'encrypted'" : "'unencrypted'");
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

static void warn_on_deprecated_float_auto_increment(
    THD *thd, const Create_field &sql_field) {
  if ((sql_field.flags & AUTO_INCREMENT_FLAG) &&
      (sql_field.sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT ||
       sql_field.sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE)) {
    push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                        ER_WARN_DEPRECATED_FLOAT_AUTO_INCREMENT,
                        ER_THD(thd, ER_WARN_DEPRECATED_FLOAT_AUTO_INCREMENT),
                        sql_field.field_name);
  }
}

static void warn_on_deprecated_float_precision(THD *thd,
                                               const Create_field &sql_field) {
  if (sql_field.decimals != DECIMAL_NOT_SPECIFIED) {
    if (sql_field.sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT ||
        sql_field.sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE) {
      push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                   ER_WARN_DEPRECATED_SYNTAX_NO_REPLACEMENT,
                   ER_THD(thd, ER_WARN_DEPRECATED_FLOAT_DIGITS));
    }
  }
}

static void warn_on_deprecated_float_unsigned(THD *thd,
                                              const Create_field &sql_field) {
  if ((sql_field.flags & UNSIGNED_FLAG) &&
      (sql_field.sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_FLOAT ||
       sql_field.sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DOUBLE ||
       sql_field.sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDECIMAL)) {
    push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                 ER_WARN_DEPRECATED_SYNTAX_NO_REPLACEMENT,
                 ER_THD(thd, ER_WARN_DEPRECATED_FLOAT_UNSIGNED));
  }
}

static void warn_on_deprecated_zerofill(THD *thd,
                                        const Create_field &sql_field) {
  // The YEAR data type is implicitly ZEROFILL. Should only warn if it has been
  // declared explicitly as ZEROFILL, but that cannot be determined at this
  // point, so suppress the warning to avoid confusion.
  if (sql_field.sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_YEAR) return;

  if (sql_field.flags & ZEROFILL_FLAG)
    push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                 ER_WARN_DEPRECATED_SYNTAX_NO_REPLACEMENT,
                 ER_THD(thd, ER_WARN_DEPRECATED_ZEROFILL));
}

/**
  Simple wrapper around create_table_impl() to be used
  in various version of CREATE TABLE statement.
*/
bool mysql_create_table_no_lock(THD *thd, const char *db,
                                const char *table_name,
                                HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                                Alter_info *alter_info, uint select_field_count,
                                bool find_parent_keys, bool *is_trans,
                                handlerton **post_ddl_ht) {
  KEY *not_used_1;
  uint not_used_2;
  FOREIGN_KEY *not_used_3 = nullptr;
  uint not_used_4 = 0;
  std::unique_ptr<dd::Table> not_used_5;
  char path[FN_REFLEN + 1];

  if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)
    build_tmptable_filename(thd, path, sizeof(path));
  else {
    bool was_truncated;
    const char *alias = table_case_name(create_info, table_name);
    build_table_filename(path, sizeof(path) - 1 - reg_ext_length, db, alias, "",
                         0, &was_truncated);
    // Check truncation, will lead to overflow when adding extension
    if (was_truncated) {
      my_error(ER_IDENT_CAUSES_TOO_LONG_PATH, MYF(0), sizeof(path) - 1, path);
      return true;
    }
  }

  /*
    Don't create the DD tables in the DDSE unless installing the DD.
  */

  bool no_ha_table = false;
  if (!opt_initialize && dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(db, table_name))
    no_ha_table = true;

  // Check if the schema exists. We must make sure the schema is released
  // and unlocked in the right order.
  dd::Schema_MDL_locker mdl_locker(thd);
  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  const dd::Schema *schema = nullptr;
  if (mdl_locker.ensure_locked(db) || thd->dd_client()->acquire(db, &schema)) {
    // Error is reported by the dictionary subsystem.
    return true;
  }

  if (schema == nullptr) {
    my_error(ER_BAD_DB_ERROR, MYF(0), db);
    return true;
  }

  // Do not accept ENCRYPTION and AUTOEXTEND_SIZE clauses for
  // temporary table.
  if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
    if (create_info->encrypt_type.length) {
      my_error(ER_CANNOT_USE_ENCRYPTION_CLAUSE, MYF(0), "temporary");
      return true;
    }

    if (create_info->m_implicit_tablespace_autoextend_size > 0) {
      my_error(ER_CANNOT_USE_AUTOEXTEND_SIZE_CLAUSE, MYF(0), "temporary");
      return true;
    }
  }

  // Determine table encryption type, and check if user is allowed to create.
  if (!(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)) {
    /*
      Assume table as encrypted, if user did not explicitly state it and
      we have a schema with default encryption enabled.
     */
    if (!create_info->encrypt_type.length && schema->default_encryption()) {
      create_info->encrypt_type = {strmake_root(thd->mem_root, "Y", 1), 1};
    }

    // Stop if it is invalid encryption clause, when using general tablespace.
    if (validate_table_encryption(thd, create_info)) return true;

    // Check table encryption privilege
    if (create_info->encrypt_type.str || create_info->tablespace) {
      /*
        Check privilege only if request encryption type differ from schema
        default encryption type.
       */
      bool request_type = dd::is_encrypted(create_info->encrypt_type);
      if (schema->default_encryption() != request_type) {
        if (opt_table_encryption_privilege_check) {
          if (check_table_encryption_admin_access(thd)) {
            my_error(ER_CANNOT_SET_TABLE_ENCRYPTION, MYF(0));
            return true;
          }
        } else if (schema->default_encryption() && !request_type) {
          push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                       WARN_UNENCRYPTED_TABLE_IN_ENCRYPTED_DB,
                       ER_THD(thd, WARN_UNENCRYPTED_TABLE_IN_ENCRYPTED_DB));
        }
      }
    }
  }

  for (const Create_field &sql_field : alter_info->create_list) {
    warn_on_deprecated_float_auto_increment(thd, sql_field);
  }

  // Only needed for CREATE TABLE LIKE / SELECT, as warnings for
  // pure CREATE TABLE is reported in the parser.
  if (!thd->lex->query_block->field_list_is_empty()) {
    for (const Create_field &sql_field : alter_info->create_list) {
      warn_on_deprecated_float_precision(thd, sql_field);
      warn_on_deprecated_float_unsigned(thd, sql_field);
      warn_on_deprecated_zerofill(thd, sql_field);
    }
  }

  if (thd->is_plugin_fake_ddl()) no_ha_table = true;

  return create_table_impl(
      thd, *schema, db, table_name, table_name, path, create_info, alter_info,
      false, select_field_count, find_parent_keys, no_ha_table, false, is_trans,
      &not_used_1, &not_used_2, Alter_info::ENABLE, &not_used_3, &not_used_4,
      nullptr, 0, nullptr, 0, &not_used_5, post_ddl_ht);
}

typedef std::set<std::pair<dd::String_type, dd::String_type>>
    Normalized_fk_children;

/**
  Fetch names of all tables having a FK referring to the given table.

  @param       thd                Thread handle.
  @param       parent_schema      Schema name of the referenced table.
  @param       parent_name        Name of the referenced table.
  @param       parent_engine      Name of the referenced table's storage engine.
  @param [out] fk_children        Set of unique schema qualified names of
                                  tables referring the given parent.

  The children are fetched from the DD tables using uncommitted read. The
  names are normalized, i.e., if l_c_t_n == 2, the names are lowercased.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/

static bool fetch_fk_children_uncached_uncommitted_normalized(
    THD *thd, const char *parent_schema, const char *parent_name,
    const char *parent_engine, Normalized_fk_children *fk_children) {
  std::vector<dd::String_type> children_dbs, children_names;

  if (thd->dd_client()->fetch_fk_children_uncached(
          parent_schema, parent_name, parent_engine, true, &children_dbs,
          &children_names))
    return true;

  auto db_it = children_dbs.begin();
  auto names_it = children_names.begin();

  while (db_it != children_dbs.end()) {
    assert(names_it != children_names.end());
    char buff_db[NAME_LEN + 1];
    char buff_table[NAME_LEN + 1];
    my_stpncpy(buff_db, db_it->c_str(), NAME_LEN);
    my_stpncpy(buff_table, names_it->c_str(), NAME_LEN);
    /*
      In lower-case-table-names == 2 mode we store original versions of table
      and db names in the data-dictionary. Hence they need to be lowercased
      to produce correct MDL key for them and for other uses.
    */
    if (lower_case_table_names == 2) {
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_db);
      my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_table);
    }

    fk_children->insert(
        typename Normalized_fk_children::value_type(buff_db, buff_table));

    ++db_it;
    ++names_it;
  }
  return false;
}

bool collect_fk_children(THD *thd, const char *db, const char *arg_table_name,
                         handlerton *hton, enum_mdl_type lock_type,
                         MDL_request_list *mdl_requests) {
  Normalized_fk_children fk_children;
  if (fetch_fk_children_uncached_uncommitted_normalized(
          thd, db, arg_table_name, ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(hton),
          &fk_children))
    return true;

  for (auto fk_children_it : fk_children) {
    const char *schema_name = fk_children_it.first.c_str();
    const char *table_name = fk_children_it.second.c_str();

    MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::TABLE, schema_name, table_name,
                     lock_type, MDL_STATEMENT);
    mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

    mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::SCHEMA, schema_name, "",
                     MDL_INTENTION_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

    mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);
  }
  return false;
}

static bool reload_fk_parents_for_single_table(THD *thd, const char *db,
                                               const char *name) {
  dd::Table *table = nullptr;
  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(db, name, &table)) return true;

  // Missing parent is allowed for tables created with F_K_C = 0.
  if (table == nullptr) return false;

  bool before_image_empty = table->foreign_key_parents().empty();

  // Read uncommitted from the DD tables to reload the information.
  if (table->reload_foreign_key_parents(thd)) return true;

  bool after_image_empty = table->foreign_key_parents().empty();

  /*
    The changes are reflected in the uncommitted registry in the
    dictionary client, which is removed upon rollback. Upon commit,
    the corresponding object in the shared cache is invalidated. This
    means that there will be an update of the DD tables which is not
    necessary, and which also interferes with the use of the
    Foreign_key_parents_invalidator.

    TODO: In the long term, extend the Dictionary_client to support
          caching changes that should not (or will not) be reflected
          in the DD tables.

    TODO: In the short term, we can improve this to avoid unnecessary
          updates if the FK parent collection is unchanged. For now,
          skip update if the collection is empty both before and after
          reload.
  */
  if (before_image_empty && after_image_empty) return false;

  return thd->dd_client()->update(table);
}

bool adjust_fk_parents(THD *thd, const char *db, const char *name,
                       bool reload_self,
                       const Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator) {
  /*
    Can't reload self in case of e.g. DROP. Otherwise, reload the
    foreign key parents info in case we e.g. un-orphaned a child.
  */
  if (reload_self && reload_fk_parents_for_single_table(thd, db, name))
    return true;

  /*
    If an invalidator is submitted, use it to decide which tables should
    have their FK parent info reloaded. This must be done e.g. for ALTER,
    since e.g. the dropped FKs will not be present in the table's FK list
    at this point.
  */
  if (fk_invalidator != nullptr) {
    for (auto parent : fk_invalidator->parents()) {
      // Self referencing keys should be updated above if reload_self == true.
      if ((my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, parent.first.first.c_str(), db) !=
               0 ||
           my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, parent.first.second.c_str(),
                         name) != 0) &&
          reload_fk_parents_for_single_table(thd, parent.first.first.c_str(),
                                             parent.first.second.c_str()))
        return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  /*
    Otherwise, use the FK list in the table and reload FK parent info
    for each parent.
  */
  const dd::Table *table = nullptr;
  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(db, name, &table)) return true;

  assert(table);

  for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table->foreign_keys()) {
    // Self referencing keys should be updated above if reload_self == true.
    if ((my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                       fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(), db) != 0 ||
         my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                       name) != 0) &&
        reload_fk_parents_for_single_table(
            thd, fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
            fk->referenced_table_name().c_str()))
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Check if foreign key's parent table has a column compatible with foreign key's
  referenced column.

  @param[in]     parent_table_def   Data-dictionary object for parent table.
  @param[in]     fk                 Data-dictionary object for foreign key.
  @param[in]     fk_el              Data-dictionary object for foreign key
                                    element.
  @param[in]     hton               Handlerton for table's storage engine.

  @retval        false              Success.
  @retval        true               Failure.
*/
static bool check_table_has_col_compatible_with_fk_ref_col(
    const dd::Table *parent_table_def, const dd::Foreign_key *fk,
    const dd::Foreign_key_element *fk_el, handlerton *hton) {
  auto same_column_name = [fk_el](const dd::Column *c) {
    return my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, c->name().c_str(),
                         fk_el->referenced_column_name().c_str()) == 0;
  };
  auto ref_column =
      std::find_if(parent_table_def->columns().begin(),
                   parent_table_def->columns().end(), same_column_name);
  if (ref_column == parent_table_def->columns().end()) {
    my_error(ER_FK_NO_COLUMN_PARENT, MYF(0),
             fk_el->referenced_column_name().c_str(), fk->name().c_str(),
             fk->referenced_table_name().c_str());
    return true;
  }

  if ((*ref_column)->is_virtual()) {
    my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_USE_VIRTUAL_COLUMN, MYF(0), fk->name().c_str(),
             fk_el->referenced_column_name().c_str());
    return true;
  }

  // Check that type of referencing and referenced columns are compatible.
  if (hton->check_fk_column_compat) {
    Ha_fk_column_type child_column_type, parent_column_type;

    if (fill_ha_fk_column_type(&child_column_type, &fk_el->column()) ||
        fill_ha_fk_column_type(&parent_column_type, *ref_column))
      return true;

    if (!hton->check_fk_column_compat(&child_column_type, &parent_column_type,
                                      true)) {
      my_error(ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS, MYF(0),
               fk_el->column().name().c_str(),
               fk_el->referenced_column_name().c_str(), fk->name().c_str());
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if new definition of parent table is compatible with foreign keys
  on child table which reference it. Update the unique constraint names and
  referenced column names for the foreign keys accordingly.

  @param thd                  Thread handle.
  @param check_only           Indicates that we only need to check parent key
                              existence and do not do real update.
  @param check_charsets       Indicates whether we need to check charsets of
                              columns participating in foreign keys.
  @param child_table_db       Child table schema name.
  @param child_table_name     Child table name.
  @param parent_table_db      Parent table schema name.
  @param parent_table_name    Parent table name.
  @param hton                 Handlerton for tables' storage engine.
  @param parent_table_def     Table object representing the new version of
                              referenced table.
  @param parent_alter_info    Alter_info containing information about renames
                              of parent columns. Can be nullptr if there are
                              no such renames.
  @param old_parent_table_def Table object representing the old version of
                              referenced table. Can be nullptr if this is
                              not ALTER TABLE. Used for error reporting.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool adjust_fk_child_after_parent_def_change(
    THD *thd, bool check_only, bool check_charsets, const char *child_table_db,
    const char *child_table_name, const char *parent_table_db,
    const char *parent_table_name, handlerton *hton,
    const dd::Table *parent_table_def, Alter_info *parent_alter_info,
    const dd::Table *old_parent_table_def) {
  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());

  dd::Table *child_table_def = nullptr;
  const dd::Table *old_child_table_def = nullptr;

  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(
          child_table_db, child_table_name, &child_table_def))
    return true;

  if (child_table_def == nullptr) {
    // Safety.
    return false;
  }

  /*
    Check if we are making parent table in a foreign key (possibly
    previously orphan) a partitioned table and table's storage engine
    doesn't support foreign keys over partitioned tables.
  */
  if (parent_table_def->partition_type() != dd::Table::PT_NONE &&
      (!hton->partition_flags ||
       hton->partition_flags() & HA_CANNOT_PARTITION_FK)) {
    my_error(ER_FOREIGN_KEY_ON_PARTITIONED, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  if (old_parent_table_def != nullptr &&
      thd->dd_client()->acquire(child_table_db, child_table_name,
                                &old_child_table_def))
    return true;

  assert(old_parent_table_def == nullptr || old_child_table_def != nullptr);

  for (dd::Foreign_key *fk : *(child_table_def->foreign_keys())) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                      parent_table_db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                      parent_table_name) == 0) {
      for (dd::Foreign_key_element *fk_el : *(fk->elements())) {
        if (parent_alter_info) {
          /*
            The parent table is ALTERed. Check that referenced column was
            not dropped and update foreign key definition with its new
            name if it was renamed. The latter needs to be done before
            searching for parent key.
          */
          List_iterator<Create_field> find_it(parent_alter_info->create_list);
          const Create_field *find;

          if (check_only) {
            /*
              This is early stage of ALTER TABLE, so Alter_info::create_list is
              fully available and we can use it both to check that column exists
              and to handle column renames.
            */
            while ((find = find_it++)) {
              if (find->field &&
                  my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                                fk_el->referenced_column_name().c_str(),
                                find->field->field_name) == 0) {
                break;
              }
            }

            if (find == nullptr) {
              my_error(ER_FK_COLUMN_CANNOT_DROP_CHILD, MYF(0),
                       fk_el->referenced_column_name().c_str(),
                       fk->name().c_str(), fk->table().name().c_str());
              return true;
            }

            /*
              Column can't be made virtual as we don't allow ALTERs which make
              stored columns virtual.
            */
            assert(!find->is_virtual_gcol());

            // Use new column name in foreign key definition if name was
            // changed.
            if (find->change != nullptr) {
              fk_el->referenced_column_name(find->field_name);
            }

            /*
              Check that types of child and parent columns are compatible.
            */
            if (hton->check_fk_column_compat) {
              Ha_fk_column_type child_column_type, parent_column_type;

              if (fill_ha_fk_column_type(&child_column_type, &fk_el->column()))
                return true;
              fill_ha_fk_column_type(&parent_column_type, find);

              if (!hton->check_fk_column_compat(&child_column_type,
                                                &parent_column_type,
                                                check_charsets)) {
                my_error(ER_FK_INCOMPATIBLE_COLUMNS, MYF(0),
                         fk_el->column().name().c_str(),
                         fk_el->referenced_column_name().c_str(),
                         fk->name().c_str());
                return true;
              }
            }
          } else {
            /*
              This is late stage of ALTER TABLE. Some elements in
              Alter_info::create_list are not fully valid. However,
              those which are related to renaming of columns are,
              so we can use them to update foreign key definitions.
              Luckily, thanks to check at early stage of ALTER TABLE
              we don't need to do anything else here.
            */
            while ((find = find_it++)) {
              if (find->change &&
                  my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                                fk_el->referenced_column_name().c_str(),
                                find->change) == 0) {
                fk_el->referenced_column_name(find->field_name);
                break;
              }
            }
          }
        } else {
          /*
            We add parent table for previously orphan foreign key by doing
            CREATE or RENAME TABLE. We need to check that it has columns
            which match referenced columns in foreign key.
          */
          if (check_table_has_col_compatible_with_fk_ref_col(parent_table_def,
                                                             fk, fk_el, hton))
            return true;
        }
      }

      /*
        This function is never, and should never be, called for self referencing
        foreign keys. Hence, we can submit 'false' for 'is_self_referenceing_fk'
        in the call to prepare_fk_parent_key().
      */
      assert(my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                           fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                           child_table_db) ||
             my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                           fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                           child_table_name));

      if (prepare_fk_parent_key(hton, parent_table_def, old_parent_table_def,
                                old_child_table_def, false, fk))
        return true;
    }
  }

  if (!check_only && thd->dd_client()->update(child_table_def)) return true;

  return false;
}

bool adjust_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
    THD *thd, bool check_charsets, const char *parent_table_db,
    const char *parent_table_name, handlerton *hton,
    const dd::Table *parent_table_def, Alter_info *parent_alter_info,
    bool invalidate_tdc) {
  Normalized_fk_children fk_children;
  if (fetch_fk_children_uncached_uncommitted_normalized(
          thd, parent_table_db, parent_table_name,
          ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(hton), &fk_children))
    return true;

  for (auto fk_children_it : fk_children) {
    const char *schema_name = fk_children_it.first.c_str();
    const char *table_name = fk_children_it.second.c_str();

    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, schema_name, parent_table_db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, table_name, parent_table_name) ==
            0) {
      // Safety. Self-referencing foreign keys are handled earlier.
      continue;
    }

    /*
      Since we always pass nullptr as old parent table definition pointer
      to the below call, the error message reported by it might be not the
      best one for the case when we call this function for ALTER TABLE
      which drops parent key. But this does not matter as such errors
      should have been normally detected and reported by earlier call
      to check_fk_children_after_parent_def_change().
    */
    if (adjust_fk_child_after_parent_def_change(
            thd, false /* Update FKs. */, check_charsets, schema_name,
            table_name, parent_table_db, parent_table_name, hton,
            parent_table_def, parent_alter_info, nullptr))
      return true;

    if (invalidate_tdc) {
      mysql_ha_flush_table(thd, schema_name, table_name);
      close_all_tables_for_name(thd, schema_name, table_name, false);
    }

#ifdef DISABLED_UNTIL_WL9533
    /*
      TODO: Simply removing entries from InnoDB internal cache breaks
            its FK checking logic at the moment. This is to be solved
            as part of WL#9533. We might have to replace invalidation
            with cache update to do this.Also we might have to postpone
            such invalidation/update until statement commit time.
    */
    if (hton->dict_cache_reset) hton->dict_cache_reset(schema_name, table_name);
#endif
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if new definition of parent table is compatible with foreign keys which
  reference it.

  @param thd                  Thread handle.
  @param parent_table_db      Parent table schema name.
  @param parent_table_name    Parent table name.
  @param hton                 Handlerton for tables' storage engine.
  @param old_parent_table_def Table object representing the old version of
                              parent table.
  @param new_parent_table_def Table object representing the new version of
                              parent table.
  @param parent_alter_info    Alter_info containing information about renames
                              of parent columns.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool check_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
    THD *thd, const char *parent_table_db, const char *parent_table_name,
    handlerton *hton, const dd::Table *old_parent_table_def,
    const dd::Table *new_parent_table_def, Alter_info *parent_alter_info) {
  for (const dd::Foreign_key_parent *parent_fk :
       old_parent_table_def->foreign_key_parents()) {
    // Self-referencing FKs are handled separately.
    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      parent_fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                      parent_table_db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      parent_fk->child_table_name().c_str(),
                      parent_table_name) == 0)
      continue;

    if (adjust_fk_child_after_parent_def_change(
            thd, true,  // Check only.
            /*
              Allow charset discrepancies between child and parent columns
              in FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 mode. This provides a way to change
              charset of column which participates in a foreign key without
              dropping the latter (Note that in general case there is no way
              to change charset of both child and parent columns
              simultaneously).
              We do not allow creation of same discrepancies when adding
              new foreign key using CREATE/ALTER TABLE or adding new parent
              for existing orphan foreign key using CREATE/RENAME TABLE.
            */
            !(thd->variables.option_bits & OPTION_NO_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS),
            parent_fk->child_schema_name().c_str(),
            parent_fk->child_table_name().c_str(), parent_table_db,
            parent_table_name, hton, new_parent_table_def, parent_alter_info,
            old_parent_table_def))
      return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if new definition of parent table is compatible with foreign keys which
  reference it and were previously orphan.

  @param thd                     Thread handle.
  @param parent_table_db         Parent table schema name.
  @param parent_table_name       Parent table name.
  @param old_parent_table_db     Old parent table schema name, if table is
                                 renamed.
  @param old_parent_table_name   Old parent table name, if table is renamed.
  @param hton                    Handlerton for table's storage engine.
  @param parent_table_def        Table object representing the parent table.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool check_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
    THD *thd, const char *parent_table_db, const char *parent_table_name,
    const char *old_parent_table_db, const char *old_parent_table_name,
    handlerton *hton, const dd::Table *parent_table_def) {
  Normalized_fk_children fk_children;
  if (fetch_fk_children_uncached_uncommitted_normalized(
          thd, parent_table_db, parent_table_name,
          ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(hton), &fk_children))
    return true;

  for (auto fk_children_it : fk_children) {
    const char *schema_name = fk_children_it.first.c_str();
    const char *table_name = fk_children_it.second.c_str();

    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, schema_name, parent_table_db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, table_name, parent_table_name) ==
            0) {
      // Safety. Self-referencing FKs are handled separately.
      continue;
    }

    if (old_parent_table_name != nullptr) {
      assert(old_parent_table_db != nullptr);
      if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, schema_name,
                        old_parent_table_db) == 0 &&
          my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, table_name,
                        old_parent_table_name) == 0) {
        /*
          In case of ALTER TABLE with RENAME clause, the above check involving
          parent_table_db and parent_table_name will skip orphan FKs which
          will become non-orphan/adopted self-referencing FKs as result of this
          RENAME. Hence we need to do additional check using old_parent_table_db
          and old_parent_table_name for non-orphan/adopted self-referencing FKs.
        */
        continue;
      }
    }

    if (adjust_fk_child_after_parent_def_change(
            thd, true,  // Check only.
            true,       // Check that charsets match.
            schema_name, table_name, parent_table_db, parent_table_name, hton,
            parent_table_def, nullptr, nullptr))
      return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Update the referenced schema- and/or table name for the referencing tables
  when the referenced table is renamed.

  @param thd                Thread handle.
  @param parent_table_db    Old schema name.
  @param parent_table_name  Old table name.
  @param hton               Handlerton for table's storage engine.
  @param new_db             New schema name.
  @param new_table_name     New table name.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool adjust_fk_children_after_parent_rename(
    THD *thd, const char *parent_table_db, const char *parent_table_name,
    handlerton *hton, const char *new_db, const char *new_table_name) {
  Normalized_fk_children fk_children;
  if (fetch_fk_children_uncached_uncommitted_normalized(
          thd, parent_table_db, parent_table_name,
          ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(hton), &fk_children))
    return true;

  for (auto fk_children_it : fk_children) {
    const char *schema_name = fk_children_it.first.c_str();
    const char *table_name = fk_children_it.second.c_str();

    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, schema_name, parent_table_db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, table_name, parent_table_name) ==
            0) {
      continue;
    }

    dd::Table *child_table_def = nullptr;

    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(schema_name, table_name,
                                                   &child_table_def))
      return true;

    assert(child_table_def != nullptr);

    for (dd::Foreign_key *fk : *(child_table_def->foreign_keys())) {
      if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                        fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                        parent_table_db) == 0 &&
          my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                        fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                        parent_table_name) == 0) {
        fk->set_referenced_table_schema_name(new_db);
        fk->set_referenced_table_name(new_table_name);
      }
    }

    if (thd->dd_client()->update(child_table_def)) return true;

    mysql_ha_flush_table(thd, schema_name, table_name);
    close_all_tables_for_name(thd, schema_name, table_name, false);

#ifdef DISABLED_UNTIL_WL9533
    /*
      TODO: Simply removing entries from InnoDB internal cache breaks
            its FK checking logic at the moment. This is to be solved
            as part of WL#9533. We might have to replace invalidation
            with cache update to do this.Also we might have to postpone
            such invalidation/update until statement commit time.
    */
    if (hton->dict_cache_reset) hton->dict_cache_reset(schema_name, table_name);
#endif
  }

  return false;
}

bool collect_fk_parents_for_new_fks(
    THD *thd, const char *db_name, const char *table_name,
    const Alter_info *alter_info, enum_mdl_type lock_type, handlerton *hton,
    MDL_request_list *mdl_requests,
    Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator) {
  for (const Key_spec *key : alter_info->key_list) {
    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_FOREIGN) {
      const Foreign_key_spec *fk = down_cast<const Foreign_key_spec *>(key);

      if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->ref_db.str, db_name) == 0 &&
          my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->ref_table.str, table_name) ==
              0)
        continue;

      MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
      if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

      MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::TABLE, fk->ref_db.str,
                       fk->ref_table.str, lock_type, MDL_STATEMENT);

      mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

      mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
      if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

      MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::SCHEMA, fk->ref_db.str, "",
                       MDL_INTENTION_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

      mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

      if (fk_invalidator)
        fk_invalidator->add(fk->ref_db.str, fk->ref_table.str, hton);
    }
  }
  return false;
}

bool collect_fk_names_for_new_fks(THD *thd, const char *db_name,
                                  const char *table_name,
                                  const Alter_info *alter_info,
                                  handlerton *hton,
                                  uint fk_max_generated_name_number,
                                  MDL_request_list *mdl_requests) {
  char table_name_lc[NAME_LEN + 1];
  strmake(table_name_lc, table_name, NAME_LEN);
  /*
    Prepare lowercase version of table name unless it is in lower case
    already. It is to be used for producing lowercase version of FK name
    for acquiring metadata lock on it.
  */
  if (lower_case_table_names == 0)
    my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, table_name_lc);

  for (size_t i = 0; i < alter_info->key_list.size(); i++) {
    const Key_spec *key = alter_info->key_list[i];

    if (key->type == KEYTYPE_FOREIGN) {
      const Foreign_key_spec *fk = down_cast<const Foreign_key_spec *>(key);

      if (fk->has_explicit_name) {
        assert(fk->name.str);
        /*
          Since foreign key names are case-insensitive we need to lowercase
          them before passing to MDL subsystem.
        */
        char fk_name[NAME_LEN + 1];
        strmake(fk_name, fk->name.str, NAME_LEN);
        my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, fk_name);

        MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
        if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

        MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::FOREIGN_KEY, db_name, fk_name,
                         MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);
        mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);
      } else {
        // The below buffer should be sufficient for any generated name.
        char fk_name[NAME_LEN + MAX_FK_NAME_SUFFIX_LENGTH + 10 + 1];

        /*
          Note that the below code is in sync with generate_fk_name().

          Use lower-cased version of table name to generate foreign key
          name in lower-case.

          Here we truncate generated name if it is too long. This is sufficient
          for MDL purposes. Error will be reported later in this case.
        */
        generate_fk_name(fk_name, sizeof(fk_name), table_name_lc, hton,
                         &fk_max_generated_name_number);

        MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
        if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

        MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::FOREIGN_KEY, db_name, fk_name,
                         MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

        mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Implementation of SQLCOM_CREATE_TABLE.

  Take the metadata locks (including a shared lock on the affected
  schema) and create the table. Is written to be called from
  mysql_execute_command(), to which it delegates the common parts
  with other commands (i.e. implicit commit before and after,
  close of thread tables.
*/

bool mysql_create_table(THD *thd, Table_ref *create_table,
                        HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info, Alter_info *alter_info) {
  bool result = false;
  bool is_trans = false;
  uint not_used;
  handlerton *post_ddl_ht = nullptr;
  bool is_pk_generated = false;
  Foreign_key_parents_invalidator fk_invalidator;
  DBUG_TRACE;

  handlerton *actual_hton = get_viable_handlerton_for_create(
      thd, create_table->table_name, *create_info);
  if (actual_hton == nullptr) return true;

  create_info->db_type = actual_hton;

  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());

  if (create_info->m_transactional_ddl) {
    /*
      Stop if START TRANSACTION is requested on table with engine that
      does not support atomic DDL.
     */
    if (!(create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)) {
      my_error(ER_NOT_ALLOWED_WITH_START_TRANSACTION, MYF(0),
               "with engine that does not support atomic DDL.");
      result = true;
      goto end;
    }

    // Stop if START TRANSACTION is requested when creating temporary table.
    if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
      my_error(ER_NOT_ALLOWED_WITH_START_TRANSACTION, MYF(0),
               "to create temporary tables.");
      result = true;
      goto end;
    }
  }

  /*
    Open or obtain "X" MDL lock on the table being created.
    To check the existence of table, lock of type "S" is obtained on the table
    and then it is upgraded to "X" if table does not exists.
  */
  if (open_tables(thd, &thd->lex->query_tables, &not_used, 0) ||
      thd->decide_logging_format(thd->lex->query_tables)) {
    result = true;
    goto end;
  }

  /* Got lock. */
  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "locked_table_name");

  /*
    Do not acquire metadata locks on tables in FK relationships if
    table (or view with the same name) exists. They are not necessary
    as we won't perform any lookups on them or update of their metadata
    in this case.
  */
  if (!(create_table->table || create_table->is_view()) &&
      !(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) &&
      (create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS)) {
    /*
      CREATE TABLE fails under LOCK TABLES at open_tables() time if target
      table doesn't exist already. So we don't need to handle LOCK TABLES
      case here by checking that parent tables for new FKs are properly
      locked and there are no orphan child tables for which table being
      created will become parent.
    */
    assert(thd->locked_tables_mode != LTM_LOCK_TABLES &&
           thd->locked_tables_mode != LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES);

    MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

    if (collect_fk_parents_for_new_fks(thd, create_table->db,
                                       create_table->table_name, alter_info,
                                       MDL_EXCLUSIVE, create_info->db_type,
                                       &mdl_requests, &fk_invalidator) ||
        (!dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(create_table->db,
                                                 create_table->table_name) &&
         collect_fk_children(thd, create_table->db, create_table->table_name,
                             create_info->db_type, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                             &mdl_requests)) ||
        collect_fk_names_for_new_fks(thd, create_table->db,
                                     create_table->table_name, alter_info,
                                     create_info->db_type,
                                     0,  // No pre-existing FKs
                                     &mdl_requests) ||
        (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
         thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                        thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))) {
      result = true;
      goto end;
    }
  }

  // Prepare check constraints.
  if (prepare_check_constraints_for_create(
          thd, create_table->db, create_table->table_name, alter_info)) {
    result = true;
    goto end;
  }

  /*
    Promote first timestamp column, when explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
    is not set
  */
  if (!thd->variables.explicit_defaults_for_timestamp)
    promote_first_timestamp_column(&alter_info->create_list);

  /*
    If mode to generate invisible primary key is active then, generate primary
    key for the table.
  */
  if (is_generate_invisible_primary_key_mode_active(thd) &&
      is_candidate_table_for_invisible_primary_key_generation(create_info,
                                                              alter_info)) {
    if (validate_and_generate_invisible_primary_key(thd, alter_info)) {
      result = true;
      goto end;
    }
    is_pk_generated = true;
  }

  result = mysql_create_table_no_lock(
      thd, create_table->db, create_table->table_name, create_info, alter_info,
      0,
      /*
        We don't need to find parent keys for
        FK constraints if table exists.
      */
      !(create_table->table || create_table->is_view()), &is_trans,
      &post_ddl_ht);

  /*
    Don't write statement if:
    - Table creation has failed
    - Row-based logging is used and we are creating a temporary table
    Otherwise, the statement shall be binlogged.
  */
  if (!result) {
    /*
      CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE doesn't terminate a transaction. Calling
      stmt.mark_created_temp_table() guarantees the transaction can be binlogged
      correctly.
    */
    if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)
      thd->get_transaction()->mark_created_temp_table(Transaction_ctx::STMT);

    if (!thd->is_current_stmt_binlog_format_row() ||
        (thd->is_current_stmt_binlog_format_row() &&
         !(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE))) {
      thd->add_to_binlog_accessed_dbs(create_table->db);

      /*
        If primary key is generated for a table then we create version of CREATE
        TABLE statement which includes generated key and invisible column
        definitions in explicit form by calling store_create_info(). This is
        necessary to correctly binlog/replicate such statements, as we don't
        write to binary log value of @@sql_generate_invisible_primary_key
        variable, but rely on logging what really has been done instead.
      */
      if ((create_table->table == nullptr && !create_table->is_view()) &&
          is_pk_generated) {
        /*
          Open table to generate CREATE TABLE statement. For non-temporary
          table we already have exclusive lock here.
        */
        if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
          result = open_temporary_table(thd, create_table);
        } else {
          Open_table_context ot_ctx(thd, MYSQL_OPEN_REOPEN);
          result = open_table(thd, create_table, &ot_ctx);

          // Play safe, remove uncommitted table share from the cache.
          tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_NOT_OWN, create_table->db,
                           create_table->table_name, false);
        }

        if (!result) {
          char buf[2048];
          String query(buf, sizeof(buf), system_charset_info);
          query.length(0);
          result = store_create_info(thd, create_table, &query, create_info,
                                     true /* show_database */,
                                     false /* SHOW CREATE TABLE */);
          assert(result == 0);  // store_create_info() always return 0

          // Write generated CREATE TABLE statement to binlog.
          result =
              write_bin_log(thd, true, query.ptr(), query.length(), is_trans);

          /*
            Handle TABLE instance created for the non-temporary table here to
            avoid problems on transaction rollback. close_thread_table() at the
            end of statement will take care about the TABLE instance created
            for the temporary table.
          */
          if (!(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)) {
            /*
              close_thread_table() will take care about the TABLE instance we
              might have created for the non-temporary table, unless we are
              under LOCK TABLES. However, creation of non-temporary table is
              not allowed under LOCK TABLES. So we can't get here under LOCK
              TABLES.
            */
            assert(!thd->locked_tables_mode);
            close_thread_table(thd, &thd->open_tables);
            create_table->table = nullptr;
          }
        }
      } else {
        result = write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length,
                               is_trans);
      }
    }
  }

  if (!(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)) {
    if (!(create_table->table || create_table->is_view()) && !result &&
        (create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS)) {
      if (!dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(create_table->db,
                                                  create_table->table_name)) {
        const dd::Table *new_table = nullptr;

        if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(create_table->db,
                                      create_table->table_name, &new_table))
          result = true;
        else {
          assert(new_table != nullptr);
          // Check for usage of prefix key index in PARTITION BY KEY() function.
          dd::warn_on_deprecated_prefix_key_partition(thd, create_table->db,
                                                      create_table->table_name,
                                                      new_table, false);
          /*
            If we are to support FKs for storage engines which don't support
            atomic DDL we need to decide what to do for such SEs in case of
            failure to update children definitions and adjust code accordingly.
          */
          assert(is_trans);

          if (adjust_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
                  thd, create_table->db, create_table->table_name,
                  create_info->db_type, new_table, nullptr) ||
              adjust_fk_parents(thd, create_table->db, create_table->table_name,
                                true, nullptr))
            result = true;
        }
      }
    }

    // Update view metadata.
    if (!result) {
      Uncommitted_tables_guard uncommitted_tables(thd);

      if (!create_table->table && !create_table->is_view())
        uncommitted_tables.add_table(create_table);

      result = update_referencing_views_metadata(thd, create_table, !is_trans,
                                                 &uncommitted_tables);
    }

    /*
      Initialize the create select context with details required to perform
      rollback and commit operation after the INSERT's are executed. The
      context is freed once transaction is rolled back or committed.

      We do it just before transaction commit, so that if there is some
      error while creating a table, we can skip this initialization. One
      reason to do it this way is that the open_tables() acquires S mdl lock
      on table name and then later upgrade lock to X. If there is a error
      before the lock upgrade, we would have held S mdl lock, but then
      attempt to call tdc_remove_table() would assert during call to
      m_transactional_ddl.rollback().
    */
    if (!result && create_info->m_transactional_ddl) {
      thd->m_transactional_ddl.init(create_table->db, create_table->table_name,
                                    create_info->db_type);
    }

    /*
      Unless we are executing CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE we need to commit
      changes to the data-dictionary, SE and binary log and possibly run
      handlerton's post-DDL hook.

      Also, ignore implicit commit of transaction if we are processing
      transactional DDL.
    */
    if (!result && !thd->is_plugin_fake_ddl())
      result = trans_commit_stmt(thd) ||
               (create_info->m_transactional_ddl ? false
                                                 : trans_commit_implicit(thd));

    if (result && !thd->is_plugin_fake_ddl()) {
      trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
      /*
        Full rollback in case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request
        and to synchronize DD state in cache and on disk (as statement
        rollback doesn't clear DD cache of modified uncommitted objects).
      */
      trans_rollback(thd);
    }

    /*
      In case of CREATE TABLE post-DDL hook is mostly relevant for case
      when statement is rolled back. In such cases it is responsibility
      of this hook to cleanup files which might be left after failed
      table creation attempt. Ignore calling post-DDL hoot if we are
      processing transactional DDL.
    */
    if (!create_info->m_transactional_ddl && post_ddl_ht)
      post_ddl_ht->post_ddl(thd);

    if (!result) {
      /*
        Don't try to invalidate on error as it might be caused by
        failure to acquire locks needed for invalidation.
      */
      fk_invalidator.invalidate(thd);
    }
  }

end:
  return result;
}

/*
** Give the key name after the first field with an optional '_#' after
**/

static bool check_if_keyname_exists(const char *name, KEY *start, KEY *end) {
  for (KEY *key = start; key != end; key++)
    if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, name, key->name)) return true;
  return false;
}

static const char *make_unique_key_name(const char *field_name, KEY *start,
                                        KEY *end) {
  // NOTE: This may not handle multi-byte characters properly
  char buff[NAME_CHAR_LEN + 1];

  if (!check_if_keyname_exists(field_name, start, end) &&
      my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field_name, primary_key_name))
    return field_name;  // Use fieldname

  // Reserve space for '_', two-digit sequence number and terminating null char:
  char *buff_end = strmake(buff, field_name, sizeof(buff) - 4);
  /*
    2 digits support up to 100 keys, which is more than the normal MAX_INDEXES
    limit (64).
  */
  for (uint i = 2; i < 100; i++) {
    *buff_end = '_';
    longlong10_to_str(i, buff_end + 1, 10);
    if (!check_if_keyname_exists(buff, start, end)) return sql_strdup(buff);
  }
  return "not_specified";  // Should never happen
}

/* Ignore errors related to invalid collation during rename table. */
class Rename_table_error_handler : public Internal_error_handler {
 public:
  bool handle_condition(THD *, uint sql_errno, const char *,
                        Sql_condition::enum_severity_level *,
                        const char *) override {
    return (sql_errno == ER_UNKNOWN_COLLATION ||
            sql_errno == ER_PLUGIN_IS_NOT_LOADED);
  }
};

/****************************************************************************
** Alter a table definition
****************************************************************************/

/**
  Rename histograms from an old table name to a new table name.

  @param thd             Thread handle
  @param old_schema_name The old schema name
  @param old_table_name  The old table name
  @param new_schema_name The new schema name
  @param new_table_name  The new table name

  @return false on success, true on error
*/
static bool rename_histograms(THD *thd, const char *old_schema_name,
                              const char *old_table_name,
                              const char *new_schema_name,
                              const char *new_table_name) {
  histograms::results_map results;
  bool res =
      histograms::rename_histograms(thd, old_schema_name, old_table_name,
                                    new_schema_name, new_table_name, results);

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("fail_after_rename_histograms", {
    my_error(ER_UNABLE_TO_UPDATE_COLUMN_STATISTICS, MYF(0), "dummy_column",
             old_schema_name, old_table_name);
    res = true;
  });
  return res;
}

/**
  Drop histograms from a given table.

  This function will check if an ALTER TABLE statement will make a histogram
  invalid:
  - Removing columns
  - Changing columns (data type, collation and such)
  - Adding UNIQUE index

  If such change is found, remove any existing histogram for these columns.

  @param thd thread handler
  @param table the table given in ALTER TABLE
  @param alter_info the alter changes to be carried out by ALTER TABLE
  @param create_info the alter changes to be carried out by ALTER TABLE
  @param columns a list of columns to be changed or dropped
  @param original_table_def the table definition, pre altering. Note that the
                            name returned by original_table_def->name() might
                            not be the same as table->table_name, since this may
                            be a backup table object with an auto-generated name
  @param altered_table_def the table definition, post altering

  @return false on success, true on error
*/
static bool alter_table_drop_histograms(THD *thd, Table_ref *table,
                                        Alter_info *alter_info,
                                        HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                                        histograms::columns_set &columns,
                                        const dd::Table *original_table_def,
                                        const dd::Table *altered_table_def) {
  bool alter_drop_column =
      (alter_info->flags &
       (Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_COLUMN | Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN));
  bool convert_character_set =
      (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_OPTIONS) &&
      (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_CHARSET);

  bool encryption_enabled = false;
  if (altered_table_def->options().exists("encrypt_type")) {
    dd::String_type str;
    (void)altered_table_def->options().get("encrypt_type", &str);

    encryption_enabled =
        0 != my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, "n", str.c_str());
  }

  bool single_part_unique_index = false;
  /*
    Check if we are adding a single-part unique index for a column. If we are,
    remove any existing histogram for that column.
  */
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_INDEX) {
    for (const auto key : altered_table_def->indexes()) {
      /*
        A key may have multiple elements, such as (DB_ROW_ID, column). So, check
        if we only have a single visible element in the unique/primary key.
      */
      auto not_hidden = [](const dd::Index_element *element) {
        return !element->is_hidden();
      };
      if ((key->type() == dd::Index::IT_PRIMARY ||
           key->type() == dd::Index::IT_UNIQUE) &&
          std::count_if(key->elements().begin(), key->elements().end(),
                        not_hidden) == 1) {
        single_part_unique_index = true;
        const dd::Index_element *element = *std::find_if(
            key->elements().begin(), key->elements().end(), not_hidden);
        columns.emplace(element->column().name().c_str());
      }
    }
  }

  /*
    If we are changing the character set, find all character columns. TEXT and
    similar types will be converted similarly as a BLOB/LONG_BLOB etc. but with
    a non-binary character set.
  */
  if (convert_character_set) {
    for (const auto column : altered_table_def->columns()) {
      switch (column->type()) {
        case dd::enum_column_types::STRING:
        case dd::enum_column_types::VAR_STRING:
        case dd::enum_column_types::VARCHAR:
        case dd::enum_column_types::TINY_BLOB:
        case dd::enum_column_types::MEDIUM_BLOB:
        case dd::enum_column_types::LONG_BLOB:
        case dd::enum_column_types::BLOB:
          if (column->collation_id() != my_charset_bin.number)
            columns.emplace(column->name().c_str());
          break;
        default:
          continue;
      }
    }
  }

  if (alter_drop_column || convert_character_set || encryption_enabled ||
      single_part_unique_index) {
    histograms::results_map results;
    bool res;
    if (encryption_enabled)
      res = histograms::drop_all_histograms(thd, *table, *original_table_def,
                                            results);
    else
      res = histograms::drop_histograms(thd, *table, columns, false, results);

    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("fail_after_drop_histograms", {
      my_error(ER_UNABLE_TO_DROP_COLUMN_STATISTICS, MYF(0), "dummy_column",
               table->db, table->table_name);
      res = true;
    });
    return res;
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Rename a table.

  @param thd       Thread handle
  @param base      The handlerton handle.
  @param old_db    The old database name.
  @param old_name  The old table name.
  @param old_fk_db    The old table db to be used for
                      identifying self-referencing FKs
                      which need to be updated.
  @param old_fk_name  The old table name to be used for
                      identifying generated FK names and
                      self-referencing FKs which need to
                      be updated.
  @param new_schema  DD object for the new schema.
  @param new_db    The new database name.
  @param new_name  The new table name.
  @param flags     flags
                   FN_FROM_IS_TMP old_name is temporary.
                   FN_TO_IS_TMP   new_name is temporary.
                   NO_FK_CHECKS   Don't check FK constraints during rename.
                   NO_DD_COMMIT   Don't commit transaction after updating
                                  data-dictionary.
                   NO_FK_RENAME   Don't change generated foreign key names
                                  during rename.
                   NO_CC_RENAME   Don't change generated check constraint
                                  names during rename.

  @note Use of NO_DD_COMMIT flag only allowed for SEs supporting atomic DDL.

  @note In case when NO_DD_COMMIT flag was used, the caller must rollback
        both statement and transaction on failure. This is necessary to
        revert results of handler::ha_rename_table() call in case when
        update to the data-dictionary which follows it fails. Also this must
        be done before any further accesses to DD.

  @return false    OK
  @return true     Error
*/

bool mysql_rename_table(THD *thd, handlerton *base, const char *old_db,
                        const char *old_name, const char *old_fk_db,
                        const char *old_fk_name, const dd::Schema &new_schema,
                        const char *new_db, const char *new_name, uint flags) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  DBUG_PRINT("enter", ("old: '%s'.'%s'  new: '%s'.'%s'", old_db, old_name,
                       new_db, new_name));

  /*
    Only SEs which support atomic DDL are allowed not to commit
    changes to the data-dictionary.
  */
  assert(!(flags & NO_DD_COMMIT) || (base->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL));
  /*
    Check if the new_db database exists. The problem is that some
    SE's may not verify if new_db database exists and they might
    succeed renaming the table. Moreover, even the InnoDB engine
    succeeds renaming the table without verifying if the new_db
    database exists when innodb_file_per_table=0.
  */

  // Check if we hit FN_REFLEN bytes along with file extension.
  char from[FN_REFLEN + 1];
  char to[FN_REFLEN + 1];
  size_t length;
  bool was_truncated;
  build_table_filename(from, sizeof(from) - 1, old_db, old_name, "",
                       flags & FN_FROM_IS_TMP);
  length = build_table_filename(to, sizeof(to) - 1, new_db, new_name, "",
                                flags & FN_TO_IS_TMP, &was_truncated);
  if (was_truncated || length + reg_ext_length > FN_REFLEN) {
    my_error(ER_IDENT_CAUSES_TOO_LONG_PATH, MYF(0), sizeof(to) - 1, to);
    return true;
  }

  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  const dd::Table *from_table_def = nullptr;
  dd::Table *to_table_def = nullptr;

  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(old_db, old_name, &from_table_def) ||
      thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(old_db, old_name,
                                                 &to_table_def))
    return true;

  Table_ddl_hton_notification_guard notification_guard{
      thd,
      &(thd->lex->query_block->get_table_list()->mdl_request.key),
      ha_ddl_type::HA_RENAME_DDL,
      old_db,
      old_name,
      new_db,
      new_name};

  if (notification_guard.notify()) return true;

  // Tables with a defined secondary engine cannot be renamed, except if:
  //   (a) The renaming is only temporary, which may happen if e.g.,
  //   ALGORITHM=COPY is used, OR
  //   (b) The secondary storage engine supports DDL.
  if (from_table_def->options().exists("secondary_engine") &&
      !(flags & FN_IS_TMP)) {
    LEX_CSTRING secondary_engine;
    from_table_def->options().get("secondary_engine", &secondary_engine,
                                  thd->mem_root);

    if (!ha_secondary_engine_supports_ddl(thd, secondary_engine)) {
      my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE_DDL, MYF(0));
      return true;
    }
  }

  // Set schema id, table name and hidden attribute.
  to_table_def->set_schema_id(new_schema.id());
  to_table_def->set_name(new_name);
  to_table_def->set_hidden((flags & FN_TO_IS_TMP)
                               ? dd::Abstract_table::HT_HIDDEN_DDL
                               : dd::Abstract_table::HT_VISIBLE);

  /* Adjust parent table for self-referencing foreign keys. */
  for (dd::Foreign_key *fk : *(to_table_def->foreign_keys())) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                      old_fk_db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                      old_fk_name) == 0) {
      fk->set_referenced_table_schema_name(new_db);
      fk->set_referenced_table_name(new_name);
    }
  }

  /*
    Unless suppressed update generated foreign key names
    (as they have table_name<SE-specific or default suffix>#### format).
  */
  if (!(flags & NO_FK_RENAME) &&
      dd::rename_foreign_keys(thd, old_db, old_fk_name, base, new_db,
                              to_table_def))
    return true;

  if (!(flags & NO_CC_RENAME) &&
      dd::rename_check_constraints(old_name, to_table_def))
    return true;

  // Get the handler for the table, and issue an error if we cannot load it.
  handler *file =
      (base == nullptr ? nullptr
                       : get_new_handler((TABLE_SHARE *)nullptr,
                                         from_table_def->partition_type() !=
                                             dd::Table::PT_NONE,
                                         thd->mem_root, base));
  if (!file) {
    my_error(ER_STORAGE_ENGINE_NOT_LOADED, MYF(0), old_db, old_name);
    return true;
  }

  /*
    If lower_case_table_names == 2 (case-preserving but case-insensitive
    file system) and the storage is not HA_FILE_BASED, we need to provide
    a lowercase file name.
  */
  char lc_from[FN_REFLEN + 1];
  char lc_to[FN_REFLEN + 1];
  char *from_base = from;
  char *to_base = to;
  if (lower_case_table_names == 2 &&
      !(file->ha_table_flags() & HA_FILE_BASED)) {
    char tmp_name[NAME_LEN + 1];
    my_stpcpy(tmp_name, old_name);
    my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, tmp_name);
    build_table_filename(lc_from, sizeof(lc_from) - 1, old_db, tmp_name, "",
                         flags & FN_FROM_IS_TMP);
    from_base = lc_from;

    my_stpcpy(tmp_name, new_name);
    my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, tmp_name);
    build_table_filename(lc_to, sizeof(lc_to) - 1, new_db, tmp_name, "",
                         flags & FN_TO_IS_TMP);
    to_base = lc_to;
  }

  /*
    Temporarily disable foreign key checks, if requested, while the
    handler is involved.
  */
  ulonglong save_bits = thd->variables.option_bits;
  if (flags & NO_FK_CHECKS)
    thd->variables.option_bits |= OPTION_NO_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS;

  Rename_table_error_handler error_handler;
  thd->push_internal_handler(&error_handler);
  int error =
      file->ha_rename_table(from_base, to_base, from_table_def, to_table_def);
  thd->pop_internal_handler();

  thd->variables.option_bits = save_bits;

  if (error != 0) {
    if (error == HA_ERR_WRONG_COMMAND)
      my_error(ER_NOT_SUPPORTED_YET, MYF(0), "ALTER TABLE");
    else {
      char errbuf[MYSYS_STRERROR_SIZE];
      my_error(ER_ERROR_ON_RENAME, MYF(0), from, to, error,
               my_strerror(errbuf, sizeof(errbuf), error));
    }
    destroy(file);
    return true;
  }

  /*
    Note that before WL#7743 we have renamed table in the data-dictionary
    before renaming it in storage engine. However with WL#7743 engines
    supporting atomic DDL are allowed to update dd::Table object describing
    new version of table in handler::rename_table(). Hence it should saved
    after this call.
    So to avoid extra calls to DD layer and to keep code simple the
    renaming of table in the DD was moved past rename in SE for all SEs.
    From crash-safety point of view order doesn't matter for engines
    supporting atomic DDL. And for engines which can't do atomic DDL in
    either case there are scenarios in which DD and SE get out of sync.
  */
  bool result = thd->dd_client()->update(to_table_def);

  /*
    Only rename histograms when this isn't a rename for temporary names
    (we will never have a histogram for a temporary name).

    Note that this won't catch "ALTER TABLE ... ALGORITHM=COPY" since the COPY
    algorithm will first rename to a temporary name, and then to the final name.
    That case is handled in the function mysql_alter_table.
  */
  if (!result && !((flags & FN_TO_IS_TMP) || (flags & FN_FROM_IS_TMP))) {
    result = rename_histograms(thd, old_db, old_name, new_db, new_name);
  }

  if (!(flags & NO_DD_COMMIT))
    result = trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);

  if (result) {
    /*
      In cases when we are executing atomic DDL it is responsibility of the
      caller to revert the changes to SE by rolling back transaction.

      If storage engine supports atomic DDL but commit was requested by the
      caller the above call to trans_intermediate_ddl_commit() will roll
      back the transaction on failure and thus revert change to SE.
    */
    if (!(flags & NO_DD_COMMIT))
      (void)file->ha_rename_table(to_base, from_base, to_table_def,
                                  const_cast<dd::Table *>(from_table_def));
    destroy(file);
    return true;
  }
  destroy(file);

#ifdef HAVE_PSI_TABLE_INTERFACE
  /*
    Remove the old table share from the pfs table share array. The new table
    share will be created when the renamed table is first accessed.
  */
  bool temp_table = (bool)is_prefix(old_name, tmp_file_prefix);
  PSI_TABLE_CALL(drop_table_share)
  (temp_table, old_db, static_cast<int>(strlen(old_db)), old_name,
   static_cast<int>(strlen(old_name)));
#endif

  return false;
}

/*
  Create a table identical to the specified table

  SYNOPSIS
    mysql_create_like_table()
    thd    Thread object
    table       Table list element for target table
    src_table   Table list element for source table
    create_info Create info

  RETURN VALUES
    false OK
    true  error
*/

bool mysql_create_like_table(THD *thd, Table_ref *table, Table_ref *src_table,
                             HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info) {
  Alter_info local_alter_info(thd->mem_root);
  Alter_table_ctx local_alter_ctx;  // Not used
  bool is_trans = false;
  uint not_used;
  Tablespace_hash_set tablespace_set(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME);
  handlerton *post_ddl_ht = nullptr;
  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());

  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    We the open source table to get its description in HA_CREATE_INFO
    and Alter_info objects. This also acquires a shared metadata lock
    on this table which ensures that no concurrent DDL operation will
    mess with it.
    Also in case when we create non-temporary table open_tables()
    call obtains an exclusive metadata lock on target table ensuring
    that we can safely perform table creation.
    Thus by holding both these locks we ensure that our statement is
    properly isolated from all concurrent operations which matter.

    CREATE LIKE needs to have the logging format determined if in
    MIXED mode and creating LIKE a TEMP table.
  */
  if (open_tables(thd, &thd->lex->query_tables, &not_used, 0) ||
      thd->decide_logging_format(thd->lex->query_tables))
    return true;
  src_table->table->use_all_columns();

  const dd::Table *src_table_obj = nullptr;
  if (!src_table->table->s->tmp_table) {
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(src_table->db, src_table->table_name,
                                  &src_table_obj)) {
      return true;
    }
    // Should not happen, we know the table exists and can be opened.
    assert(src_table_obj != nullptr);
  }

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "create_table_like_after_open");

  /* Fill HA_CREATE_INFO and Alter_info with description of source table. */
  HA_CREATE_INFO local_create_info;
  local_create_info.db_type = get_viable_handlerton_for_create_like(
      thd, table->table_name, *create_info, src_table->table->s->db_type());
  if (local_create_info.db_type == nullptr) return true;

  // This should be ok even if engine substitution has taken place since
  // row_type denontes the desired row_type, and a different row_type may be
  // assigned to real_row_type later.
  local_create_info.row_type = src_table->table->s->row_type;
  if (mysql_prepare_alter_table(thd, src_table_obj, src_table->table,
                                &local_create_info, &local_alter_info,
                                &local_alter_ctx))
    return true;

  if (prepare_check_constraints_for_create_like_table(thd, src_table, table,
                                                      &local_alter_info))
    return true;

  for (const Create_field &sql_field : local_alter_info.create_list) {
    warn_on_deprecated_float_precision(thd, sql_field);
    warn_on_deprecated_float_unsigned(thd, sql_field);
    warn_on_deprecated_zerofill(thd, sql_field);
  }

  /*
    During open_tables(), the target tablespace name(s) for a table being
    created or altered should be locked. However, for 'CREATE TABLE ... LIKE',
    the source table is not being created, yet its tablespace name should be
    locked since it is used as the target tablespace name for the table being
    created. The  target tablespace name cannot be set before open_tables()
    (which is how we handle this for e.g. CREATE TABLE ... TABLESPACE ...'),
    since before open_tables(), the source table itself is not locked, which
    means that a DDL operation may sneak in and change the tablespace of the
    source table *after* we retrieved it from the .FRM file of the source
    table, and *before* the source table itself is locked. Thus, we lock the
    target tablespace here in a separate mdl lock acquisition phase after
    open_tables(). Since the table is already opened (and locked), we retrieve
    the tablespace name from the table share instead of reading it from the
    .FRM file.
  */

  /* Partition info is not handled by mysql_prepare_alter_table() call. */
  if (src_table->table->part_info)
    thd->work_part_info = src_table->table->part_info->get_clone(thd);

  // Add the tablespace name, if used.
  if (src_table->table->s->tablespace &&
      strlen(src_table->table->s->tablespace) > 0) {
    assert(
        src_table->table->s->tmp_table ||
        thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
            MDL_key::TABLE, src_table->db, src_table->table_name, MDL_SHARED));

    tablespace_set.insert(src_table->table->s->tablespace);
  }

  // Add tablespace names used under partition/subpartition definitions.
  if (fill_partition_tablespace_names(src_table->table->part_info,
                                      &tablespace_set))
    return true;

  /*
    After we have identified the tablespace names, we iterate
    over the names and acquire MDL lock for each of them.
  */
  if (lock_tablespace_names(thd, &tablespace_set,
                            thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout, thd->mem_root)) {
    return true;
  }

  /*
    Adjust description of source table before using it for creation of
    target table.

    Similarly to SHOW CREATE TABLE we ignore MAX_ROWS attribute of
    temporary table which represents I_S table.
  */
  if (src_table->schema_table) local_create_info.max_rows = 0;
  /* Set IF NOT EXISTS option as in the CREATE TABLE LIKE statement. */
  local_create_info.options |=
      create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_IF_NOT_EXISTS;
  /* Replace type of source table with one specified in the statement. */
  local_create_info.options &= ~HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE;
  local_create_info.options |= create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE;
  /* Reset auto-increment counter for the new table. */
  local_create_info.auto_increment_value = 0;
  /*
    Do not inherit values of DATA and INDEX DIRECTORY options from
    the original table. This is documented behavior.
  */
  local_create_info.data_file_name = local_create_info.index_file_name =
      nullptr;
  local_create_info.alias = create_info->alias;

  /*
    Keep tablespace, only if it was specified explicitly in CREATE
    TABLE when source table was created.
  */
  if (src_table_obj && !src_table_obj->is_explicit_tablespace()) {
    local_create_info.tablespace = nullptr;
  }

  /*
    Do not keep ENCRYPTION clause for unencrypted table.
    We raise error if we are creating encrypted temporary table later.
  */
  if (local_create_info.encrypt_type.str &&
      !dd::is_encrypted(local_create_info.encrypt_type)) {
    local_create_info.encrypt_type = {nullptr, 0};
  }

  /*
    Lock the FK children, in case the new table introduces a missing parent.
  */
  if (!(table->table || table->is_view()) &&
      !(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) &&
      (local_create_info.db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS)) {
    /*
      CREATE TABLE LIKE fails under LOCK TABLES at open_tables() time if
      target table doesn't exist already. So we don't need to handle
      LOCK TABLES case here by checking that parent tables for new FKs
      are properly locked and there are no orphan child tables for which
      table being created will become parent.
    */
    assert(thd->locked_tables_mode != LTM_LOCK_TABLES &&
           thd->locked_tables_mode != LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES);

    MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

    if ((!dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(table->db,
                                                 table->table_name) &&
         collect_fk_children(thd, table->db, table->table_name,
                             local_create_info.db_type, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                             &mdl_requests)) ||
        (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
         thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                        thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout)))
      return true;
  }

  if (mysql_create_table_no_lock(
          thd, table->db, table->table_name, &local_create_info,
          &local_alter_info, 0,
          false,  // No FKs, no need to lookup parent keys
          &is_trans, &post_ddl_ht))
    goto err;

  /*
    Ensure that table or view does not exist and we have an exclusive lock on
    target table if we are creating non-temporary table. In LOCK TABLES mode
    the only way the table is locked, is if it already exists (since you cannot
    LOCK TABLE a non-existing table). And the only way we then can end up here
    is if IF EXISTS was used.
  */
  assert(
      table->table || table->is_view() ||
      (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) ||
      (thd->locked_tables_mode != LTM_LOCK_TABLES &&
       thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
           MDL_key::TABLE, table->db, table->table_name, MDL_EXCLUSIVE)) ||
      (thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES &&
       (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_IF_NOT_EXISTS) &&
       thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
           MDL_key::TABLE, table->db, table->table_name, MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE)));

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "create_table_like_before_binlog");

  /*
    CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE doesn't terminate a transaction. Calling
    stmt.mark_created_temp_table() guarantees the transaction can be binlogged
    correctly.
  */
  if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)
    thd->get_transaction()->mark_created_temp_table(Transaction_ctx::STMT);

  /*
    We have to write the query before we unlock the tables.
  */
  if (!thd->is_current_stmt_binlog_disabled() &&
      thd->is_current_stmt_binlog_format_row()) {
    /*
       Since temporary tables are not replicated under row-based
       replication, CREATE TABLE ... LIKE ... needs special
       treatment.  We have four cases to consider, according to the
       following decision table:

           ==== ========= ========= ==============================
           Case    Target    Source Write to binary log
           ==== ========= ========= ==============================
           1       normal    normal Original statement
           2       normal temporary Generated statement
           3    temporary    normal Nothing
           4    temporary temporary Nothing
           ==== ========= ========= ==============================
    */
    if (!(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)) {
      if (src_table->table->s->tmp_table)  // Case 2
      {
        char buf[2048];
        String query(buf, sizeof(buf), system_charset_info);
        query.length(0);  // Have to zero it since constructor doesn't
        Open_table_context ot_ctx(thd, MYSQL_OPEN_REOPEN);
        bool new_table = false;  // Whether newly created table is open.

        /*
          The condition avoids a crash as described in BUG#48506. Other
          binlogging problems related to CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS LIKE
          when the existing object is a view will be solved by BUG 47442.
        */
        if (!table->is_view()) {
          if (!table->table) {
            /*
              In order for store_create_info() to work we need to open
              destination table if it is not already open (i.e. if it
              has not existed before). We don't need acquire metadata
              lock in order to do this as we already hold exclusive
              lock on this table. The table will be closed by
              close_thread_table() at the end of this branch.
            */
            bool result = open_table(thd, table, &ot_ctx);

            /*
              Play safe, ensure that we won't poison TDC/TC by storing
              not-yet-committed table definition there.
            */
            tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_NOT_OWN, table->db,
                             table->table_name, false);

            if (result) goto err;
            new_table = true;
          }

          /*
            After opening a MERGE table add the children to the query list of
            tables, so that children tables info can be used on "CREATE TABLE"
            statement generation by the binary log.
            Note that placeholders don't have the handler open.
          */
          if (table->table->file->ha_extra(HA_EXTRA_ADD_CHILDREN_LIST)) {
            if (new_table) {
              assert(thd->open_tables == table->table);
              close_thread_table(thd, &thd->open_tables);
              table->table = nullptr;
            }
            goto err;
          }

          /*
            As the reference table is temporary and may not exist on slave, we
            must force the ENGINE to be present into CREATE TABLE.
          */
          create_info->used_fields |= HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE;

          bool result [[maybe_unused]] = store_create_info(
              thd, table, &query, create_info, true /* show_database */,
              false /* SHOW CREATE TABLE */);

          assert(result == 0);  // store_create_info() always return 0

          if (new_table) {
            assert(thd->open_tables == table->table);
            /*
              When opening the table, we ignored the locked tables
              (MYSQL_OPEN_GET_NEW_TABLE). Now we can close the table
              without risking to close some locked table.
            */
            close_thread_table(thd, &thd->open_tables);
            table->table = nullptr;
          }

          if (write_bin_log(thd, true, query.ptr(), query.length(), is_trans))
            goto err;
        }
      } else  // Case 1
        if (write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length,
                          is_trans))
          goto err;
    }
    /*
      Case 3 and 4 does nothing under RBR
    */
  } else if (write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length,
                           is_trans))
    goto err;

  if (!(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)) {
    /*
      Update the FK information for the children that were locked previously.
    */
    if (!(table->table || table->is_view()) &&
        !dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(table->db, table->table_name) &&
        (local_create_info.db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS)) {
      const dd::Table *new_table = nullptr;
      if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name, &new_table))
        goto err;
      else {
        assert(new_table != nullptr);
        /*
          If we are to support FKs for storage engines which don't support
          atomic DDL we need to decide what to do for such SEs in case of
          failure to update children definitions and adjust code accordingly.
        */
        assert(is_trans);

        if (adjust_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
                thd, table->db, table->table_name, local_create_info.db_type,
                new_table, nullptr) ||
            adjust_fk_parents(thd, table->db, table->table_name, true, nullptr))
          goto err;
      }
    }

    /*
      Update view metadata. Use nested block to ensure that TDC
      invalidation happens before commit.
    */
    {
      Uncommitted_tables_guard uncommitted_tables(thd);

      if (!table->table && !table->is_view())
        uncommitted_tables.add_table(table);

      if (update_referencing_views_metadata(thd, table, !is_trans,
                                            &uncommitted_tables))
        goto err;
    }

    if (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd)) goto err;

    if (post_ddl_ht) post_ddl_ht->post_ddl(thd);
  }
  return false;

err:
  if (!(create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)) {
    trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
    /*
      Full rollback in case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request
      and to synchronize DD state in cache and on disk (as statement
      rollback doesn't clear DD cache of modified uncommitted objects).
    */
    trans_rollback(thd);

    if (post_ddl_ht) post_ddl_ht->post_ddl(thd);
  }
  return true;
}

/* table_list should contain just one table */
bool Sql_cmd_discard_import_tablespace::mysql_discard_or_import_tablespace(
    THD *thd, Table_ref *table_list) {
  Alter_table_prelocking_strategy alter_prelocking_strategy;
  int error;
  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    Note that DISCARD/IMPORT TABLESPACE always is the only operation in an
    ALTER TABLE
  */

  /*
    DISCARD/IMPORT TABLESPACE do not respect ALGORITHM and LOCK clauses.
  */
  if (m_alter_info->requested_lock != Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_DEFAULT) {
    my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, MYF(0),
             "LOCK=NONE/SHARED/EXCLUSIVE", "LOCK=DEFAULT");
    return true;
  } else if (m_alter_info->requested_algorithm !=
             Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_DEFAULT) {
    my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, MYF(0),
             "ALGORITHM=COPY/INPLACE/INSTANT", "ALGORITHM=DEFAULT");
    return true;
  }

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_discard_or_import_tablespace);

  /*
    Adjust values of table-level and metadata which was set in parser
    for the case general ALTER TABLE.
  */
  table_list->mdl_request.set_type(MDL_EXCLUSIVE);
  table_list->set_lock({TL_WRITE, THR_DEFAULT});
  /* Do not open views. */
  table_list->required_type = dd::enum_table_type::BASE_TABLE;

  if (open_and_lock_tables(thd, table_list, 0, &alter_prelocking_strategy)) {
    /* purecov: begin inspected */
    return true;
    /* purecov: end */
  }

  if (table_list->table->part_info) {
    /*
      If not ALL is mentioned and there is at least one specified
      [sub]partition name, use the specified [sub]partitions only.
    */
    if (m_alter_info->partition_names.elements > 0 &&
        !(m_alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ALL_PARTITION)) {
      table_list->partition_names = &m_alter_info->partition_names;
      /* Set all [named] partitions as used. */
      if (table_list->table->part_info->set_partition_bitmaps(table_list))
        return true;
    }
  } else {
    if (m_alter_info->partition_names.elements > 0 ||
        m_alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ALL_PARTITION) {
      /* Don't allow DISCARD/IMPORT PARTITION on a nonpartitioned table */
      my_error(ER_PARTITION_MGMT_ON_NONPARTITIONED, MYF(0));
      return true;
    }
  }

  bool is_non_tmp_table = (table_list->table->s->tmp_table == NO_TMP_TABLE);
  handlerton *hton = table_list->table->s->db_type();

  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;

  if (is_non_tmp_table) {
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(
            table_list->db, table_list->table_name, &table_def))
      return true;

    /* Table was successfully opened above. */
    assert(table_def != nullptr);
  } else
    table_def = table_list->table->s->tmp_table_def;

  /*
    Under LOCK TABLES we need to upgrade SNRW metadata lock to X lock
    before doing discard or import of tablespace.

    Skip this step for temporary tables as metadata locks are not
    applicable for them.

    Remember the ticket for the future downgrade.
  */
  MDL_ticket *mdl_ticket = nullptr;

  if (is_non_tmp_table &&
      (thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
       thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES)) {
    mdl_ticket = table_list->table->mdl_ticket;
    if (thd->mdl_context.upgrade_shared_lock(mdl_ticket, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                                             thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
      return true;
  }

  /*
    The parser sets a flag in the Alter_info struct to indicate
    whether this is DISCARD or IMPORT. The flag is used for two purposes:

    1. To submit the appropriate parameter to the SE to indicate which
       operation is to be performed (see the source code below).
    2. To implement a callback function (the plugin API function
       'thd_tablespace_op()') allowing the SEs supporting these
       operations to check if we are doing a DISCARD or IMPORT, in order to
       suppress errors otherwise being thrown when opening tables with a
       missing tablespace.
  */

  bool discard = (m_alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_DISCARD_TABLESPACE);
  error = table_list->table->file->ha_discard_or_import_tablespace(discard,
                                                                   table_def);

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_end);

  if (error) {
    table_list->table->file->print_error(error, MYF(0));
  } else {
    // When we have imported a tablespace we need to remove any old SDIs stored
    // in it because new SDIs need not have the same keys as those found in the
    // tablspace.
    if ((m_alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_IMPORT_TABLESPACE)) {
      // When we have imported tablespaces for individual partitions, we must
      // limit SDI removal to the tablespaces for the mentioned partitions.
      if (m_alter_info->partition_names.elements > 0) {
        DBUG_PRINT("ddsdi", ("Import partition tablespace for query:%s",
                             thd->query().str));
        const auto &pi = *table_list->table->part_info;
#ifndef NDEBUG
        for (const auto &pn : *table_list->partition_names) {
          DBUG_PRINT("ddsdi", ("Importing partition %s", pn.ptr()));
        }
        const auto &part_name_hash =
            *static_cast<Partition_share *>(table_list->table->s->ha_share)
                 ->partition_name_hash;
#endif /* NDEBUG */
        uint pa_id = 0;
        for (const auto &lp : *table_def->leaf_partitions()) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
          // Verify that part_id corresponds to index in leaf partition vector.
          auto part_def = find_or_nullptr(
              part_name_hash,
              std::string(lp->name().c_str(), lp->name().length()));
          assert(part_def != nullptr);
          assert(part_def->part_id == pa_id);
#endif /* NDEBUG */
          DBUG_PRINT("ddsdi",
                     ("Checking leaf partition %s, is_used(pa_id:%u):%s",
                      lp->name().c_str(), pa_id,
                      pi.is_partition_used(pa_id) ? "true" : "false"));
          if (pi.is_partition_used(pa_id) &&
              dd::sdi::drop_all_for_part(thd, lp)) {
            error = 1;
            break;
          }
          ++pa_id;
        }
      } else {
        assert(m_alter_info->partition_names.elements == 0);
        // We get here when we have imported a table tablespace, or all
        // partition tablespaces. In this case, we remove SDIs from all
        // tablespaces associated with the table.
        if (dd::sdi::drop_all_for_table(thd, table_def)) {
          error = 1;
        }
      }
    }

    /*
      Storage engine supporting atomic DDL can fully rollback discard/
      import if any problem occurs. This will happen during statement
      rollback.

      In case of success we need to save dd::Table object which might
      have been updated by SE. If this step or subsequent write to binary
      log fail then statement rollback will also restore status quo ante.
    */
    if (!error && is_non_tmp_table &&
        (hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
        thd->dd_client()->update(table_def))
      error = 1;

    if (!error)
      error = write_bin_log(thd, false, thd->query().str, thd->query().length,
                            (hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL));

      /*
        TODO: In theory since we have updated table definition in the
              data-dictionary above we need to remove its TABLE/TABLE_SHARE
              from TDC now. However this makes InnoDB to produce too many
              warnings about discarded tablespace which are not always well
              justified. So this code should be enabled after InnoDB is
              adjusted to be less verbose in these cases.
      */
#ifdef NEEDS_SUPPORT_FROM_INNODB
    if (is_non_tmp_table)
      close_all_tables_for_name(thd, table_list->table->s, false, nullptr);
    table_list->table = nullptr;  // Safety.
#endif
  }

  if (!error) error = trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd);

  if (error) {
    trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
    trans_rollback_implicit(thd);
  }

  if (is_non_tmp_table && (hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
      hton->post_ddl)
    hton->post_ddl(thd);

  if (thd->locked_tables_mode && thd->locked_tables_list.reopen_tables(thd))
    error = 1;

  if (mdl_ticket) mdl_ticket->downgrade_lock(MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);

  if (error == 0) {
    my_ok(thd);
    return false;
  }

  return true;
}

/**
 * Loads a table into a secondary engine if SECONDARY_LOAD, unloads from
 * secondary engine if SECONDARY_UNLOAD.
 *
 * @param thd        Thread handler.
 * @param table_list Table to load.
 *
 * @return True if error, false otherwise.
 */
bool Sql_cmd_secondary_load_unload::mysql_secondary_load_or_unload(
    THD *thd, Table_ref *table_list) {
  Alter_table_prelocking_strategy alter_prelocking_strategy;

  // Because SECONDARY_LOAD and SECONDARY_UNLOAD are standalone alter table
  // actions, it should be impossible to set ALGORITHM and LOCK.
  assert(m_alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_DEFAULT);
  assert(m_alter_info->requested_algorithm ==
         Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_DEFAULT);

  table_list->mdl_request.set_type(MDL_EXCLUSIVE);

  // Always use isolation level READ_COMMITTED to ensure consistent view of
  // table data during entire load operation. Higher isolation levels provide no
  // benefits for this operation and could impact performance, so it's fine to
  // downgrade from both REPEATABLE_READ and SERIALIZABLE.
  const enum_tx_isolation orig_tx_isolation = thd->tx_isolation;
  auto tx_isolation_guard = create_scope_guard(
      [thd, orig_tx_isolation] { thd->tx_isolation = orig_tx_isolation; });
  thd->tx_isolation = ISO_READ_COMMITTED;

  // Open base table.
  table_list->required_type = dd::enum_table_type::BASE_TABLE;
  if (open_and_lock_tables(thd, table_list, 0, &alter_prelocking_strategy))
    return true;

  // Omit hidden generated columns and columns marked as NOT SECONDARY from
  // read_set. It is the responsibility of the secondary engine handler to load
  // only the columns included in the read_set.
  bitmap_clear_all(table_list->table->read_set);
  for (Field **field = table_list->table->field; *field != nullptr; ++field) {
    // Skip hidden generated columns.
    if (bitmap_is_set(&table_list->table->fields_for_functional_indexes,
                      (*field)->field_index()))
      continue;

    // Skip columns marked as NOT SECONDARY.
    if ((*field)->is_flag_set(NOT_SECONDARY_FLAG)) continue;

    // Mark column as eligible for loading.
    table_list->table->mark_column_used(*field, MARK_COLUMNS_READ);
  }

  // SECONDARY_LOAD/SECONDARY_UNLOAD requires a secondary engine.
  if (!table_list->table->s->has_secondary_engine()) {
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0), "No secondary engine defined");
    return true;
  }

  // It should not have been possible to define a temporary table with a
  // secondary engine.
  assert(table_list->table->s->tmp_table == NO_TMP_TABLE);

  handlerton *hton = table_list->table->s->db_type();
  assert(hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL &&
         hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_SECONDARY_ENGINE &&
         hton->post_ddl != nullptr);

  // cache table name locally for future use
  const size_t name_len = table_list->db_length +
                          table_list->table_name_length +
                          5;  // for backticks, dot `db`.`tab`
  // allocated on thread, freed-up on thread exit
  char *full_tab_name = (char *)sql_calloc(name_len + 1);  // for \0 at the end
  sprintf(full_tab_name, "`%s`.`%s`", table_list->db, table_list->table_name);
  full_tab_name[name_len] = '\0';  // may not needed, since inited with 0

  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;
  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(
          table_list->db, table_list->table_name, &table_def))
    return true;

  MDL_ticket *mdl_ticket = table_list->table->mdl_ticket;

  auto downgrade_guard = create_scope_guard([mdl_ticket, thd] {
    // Under LOCK TABLES, downgrade to MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE after all
    // operations have completed.
    if (secondary_engine_lock_tables_mode(*thd)) {
      mdl_ticket->downgrade_lock(MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);
    }
  });
  if (thd->mdl_context.upgrade_shared_lock(mdl_ticket, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                                           thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  // Cleanup that must be done regardless of commit or rollback.
  auto cleanup = [thd, hton]() {
    hton->post_ddl(thd);
    return thd->locked_tables_mode &&
           thd->locked_tables_list.reopen_tables(thd);
  };

  // This scope guard is responsible for rolling back the transaction in case of
  // any errors.
  auto rollback_guard = create_scope_guard([thd, cleanup] {
    trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
    trans_rollback_implicit(thd);
    cleanup();
  });

  /* Currently, if the DDL rolls back after completing the secondary engine
   * operation, then during undo only the secondary_flag update is undone, but
   * the secondary engine operation (load/unload) is not undone. This creates
   * a temporary inconsistency in the system where the secondary_load flag is
   * not in sync with the actual status of the table in the secondary engine. */

  // TODO: undo handling of secondary engine operation

  // Load if SECONDARY_LOAD, unload if SECONDARY_UNLOAD
  const bool is_load = m_alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_SECONDARY_LOAD;

  // Initiate loading into or unloading from secondary engine.
  if (is_load) {
    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "before_secondary_engine_load_table");
    if (DBUG_EVALUATE_IF("sim_secload_fail",
                         (my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
                                   "Simulated failure of secondary_load()"),
                          true),
                         false) ||
        secondary_engine_load_table(thd, *table_list->table))
      return true;
  } else {
    if (DBUG_EVALUATE_IF("sim_secunload_fail",
                         (my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
                                   "Simulated failure of secondary_unload()"),
                          true),
                         false) ||
        secondary_engine_unload_table(thd, table_list->db,
                                      table_list->table_name, *table_def, true))
      return true;
  }
  DBUG_PRINT("sec_load_unload", ("secondary engine %s succeeded for table %s",
                                 (is_load ? "load" : "unload"), full_tab_name));

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("sim_fail_before_metadata_update", {
    DBUG_PRINT("sec_load_unload", ("Force exit before metadata update"));
    my_error(
        ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
        "Simulated failure of sec_{un}load before secondary_load flag update");
    return true;
  });

  // Update the secondary_load flag based on the current operation.
  if (DBUG_EVALUATE_IF("sim_fail_metadata_update",
                       (my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
                                 "Simulated failure during metadata update"),
                        true),
                       false) ||
      table_def->options().set("secondary_load", is_load) ||
      thd->dd_client()->update(table_def)) {
    LogErr(ERROR_LEVEL, ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE_DDL_FAILED, full_tab_name,
           (is_load ? "secondary_load" : "secondary_unload"),
           "metadata update failed");
    return true;
  }

  DBUG_PRINT("sec_load_unload", ("secondary_load flag %s for table %s",
                                 (is_load ? "set" : "reset"), full_tab_name));

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("sim_fail_before_write_bin_log", {
    DBUG_PRINT("sec_load_unload", ("Force exit before binlog write"));
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
             "Simulated failure of sec_{un}load before write_bin_log()");
    return true;
  });

  /* Write binlog to maintain replication consistency. Read-Replica's may not
   * have binlog enabled. write_bin_log API takes care of such cases. */
  if (DBUG_EVALUATE_IF("sim_fail_binlog_write",
                       (my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
                                 "Simulated failure during binlog write"),
                        true),
                       false) ||
      (write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length, true) !=
       0)) {
    LogErr(ERROR_LEVEL, ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE_DDL_FAILED, full_tab_name,
           (is_load ? "secondary_load" : "secondary_unload"),
           "binlog write failed");
    return true;
  }

  DBUG_PRINT("sec_load_unload",
             ("binlog entry added for alter table %s secondary_%s",
              full_tab_name, (is_load ? "load" : "unload")));

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("sim_fail_after_write_bin_log", {
    DBUG_PRINT("sec_load_unload", ("Force exit after binlog write"));
    my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
             "Simulated failure of sec_{un}load after write_bin_log()");
    return true;
  });

  // Close primary table.
  close_all_tables_for_name(thd, table_list->table->s, false, nullptr);
  table_list->table = nullptr;

  // Commit transaction if no errors.
  if (DBUG_EVALUATE_IF("sim_fail_transaction_commit",
                       (my_error(ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE, MYF(0),
                                 "Simulated failure during metadata update"),
                        true),
                       false) ||
      trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd)) {
    LogErr(ERROR_LEVEL, ER_SECONDARY_ENGINE_DDL_FAILED, full_tab_name,
           (is_load ? "secondary_load" : "secondary_unload"),
           "transaction commit failed");
    return true;
  }

  DBUG_PRINT("sec_load_unload",
             ("commit succeeded for alter table %s secondary_%s", full_tab_name,
              (is_load ? "load" : "unload")));
  // Transaction committed successfully, no rollback will be necessary.
  rollback_guard.release();

  if (cleanup()) return true;

  my_ok(thd);
  return false;
}

/**
  Check if key is a candidate key, i.e. a unique index with no index
  fields partial, nullable or virtual generated.
*/

static bool is_candidate_key(KEY *key) {
  KEY_PART_INFO *key_part;
  KEY_PART_INFO *key_part_end = key->key_part + key->user_defined_key_parts;

  if (!(key->flags & HA_NOSAME) || (key->flags & HA_NULL_PART_KEY))
    return false;

  if (key->flags & HA_VIRTUAL_GEN_KEY) return false;

  for (key_part = key->key_part; key_part < key_part_end; key_part++) {
    if (key_part->key_part_flag & HA_PART_KEY_SEG) return false;
  }

  return true;
}

/**
  Get Create_field object for newly created table by field index.

  @param alter_info  Alter_info describing newly created table.
  @param idx         Field index.
*/

static const Create_field *get_field_by_index(Alter_info *alter_info,
                                              uint idx) {
  List_iterator_fast<Create_field> field_it(alter_info->create_list);
  uint field_idx = 0;
  const Create_field *field;

  while ((field = field_it++) && field_idx < idx) {
    field_idx++;
  }

  return field;
}

/**
  Look-up KEY object by index name using case-insensitive comparison.

  @param key_name   Index name.
  @param key_start  Start of array of KEYs for table.
  @param key_end    End of array of KEYs for table.

  @note Skips indexes which are marked as renamed.
  @note Case-insensitive comparison is necessary to correctly
        handle renaming of keys.

  @retval non-NULL - pointer to KEY object for index found.
  @retval NULL     - no index with such name found (or it is marked
                     as renamed).
*/

static KEY *find_key_ci(const char *key_name, KEY *key_start, KEY *key_end) {
  for (KEY *key = key_start; key < key_end; key++) {
    /* Skip already renamed keys. */
    if (!(key->flags & HA_KEY_RENAMED) &&
        !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_name, key->name))
      return key;
  }
  return nullptr;
}

/**
  Look-up KEY object by index name using case-sensitive comparison.

  @param key_name   Index name.
  @param key_start  Start of array of KEYs for table.
  @param key_end    End of array of KEYs for table.

  @note Skips indexes which are marked as renamed.
  @note Case-sensitive comparison is necessary to correctly
        handle: ALTER TABLE t1 DROP KEY x, ADD KEY X(c).
        where new and old index are identical except case
        of their names (in this case index still needs
        to be re-created to keep case of the name in .FRM
        and storage-engine in sync).

  @retval non-NULL - pointer to KEY object for index found.
  @retval NULL     - no index with such name found (or it is marked
                     as renamed).
*/

static KEY *find_key_cs(const char *key_name, KEY *key_start, KEY *key_end) {
  for (KEY *key = key_start; key < key_end; key++) {
    /* Skip renamed keys. */
    if (!(key->flags & HA_KEY_RENAMED) && !strcmp(key_name, key->name))
      return key;
  }
  return nullptr;
}

/**
  Check if index has changed in a new version of table (ignore
  possible rename of index). Also changes to the comment field
  of the key is marked with a flag in the ha_alter_info.

  @param[in,out]  ha_alter_info  Structure describing changes to be done
                                 by ALTER TABLE and holding data used
                                 during in-place alter.
  @param          table_key      Description of key in old version of table.
  @param          new_key        Description of key in new version of table.

  @returns True - if index has changed, false -otherwise.
*/

static bool has_index_def_changed(Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info,
                                  const KEY *table_key, const KEY *new_key) {
  const KEY_PART_INFO *key_part, *new_part, *end;
  const Create_field *new_field;
  Alter_info *alter_info = ha_alter_info->alter_info;

  /* Check that the key types are compatible between old and new tables. */
  if ((table_key->algorithm != new_key->algorithm) ||
      ((table_key->flags & HA_KEYFLAG_MASK) !=
       (new_key->flags & HA_KEYFLAG_MASK)) ||
      (table_key->user_defined_key_parts != new_key->user_defined_key_parts))
    return true;

  /*
    If an index comment is added/dropped/changed, then mark it for a
    fast/INPLACE alteration.
  */
  if ((table_key->comment.length != new_key->comment.length) ||
      (table_key->comment.length &&
       strcmp(table_key->comment.str, new_key->comment.str)))
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_INDEX_COMMENT;

  /*
    Check that the key parts remain compatible between the old and
    new tables.
  */
  end = table_key->key_part + table_key->user_defined_key_parts;
  for (key_part = table_key->key_part, new_part = new_key->key_part;
       key_part < end; key_part++, new_part++) {
    new_field = get_field_by_index(alter_info, new_part->fieldnr);

    /*
      If there is a change in index length due to column expansion
      like varchar(X) changed to varchar(X + N) and has a compatible
      packed data representation, we mark it for fast/INPLACE change
      in index definition. Some engines like InnoDB supports INPLACE
      alter for such cases.

      In other cases, key definition has changed if we are using a
      different field or if the used key part length is different, or
      key part direction has changed.
    */
    if (key_part->length != new_part->length &&
        ha_alter_info->alter_info->flags == Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN &&
        (key_part->field->is_equal(new_field) == IS_EQUAL_PACK_LENGTH)) {
      ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
          Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_INDEX_LENGTH;
    } else if (key_part->length != new_part->length)
      return true;

    if ((key_part->key_part_flag & HA_REVERSE_SORT) !=
        (new_part->key_part_flag & HA_REVERSE_SORT))
      return true;

    /*
      For prefix keys KEY_PART_INFO::field points to cloned Field
      object with adjusted length. So below we have to check field
      indexes instead of simply comparing pointers to Field objects.
    */
    if (!new_field->field ||
        new_field->field->field_index() != key_part->fieldnr - 1)
      return true;

    /*
      Key definition has changed, if the key is converted from a
      non-prefixed key to a prefixed key or vice-versa. This
      is because InnoDB treats prefix keys differently from
      full-column keys. Ignoring BLOBs since the key_length()
      is not set correctly and also the prefix is ignored
      for FULLTEXT keys.
      Ex: When the column length is increased but the key part
      length remains the same.
    */
    if (!(new_field->flags & BLOB_FLAG) &&
        (table_key->algorithm != HA_KEY_ALG_FULLTEXT)) {
      bool old_part_key_seg = (key_part->key_part_flag & HA_PART_KEY_SEG);
      bool new_part_key_seg = (new_field->key_length() != new_part->length);

      if (old_part_key_seg ^ new_part_key_seg) return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
   Compare original and new versions of a table and fill Alter_inplace_info
   describing differences between those versions.

   @param          thd                Thread
   @param          table              The original table.
   @param[in,out]  ha_alter_info      Data structure which already contains
                                      basic information about create options,
                                      field and keys for the new version of
                                      table and which should be completed with
                                      more detailed information needed for
                                      in-place ALTER.

   First argument 'table' contains information of the original
   table, which includes all corresponding parts that the new
   table has in arguments create_list, key_list and create_info.

   Compare the changes between the original and new table definitions.
   The result of this comparison is then passed to SE which determines
   whether it can carry out these changes in-place.

   Mark any changes detected in the ha_alter_flags.
   We generally try to specify handler flags only if there are real
   changes. But in cases when it is cumbersome to determine if some
   attribute has really changed we might choose to set flag
   pessimistically, for example, relying on parser output only.

   If there are no data changes, but index changes, 'index_drop_buffer'
   and/or 'index_add_buffer' are populated with offsets into
   table->key_info or key_info_buffer respectively for the indexes
   that need to be dropped and/or (re-)created.

   Note that this function assumes that it is OK to change Alter_info
   and HA_CREATE_INFO which it gets. It is caller who is responsible
   for creating copies for this structures if he needs them unchanged.

   @retval true  error
   @retval false success
*/

static bool fill_alter_inplace_info(THD *thd, TABLE *table,
                                    Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info) {
  Field **f_ptr, *field;
  List_iterator_fast<Create_field> new_field_it;
  Create_field *new_field;
  uint candidate_key_count = 0;
  Alter_info *alter_info = ha_alter_info->alter_info;
  Prealloced_array<Field *, 1> gcols_with_unchanged_expr(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME);
  // Names of columns which default might have changed.
  Prealloced_array<const char *, 1> cols_with_default_change(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME);
  // Old table version columns which were renamed or dropped.
  Prealloced_array<const Field *, 1> dropped_or_renamed_cols(PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME);
  DBUG_TRACE;

  /* Allocate result buffers. */
  if (!(ha_alter_info->index_drop_buffer =
            (KEY **)thd->alloc(sizeof(KEY *) * table->s->keys)) ||
      !(ha_alter_info->index_add_buffer =
            (uint *)thd->alloc(sizeof(uint) * alter_info->key_list.size())) ||
      !(ha_alter_info->index_rename_buffer = (KEY_PAIR *)thd->alloc(
            sizeof(KEY_PAIR) * alter_info->alter_rename_key_list.size())) ||
      !(ha_alter_info->index_altered_visibility_buffer = (KEY_PAIR *)thd->alloc(
            sizeof(KEY_PAIR) * alter_info->alter_index_visibility_list.size())))
    return true;

  /* First we setup ha_alter_flags based on what was detected by parser. */

  /*
    Comparing new and old default values of column is cumbersome.
    So instead of using such a comparison for detecting if default
    has really changed we rely on flags set by parser to get an
    approximate value for storage engine flag.
  */
  if (alter_info->flags & (Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN |
                           Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN_DEFAULT))
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_DEFAULT;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ADD_FOREIGN_KEY)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ADD_FOREIGN_KEY;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::DROP_FOREIGN_KEY)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::DROP_FOREIGN_KEY;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_OPTIONS)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::CHANGE_CREATE_OPTION;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_RENAME)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_RENAME;
  /* Check partition changes */
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_PARTITION)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ADD_PARTITION;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_PARTITION)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::DROP_PARTITION;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_PARTITION)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_PARTITION;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_COALESCE_PARTITION)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::COALESCE_PARTITION;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_REORGANIZE_PARTITION)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::REORGANIZE_PARTITION;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_REORG)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_TABLE_REORG;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_REMOVE_PARTITIONING)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
        Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_REMOVE_PARTITIONING;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ALL_PARTITION)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_ALL_PARTITION;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_REBUILD_PARTITION)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
        Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_REBUILD_PARTITION; /* purecov: deadcode */
  /* Check for: ALTER TABLE FORCE, ALTER TABLE ENGINE and OPTIMIZE TABLE. */
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_RECREATE)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::RECREATE_TABLE;
  if (alter_info->with_validation == Alter_info::ALTER_WITH_VALIDATION)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::VALIDATE_VIRTUAL_COLUMN;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ADD_CHECK_CONSTRAINT)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ADD_CHECK_CONSTRAINT;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::DROP_CHECK_CONSTRAINT)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::DROP_CHECK_CONSTRAINT;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::SUSPEND_CHECK_CONSTRAINT)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
        Alter_inplace_info::SUSPEND_CHECK_CONSTRAINT;
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_COLUMN_VISIBILITY)
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_VISIBILITY;

  /*
    Go through fields in old version of table and detect changes to them.
    We don't want to rely solely on Alter_info flags for this since:
    a) new definition of column can be fully identical to the old one
       despite the fact that this column is mentioned in MODIFY clause.
    b) even if new column type differs from its old column from metadata
       point of view, it might be identical from storage engine point
       of view (e.g. when ENUM('a','b') is changed to ENUM('a','b',c')).
    c) flags passed to storage engine contain more detailed information
       about nature of changes than those provided from parser.
  */
  uint old_field_index_without_vgc = 0;
  for (f_ptr = table->field; (field = *f_ptr); f_ptr++) {
    DBUG_PRINT("inplace", ("Existing field: %s", field->field_name));

    /* Clear marker for renamed or dropped field
    which we are going to set later. */
    field->clear_flag(FIELD_IS_RENAMED);
    field->clear_flag(FIELD_IS_DROPPED);

    /* Use transformed info to evaluate flags for storage engine. */
    uint new_field_index = 0;
    uint new_field_index_without_vgc = 0;
    new_field_it.init(alter_info->create_list);
    while ((new_field = new_field_it++)) {
      if (new_field->field == field) break;
      if (new_field->stored_in_db) new_field_index_without_vgc++;
      new_field_index++;
    }

    if (new_field) {
      /* Field is not dropped. Evaluate changes bitmap for it. */

      /*
        Check if type of column has changed to some incompatible type.
      */
      switch (field->is_equal(new_field)) {
        case IS_EQUAL_NO:
          DBUG_PRINT("inplace", ("Field %s: IS_EQUAL_NO for '%s'",
                                 field->field_name, thd->query().str));
          /* New column type is incompatible with old one. */
          if (field->is_virtual_gcol())
            ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
                Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_VIRTUAL_COLUMN_TYPE;
          else
            ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
                Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_STORED_COLUMN_TYPE;
          break;
        case IS_EQUAL_YES:
          /*
            New column is the same as the old one or the fully compatible with
            it (for example, ENUM('a','b') was changed to ENUM('a','b','c')).
            Such a change if any can ALWAYS be carried out by simply updating
            data-dictionary without even informing storage engine.
            No flag is set in this case.
          */
          break;
        case IS_EQUAL_PACK_LENGTH:
          /*
             New column type differs from the old one, but has compatible packed
             data representation. Depending on storage engine, such a change can
             be carried out by simply updating data dictionary without changing
             actual data (for example, VARCHAR(300) is changed to VARCHAR(400)).

             If the collation has changed, and the column is part of an index
             or it is part of a partition expression, we must mark this as a
             change in stored column type, which is usually rejected as inplace
             operation by the SE.
           */
          if (field->charset() != new_field->charset &&
              (is_field_part_of_index(*field, *new_field, ha_alter_info) ||
               is_field_part_of_partition_expression(*field, ha_alter_info))) {
            ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
                Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_STORED_COLUMN_TYPE;
          } else {
            ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
                Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_EQUAL_PACK_LENGTH;
          }
          break;
        default:
          assert(0);
      }

      // Conversion to and from generated column is supported if stored:
      if (field->is_gcol() != new_field->is_gcol()) {
        assert((field->is_gcol() && !field->is_virtual_gcol()) ||
               (new_field->is_gcol() && !new_field->is_virtual_gcol()));
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
            Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_STORED_COLUMN_TYPE;
      }

      // Modification of generation expression is supported:
      if (field->is_gcol() && new_field->is_gcol()) {
        // Modification of storage attribute is not supported
        assert(field->is_virtual_gcol() == new_field->is_virtual_gcol());
        if (!field->gcol_expr_is_equal(new_field)) {
          if (field->is_virtual_gcol())
            ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
                Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_VIRTUAL_GCOL_EXPR;
          else
            ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
                Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_STORED_GCOL_EXPR;
        } else {
          gcols_with_unchanged_expr.push_back(field);
        }
      }

      bool field_renamed;
      /*
        InnoDB data dictionary is case sensitive so we should use
        string case sensitive comparison between fields.
        Note: strcmp branch is to be removed in future when we fix it
        in InnoDB.
      */
      if (ha_alter_info->create_info->db_type->db_type == DB_TYPE_INNODB ||
          ha_alter_info->create_info->db_type->db_type == DB_TYPE_NDBCLUSTER)
        field_renamed = strcmp(field->field_name, new_field->field_name);
      else
        field_renamed = my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field->field_name,
                                      new_field->field_name);

      /* Check if field was renamed */
      if (field_renamed) {
        field->set_flag(FIELD_IS_RENAMED);
        dropped_or_renamed_cols.push_back(field);
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_NAME;
      }

      /* Check that NULL behavior is same for old and new fields */
      if (Overlaps(new_field->flags, NOT_NULL_FLAG) !=
          field->is_flag_set(NOT_NULL_FLAG)) {
        if (new_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG)
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
              Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_NOT_NULLABLE;
        else
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
              Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_NULLABLE;
      }

      /*
        We do not detect changes to default values in this loop.
        See comment above for more details.
      */

      /*
        Detect changes in column order.

        Note that a stored column can't become virtual and vice versa
        thanks to check in mysql_prepare_alter_table().
      */
      if (field->stored_in_db) {
        if (old_field_index_without_vgc != new_field_index_without_vgc)
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
              Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_STORED_COLUMN_ORDER;
      } else {
        if (field->field_index() != new_field_index)
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
              Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_VIRTUAL_COLUMN_ORDER;
      }

      /* Detect changes in storage type of column */
      if (new_field->field_storage_type() != field->field_storage_type())
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
            Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_STORAGE_TYPE;

      /* Detect changes in column format of column */
      if (new_field->column_format() != field->column_format())
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
            Alter_inplace_info::ALTER_COLUMN_COLUMN_FORMAT;

      /*
        Columns which were mentioned in CHANGE/MODIFY COLUMN clause might
        have changed their default, add their name to corresponding array.
      */
      if (new_field->change)
        cols_with_default_change.push_back(new_field->change);
    } else {
      /*
        Field is not present in new version of table and therefore was dropped.
      */
      assert(alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_COLUMN);
      if (field->is_virtual_gcol()) {
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::DROP_VIRTUAL_COLUMN;
        ha_alter_info->virtual_column_drop_count++;
      } else
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::DROP_STORED_COLUMN;
      field->set_flag(FIELD_IS_DROPPED);
      dropped_or_renamed_cols.push_back(field);
    }
    if (field->stored_in_db) old_field_index_without_vgc++;
  }

  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN) {
    new_field_it.init(alter_info->create_list);
    while ((new_field = new_field_it++)) {
      if (!new_field->field) {
        /*
          Field is not present in old version of table and therefore was added.
        */
        if (new_field->is_virtual_gcol()) {
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
              Alter_inplace_info::ADD_VIRTUAL_COLUMN;
          ha_alter_info->virtual_column_add_count++;
        } else if (new_field->gcol_info || new_field->m_default_val_expr)
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
              Alter_inplace_info::ADD_STORED_GENERATED_COLUMN;
        else
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |=
              Alter_inplace_info::ADD_STORED_BASE_COLUMN;
      }
    }
    /* One of these should be set since Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN was set. */
    assert(ha_alter_info->handler_flags &
           (Alter_inplace_info::ADD_VIRTUAL_COLUMN |
            Alter_inplace_info::ADD_STORED_BASE_COLUMN |
            Alter_inplace_info::ADD_STORED_GENERATED_COLUMN));
  }

  /*
    Add columns mentioned in SET/DROP DEFAULT clause to array of column names
    which might have changed default.
  */
  for (const Alter_column *alter : alter_info->alter_list) {
    if (alter->change_type() == Alter_column::Type::SET_DEFAULT ||
        alter->change_type() == Alter_column::Type::DROP_DEFAULT) {
      cols_with_default_change.push_back(alter->name);
    }
  }

  /*
    Detect cases when we have generated columns that depend on columns
    which were swapped (by renaming them) or replaced (by dropping and
    then adding column with the same name). Also detect cases when
    generated columns depend on the DEFAULT function on a column and
    column default might have changed.

    Storage engine might be unable to do such operation inplace as indexes
    or value of stored generated columns might become invalid and require
    re-evaluation by SQL-layer.
  */
  for (Field *vfield : gcols_with_unchanged_expr) {
    bool gcol_needs_reeval = false;
    for (const char *col_name : cols_with_default_change) {
      if (vfield->gcol_info->expr_item->walk(
              &Item::check_gcol_depend_default_processor, enum_walk::POSTFIX,
              reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(const_cast<char *>(col_name)))) {
        gcol_needs_reeval = true;
        break;
      }
    }

    if (!gcol_needs_reeval && !dropped_or_renamed_cols.empty()) {
      MY_BITMAP dependent_fields;
      my_bitmap_map
          bitbuf[bitmap_buffer_size(MAX_FIELDS) / sizeof(my_bitmap_map)];
      bitmap_init(&dependent_fields, bitbuf, table->s->fields);
      MY_BITMAP *save_old_read_set = table->read_set;
      table->read_set = &dependent_fields;
      Mark_field mark_fld(MARK_COLUMNS_TEMP);
      vfield->gcol_info->expr_item->walk(&Item::mark_field_in_map,
                                         enum_walk::PREFIX,
                                         reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(&mark_fld));
      for (const Field *dr_field : dropped_or_renamed_cols) {
        if (bitmap_is_set(table->read_set, dr_field->field_index())) {
          gcol_needs_reeval = true;
          break;
        }
      }
      table->read_set = save_old_read_set;
    }

    if (gcol_needs_reeval) {
      if (vfield->is_virtual_gcol())
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::VIRTUAL_GCOL_REEVAL;
      else
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::STORED_GCOL_REEVAL;
    }

    /*
      Stop our search early if flags indicating re-evaluation of both
      virtual and stored generated columns are already set.
    */
    if ((ha_alter_info->handler_flags &
         (Alter_inplace_info::VIRTUAL_GCOL_REEVAL |
          Alter_inplace_info::STORED_GCOL_REEVAL)) ==
        (Alter_inplace_info::VIRTUAL_GCOL_REEVAL |
         Alter_inplace_info::STORED_GCOL_REEVAL))
      break;
  }

  /*
    Go through keys and check if the original ones are compatible
    with new table.
  */
  KEY *table_key;
  KEY *table_key_end = table->key_info + table->s->keys;
  KEY *new_key;
  KEY *new_key_end = ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer + ha_alter_info->key_count;

  DBUG_PRINT("info", ("index count old: %d  new: %d", table->s->keys,
                      ha_alter_info->key_count));

  /*
    First, we need to handle keys being renamed, otherwise code handling
    dropping/addition of keys might be confused in some situations.
  */
  for (table_key = table->key_info; table_key < table_key_end; table_key++)
    table_key->flags &= ~HA_KEY_RENAMED;
  for (new_key = ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer; new_key < new_key_end;
       new_key++)
    new_key->flags &= ~HA_KEY_RENAMED;

  for (const Alter_rename_key *rename_key : alter_info->alter_rename_key_list) {
    table_key =
        find_key_ci(rename_key->old_name, table->key_info, table_key_end);
    new_key = find_key_ci(rename_key->new_name, ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer,
                          new_key_end);

    table_key->flags |= HA_KEY_RENAMED;
    new_key->flags |= HA_KEY_RENAMED;

    if (!has_index_def_changed(ha_alter_info, table_key, new_key)) {
      /* Key was not modified in any significant way but still was renamed. */
      ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::RENAME_INDEX;
      ha_alter_info->add_renamed_key(table_key, new_key);

      /*
        Check for insignificant changes which do not call for index
        recreation, but still require update of .FRM.
      */
      if (table_key->is_algorithm_explicit != new_key->is_algorithm_explicit)
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::CHANGE_INDEX_OPTION;
    } else {
      /* Key was modified. */
      ha_alter_info->add_modified_key(table_key, new_key);
    }
  }

  for (const Alter_index_visibility *alter_index_visibility :
       alter_info->alter_index_visibility_list) {
    const char *name = alter_index_visibility->name();
    table_key = find_key_ci(name, table->key_info, table_key_end);
    new_key = find_key_ci(name, ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer, new_key_end);

    if (new_key == nullptr) {
      my_error(ER_KEY_DOES_NOT_EXITS, MYF(0), name, table->s->table_name.str);
      return true;
    }

    new_key->is_visible = alter_index_visibility->is_visible();
    ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::RENAME_INDEX;
    ha_alter_info->add_altered_index_visibility(table_key, new_key);
  }

  /*
    Step through all keys of the old table and search matching new keys.
  */
  for (table_key = table->key_info; table_key < table_key_end; table_key++) {
    /* Skip renamed keys. */
    if (table_key->flags & HA_KEY_RENAMED) continue;

    new_key = find_key_cs(table_key->name, ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer,
                          new_key_end);

    if (new_key == nullptr) {
      /* Matching new key not found. This means the key should be dropped. */
      ha_alter_info->add_dropped_key(table_key);
    } else if (has_index_def_changed(ha_alter_info, table_key, new_key)) {
      /* Key was modified. */
      ha_alter_info->add_modified_key(table_key, new_key);
    } else {
      /*
        Key was not modified in significant way. Still we need to check
        for insignificant changes which do not call for index recreation,
        but still require update of .FRM.
      */
      if (table_key->is_algorithm_explicit != new_key->is_algorithm_explicit)
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::CHANGE_INDEX_OPTION;
    }
  }

  /*
    Step through all keys of the new table and find matching old keys.
  */
  for (new_key = ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer; new_key < new_key_end;
       new_key++) {
    /* Skip renamed keys. */
    if (new_key->flags & HA_KEY_RENAMED) continue;

    if (!find_key_cs(new_key->name, table->key_info, table_key_end)) {
      /* Matching old key not found. This means the key should be added. */
      ha_alter_info->add_added_key(new_key);
    }
  }

  /*
    Sort index_add_buffer according to how key_info_buffer is sorted.
    I.e. with primary keys first - see sort_keys().
  */
  std::sort(ha_alter_info->index_add_buffer,
            ha_alter_info->index_add_buffer + ha_alter_info->index_add_count);

  /* Now let us calculate flags for storage engine API. */

  /* Count all existing candidate keys. */
  for (table_key = table->key_info; table_key < table_key_end; table_key++) {
    /*
      Check if key is a candidate key, This key is either already primary key
      or could be promoted to primary key if the original primary key is
      dropped.
      In MySQL one is allowed to create primary key with partial fields (i.e.
      primary key which is not considered candidate). For simplicity we count
      such key as a candidate key here.
    */
    if (((uint)(table_key - table->key_info) == table->s->primary_key) ||
        is_candidate_key(table_key))
      candidate_key_count++;
  }

  /* Figure out what kind of indexes we are dropping. */
  KEY **dropped_key;
  KEY **dropped_key_end =
      ha_alter_info->index_drop_buffer + ha_alter_info->index_drop_count;

  for (dropped_key = ha_alter_info->index_drop_buffer;
       dropped_key < dropped_key_end; dropped_key++) {
    table_key = *dropped_key;

    if (table_key->flags & HA_NOSAME) {
      /*
        Unique key. Check for PRIMARY KEY. Also see comment about primary
        and candidate keys above.
      */
      if ((uint)(table_key - table->key_info) == table->s->primary_key) {
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::DROP_PK_INDEX;
        candidate_key_count--;
      } else {
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::DROP_UNIQUE_INDEX;
        if (is_candidate_key(table_key)) candidate_key_count--;
      }
    } else
      ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::DROP_INDEX;
  }

  /* Now figure out what kind of indexes we are adding. */
  for (uint add_key_idx = 0; add_key_idx < ha_alter_info->index_add_count;
       add_key_idx++) {
    new_key = ha_alter_info->key_info_buffer +
              ha_alter_info->index_add_buffer[add_key_idx];

    if (new_key->flags & HA_NOSAME) {
      bool is_pk =
          !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, new_key->name, primary_key_name);

      if ((!(new_key->flags & HA_KEY_HAS_PART_KEY_SEG) &&
           !(new_key->flags & HA_NULL_PART_KEY)) ||
          is_pk) {
        /* Candidate key or primary key! */
        if (candidate_key_count == 0 || is_pk)
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ADD_PK_INDEX;
        else
          ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ADD_UNIQUE_INDEX;
        candidate_key_count++;
      } else {
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ADD_UNIQUE_INDEX;
      }
    } else {
      if (new_key->flags & HA_SPATIAL) {
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ADD_SPATIAL_INDEX;
      } else {
        ha_alter_info->handler_flags |= Alter_inplace_info::ADD_INDEX;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Mark fields participating in newly added indexes in TABLE object which
  corresponds to new version of altered table.

  @param ha_alter_info  Alter_inplace_info describing in-place ALTER.
  @param altered_table  TABLE object for new version of TABLE in which
                        fields should be marked.
*/

static void update_altered_table(const Alter_inplace_info &ha_alter_info,
                                 TABLE *altered_table) {
  uint field_idx, add_key_idx;
  KEY *key;
  KEY_PART_INFO *end, *key_part;

  /*
    Clear marker for all fields, as we are going to set it only
    for fields which participate in new indexes.
  */
  for (field_idx = 0; field_idx < altered_table->s->fields; ++field_idx)
    altered_table->field[field_idx]->clear_flag(FIELD_IN_ADD_INDEX);

  /*
    Go through array of newly added indexes and mark fields
    participating in them.
  */
  for (add_key_idx = 0; add_key_idx < ha_alter_info.index_add_count;
       add_key_idx++) {
    key = ha_alter_info.key_info_buffer +
          ha_alter_info.index_add_buffer[add_key_idx];

    end = key->key_part + key->user_defined_key_parts;
    for (key_part = key->key_part; key_part < end; key_part++)
      altered_table->field[key_part->fieldnr]->set_flag(FIELD_IN_ADD_INDEX);
  }
}

/**
  Initialize TABLE::field for the new table with appropriate
  column static defaults.

  @note Can be plain default values from TABLE_SHARE::default_values
        or datetime function defaults. We don't handle general
        expression defaults here as their values need to be evaluated
        for each row and such evaluation might result in error.

  @param altered_table  TABLE object for the new version of the table.
  @param create         Create_field list for new version of the table,
                        which is used for identifying new columns.
*/

static void set_column_static_defaults(TABLE *altered_table,
                                       List<Create_field> &create) {
  // Initialize TABLE::field default values
  restore_record(altered_table, s->default_values);

  // Now set datetime expression defaults for new columns.
  List_iterator<Create_field> iter(create);
  for (uint i = 0; i < altered_table->s->fields; ++i) {
    const Create_field *definition = iter++;
    if (definition->field == nullptr &&
        altered_table->field[i]->has_insert_default_datetime_value_expression())
      altered_table->field[i]->evaluate_insert_default_function();
  }
}

/**
  Compare two tables to see if their metadata are compatible.
  One table specified by a TABLE instance, the other using Alter_info
  and HA_CREATE_INFO.

  @param      thd            Thread handler
  @param[in]  table          The first table.
  @param[in]  alter_info     Alter options, fields and keys for the
                             second table.
  @param[in]  create_info    Create options for the second table.
  @param[out] metadata_equal Result of comparison.

  @retval true   error
  @retval false  success
*/

bool mysql_compare_tables(THD *thd, TABLE *table, Alter_info *alter_info,
                          HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info, bool *metadata_equal) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  uint changes = IS_EQUAL_NO;
  uint key_count;
  uint fk_key_count = 0;
  List_iterator_fast<Create_field> tmp_new_field_it;
  *metadata_equal = false;

  /*
    Create a copy of alter_info.
    To compare definitions, we need to "prepare" the definition - transform it
    from parser output to a format that describes the table layout (all column
    defaults are initialized, duplicate columns are removed). This is done by
    mysql_prepare_create_table.  Unfortunately, mysql_prepare_create_table
    performs its transformations "in-place", that is, modifies the argument.
    Since we would like to keep mysql_compare_tables() idempotent (not altering
    any of the arguments) we create a copy of alter_info here and pass it to
    mysql_prepare_create_table, then use the result to compare the tables, and
    then destroy the copy.
  */
  Alter_info tmp_alter_info(*alter_info, thd->mem_root);
  KEY *key_info_buffer = nullptr;
  FOREIGN_KEY *fk_key_info_buffer = nullptr;

  /* Create the prepared information. */
  if (mysql_prepare_create_table(thd,
                                 "",  // Not used
                                 "",  // Not used
                                 create_info, &tmp_alter_info, table->file,
                                 false,  // Not used
                                 &key_info_buffer, &key_count,
                                 &fk_key_info_buffer, &fk_key_count, nullptr, 0,
                                 nullptr, 0, 0, false))
    return true;

  /* Some very basic checks. */
  if (table->s->fields != alter_info->create_list.elements ||
      table->s->db_type() != create_info->db_type || table->s->tmp_table ||
      (table->s->row_type != create_info->row_type))
    return false;

  /* Go through fields and check if they are compatible. */
  tmp_new_field_it.init(tmp_alter_info.create_list);
  for (Field **f_ptr = table->field; *f_ptr; f_ptr++) {
    Field *field = *f_ptr;
    const Create_field *tmp_new_field = tmp_new_field_it++;

    /* Check to see if both fields are alike. */
    if (tmp_new_field->is_virtual_gcol() != field->is_virtual_gcol()) {
      my_error(ER_UNSUPPORTED_ACTION_ON_GENERATED_COLUMN, MYF(0),
               "Exchanging partitions for non-generated columns");
      return false;
    }

    /* Check that NULL behavior is the same. */
    if ((tmp_new_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) !=
        field->is_flag_set(NOT_NULL_FLAG))
      return false;

    /* Check if field was renamed */
    if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field->field_name,
                      tmp_new_field->field_name))
      return false;

    /* Evaluate changes bitmap and send to check_if_incompatible_data() */
    uint field_changes = field->is_equal(tmp_new_field);
    if (field_changes != IS_EQUAL_YES) return false;

    changes |= field_changes;
  }

  /* Check if changes are compatible with current handler. */
  if (table->file->check_if_incompatible_data(create_info, changes))
    return false;

  /* Go through keys and check if they are compatible. */
  KEY *table_key;
  KEY *table_key_end = table->key_info + table->s->keys;
  KEY *new_key;
  KEY *new_key_end = key_info_buffer + key_count;

  /* Step through all keys of the first table and search matching keys. */
  for (table_key = table->key_info; table_key < table_key_end; table_key++) {
    /* Search a key with the same name. */
    for (new_key = key_info_buffer; new_key < new_key_end; new_key++) {
      if (!strcmp(table_key->name, new_key->name)) break;
    }
    if (new_key >= new_key_end) return false;

    /* Check that the key types are compatible. */
    if ((table_key->algorithm != new_key->algorithm) ||
        ((table_key->flags & HA_KEYFLAG_MASK) !=
         (new_key->flags & HA_KEYFLAG_MASK)) ||
        (table_key->user_defined_key_parts != new_key->user_defined_key_parts))
      return false;

    /* Check that the key parts remain compatible. */
    KEY_PART_INFO *table_part;
    KEY_PART_INFO *table_part_end =
        table_key->key_part + table_key->user_defined_key_parts;
    KEY_PART_INFO *new_part;
    for (table_part = table_key->key_part, new_part = new_key->key_part;
         table_part < table_part_end; table_part++, new_part++) {
      /*
        Key definition is different if we are using a different field or
        if the used key part length is different. We know that the fields
        are equal. Comparing field numbers is sufficient.
      */
      if ((table_part->length != new_part->length) ||
          (table_part->fieldnr - 1 != new_part->fieldnr))
        return false;
    }
  }

  /* Step through all keys of the second table and find matching keys. */
  for (new_key = key_info_buffer; new_key < new_key_end; new_key++) {
    /* Search a key with the same name. */
    for (table_key = table->key_info; table_key < table_key_end; table_key++) {
      if (!strcmp(table_key->name, new_key->name)) break;
    }
    if (table_key >= table_key_end) return false;
  }

  *metadata_equal = true;  // Tables are compatible
  return false;
}

/**
   Report a zero date warning if no default value is supplied
   for the DATE/DATETIME 'NOT NULL' field and 'NO_ZERO_DATE'
   sql_mode is enabled.

   @param thd                Thread handle.
   @param datetime_field     DATE/DATETIME column definition.
*/
static bool push_zero_date_warning(THD *thd, Create_field *datetime_field) {
  uint f_length = 0;
  enum enum_mysql_timestamp_type t_type = MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATE;

  switch (datetime_field->sql_type) {
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATE:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDATE:
      f_length = MAX_DATE_WIDTH;  // "0000-00-00";
      t_type = MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATE;
      break;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
    case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME2:
      f_length = MAX_DATETIME_WIDTH;  // "0000-00-00 00:00:00";
      t_type = MYSQL_TIMESTAMP_DATETIME;
      break;
    default:
      assert(false);  // Should not get here.
  }
  return make_truncated_value_warning(
      thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
      ErrConvString(my_zero_datetime6, f_length), t_type,
      datetime_field->field_name);
}

/*
  Manages enabling/disabling of indexes for ALTER TABLE

  SYNOPSIS
    alter_table_manage_keys()
      table                  Target table
      indexes_were_disabled  Whether the indexes of the from table
                             were disabled
      keys_onoff             ENABLE | DISABLE | LEAVE_AS_IS

  RETURN VALUES
    false  OK
    true   Error
*/

static bool alter_table_manage_keys(
    THD *thd, TABLE *table, int indexes_were_disabled,
    Alter_info::enum_enable_or_disable keys_onoff) {
  int error = 0;
  DBUG_TRACE;
  DBUG_PRINT("enter", ("table=%p were_disabled=%d on_off=%d", table,
                       indexes_were_disabled, keys_onoff));

  switch (keys_onoff) {
    case Alter_info::ENABLE:
      error = table->file->ha_enable_indexes(HA_KEY_SWITCH_NONUNIQ_SAVE);
      break;
    case Alter_info::LEAVE_AS_IS:
      if (!indexes_were_disabled) break;
      /* fall-through: disabled indexes */
      [[fallthrough]];
    case Alter_info::DISABLE:
      error = table->file->ha_disable_indexes(HA_KEY_SWITCH_NONUNIQ_SAVE);
  }

  if (error == HA_ERR_WRONG_COMMAND) {
    push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_ILLEGAL_HA,
                        ER_THD(thd, ER_ILLEGAL_HA), table->s->table_name.str);
    error = 0;
  } else if (error)
    table->file->print_error(error, MYF(0));

  return error;
}

/**
  Check if the pending ALTER TABLE operations support the in-place
  algorithm based on restrictions in the SQL layer or given the
  nature of the operations themselves. If in-place isn't supported,
  it won't be necessary to check with the storage engine.

  @param table        The original TABLE.
  @param create_info  Information from the parsing phase about new
                      table properties.
  @param alter_info   Data related to detected changes.

  @return false       In-place is possible, check with storage engine.
  @return true        Incompatible operations, must use table copy.
*/

static bool is_inplace_alter_impossible(TABLE *table,
                                        HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                                        const Alter_info *alter_info) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  /* At the moment we can't handle altering temporary tables without a copy. */
  if (table->s->tmp_table) return true;

  /*
    For the ALTER TABLE tbl_name ORDER BY ... we always use copy
    algorithm. In theory, this operation can be done in-place by some
    engine, but since a) no current engine does this and b) our current
    API lacks infrastructure for passing information about table ordering
    to storage engine we simply always do copy now.

    ENABLE/DISABLE KEYS is a MyISAM/Heap specific operation that is
    not supported for in-place in combination with other operations.
    Alone, it will be done by simple_rename_or_index_change().

    Stored generated columns are evaluated in server, thus can't be
    added/changed inplace.
  */
  if (alter_info->flags &
      (Alter_info::ALTER_ORDER | Alter_info::ALTER_KEYS_ONOFF))
    return true;

  /*
    Check constraints are evaluated in the server, if any check constraint
    (re-)evaluation is required then it can't be added/enforced inplace.
  */
  if (is_any_check_constraints_evaluation_required(alter_info)) return true;

  /*
    If the table engine is changed explicitly (using ENGINE clause)
    or implicitly (e.g. when non-partitioned table becomes
    partitioned) a regular alter table (copy) needs to be
    performed.
  */
  if (create_info->db_type != table->s->db_type()) return true;

  /*
    There was a bug prior to mysql-4.0.25. Number of null fields was
    calculated incorrectly. As a result frm and data files gets out of
    sync after fast alter table. There is no way to determine by which
    mysql version (in 4.0 and 4.1 branches) table was created, thus we
    disable fast alter table for all tables created by mysql versions
    prior to 5.0 branch.
    See BUG#6236.
  */
  if (!table->s->mysql_version) return true;

  /*
    If we are changing the SRID modifier of a column, we must do a COPY.
    But not if we are changing to the NULL SRID. In that case, we can do it
    inplace (only metadata change, and no verification needed).
  */
  for (const Create_field &new_field_def : alter_info->create_list) {
    if (new_field_def.field != nullptr &&
        new_field_def.field->type() == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY) {
      const Field_geom *field_geom =
          down_cast<const Field_geom *>(new_field_def.field);

      if (field_geom->get_srid() != new_field_def.m_srid &&
          new_field_def.m_srid.has_value())
        return true;
    }
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Add MDL requests for exclusive lock on tables referenced by the
  foreign keys to be dropped by ALTER TABLE operation. Also add
  the referenced table names to the foreign key invalidator,
  to be used at a later stage to invalidate the dd::Table objects.

  @param          thd             Thread handle.
  @param          alter_info      Alter_info object with the list of FKs
                                  to be dropped.
  @param          table_def       dd::Table describing the table before
                                  ALTER operation.
  @param          hton            Handlerton for table's storage engine.
  @param[in,out]  mdl_requests    List to which MDL requests are to be added.
  @param[in,out]  fk_invalidator  Object keeping track of which dd::Table
                                  objects to invalidate.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool collect_fk_parents_for_dropped_fks(
    THD *thd, const Alter_info *alter_info, const dd::Table *table_def,
    handlerton *hton, MDL_request_list *mdl_requests,
    Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator) {
  for (const Alter_drop *drop : alter_info->drop_list) {
    if (drop->type == Alter_drop::FOREIGN_KEY) {
      for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def->foreign_keys()) {
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, drop->name,
                          fk->name().c_str()) == 0) {
          char buff_db[NAME_LEN + 1];
          char buff_table[NAME_LEN + 1];
          my_stpncpy(buff_db, fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                     NAME_LEN);
          my_stpncpy(buff_table, fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);

          /*
            In lower-case-table-names == 2 mode we store original versions
            of table and db names in the data-dictionary. Hence they need
            to be lowercased to produce correct MDL key for them and for
            other uses.
          */
          if (lower_case_table_names == 2) {
            my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_db);
            my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, buff_table);
          }

          MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
          if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

          MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::TABLE, buff_db, buff_table,
                           MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

          mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

          mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
          if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

          MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::SCHEMA, buff_db, "",
                           MDL_INTENTION_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

          mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

          fk_invalidator->add(buff_db, buff_table, hton);
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  Acquire exclusive metadata locks on tables which definitions need to
  be updated or invalidated due to foreign keys created or dropped as
  result of complex ALTER TABLE operation.
  Also add the referenced table names for the FKs created/dropped to the
  foreign key invalidator, to be used at a later stage to invalidate the
  dd::Table objects.

  @param          thd             Thread handle.
  @param          table_list      Table list element for table being ALTERed.
  @param          old_table_def   Old table definition of table being ALTERed.
  @param          alter_ctx       ALTER TABLE operation context.
  @param          alter_info      Alter_info object with the lists of FKs
                                  to be added or dropped.
  @param          old_hton        Table's old SE.
  @param          new_hton        Table's new SE.
  @param[in,out]  fk_invalidator  Object keeping track of which dd::Table
                                  objects to invalidate.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool collect_and_lock_fk_tables_for_complex_alter_table(
    THD *thd, Table_ref *table_list, const dd::Table *old_table_def,
    const Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx, const Alter_info *alter_info,
    handlerton *old_hton, handlerton *new_hton,
    Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator) {
  MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

  if (collect_fk_parents_for_new_fks(
          thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, alter_info,
          MDL_EXCLUSIVE, new_hton, &mdl_requests, fk_invalidator))
    return true;

  if (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()) {
    if (collect_fk_parents_for_all_fks(thd, old_table_def, old_hton,
                                       MDL_EXCLUSIVE, &mdl_requests,
                                       fk_invalidator))
      return true;
  } else {
    if (collect_fk_parents_for_dropped_fks(thd, alter_info, old_table_def,
                                           old_hton, &mdl_requests,
                                           fk_invalidator))
      return true;
  }

  if (new_hton != old_hton) {
    /*
      By changing table's storage engine we might be introducing parent
      table for previously orphan foreign keys in the new SE. We need
      to lock child tables of such orphan foreign keys. OTOH it is safe
      to assume that if SE is changed table can't be parent in any
      foreign keys in old SE.
    */
    assert(old_table_def->foreign_key_parents().size() == 0);

    if (collect_fk_children(thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name,
                            new_hton, MDL_EXCLUSIVE, &mdl_requests))
      return true;
  } else {
    if (collect_fk_children(thd, old_table_def, MDL_EXCLUSIVE, &mdl_requests))
      return true;
  }

  if (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()) {
    if (collect_fk_children(thd, alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias,
                            new_hton, MDL_EXCLUSIVE, &mdl_requests))
      return true;
  }

  if (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
      thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  return false;
}

/**
  Update referenced table names and the unique constraint name for FKs
  affected by complex ALTER TABLE operation.

  @param  thd             Thread handle.
  @param  table_list      Table list element for table being ALTERed.
  @param  alter_ctx       ALTER TABLE operation context.
  @param  alter_info      Alter_info describing ALTER TABLE, specifically
                          containing information about columns being renamed.
  @param  new_hton        Table's new SE.
  @param  fk_invalidator  Object keeping track of which dd::Table
                          objects to invalidate. Used to filter out
                          which FK parents should have their FK parent
                          information reloaded.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/
static bool adjust_fks_for_complex_alter_table(
    THD *thd, Table_ref *table_list, Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx,
    Alter_info *alter_info, handlerton *new_hton,
    const Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator) {
  if (!(new_hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS)) return false;

  const dd::Table *new_table = nullptr;
  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias,
                                &new_table))
    return true;

  assert(new_table != nullptr);

  if (adjust_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
          thd,
          /*
            For consistency with check_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(),
            allow charset discrepancies between child and parent columns in
            FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0 mode.
          */
          !(thd->variables.option_bits & OPTION_NO_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS),
          table_list->db, table_list->table_name, new_hton, new_table,
          alter_info, true))
    return true;

  if (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()) {
    if (adjust_fk_children_after_parent_rename(
            thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, new_hton,
            alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias))
      return true;

    if (adjust_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
            thd, alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias, new_hton, new_table,
            nullptr))
      return true;
  }

  return adjust_fk_parents(thd, alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias, true,
                           fk_invalidator);
}

/**
  Add appropriate MDL requests on names of foreign keys on the table
  to be renamed to the requests list.

  @param          thd             Thread handle.
  @param          db              Table's old schema.
  @param          table_name      Table's old name.
  @param          table_def       Table definition of table being RENAMEd.
  @param          hton            Table's storage engine.
  @param          new_db          Table's new schema.
  @param          new_table_name  Table's new name.
  @param[in,out]  mdl_requests    List to which MDL requests need to be
                                  added.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/

static bool collect_fk_names_for_rename_table(
    THD *thd, const char *db, const char *table_name,
    const dd::Table *table_def, handlerton *hton, const char *new_db,
    const char *new_table_name, MDL_request_list *mdl_requests)

{
  bool is_table_renamed =
      (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, table_name, new_table_name) != 0);
  bool is_db_changed = (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, db, new_db) != 0);

  char old_table_name_norm[NAME_LEN + 1];
  strmake(old_table_name_norm, table_name, NAME_LEN);
  if (lower_case_table_names == 2)
    my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, old_table_name_norm);
  char new_table_name_lc[NAME_LEN + 1];
  strmake(new_table_name_lc, new_table_name, NAME_LEN);
  /*
    Unless new table name in lower case already we need to lowercase
    it, so it can be used to construct lowercased version of FK name
    for acquiring metadata lock.
  */
  if (lower_case_table_names != 1)
    my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, new_table_name_lc);
  size_t old_table_name_norm_len = strlen(old_table_name_norm);

  for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def->foreign_keys()) {
    /*
      Since foreign key names are case-insensitive we need to lowercase
      them before passing to MDL subsystem.
    */
    char fk_name[NAME_LEN + 1];
    strmake(fk_name, fk->name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);
    my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, fk_name);

    MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
    if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::FOREIGN_KEY, db, fk_name,
                     MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

    mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);

    if (is_table_renamed &&
        dd::is_generated_foreign_key_name(old_table_name_norm,
                                          old_table_name_norm_len, hton, *fk)) {
      char new_fk_name[NAME_LEN + 1];

      /*
        Copy <SE-specific or default FK name suffix><number> part.
        Here we truncate generated name if it is too long. This is sufficient
        for MDL purposes. Error will be reported later in this case.
      */
      strxnmov(new_fk_name, NAME_LEN, new_table_name_lc,
               fk->name().c_str() + old_table_name_norm_len, NullS);

      MDL_request *mdl_request2 = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
      if (mdl_request2 == nullptr) return true;

      MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request2, MDL_key::FOREIGN_KEY, new_db, new_fk_name,
                       MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

      mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request2);
    } else if (is_db_changed) {
      MDL_request *mdl_request2 = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
      if (mdl_request2 == nullptr) return true;

      MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request2, MDL_key::FOREIGN_KEY, new_db, fk_name,
                       MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

      mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request2);
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if complex ALTER TABLE with RENAME clause results in foreign key
  names conflicts.

  @param  thd         Thread handle.
  @param  table_list  Table list element for table altered.
  @param  table_def   dd::Table object describing new version of
                      table prior to rename operation.
  @param  hton        Table's storage engine.
  @param  new_schema  dd::Schema object for target schema.
  @param  alter_ctx   ALTER TABLE operation context.

  @retval True if error (e.g. due to foreign key name conflict),
          false - otherwise.
*/

static bool check_fk_names_before_rename(THD *thd, Table_ref *table_list,
                                         const dd::Table &table_def,
                                         handlerton *hton,
                                         const dd::Schema &new_schema,
                                         const Alter_table_ctx &alter_ctx) {
  for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def.foreign_keys()) {
    if (alter_ctx.is_table_name_changed() &&
        dd::is_generated_foreign_key_name(
            table_list->table_name, table_list->table_name_length, hton, *fk)) {
      // We reserve extra NAME_LEN to ensure that new name fits.
      char new_fk_name[NAME_LEN + NAME_LEN + 1];

      /*
        Construct new name by copying <FK name suffix><number> suffix
        from the old one.
      */
      strxnmov(new_fk_name, sizeof(new_fk_name) - 1, alter_ctx.new_name,
               fk->name().c_str() + table_list->table_name_length, NullS);

      if (check_string_char_length(to_lex_cstring(new_fk_name), "",
                                   NAME_CHAR_LEN, system_charset_info,
                                   true /* no error */)) {
        my_error(ER_TOO_LONG_IDENT, MYF(0), new_fk_name);
        return true;
      }

      bool exists;
      if (thd->dd_client()->check_foreign_key_exists(new_schema, new_fk_name,
                                                     &exists))
        return true;

      if (exists) {
        my_error(ER_FK_DUP_NAME, MYF(0), new_fk_name);
        return true;
      }
    } else if (alter_ctx.is_database_changed()) {
      bool exists;
      if (thd->dd_client()->check_foreign_key_exists(new_schema, fk->name(),
                                                     &exists))
        return true;

      if (exists) {
        my_error(ER_FK_DUP_NAME, MYF(0), fk->name().c_str());
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if a table is empty, i.e., it has no rows.

  @param[in] table The table.
  @param[out] is_empty Set to true if the table is empty.

  @retval false Success.
  @retval true An error occurred (and has been reported with print_error).
*/
static bool table_is_empty(TABLE *table, bool *is_empty) {
  *is_empty = false;
  int error = 0;
  if (!(error = table->file->ha_rnd_init(true))) {
    do {
      error = table->file->ha_rnd_next(table->record[0]);
    } while (error == HA_ERR_RECORD_DELETED);
    if (error == HA_ERR_END_OF_FILE) *is_empty = true;
  }
  if (error && error != HA_ERR_END_OF_FILE) {
    table->file->print_error(error, MYF(0));
    table->file->ha_rnd_end();
    return true;
  }
  if ((error = table->file->ha_rnd_end())) {
    table->file->print_error(error, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

/**
 * Unloads table from secondary engine if SECONDARY_ENGINE = NULL.
 *
 * @param thd               Thread handler.
 * @param table             Table opened in primary storage engine.
 * @param create_info       Information from the parsing phase about new
 *                          table properties.
 * @param old_table_def     Definition of table before the alter statement.
 *
 * @return True if error, false otherwise.
 */
static bool remove_secondary_engine(THD *thd, const Table_ref &table,
                                    const HA_CREATE_INFO &create_info,
                                    const dd::Table *old_table_def) {
  // Nothing to do if no secondary engine defined for the table.
  if (table.table->s->secondary_engine.str == nullptr) return false;

  // Check if SECONDARY_ENGINE = NULL has been set in ALTER TABLE.
  const bool is_null =
      create_info.used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_SECONDARY_ENGINE &&
      create_info.secondary_engine.str == nullptr;

  if (!is_null) return false;

  if (thd->mdl_context.upgrade_shared_lock(table.table->mdl_ticket,
                                           MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                                           thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  return secondary_engine_unload_table(thd, table.db, table.table_name,
                                       *old_table_def, false);
}

/**
  Perform in-place alter table.

  @param thd                Thread handle.
  @param schema             Source schema.
  @param new_schema         Target schema.
  @param table_def          Table object for the original table.
  @param altered_table_def  Table object for the new version of the table.
  @param table_list         Table_ref for the table to change.
  @param table              The original TABLE.
  @param altered_table      TABLE object for new version of the table.
  @param ha_alter_info      Structure describing ALTER TABLE to be carried
                            out and serving as a storage place for data
                            used during different phases.
  @param inplace_supported  Enum describing the locking requirements.
  @param alter_ctx          ALTER TABLE runtime context.
  @param columns            A list of columns to be modified. This is needed
                            for removal/renaming of histogram statistics.
  @param  fk_key_info       Array of FOREIGN_KEY objects describing foreign
                            keys in new table version.
  @param  fk_key_count      Number of foreign keys in new table version.
  @param[out] fk_invalidator  Set of parent tables which participate in FKs
                              together with table being altered and which
                              entries in DD cache need to be invalidated.

  @retval   true              Error
  @retval   false             Success

  @note
    If mysql_alter_table does not need to copy the table, it is
    either an alter table where the storage engine does not
    need to know about the change, only the frm will change,
    or the storage engine supports performing the alter table
    operation directly, in-place without mysql having to copy
    the table.

  @note This function frees the TABLE object associated with the new version of
        the table and removes the .FRM file for it in case of both success and
        failure.
*/

static bool mysql_inplace_alter_table(
    THD *thd, const dd::Schema &schema, const dd::Schema &new_schema,
    const dd::Table *table_def, dd::Table *altered_table_def,
    Table_ref *table_list, TABLE *table, TABLE *altered_table,
    Alter_inplace_info *ha_alter_info,
    enum_alter_inplace_result inplace_supported, Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx,
    histograms::columns_set &columns, FOREIGN_KEY *fk_key_info,
    uint fk_key_count, Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator) {
  handlerton *db_type = table->s->db_type();
  MDL_ticket *mdl_ticket = table->mdl_ticket;
  Alter_info *alter_info = ha_alter_info->alter_info;
  bool reopen_tables = false;
  bool rollback_needs_dict_cache_reset = false;
  MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    Upgrade to EXCLUSIVE lock if:
    - This is requested by the storage engine
    - Or the storage engine needs exclusive lock for just the prepare
      phase
    - Or requested by the user

    Note that we handle situation when storage engine needs exclusive
    lock for prepare phase under LOCK TABLES in the same way as when
    exclusive lock is required for duration of the whole statement.
  */
  if (inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ||
      ((inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE ||
        inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE) &&
       (thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
        thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES)) ||
      alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE) {
    if (wait_while_table_is_used(thd, table, HA_EXTRA_FORCE_REOPEN))
      goto cleanup;
    /*
      Get rid of all TABLE instances belonging to this thread
      except one to be used for in-place ALTER TABLE.

      This is mostly needed to satisfy InnoDB assumptions/asserts.
    */
    close_all_tables_for_name(thd, table->s, false, table);
    /*
      If we are under LOCK TABLES we will need to reopen tables which we
      just have closed in case of error.
    */
    reopen_tables = true;
  } else if (inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE ||
             inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE) {
    /*
      Storage engine has requested exclusive lock only for prepare phase
      and we are not under LOCK TABLES.
      Don't mark TABLE_SHARE as old in this case, as this won't allow opening
      of table by other threads during main phase of in-place ALTER TABLE.
    */
    if (thd->mdl_context.upgrade_shared_lock(table->mdl_ticket, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                                             thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
      goto cleanup;

    tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_NOT_OWN_KEEP_SHARE, table->s->db.str,
                     table->s->table_name.str, false);
  }

  /*
    Upgrade to SHARED_NO_WRITE lock if:
    - The storage engine needs writes blocked for the whole duration
    - Or this is requested by the user
    Note that under LOCK TABLES, we will already have SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE.
  */
  if ((inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK ||
       alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_SHARED) &&
      thd->mdl_context.upgrade_shared_lock(table->mdl_ticket,
                                           MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE,
                                           thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout)) {
    goto cleanup;
  }

  /*
    Acquire locks on names of new foreign keys. INPLACE algorithm creates
    the new table definition in the original table's database.
  */
  if (collect_fk_names_for_new_fks(
          thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, alter_info, db_type,
          get_fk_max_generated_name_number(table_list->table_name, table_def,
                                           db_type),
          &mdl_requests) ||
      (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed() &&
       collect_fk_names_for_rename_table(
           thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, altered_table_def,
           db_type, alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_name, &mdl_requests)))
    goto cleanup;

  if (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
      thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    goto cleanup;

  /*
    Check if ALTER TABLE results in any foreign key name conflicts
    before starting potentially expensive phases of INPLACE ALTER.
  */
  if (!dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(table_list->db,
                                              table_list->table_name) &&
      (db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS)) {
    for (FOREIGN_KEY *fk = fk_key_info + alter_ctx->fk_count;
         fk < fk_key_info + fk_key_count; ++fk) {
      bool exists;
      if (thd->dd_client()->check_foreign_key_exists(schema, fk->name, &exists))
        goto cleanup;

      if (exists) {
        my_error(ER_FK_DUP_NAME, MYF(0), fk->name);
        goto cleanup;
      }
    }

    if (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed() &&
        check_fk_names_before_rename(thd, table_list, *altered_table_def,
                                     db_type, new_schema, *alter_ctx))
      goto cleanup;
  }

  // It's now safe to take the table level lock.
  if (lock_tables(thd, table_list, alter_ctx->tables_opened, 0)) goto cleanup;

  if (alter_ctx->error_if_not_empty) {
    /*
      Storage engines should not suggest/support INSTANT algorithm if
      error_if_not_empty flag is set.
      The problem is that the below check if table is empty is not "instant",
      as it might have to traverse through deleted versions of rows on SQL-layer
      (e.g. MyISAM) or in SE (e.g. InnoDB).

      OTOH for cases when table is empty difference between INSTANT and INPLACE
      or COPY algorithms should be negligible.

      This limitation might be raised in the future if we will implement support
      for quick (i.e. non-traversing) check for table emptiness.
    */
    assert(inplace_supported != HA_ALTER_INPLACE_INSTANT);
    /*
      Operations which set error_if_not_empty flag typically request exclusive
      lock during prepare phase, so we don't have to upgrade lock to prevent
      concurrent table modifications here.
    */
    assert(table->mdl_ticket->get_type() == MDL_EXCLUSIVE);
    bool empty_table = false;
    if (table_is_empty(table_list->table, &empty_table)) goto cleanup;
    if (!empty_table) {
      if (alter_ctx->error_if_not_empty &
          Alter_table_ctx::GEOMETRY_WITHOUT_DEFAULT) {
        my_error(ER_INVALID_USE_OF_NULL, MYF(0));
      } else if ((alter_ctx->error_if_not_empty &
                  Alter_table_ctx::DATETIME_WITHOUT_DEFAULT) &&
                 (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_NO_ZERO_DATE)) {
        /*
          Report a warning if the NO ZERO DATE MODE is enabled. The
          warning will be promoted to an error if strict mode is
          also enabled. Do not check for errors here as we check
          thd->is_error() just below.
        */
        (void)push_zero_date_warning(thd, alter_ctx->datetime_field);
      }

      if (thd->is_error()) goto cleanup;
    }

    // Empty table, so don't allow inserts during inplace operation.
    if (inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK ||
        inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE)
      inplace_supported = HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK;
  }

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_inplace_after_lock_upgrade");
  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_alter_inplace_prepare);

  switch (inplace_supported) {
    case HA_ALTER_ERROR:
    case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NOT_SUPPORTED:
      assert(0);
      [[fallthrough]];
    case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK:
    case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE:
      switch (alter_info->requested_lock) {
        case Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_DEFAULT:
        case Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_NONE:
          ha_alter_info->online = true;
          break;
        case Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_SHARED:
        case Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE:
          break;
      }
      break;
    case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK:
    case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE:
    case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK:
    case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_INSTANT:
      break;
  }

  {
    /*
      We want warnings/errors about data truncation emitted when
      values of virtual columns are evaluated in INPLACE algorithm.
    */
    thd->check_for_truncated_fields = CHECK_FIELD_WARN;
    thd->num_truncated_fields = 0L;

    if (table->file->ha_prepare_inplace_alter_table(
            altered_table, ha_alter_info, table_def, altered_table_def)) {
      goto rollback;
    }

    /*
      Downgrade the lock if storage engine has told us that exclusive lock was
      necessary only for prepare phase (unless we are not under LOCK TABLES) and
      user has not explicitly requested exclusive lock.
    */
    if ((inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE ||
         inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE) &&
        !(thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
          thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES) &&
        (alter_info->requested_lock !=
         Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE)) {
      /* If storage engine or user requested shared lock downgrade to SNW. */
      if (inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE ||
          alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_SHARED)
        table->mdl_ticket->downgrade_lock(MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE);
      else {
        assert(inplace_supported == HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE);
        table->mdl_ticket->downgrade_lock(MDL_SHARED_UPGRADABLE);
      }
    }

    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_inplace_after_lock_downgrade");
    THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_alter_inplace);

    if (table->file->ha_inplace_alter_table(altered_table, ha_alter_info,
                                            table_def, altered_table_def)) {
      goto rollback;
    }

    // Upgrade to EXCLUSIVE before commit.
    if (wait_while_table_is_used(thd, table, HA_EXTRA_PREPARE_FOR_RENAME))
      goto rollback;

    if (collect_and_lock_fk_tables_for_complex_alter_table(
            thd, table_list, table_def, alter_ctx, alter_info, db_type, db_type,
            fk_invalidator))
      goto rollback;

    /*
      Check if this is an ALTER command that will cause histogram statistics to
      become invalid. If that is the case; remove the histogram statistics.

      This will take care of scenarios when INPLACE alter is used, but not COPY.
    */
    if (alter_table_drop_histograms(thd, table_list, ha_alter_info->alter_info,
                                    ha_alter_info->create_info, columns,
                                    table_def, altered_table_def))
      goto rollback;

    /*
      If we are killed after this point, we should ignore and continue.
      We have mostly completed the operation at this point, there should
      be no long waits left.
    */

    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("alter_table_rollback_new_index", {
      table->file->ha_commit_inplace_alter_table(
          altered_table, ha_alter_info, false, table_def, altered_table_def);
      my_error(ER_UNKNOWN_ERROR, MYF(0));
      thd->check_for_truncated_fields = CHECK_FIELD_IGNORE;
      goto cleanup;
    });

    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_inplace_before_commit");
    THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_alter_inplace_commit);

    if (table->file->ha_commit_inplace_alter_table(
            altered_table, ha_alter_info, true, table_def, altered_table_def)) {
      goto rollback;
    }

    thd->check_for_truncated_fields = CHECK_FIELD_IGNORE;

    close_all_tables_for_name(thd, table->s, false, nullptr);
    table_list->table = table = nullptr;
    reopen_tables = true;
    close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);
    rollback_needs_dict_cache_reset = true;

    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_inplace_will_need_reset");

    /*
      Replace table definition in the data-dictionary.

      Note that any error after this point is really awkward for storage engines
      which don't support atomic DDL. Changes to table in SE are already
      committed and can't be rolled back. Failure to update data-dictionary or
      binary log will create inconsistency between them and SE. Since we can't
      do much in this situation we simply return error and hope that old table
      definition is compatible enough with a new one.

      For engines supporting atomic DDL error is business-as-usual situation.
      Rollback of statement which happens on error should revert changes to
      table in SE as well.
    */
    altered_table_def->set_schema_id(table_def->schema_id());
    altered_table_def->set_name(alter_ctx->alias);
    altered_table_def->set_hidden(dd::Abstract_table::HT_VISIBLE);

    /*
      Copy pre-existing triggers to the new table definition.
      Since trigger names have to be unique per schema, we cannot
      create them while both the old and the new version of the
      table definition exist. Note that we drop the old table before
      we call update on the new table definition.
    */
    altered_table_def->copy_triggers(table_def);

    if (thd->dd_client()->drop(table_def)) goto cleanup2;
    table_def = nullptr;

    DEBUG_SYNC_C("alter_table_after_dd_client_drop");

    // Reset check constraint's mode.
    reset_check_constraints_alter_mode(altered_table_def);

    if ((db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)) {
      /*
        For engines supporting atomic DDL we have delayed storing new
        table definition in the data-dictionary so far in order to avoid
        conflicts between old and new definitions on foreign key names.
        Since the old table definition is gone we can safely store new
        definition now.
      */
      if (thd->dd_client()->store(altered_table_def)) goto cleanup2;
    } else {
      if (thd->dd_client()->update(altered_table_def)) goto cleanup2;

      /*
        Persist changes to data-dictionary for storage engines which don't
        support atomic DDL. Such SEs can't rollback in-place changes if error
        or crash happens after this point, so we are better to have
        data-dictionary in sync with SE.

        Prevent intermediate commits to invoke commit order
      */
      Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(thd);

      if (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd)) goto cleanup2;
    }
  }

#ifdef HAVE_PSI_TABLE_INTERFACE
  PSI_TABLE_CALL(drop_table_share)
  (true, alter_ctx->new_db, static_cast<int>(strlen(alter_ctx->new_db)),
   alter_ctx->tmp_name, static_cast<int>(strlen(alter_ctx->tmp_name)));
#endif

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("crash_after_index_create",
                  DBUG_SET("-d,crash_after_index_create");
                  DBUG_SUICIDE(););

  /*
    Tell the SE that the changed table in the data-dictionary.
    For engines which don't support atomic DDL this needs to be
    done before trying to rename the table.
  */
  if (!(db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)) {
    Open_table_context ot_ctx(thd, MYSQL_OPEN_REOPEN);

    table_list->mdl_request.ticket = mdl_ticket;
    if (open_table(thd, table_list, &ot_ctx)) goto cleanup2;

    table_list->table->file->ha_notify_table_changed(ha_alter_info);

    /*
      We might be going to reopen table down on the road, so we have to
      restore state of the TABLE object which we used for obtaining of
      handler object to make it usable for later reopening.
    */
    assert(table_list->table == thd->open_tables);
    close_thread_table(thd, &thd->open_tables);
    table_list->table = nullptr;

    /*
      Remove TABLE and TABLE_SHARE for from the TDC as we might have to
      rename table later.
    */
    tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_ALL, alter_ctx->db,
                     alter_ctx->table_name, false);
  }

  // Rename altered table if requested.
  if (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()) {
    if (mysql_rename_table(
            thd, db_type, alter_ctx->db, alter_ctx->table_name, alter_ctx->db,
            alter_ctx->table_name, new_schema, alter_ctx->new_db,
            alter_ctx->new_alias,
            ((db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) ? NO_DD_COMMIT : 0))) {
      /*
        If the rename fails we will still have a working table
        with the old name, but with other changes applied.
      */
      goto cleanup2;
    }
  }

  /*
    We don't have SEs which support FKs and don't support atomic DDL.
    If we ever to support such engines we need to decide how to handle
    errors in the below code for them.
  */
  assert(!(db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS) ||
         (db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL));

  if (adjust_fks_for_complex_alter_table(thd, table_list, alter_ctx, alter_info,
                                         db_type, fk_invalidator))
    goto cleanup2;

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_end);

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("sleep_alter_before_main_binlog", my_sleep(6000000););
  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_before_main_binlog");

  ha_binlog_log_query(thd, ha_alter_info->create_info->db_type,
                      LOGCOM_ALTER_TABLE, thd->query().str, thd->query().length,
                      alter_ctx->db, alter_ctx->table_name);

  assert(!(mysql_bin_log.is_open() &&
           thd->is_current_stmt_binlog_format_row() &&
           (ha_alter_info->create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)));

  if (write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length,
                    (db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)))
    goto cleanup2;

  {
    Uncommitted_tables_guard uncommitted_tables(thd);

    uncommitted_tables.add_table(table_list);

    bool views_err =
        (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()
             ? update_referencing_views_metadata(
                   thd, table_list, alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_name,
                   !(db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL),
                   &uncommitted_tables)
             : update_referencing_views_metadata(
                   thd, table_list,
                   !(db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL),
                   &uncommitted_tables));

    if (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed())
      tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_ALL, alter_ctx->new_db,
                       alter_ctx->new_name, false);

    if (views_err) goto cleanup2;
  }

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "action_after_write_bin_log");

  if (db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) {
    enum_implicit_substatement_guard_mode mode =
        enum_implicit_substatement_guard_mode ::
            ENABLE_GTID_AND_SPCO_IF_SPCO_ACTIVE;

    /* Disable GTID and SPCO for OPTIMIZE TABLE to avoid deadlock. */
    if (thd->lex->sql_command == SQLCOM_OPTIMIZE)
      mode = enum_implicit_substatement_guard_mode ::
          DISABLE_GTID_AND_SPCO_IF_SPCO_ACTIVE;

    /*
      It allows saving GTID and invoking commit order, except when
      replica-preserve-commit-order is enabled and OPTIMIZE TABLE command
      is getting executed. The exception for OPTIMIZE TABLE command is
      because if it does enter commit order here and at the same time
      any operation on the table which is getting optimized is done,
      it results in deadlock.
    */
    Implicit_substatement_state_guard guard(thd, mode);

    /*
      Commit ALTER TABLE. Needs to be done here and not in the callers
      (which do it anyway) to be able notify SE about changed table.
    */
    if (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd)) goto cleanup2;

    /* Call SE DDL post-commit hook. */
    if (db_type->post_ddl) db_type->post_ddl(thd);

    /*
      Finally we can tell SE supporting atomic DDL that the changed table
      in the data-dictionary.
    */
    Table_ref new_table_list(alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_name,
                             alter_ctx->new_alias, TL_READ);
    new_table_list.mdl_request.ticket =
        alter_ctx->is_table_renamed() ? alter_ctx->target_mdl_request.ticket
                                      : mdl_ticket;

    Open_table_context ot_ctx(thd, MYSQL_OPEN_REOPEN);

    if (open_table(thd, &new_table_list, &ot_ctx)) return true;

    new_table_list.table->file->ha_notify_table_changed(ha_alter_info);

    assert(new_table_list.table == thd->open_tables);
    close_thread_table(thd, &thd->open_tables);
  }

  // TODO: May move the opening of the table and the call to
  //       ha_notify_table_changed() here to make sure we don't
  //       notify the handler until all meta data is complete.

  return false;

rollback:
  table->file->ha_commit_inplace_alter_table(
      altered_table, ha_alter_info, false, table_def, altered_table_def);
  thd->check_for_truncated_fields = CHECK_FIELD_IGNORE;

cleanup:
  close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);

cleanup2:

  (void)trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
  /*
    Full rollback in case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request
    and to synchronize DD state in cache and on disk (as statement
    rollback doesn't clear DD cache of modified uncommitted objects).
  */
  (void)trans_rollback(thd);

  if ((db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) && db_type->post_ddl)
    db_type->post_ddl(thd);

  /*
    InnoDB requires additional SE dictionary cache invalidation if we roll back
    after successful call to handler::ha_commit_inplace_alter_table().
  */
  if (rollback_needs_dict_cache_reset) {
    if (db_type->dict_cache_reset != nullptr)
      db_type->dict_cache_reset(alter_ctx->db, alter_ctx->table_name);
  }

  /*
    Re-opening of table needs to be done after rolling back the failed
    statement/transaction and clearing THD::transaction_rollback_request
    flag.
  */
  if (reopen_tables) {
    /* Close the only table instance which might be still around. */
    if (table) close_all_tables_for_name(thd, table->s, false, nullptr);

    /*
      For engines which support atomic DDL all changes were reverted
      by this point, so we can safely reopen them using old name.

      For engines which do not support atomic DDL we can't be sure
      that rename step was reverted, so we simply remove table from
      the list of locked tables. We also downgrade/release metadata
      locks later. This  won't mess up FK-related invariants for LOCK
      TABLES as such engines do not support FKs.
    */
    if (!(db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
        alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()) {
      assert(!(db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS));
      thd->locked_tables_list.unlink_all_closed_tables(thd, nullptr, 0);
    }

    (void)thd->locked_tables_list.reopen_tables(thd);
  }

  if (!(db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)) {
    const dd::Table *drop_table_def = nullptr;
    if (!thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->tmp_name,
                                   &drop_table_def) &&
        (drop_table_def != nullptr)) {
      bool result = dd::drop_table(thd, alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->tmp_name,
                                   *drop_table_def);
      (void)trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);
    }
  }

  if (thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
      thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES)
    mdl_ticket->downgrade_lock(MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);

  return true;
}

/**
  maximum possible length for certain blob types.

  @param[in]      type        Blob type (e.g. MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB)

  @return
    length
*/

static uint blob_length_by_type(enum_field_types type) {
  switch (type) {
    case MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB:
      return 255;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
      return 65535;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_MEDIUM_BLOB:
      return 16777215;
    case MYSQL_TYPE_LONG_BLOB:
      return 4294967295U;
    default:
      assert(0);  // we should never go here
      return 0;
  }
}

/**
  Convert the old temporal data types to the new temporal
  type format for ADD/CHANGE COLUMN, ADD INDEXES and ALTER
  FORCE ALTER operation.

  @param thd                Thread context.
  @param alter_info         Alter info parameters.

  @retval true              Error.
  @retval false             Either the old temporal data types
                            are not present or they are present
                            and have been successfully upgraded.
*/

static bool upgrade_old_temporal_types(THD *thd, Alter_info *alter_info) {
  bool old_temporal_type_present = false;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  if (!((alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN) ||
        (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_INDEX) ||
        (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN) ||
        (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_RECREATE)))
    return false;

  /*
    Upgrade the old temporal types if any, for ADD/CHANGE COLUMN/
    ADD INDEXES and FORCE ALTER operation.
  */
  Create_field *def;
  List_iterator<Create_field> create_it(alter_info->create_list);

  while ((def = create_it++)) {
    // Check if any old temporal type is present.
    if ((def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_TIME) ||
        (def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME) ||
        (def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP)) {
      old_temporal_type_present = true;
      break;
    }
  }

  // Upgrade is not required since there are no old temporal types.
  if (!old_temporal_type_present) return false;

  // Upgrade old temporal types to the new temporal types.
  create_it.rewind();
  while ((def = create_it++)) {
    enum enum_field_types sql_type;
    Item *default_value = def->constant_default;
    Item *update_value = nullptr;

    /*
       Set CURRENT_TIMESTAMP as default/update value based on
       the auto_flags value.
    */

    if ((def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME ||
         def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP) &&
        (def->auto_flags != Field::NONE)) {
      Item_func_now_local *now = new (thd->mem_root) Item_func_now_local(0);
      if (!now) return true;

      if (def->auto_flags & Field::DEFAULT_NOW) default_value = now;
      if (def->auto_flags & Field::ON_UPDATE_NOW) update_value = now;
    }

    switch (def->sql_type) {
      case MYSQL_TYPE_TIME:
        sql_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TIME2;
        break;
      case MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME:
        sql_type = MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME2;
        break;
      case MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP:
        sql_type = MYSQL_TYPE_TIMESTAMP2;
        break;
      default:
        continue;
    }

    // Replace the old temporal field with the new temporal field.
    Create_field *temporal_field = nullptr;
    if (!(temporal_field = new (thd->mem_root) Create_field()) ||
        temporal_field->init(thd, def->field_name, sql_type, nullptr, nullptr,
                             (def->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG), default_value,
                             update_value, &def->comment, def->change, nullptr,
                             nullptr, false, 0, nullptr, nullptr, def->m_srid,
                             def->hidden, def->is_array))
      return true;

    temporal_field->field = def->field;
    create_it.replace(temporal_field);
  }

  // Report a NOTE informing about the upgrade.
  push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_OLD_TEMPORALS_UPGRADED,
               ER_THD(thd, ER_OLD_TEMPORALS_UPGRADED));
  return false;
}

static fk_option to_fk_option(dd::Foreign_key::enum_rule rule) {
  switch (rule) {
    case dd::Foreign_key::enum_rule::RULE_NO_ACTION:
      return FK_OPTION_NO_ACTION;
    case dd::Foreign_key::enum_rule::RULE_RESTRICT:
      return FK_OPTION_RESTRICT;
    case dd::Foreign_key::enum_rule::RULE_CASCADE:
      return FK_OPTION_CASCADE;
    case dd::Foreign_key::enum_rule::RULE_SET_NULL:
      return FK_OPTION_SET_NULL;
    case dd::Foreign_key::enum_rule::RULE_SET_DEFAULT:
      return FK_OPTION_DEFAULT;
  }
  assert(false);
  return FK_OPTION_UNDEF;
}

static fk_match_opt to_fk_match_opt(dd::Foreign_key::enum_match_option match) {
  switch (match) {
    case dd::Foreign_key::enum_match_option::OPTION_NONE:
      return FK_MATCH_SIMPLE;
    case dd::Foreign_key::enum_match_option::OPTION_PARTIAL:
      return FK_MATCH_PARTIAL;
    case dd::Foreign_key::enum_match_option::OPTION_FULL:
      return FK_MATCH_FULL;
  }
  assert(false);
  return FK_MATCH_UNDEF;
}

static void to_lex_cstring(MEM_ROOT *mem_root, LEX_CSTRING *target,
                           const dd::String_type &source) {
  target->str = strmake_root(mem_root, source.c_str(), source.length() + 1);
  target->length = source.length();
}

/**
  Remember information about pre-existing foreign keys so
  that they can be added to the new version of the table later.
  Omit foreign keys to be dropped. Also check that the foreign
  keys to be kept are still valid.

  @note This function removes pre-existing foreign keys from the
        drop_list, while Alter_info::drop_list is kept intact.
        A non-empty drop_list upon return of this function indicates
        an error, and means that the statement tries to drop a
        foreign key that did not exist in the first place.

  @param[in]      thd               Thread handle.
  @param[in]      src_table         The source table.
  @param[in]      src_db_name       Original database name of table.
  @param[in]      src_table_name    Original table name of table.
  @param[in]      hton              Original storage engine.
  @param[in]      alter_info        Info about ALTER TABLE statement.
  @param[in]      new_create_list   List of new columns, used for rename check.
  @param[in,out]  drop_list         Copy of list of foreign keys to be dropped.
  @param[in,out]  alter_ctx         Runtime context for ALTER TABLE to which
                                    information about pre-existing foreign
                                    keys is added.
*/

static bool transfer_preexisting_foreign_keys(
    THD *thd, const dd::Table *src_table, const char *src_db_name,
    const char *src_table_name, handlerton *hton, const Alter_info *alter_info,
    List<Create_field> *new_create_list, Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx,
    Prealloced_array<const Alter_drop *, 1> *drop_list) {
  if (src_table == nullptr)
    return false;  // Could be temporary table or during upgrade.

  List_iterator<Create_field> find_it(*new_create_list);

  alter_ctx->fk_info = (FOREIGN_KEY *)sql_calloc(
      sizeof(FOREIGN_KEY) * src_table->foreign_keys().size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < src_table->foreign_keys().size(); i++) {
    const dd::Foreign_key *dd_fk = src_table->foreign_keys()[i];

    // Skip foreign keys that are to be dropped
    size_t k = 0;
    while (k < drop_list->size()) {
      const Alter_drop *drop = (*drop_list)[k];
      // Index names are always case insensitive
      if (drop->type == Alter_drop::FOREIGN_KEY &&
          my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, drop->name,
                        dd_fk->name().c_str()) == 0) {
        break;
      }
      k++;
    }
    if (k < drop_list->size()) {
      drop_list->erase(k);
      continue;
    }

    // Self-referencing foreign keys will need additional handling later.
    bool is_self_referencing =
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      dd_fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                      src_db_name) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      dd_fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                      src_table_name) == 0;

    FOREIGN_KEY *sql_fk = &alter_ctx->fk_info[alter_ctx->fk_count++];

    sql_fk->name = strmake_root(thd->mem_root, dd_fk->name().c_str(),
                                dd_fk->name().length() + 1);

    sql_fk->unique_index_name =
        strmake_root(thd->mem_root, dd_fk->unique_constraint_name().c_str(),
                     dd_fk->unique_constraint_name().length() + 1);

    sql_fk->key_parts = dd_fk->elements().size();

    to_lex_cstring(thd->mem_root, &sql_fk->ref_db,
                   dd_fk->referenced_table_schema_name());

    to_lex_cstring(thd->mem_root, &sql_fk->ref_table,
                   dd_fk->referenced_table_name());

    sql_fk->delete_opt = to_fk_option(dd_fk->delete_rule());
    sql_fk->update_opt = to_fk_option(dd_fk->update_rule());
    sql_fk->match_opt = to_fk_match_opt(dd_fk->match_option());

    sql_fk->key_part =
        (LEX_CSTRING *)sql_calloc(sizeof(LEX_CSTRING) * sql_fk->key_parts);
    sql_fk->fk_key_part =
        (LEX_CSTRING *)sql_calloc(sizeof(LEX_CSTRING) * sql_fk->key_parts);

    for (size_t j = 0; j < sql_fk->key_parts; j++) {
      const dd::Foreign_key_element *dd_fk_ele = dd_fk->elements()[j];

      if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_COLUMN) {
        /* Check if column used in the foreign key was dropped. */
        if (std::any_of(
                alter_info->drop_list.cbegin(), alter_info->drop_list.cend(),
                [dd_fk_ele](const Alter_drop *drop) {
                  return drop->type == Alter_drop::COLUMN &&
                         !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                                        dd_fk_ele->column().name().c_str(),
                                        drop->name);
                })) {
          my_error(ER_FK_COLUMN_CANNOT_DROP, MYF(0),
                   dd_fk_ele->column().name().c_str(), dd_fk->name().c_str());
          return true;
        }

        if (is_self_referencing) {
          /*
            Do the same check for referenced column if child and parent
            table are the same.
          */
          find_it.rewind();
          const Create_field *find;
          while ((find = find_it++)) {
            if (find->field &&
                my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                              dd_fk_ele->referenced_column_name().c_str(),
                              find->field->field_name) == 0) {
              break;
            }
          }
          if (find == nullptr) {
            my_error(ER_FK_COLUMN_CANNOT_DROP_CHILD, MYF(0),
                     dd_fk_ele->referenced_column_name().c_str(),
                     dd_fk->name().c_str(), dd_fk->table().name().c_str());
            return true;
          }
        }
      }

      // Check if the column was renamed by the same statement.
      bool col_renamed = false;
      bool ref_col_renamed = false;

      if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN) {
        find_it.rewind();
        const Create_field *find;
        while ((find = find_it++) && !col_renamed) {
          if (find->change && my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                                            dd_fk_ele->column().name().c_str(),
                                            find->change) == 0) {
            // Use new name
            sql_fk->key_part[j].str = find->field_name;
            sql_fk->key_part[j].length = strlen(find->field_name);
            col_renamed = true;
          }
        }

        /*
          If foreign key has the same table as child and parent we also
          need to update names of referenced columns if they are renamed.
        */
        if (is_self_referencing) {
          find_it.rewind();
          while ((find = find_it++) && !ref_col_renamed) {
            if (find->change &&
                my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                              dd_fk_ele->referenced_column_name().c_str(),
                              find->change) == 0) {
              // Use new name
              sql_fk->fk_key_part[j].str = find->field_name;
              sql_fk->fk_key_part[j].length = strlen(find->field_name);
              ref_col_renamed = true;
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (!col_renamed)  // Use old name
        to_lex_cstring(thd->mem_root, &sql_fk->key_part[j],
                       dd_fk_ele->column().name());

      if (!ref_col_renamed)
        to_lex_cstring(thd->mem_root, &sql_fk->fk_key_part[j],
                       dd_fk_ele->referenced_column_name());

      /*
        Orphan non-self-referencing FK become non-orphan/adopted
        self-referencing FK as a result of a table rename operation. Make sure
        referenced column exists and it is not a virtual column. Such FK needs
        additional handling later.
      */
      if (!is_self_referencing && alter_ctx->is_table_renamed() &&
          my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                        dd_fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                        alter_ctx->new_db) == 0 &&
          my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                        dd_fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                        alter_ctx->new_name) == 0) {
        find_it.rewind();
        const Create_field *find;
        while ((find = find_it++)) {
          if (find->field &&
              my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                            dd_fk_ele->referenced_column_name().c_str(),
                            find->field_name) == 0)
            break;
        }
        if (find == nullptr) {
          my_error(ER_FK_NO_COLUMN_PARENT, MYF(0), sql_fk->fk_key_part[j].str,
                   dd_fk->name().c_str(),
                   dd_fk->referenced_table_name().c_str());
          return true;
        }
        if (find->is_virtual_gcol()) {
          my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_USE_VIRTUAL_COLUMN, MYF(0),
                   dd_fk->name().c_str(), sql_fk->fk_key_part[j].str);
          return true;
        }
      }

#ifndef NDEBUG
      {
        find_it.rewind();
        Create_field *find;
        while ((find = find_it++)) {
          if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, sql_fk->key_part[j].str,
                            find->field_name) == 0 &&
              find->field != nullptr) {
            break;
          }
        }
        /*
          Thanks to the above code handling dropped columns referencing
          column must exist.
        */
        assert(find != nullptr);
        /*
          Also due to facts a) that we don't allow virtual columns in
          foreign keys and b) that existing generated columns can't be
          changed to virtual, referencing column must be non-virtual.
        */
        assert(!find->is_virtual_gcol());
        if (is_self_referencing) {
          find_it.rewind();

          while ((find = find_it++)) {
            if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, sql_fk->fk_key_part[j].str,
                              find->field_name) == 0 &&
                find->field != nullptr) {
              break;
            }
          }
          /*
            The same applies to referenced columns if foreign key has
            same table as child and parent.
          */
          assert(find != nullptr);
          assert(!find->is_virtual_gcol());
        }
      }
#endif
    }
  }

  alter_ctx->fk_max_generated_name_number =
      get_fk_max_generated_name_number(src_table_name, src_table, hton);

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if the column being removed or renamed is in use by partitioning
  function for the table and that the partitioning is kept/partitioning
  function is unchanged by this ALTER TABLE, and report error if it is
  the case.

  @param table        TABLE object describing old table version.
  @param field        Field object for column to be checked.
  @param alter_info   Alter_info describing the ALTER TABLE.

  @return
    true     The field is used by partitioning function, error was reported.
    false    Otherwise.

*/
static bool check_if_field_used_by_partitioning_func(
    TABLE *table, const Field *field, const Alter_info *alter_info) {
  partition_info *part_info = table->part_info;

  // There is no partitioning function if table is not partitioned.
  if (!part_info) return false;

  // Check if column is not used by (sub)partitioning function.
  if (!bitmap_is_set(&part_info->full_part_field_set, field->field_index()))
    return false;

  /*
    It is OK to rename/drop column that is used by old partitioning function
    if partitioning is removed. It is also OK to do this if partitioning for
    table is changed. The latter gives users a way to update partitioning
    function after renaming/dropping columns. Data inconsistency doesn't
    occur in this case as change of partitioning causes table rebuild.
  */
  if (alter_info->flags &
      (Alter_info::ALTER_REMOVE_PARTITIONING | Alter_info::ALTER_PARTITION))
    return false;

  /*
    We also allow renaming and dropping of columns used by partitioning
    function when it is defined using PARTITION BY KEY () clause (notice
    empty column list). In this case partitioning function is defined by
    the primary key.
    So partitioning function stays valid when column in the primary key is
    renamed since the primary key is automagically adjusted in this case.
    Dropping column is also acceptable, as this is handled as a change of
    primary key (deletion of old one and addition of a new one) and storage
    engines are supposed to handle this correctly (at least InnoDB does
    thanks to fix for bug#20190520).

    Note that we avoid complex checks and simple disallow renaming/dropping
    of columns if table with PARTITION BY KEY() clause is also subpartitioned.
    Subpartitioning by KEY always uses explicit column list so it is not safe
    for renaming/dropping columns.
  */
  if (part_info->part_type == partition_type::HASH &&
      part_info->list_of_part_fields && part_info->part_field_list.is_empty() &&
      !part_info->is_sub_partitioned())
    return false;

  my_error(ER_DEPENDENT_BY_PARTITION_FUNC, MYF(0), field->field_name);
  return true;
}

/**
  Sets column default, drops default, renames or alters visibility.
*/
static bool alter_column_name_default_or_visibility(
    const Alter_info *alter_info,
    Prealloced_array<const Alter_column *, 1> *alter_list, Create_field *def) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  // Check if ALTER TABLE has requested of such a change.
  size_t i = 0;
  const Alter_column *alter = nullptr;
  while (i < alter_list->size()) {
    alter = (*alter_list)[i];
    if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, def->field_name, alter->name))
      break;
    i++;
  }

  // Nothing changed.
  if (i == alter_list->size()) return false;

  // Setup the field.
  switch (alter->change_type()) {
    case Alter_column::Type::SET_DEFAULT: {
      assert(alter->def || alter->m_default_val_expr);

      // Assign new default.
      def->constant_default = alter->def;
      def->m_default_val_expr = alter->m_default_val_expr;

      if (alter->def && def->flags & BLOB_FLAG) {
        my_error(ER_BLOB_CANT_HAVE_DEFAULT, MYF(0), def->field_name);
        return true;
      }

      if (alter->m_default_val_expr != nullptr &&
          pre_validate_value_generator_expr(
              alter->m_default_val_expr->expr_item, alter->name,
              VGS_DEFAULT_EXPRESSION))
        return true;

      // Default value is not permitted for generated columns
      if (def->field->is_gcol()) {
        my_error(ER_WRONG_USAGE, MYF(0), "DEFAULT", "generated column");
        return true;
      }

      def->flags &= ~NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG;
      /*
        The defaults are explicitly altered for the TIMESTAMP/DATETIME
        field, through SET DEFAULT. Hence, set the auto_flags member
        appropriately.
       */
      if (real_type_with_now_as_default(def->sql_type)) {
        assert((def->auto_flags & ~(Field::DEFAULT_NOW | Field::ON_UPDATE_NOW |
                                    Field::GENERATED_FROM_EXPRESSION)) == 0);
        def->auto_flags &= ~Field::DEFAULT_NOW;
      }
      /*
        Columns can't have AUTO_INCREMENT and DEFAULT/ON UPDATE
        CURRENT_TIMESTAMP/ default from expression the same time.
      */
      if ((def->auto_flags & Field::NEXT_NUMBER) != 0 &&
          ((def->auto_flags & (Field::DEFAULT_NOW | Field::ON_UPDATE_NOW)) !=
               0 ||
           def->m_default_val_expr != nullptr)) {
        my_error(ER_INVALID_DEFAULT, MYF(0), def->field_name);
        return true;
      }
    } break;

    case Alter_column::Type::DROP_DEFAULT: {
      assert(!alter->def);

      // Mark field to have no default.
      def->constant_default = nullptr;
      def->m_default_val_expr = nullptr;
      def->flags |= NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG;
    } break;

    case Alter_column::Type::RENAME_COLUMN: {
      def->change = alter->name;
      def->field_name = alter->m_new_name;

      /*
        If a generated column or a default expression is dependent
        on this column, this column cannot be renamed.

        The same applies to case when this table is partitioned and
        partitioning function is dependent on column being renamed.
      */
      if (check_if_field_used_by_generated_column_or_default(
              def->field->table, def->field, alter_info) ||
          check_if_field_used_by_partitioning_func(def->field->table,
                                                   def->field, alter_info))
        return true;
    } break;

    case Alter_column::Type::SET_COLUMN_VISIBLE:
      def->hidden = dd::Column::enum_hidden_type::HT_VISIBLE;
      break;

    case Alter_column::Type::SET_COLUMN_INVISIBLE:
      def->hidden = dd::Column::enum_hidden_type::HT_HIDDEN_USER;
      break;

    default:
      assert(0);
      my_error(ER_UNKNOWN_ERROR, MYF(0));
      return true;
  }

  // Remove the element from to be altered column list.
  alter_list->erase(i);

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if the column being removed or renamed is in use by a generated
  column, default or functional index, which will be kept around/unchanged
  by this ALTER TABLE, and report error which is appropriate for the case.

  @param table        TABLE object describing old table version.
  @param field        Field object for column to be checked.
  @param alter_info   Alter_info describing which columns, defaults or
                      indexes are dropped or modified.

  @return
    true     The field is used by generated column/default or functional
             index, error was reported.
    false    Otherwise.

*/
static bool check_if_field_used_by_generated_column_or_default(
    TABLE *table, const Field *field, const Alter_info *alter_info) {
  MY_BITMAP dependent_fields;
  my_bitmap_map bitbuf[bitmap_buffer_size(MAX_FIELDS) / sizeof(my_bitmap_map)];
  bitmap_init(&dependent_fields, bitbuf, table->s->fields);
  MY_BITMAP *save_old_read_set = table->read_set;
  table->read_set = &dependent_fields;

  for (Field **vfield_ptr = table->field; *vfield_ptr; vfield_ptr++) {
    Field *vfield = *vfield_ptr;
    if (vfield->is_gcol() ||
        vfield->has_insert_default_general_value_expression()) {
      /*
        Ignore generated columns (including hidden columns for functional
        indexes) and columns with generated defaults which are going to
        be dropped.
      */
      if (std::any_of(alter_info->drop_list.cbegin(),
                      alter_info->drop_list.cend(),
                      [vfield](const Alter_drop *drop) {
                        return drop->type == Alter_drop::COLUMN &&
                               !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                                              vfield->field_name, drop->name);
                      }))
        continue;

      /*
        Ignore generated default values which are removed or changed.

        If new default value is dependent on removed/renamed column
        the problem will be detected and reported as error later.
      */
      if (vfield->has_insert_default_general_value_expression() &&
          std::any_of(alter_info->alter_list.cbegin(),
                      alter_info->alter_list.cend(),
                      [vfield](const Alter_column *alter) {
                        return (alter->change_type() ==
                                    Alter_column::Type::SET_DEFAULT ||
                                alter->change_type() ==
                                    Alter_column::Type::DROP_DEFAULT) &&
                               !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                                              vfield->field_name, alter->name);
                      }))
        continue;

      /*
        Ignore columns which are explicitly mentioned in CHANGE/MODIFY
        clauses in this ALTER TABLE and thus have new generation expression
        or default.

        Again if such new expression is dependent on removed/renamed column
        the problem will be detected and reported as error later.
      */
      if (std::any_of(alter_info->create_list.cbegin(),
                      alter_info->create_list.cend(),
                      [vfield](const Create_field &def) {
                        return (def.change &&
                                !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info,
                                               vfield->field_name, def.change));
                      }))
        continue;

      assert((vfield->gcol_info && vfield->gcol_info->expr_item) ||
             (vfield->m_default_val_expr &&
              vfield->m_default_val_expr->expr_item));
      Mark_field mark_fld(MARK_COLUMNS_TEMP);
      Item *expr = vfield->is_gcol() ? vfield->gcol_info->expr_item
                                     : vfield->m_default_val_expr->expr_item;
      expr->walk(&Item::mark_field_in_map, enum_walk::PREFIX,
                 reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(&mark_fld));
      if (bitmap_is_set(table->read_set, field->field_index())) {
        if (vfield->is_gcol()) {
          if (vfield->is_field_for_functional_index())
            my_error(ER_DEPENDENT_BY_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX, MYF(0),
                     field->field_name);
          else
            my_error(ER_DEPENDENT_BY_GENERATED_COLUMN, MYF(0),
                     field->field_name);
        } else {
          my_error(ER_DEPENDENT_BY_DEFAULT_GENERATED_VALUE, MYF(0),
                   field->field_name, table->alias);
        }
        table->read_set = save_old_read_set;
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  table->read_set = save_old_read_set;
  return false;
}

// Prepare Create_field and Key_spec objects for ALTER and upgrade.
bool prepare_fields_and_keys(THD *thd, const dd::Table *src_table, TABLE *table,
                             HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                             Alter_info *alter_info, Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx,
                             const uint &used_fields) {
  /* New column definitions are added here */
  List<Create_field> new_create_list;
  /* New key definitions are added here */
  Mem_root_array<Key_spec *> new_key_list(thd->mem_root);

  /*
    Original Alter_info::drop_list is used by foreign key handling code and
    storage engines. check_if_field_used_by_generated_column_or_default()
    also needs original Alter_info::drop_list. So this function should not
    modify original list but rather work with its copy.
  */
  Prealloced_array<const Alter_drop *, 1> drop_list(
      PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME, alter_info->drop_list.cbegin(),
      alter_info->drop_list.cend());

  /*
    Alter_info::alter_rename_key_list is also used by fill_alter_inplace_info()
    call. So this function should not modify original list but rather work with
    its copy.
  */
  Prealloced_array<const Alter_rename_key *, 1> rename_key_list(
      PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME, alter_info->alter_rename_key_list.cbegin(),
      alter_info->alter_rename_key_list.cend());

  /*
    This is how we check that all indexes to be altered are name-resolved: We
    make a copy of the list from the alter_info, and remove all the indexes
    that are found in the table. Later we check that there is nothing left in
    the list. This is obviously just a copy-paste of what is done for renamed
    indexes.
  */
  Prealloced_array<const Alter_index_visibility *, 1> index_visibility_list(
      PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME, alter_info->alter_index_visibility_list.cbegin(),
      alter_info->alter_index_visibility_list.cend());

  /*
    Alter_info::alter_list is used by fill_alter_inplace_info() call as well.
    So this function works on its copy rather than original list.
  */
  Prealloced_array<const Alter_column *, 1> alter_list(
      PSI_INSTRUMENT_ME, alter_info->alter_list.cbegin(),
      alter_info->alter_list.cend());

  List_iterator<Create_field> def_it(alter_info->create_list);
  List_iterator<Create_field> find_it(new_create_list);
  List_iterator<Create_field> field_it(new_create_list);
  List<Key_part_spec> key_parts;
  KEY *key_info = table->key_info;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    During upgrade from 5.7, old tables are temporarily accessed to
    get the keys and fields, and in this process, we assign
    table->record[0] = table->s->default_values, hence, we make the
    call to restore_record() below conditional to avoid valgrind errors
    due to overlapping source and destination for memcpy.
  */
  if (table->record[0] != table->s->default_values)
    restore_record(table, s->default_values);  // Empty record for DEFAULT

  std::vector<Create_field *> functional_index_columns;
  Create_field *def;

  /*
    First collect all fields from table which isn't in drop_list
  */
  Field **f_ptr, *field;
  for (f_ptr = table->field; (field = *f_ptr); f_ptr++) {
    /* Check if field should be dropped */
    size_t i = 0;
    while (i < drop_list.size()) {
      const Alter_drop *drop = drop_list[i];
      if (drop->type == Alter_drop::COLUMN &&
          !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field->field_name, drop->name)) {
        /* Reset auto_increment value if it was dropped */
        if ((field->auto_flags & Field::NEXT_NUMBER) &&
            !(used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_AUTO)) {
          create_info->auto_increment_value = 0;
          create_info->used_fields |= HA_CREATE_USED_AUTO;
        }

        /*
          If a generated column or a default expression is dependent
          on this column, this column cannot be dropped.

          The same applies to case when this table is partitioned and
          we drop column used by partitioning function.
        */
        if (check_if_field_used_by_generated_column_or_default(table, field,
                                                               alter_info) ||
            check_if_field_used_by_partitioning_func(table, field, alter_info))
          return true;

        break;  // Column was found.
      }
      i++;
    }
    if (i < drop_list.size()) {
      drop_list.erase(i);
      continue;
    }
    /* Check if field is changed */
    def_it.rewind();
    while ((def = def_it++)) {
      if (def->change &&
          !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field->field_name, def->change))
        break;
    }
    if (def) {  // Field is changed
      def->field = field;
      def->charset = get_sql_field_charset(def, create_info);

      if (field->stored_in_db != def->stored_in_db) {
        my_error(ER_UNSUPPORTED_ACTION_ON_GENERATED_COLUMN, MYF(0),
                 "Changing the STORED status");
        return true;
      }

      /*
        If a generated column or a default expression is dependent
        on this column, this column cannot be renamed.

        The same applies to case when this table is partitioned and
        we rename column used by partitioning function.
      */
      if ((my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, def->field_name, def->change) !=
           0) &&
          (check_if_field_used_by_generated_column_or_default(table, field,
                                                              alter_info) ||
           check_if_field_used_by_partitioning_func(table, field, alter_info)))
        return true;

      /*
        Add column being updated to the list of new columns.
        Note that columns with AFTER clauses are added to the end
        of the list for now. Their positions will be corrected later.
      */
      new_create_list.push_back(def);

      /*
        If the new column type is GEOMETRY (or a subtype) NOT NULL,
        and the old column type is nullable and not GEOMETRY (or a
        subtype), existing NULL values will be converted into empty
        strings in non-strict mode. Empty strings are illegal values
        in GEOMETRY columns.

        However, generated columns have implicit default values, so they can be
        NOT NULL.
      */
      if (def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY &&
          (def->flags & (NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG | NOT_NULL_FLAG)) &&
          field->type() != MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY && field->is_nullable() &&
          !thd->is_strict_mode() && !def->is_gcol()) {
        alter_ctx->error_if_not_empty |=
            Alter_table_ctx::GEOMETRY_WITHOUT_DEFAULT;
      }
    } else {
      /*
        This field was not dropped and the definition is not changed, add
        it to the list for the new table.
      */
      def = new (thd->mem_root) Create_field(field, field);

      // Mark if collation was specified explicitly by user for the column.
      const dd::Table *obj =
          (table->s->tmp_table ? table->s->tmp_table_def : src_table);
      // In case of upgrade, we do not have src_table.
      if (!obj)
        def->is_explicit_collation = false;
      else
        def->is_explicit_collation =
            obj->get_column(field->field_name)->is_explicit_collation();

      // If we have a replication setup _and_ the master doesn't sort
      // functional index columns last in the table, we will not do it either.
      // Otherwise, we will position the functional index columns last in the
      // table, sorted on their name.
      if (is_field_for_functional_index(def) &&
          is_not_slave_or_master_sorts_functional_index_columns_last(
              thd->variables.original_server_version)) {
        functional_index_columns.push_back(def);
      } else {
        new_create_list.push_back(def);
      }

      if (alter_column_name_default_or_visibility(alter_info, &alter_list, def))
        return true;
    }
  }
  def_it.rewind();
  while ((def = def_it++))  // Add new columns
  {
    if (def->change && !def->field) {
      my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), def->change,
               table->s->table_name.str);
      return true;
    }

    warn_on_deprecated_float_auto_increment(thd, *def);

    /*
      If this ALTER TABLE doesn't have an AFTER clause for the modified
      column then it doesn't need further processing.
    */
    if (def->change && !def->after) continue;

    /*
      New columns of type DATE/DATETIME/GEOMETRIC with NOT NULL constraint
      added as part of ALTER operation will generate zero date for DATE/
      DATETIME types and empty string for GEOMETRIC types when the table
      is not empty. Hence certain additional checks needs to be performed
      as described below. This cannot be caught by SE(For INPLACE ALTER)
      since it checks for only NULL value. Zero date and empty string
      does not violate the NOT NULL value constraint.
    */
    if (!def->change) {
      /*
        Check that the DATE/DATETIME NOT NULL field we are going to
        add either has a default value, is a generated column, or the
        date '0000-00-00' is allowed by the set sql mode.

        If the '0000-00-00' value isn't allowed then raise the
        error_if_not_empty flag to allow ALTER TABLE only if the table to be
        altered is empty.
      */
      if ((def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DATE ||
           def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_NEWDATE ||
           def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME ||
           def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_DATETIME2) &&
          !alter_ctx->datetime_field && !def->is_gcol() &&
          !(~def->flags & (NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG | NOT_NULL_FLAG))) {
        alter_ctx->datetime_field = def;
        alter_ctx->error_if_not_empty |=
            Alter_table_ctx::DATETIME_WITHOUT_DEFAULT;
      }

      /*
        New GEOMETRY (and subtypes) columns can't be NOT NULL unless they have a
        default value. Explicit default values are currently not supported for
        geometry columns. To add a GEOMETRY NOT NULL column, first create a
        GEOMETRY NULL column, UPDATE the table to set a different value than
        NULL, and then do a ALTER TABLE MODIFY COLUMN to set NOT NULL.

        This restriction can be lifted once MySQL supports explicit default
        values (i.e., functions) for geometry columns. The new restriction would
        then be for added GEOMETRY NOT NULL columns to always have a provided
        default value.

        Generated columns (including generated geometry columns) have implicit
        default values, so they can be NOT NULL.
      */
      if (def->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY && !def->is_gcol() &&
          (def->flags & (NO_DEFAULT_VALUE_FLAG | NOT_NULL_FLAG))) {
        alter_ctx->error_if_not_empty |=
            Alter_table_ctx::GEOMETRY_WITHOUT_DEFAULT;
      }
    }

    if (!def->after)
      new_create_list.push_back(def);
    else {
      const Create_field *find;
      if (def->change) {
        find_it.rewind();
        /*
          For columns being modified with AFTER clause we should first remove
          these columns from the list and then add them back at their correct
          positions.
        */
        while ((find = find_it++)) {
          /*
            Create_fields representing changed columns are added directly
            from Alter_info::create_list to new_create_list. We can therefore
            safely use pointer equality rather than name matching here.
            This prevents removing the wrong column in case of column rename.
          */
          if (find == def) {
            find_it.remove();
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if (def->after == first_keyword)
        new_create_list.push_front(def);
      else {
        find_it.rewind();
        while ((find = find_it++)) {
          if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, def->after, find->field_name))
            break;
        }
        if (!find) {
          my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), def->after,
                   table->s->table_name.str);
          return true;
        }
        find_it.after(def);  // Put column after this
      }
    }
  }
  if (alter_list.size() > 0) {
    my_error(ER_BAD_FIELD_ERROR, MYF(0), alter_list[0]->name,
             table->s->table_name.str);
    return true;
  }

  // Ensure that hidden generated column for functional indexes are inserted at
  // the end, sorted by their column name.
  std::sort(functional_index_columns.begin(), functional_index_columns.end(),
            [](const Create_field *a, const Create_field *b) {
              return my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, a->field_name,
                                   b->field_name) < 0;
            });

  for (Create_field *ic_field : functional_index_columns) {
    new_create_list.push_back(ic_field);
  }

  if (!new_create_list.elements) {
    my_error(ER_CANT_REMOVE_ALL_FIELDS, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  // Make sure generated invisible primary key column is at the first position.
  if (adjust_generated_invisible_primary_key_column_position(
          thd, create_info->db_type, table, &new_create_list))
    return true;

  /*
    Collect all keys which isn't in drop list. Add only those
    for which some fields exists.
  */

  for (uint i = 0; i < table->s->keys; i++, key_info++) {
    const char *key_name = key_info->name;
    bool index_column_dropped = false;
    size_t drop_idx = 0;
    while (drop_idx < drop_list.size()) {
      const Alter_drop *drop = drop_list[drop_idx];
      if (drop->type == Alter_drop::KEY &&
          !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_name, drop->name))
        break;
      drop_idx++;
    }
    if (drop_idx < drop_list.size()) {
      drop_list.erase(drop_idx);
      continue;
    }

    KEY_PART_INFO *key_part = key_info->key_part;
    key_parts.clear();
    for (uint j = 0; j < key_info->user_defined_key_parts; j++, key_part++) {
      if (!key_part->field) continue;  // Wrong field (from UNIREG)
      const char *key_part_name = key_part->field->field_name;
      const Create_field *cfield;
      field_it.rewind();
      while ((cfield = field_it++)) {
        if (cfield->change) {
          if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_part_name,
                             cfield->change))
            break;
        } else if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_part_name,
                                  cfield->field_name))
          break;
      }
      if (!cfield) {
        /*
           We are dropping a column associated with an index.
        */
        index_column_dropped = true;
        continue;  // Field is removed
      }
      uint key_part_length = key_part->length;
      if (cfield->field)  // Not new field
      {
        /*
          If the field can't have only a part used in a key according to its
          new type, or should not be used partially according to its
          previous type, or the field length is less than the key part
          length, unset the key part length.

          We also unset the key part length if it is the same as the
          old field's length, so the whole new field will be used.

          BLOBs may have cfield->length == 0, which is why we test it before
          checking whether cfield->length < key_part_length (in chars).

          In case of TEXTs we check the data type maximum length *in bytes*
          to key part length measured *in characters* (i.e. key_part_length
          divided to mbmaxlen). This is because it's OK to have:
          CREATE TABLE t1 (a tinytext, key(a(254)) character set utf8);
          In case of this example:
          - data type maximum length is 255.
          - key_part_length is 1016 (=254*4, where 4 is mbmaxlen)
         */
        if (!Field::type_can_have_key_part(cfield->field->type()) ||
            !Field::type_can_have_key_part(cfield->sql_type) ||
            /* spatial keys can't have sub-key length */
            (key_info->flags & HA_SPATIAL) ||
            (cfield->field->field_length == key_part_length &&
             key_part->field->type() != MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB) ||
            (cfield->max_display_width_in_codepoints() &&
             (((cfield->sql_type >= MYSQL_TYPE_TINY_BLOB &&
                cfield->sql_type <= MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB)
                   ? blob_length_by_type(cfield->sql_type)
                   : cfield->max_display_width_in_codepoints()) <
              key_part_length / key_part->field->charset()->mbmaxlen)))
          key_part_length = 0;  // Use whole field
      }
      key_part_length /= key_part->field->charset()->mbmaxlen;
      // The Key_part_spec constructor differentiates between explicit ascending
      // (ORDER_ASC) and implicit ascending order (ORDER_NOT_RELEVANT). However,
      // here we only have HA_REVERSE_SORT to base our ordering decision on. The
      // only known case where the difference matters is in case of indexes on
      // geometry columns and typed arrays, which can't have explicit ordering.
      // Therefore, in such cases we pass ORDER_NOT_RELEVANT.
      enum_order order =
          key_part->key_part_flag & HA_REVERSE_SORT
              ? ORDER_DESC
              : ((key_part->field->type() == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY ||
                  key_part->field->is_array())
                     ? ORDER_NOT_RELEVANT
                     : ORDER_ASC);
      if (key_part->field->is_field_for_functional_index()) {
        key_parts.push_back(new (thd->mem_root) Key_part_spec(
            cfield->field_name, key_part->field->gcol_info->expr_item, order));
      } else {
        key_parts.push_back(new (thd->mem_root) Key_part_spec(
            to_lex_cstring(cfield->field_name), key_part_length, order));
      }
    }
    if (key_parts.elements) {
      KEY_CREATE_INFO key_create_info(key_info->is_visible);

      keytype key_type;

      /* If this index is to stay in the table check if it has to be renamed. */
      for (size_t rename_idx = 0; rename_idx < rename_key_list.size();
           rename_idx++) {
        const Alter_rename_key *rename_key = rename_key_list[rename_idx];
        if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_name,
                           rename_key->old_name)) {
          if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_name, primary_key_name)) {
            my_error(ER_WRONG_NAME_FOR_INDEX, MYF(0), rename_key->old_name);
            return true;
          } else if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, rename_key->new_name,
                                    primary_key_name)) {
            my_error(ER_WRONG_NAME_FOR_INDEX, MYF(0), rename_key->new_name);
            return true;
          }

          key_name = rename_key->new_name;
          rename_key_list.erase(rename_idx);
          /*
            If the user has explicitly renamed the key, we should no longer
            treat it as generated. Otherwise this key might be automatically
            dropped by mysql_prepare_create_table() and this will confuse
            code in fill_alter_inplace_info().
          */
          key_info->flags &= ~HA_GENERATED_KEY;
          break;
        }
      }

      // Erase all alter operations that operate on this index.
      for (auto it = index_visibility_list.begin();
           it < index_visibility_list.end();)
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_name, (*it)->name()) == 0)
          index_visibility_list.erase(it);
        else
          ++it;

      if (key_info->is_algorithm_explicit) {
        key_create_info.algorithm = key_info->algorithm;
        key_create_info.is_algorithm_explicit = true;
      } else {
        /*
          If key algorithm was not specified explicitly for source table
          don't specify one a new version as well, This allows to handle
          ALTER TABLEs which change SE nicely.
          OTOH this means that any ALTER TABLE will rebuild such keys when
          SE changes default algorithm for key. Code will have to be adjusted
          to handle such situation more gracefully.
        */
        assert((key_create_info.is_algorithm_explicit == false) &&
               (key_create_info.algorithm == HA_KEY_ALG_SE_SPECIFIC));
      }

      if (key_info->flags & HA_USES_BLOCK_SIZE)
        key_create_info.block_size = key_info->block_size;
      if (key_info->flags & HA_USES_PARSER)
        key_create_info.parser_name = *plugin_name(key_info->parser);
      if (key_info->flags & HA_USES_COMMENT)
        key_create_info.comment = key_info->comment;

      if (key_info->engine_attribute.str != nullptr)
        key_create_info.m_engine_attribute = key_info->engine_attribute;

      if (key_info->secondary_engine_attribute.str != nullptr)
        key_create_info.m_secondary_engine_attribute =
            key_info->secondary_engine_attribute;

      for (const Alter_index_visibility *alter_index_visibility :
           alter_info->alter_index_visibility_list) {
        const char *name = alter_index_visibility->name();
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_name, name) == 0) {
          if (table->s->primary_key <= MAX_KEY &&
              table->key_info + table->s->primary_key == key_info) {
            my_error(ER_PK_INDEX_CANT_BE_INVISIBLE, MYF(0));
            return true;
          }
          key_create_info.is_visible = alter_index_visibility->is_visible();
        }
      }

      if (key_info->flags & HA_SPATIAL)
        key_type = KEYTYPE_SPATIAL;
      else if (key_info->flags & HA_NOSAME) {
        if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_name, primary_key_name))
          key_type = KEYTYPE_PRIMARY;
        else
          key_type = KEYTYPE_UNIQUE;
      } else if (key_info->flags & HA_FULLTEXT)
        key_type = KEYTYPE_FULLTEXT;
      else
        key_type = KEYTYPE_MULTIPLE;

      /*
        If we have dropped a column associated with an index,
        this warrants a check for duplicate indexes
      */
      new_key_list.push_back(new (thd->mem_root) Key_spec(
          thd->mem_root, key_type, to_lex_cstring(key_name), &key_create_info,
          (key_info->flags & HA_GENERATED_KEY), index_column_dropped,
          key_parts));
    }
  }
  {
    new_key_list.reserve(new_key_list.size() + alter_info->key_list.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < alter_info->key_list.size(); i++)
      new_key_list.push_back(alter_info->key_list[i]);  // Add new keys
  }

  /*
    Copy existing foreign keys from the source table into
    Alter_table_ctx so that they can be added to the new table
    later. Omits foreign keys to be dropped and removes them
    from the drop_list. Checks that foreign keys to be kept
    are still valid.
  */
  if (create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS) {
    if (transfer_preexisting_foreign_keys(
            thd, src_table, table->s->db.str, table->s->table_name.str,
            table->s->db_type(), alter_info, &new_create_list, alter_ctx,
            &drop_list))
      return true;
  }

  if (drop_list.size() > 0) {
    // Now this contains only DROP for not-found objects.
    for (const Alter_drop *drop : drop_list) {
      switch (drop->type) {
        case Alter_drop::FOREIGN_KEY:
          if (!(create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS)) {
            /*
              For historical reasons we silently ignore attempts to drop
              foreign keys from tables in storage engines which don't
              support them. This is in sync with the fact that attempts
              to add foreign keys to such tables are silently ignored
              as well. Once the latter is changed the former hack can
              be removed as well.
            */
            break;
          }
          [[fallthrough]];
        case Alter_drop::KEY:
        case Alter_drop::COLUMN:
          my_error(ER_CANT_DROP_FIELD_OR_KEY, MYF(0), drop->name);
          return true;
        case Alter_drop::CHECK_CONSTRAINT:
          /*
            Check constraints to be dropped are already handled by the
            prepare_check_constraints_for_alter().
          */
          break;
        case Alter_drop::ANY_CONSTRAINT:
          /*
            Constraint type is resolved by name and a new Alter_drop element
            with resolved type is added to the Alter_drop list.
            Alter_drop::ANY_CONSTRAINT element is retained in the Alter_drop
            list to support re-execution of stored routine or prepared
            statement.
          */
          break;
        default:
          assert(false);
          break;
      }
    }
  }

  if (rename_key_list.size() > 0) {
    my_error(ER_KEY_DOES_NOT_EXITS, MYF(0), rename_key_list[0]->old_name,
             table->s->table_name.str);
    return true;
  }
  if (index_visibility_list.size() > 0) {
    my_error(ER_KEY_DOES_NOT_EXITS, MYF(0), index_visibility_list[0]->name(),
             table->s->table_name.str);
    return true;
  }

  alter_info->create_list.swap(new_create_list);
  alter_info->key_list.clear();
  alter_info->key_list.resize(new_key_list.size());
  std::copy(new_key_list.begin(), new_key_list.end(),
            alter_info->key_list.begin());

  return false;
}

/**
  Prepare column and key definitions for CREATE TABLE in ALTER TABLE.

  This function transforms parse output of ALTER TABLE - lists of
  columns and keys to add, drop or modify into, essentially,
  CREATE TABLE definition - a list of columns and keys of the new
  table. While doing so, it also performs some (bug not all)
  semantic checks.

  This function is invoked when we know that we're going to
  perform ALTER TABLE via a temporary table -- i.e. in-place ALTER TABLE
  is not possible, perhaps because the ALTER statement contains
  instructions that require change in table data, not only in
  table definition or indexes.

  @param[in,out]  thd         thread handle. Used as a memory pool
                              and source of environment information.
  @param[in]      src_table   DD table object for the table to be
  created/altered. Will be nullptr for temporary tables.
  @param[in]      table       the source table, open and locked
                              Used as an interface to the storage engine
                              to acquire additional information about
                              the original table.
  @param[in,out]  create_info A blob with CREATE/ALTER TABLE
                              parameters
  @param[in,out]  alter_info  Another blob with ALTER/CREATE parameters.
                              Originally create_info was used only in
                              CREATE TABLE and alter_info only in ALTER TABLE.
                              But since ALTER might end-up doing CREATE,
                              this distinction is gone and we just carry
                              around two structures.
  @param[in,out]  alter_ctx   Runtime context for ALTER TABLE.

  @return
    Fills various create_info members based on information retrieved
    from the storage engine.
    Sets create_info->varchar if the table has a VARCHAR column.
    Prepares alter_info->create_list and alter_info->key_list with
    columns and keys of the new table.
  @retval true   error, out of memory or a semantical error in ALTER
                 TABLE instructions
  @retval false  success
*/

bool mysql_prepare_alter_table(THD *thd, const dd::Table *src_table,
                               TABLE *table, HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info,
                               Alter_info *alter_info,
                               Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx) {
  uint db_create_options =
      (table->s->db_create_options & ~(HA_OPTION_PACK_RECORD));
  uint64_t used_fields = create_info->used_fields;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  // Prepare data in HA_CREATE_INFO shared by ALTER and upgrade code.
  create_info->init_create_options_from_share(table->s, used_fields);

  if (!(used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_AUTO) && table->found_next_number_field) {
    /* Table has an autoincrement, copy value to new table */
    table->file->info(HA_STATUS_AUTO);
    create_info->auto_increment_value = table->file->stats.auto_increment_value;
  }

  if (prepare_fields_and_keys(thd, src_table, table, create_info, alter_info,
                              alter_ctx, used_fields))
    return true;

  table->file->update_create_info(create_info);

  /* Get the autoextend_size value for the old table if the user did not
  specify it on the command line */
  if (src_table && src_table->engine() == "InnoDB") {
    ulonglong autoextend_size{};

    dd::get_implicit_tablespace_options(thd, src_table, &autoextend_size);

    if (!create_info->m_implicit_tablespace_autoextend_size_change) {
      create_info->m_implicit_tablespace_autoextend_size = autoextend_size;
    }
  }

  /*
    NDB storage engine misuses handler::update_create_info() to implement
    special handling of table comments which are used to specify and store
    some NDB-specific table options. In the process it might report error.
    In order to detect and correctly handle such situation we need to call
    THD::is_error().
  */
  if (thd->is_error()) return true;

  if ((create_info->table_options &
       (HA_OPTION_PACK_KEYS | HA_OPTION_NO_PACK_KEYS)) ||
      (used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_PACK_KEYS))
    db_create_options &= ~(HA_OPTION_PACK_KEYS | HA_OPTION_NO_PACK_KEYS);
  if ((create_info->table_options &
       (HA_OPTION_STATS_PERSISTENT | HA_OPTION_NO_STATS_PERSISTENT)) ||
      (used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_STATS_PERSISTENT))
    db_create_options &=
        ~(HA_OPTION_STATS_PERSISTENT | HA_OPTION_NO_STATS_PERSISTENT);
  if (create_info->table_options & (HA_OPTION_CHECKSUM | HA_OPTION_NO_CHECKSUM))
    db_create_options &= ~(HA_OPTION_CHECKSUM | HA_OPTION_NO_CHECKSUM);
  if (create_info->table_options &
      (HA_OPTION_DELAY_KEY_WRITE | HA_OPTION_NO_DELAY_KEY_WRITE))
    db_create_options &=
        ~(HA_OPTION_DELAY_KEY_WRITE | HA_OPTION_NO_DELAY_KEY_WRITE);
  create_info->table_options |= db_create_options;

  if (table->s->tmp_table) create_info->options |= HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE;

  return false;
}

/**
  Get Create_field object for newly created table by its name
  in the old version of table.

  @param alter_info  Alter_info describing newly created table.
  @param old_name    Name of field in old table.

  @returns Pointer to Create_field object, NULL - if field is
           not present in new version of table.
*/

static const Create_field *get_field_by_old_name(Alter_info *alter_info,
                                                 const char *old_name) {
  List_iterator_fast<Create_field> new_field_it(alter_info->create_list);
  const Create_field *new_field;

  while ((new_field = new_field_it++)) {
    if (new_field->field &&
        (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, new_field->field->field_name,
                       old_name) == 0))
      break;
  }
  return new_field;
}

/** Type of change to foreign key column, */

enum fk_column_change_type {
  FK_COLUMN_NO_CHANGE,
  FK_COLUMN_DATA_CHANGE,
  FK_COLUMN_RENAMED,
  FK_COLUMN_DROPPED
};

/**
  Check that ALTER TABLE's changes on columns of a foreign key are allowed.

  @tparam     F                 Function class which returns foreign key's
                                referenced or referencing (depending on
                                whether we check ALTER TABLE that changes
                                parent or child table) column name by its
                                index.

  @param[in]   thd              Thread context.
  @param[in]   alter_info       Alter_info describing changes to be done
                                by ALTER TABLE.
  @param[in]   fk_col_count     Number of columns in the foreign key.
  @param[in]   fk_columns       Object of F type bound to the specific foreign
                                key for which check is carried out.
  @param[out]  bad_column_name  Name of field on which ALTER TABLE tries to
                                do prohibited operation.

  @note This function takes into account value of @@foreign_key_checks
        setting.

  @retval FK_COLUMN_NO_CHANGE    No significant changes are to be done on
                                 foreign key columns.
  @retval FK_COLUMN_DATA_CHANGE  ALTER TABLE might result in value
                                 change in foreign key column (and
                                 foreign_key_checks is on).
  @retval FK_COLUMN_RENAMED      Foreign key column is renamed.
  @retval FK_COLUMN_DROPPED      Foreign key column is dropped.
*/

template <class F>
static fk_column_change_type fk_check_column_changes(
    THD *thd, Alter_info *alter_info, uint fk_col_count, const F &fk_columns,
    const char **bad_column_name) {
  *bad_column_name = nullptr;

  for (uint i = 0; i < fk_col_count; ++i) {
    const char *column = fk_columns(i);
    const Create_field *new_field = get_field_by_old_name(alter_info, column);

    if (new_field) {
      Field *old_field = new_field->field;

      if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, old_field->field_name,
                        new_field->field_name)) {
        /*
          Copy algorithm doesn't support proper renaming of columns in
          the foreign key yet. At the moment we lack API which will tell
          SE that foreign keys should be updated to use new name of column
          like it happens in case of in-place algorithm.
        */
        *bad_column_name = column;
        return FK_COLUMN_RENAMED;
      }

      if ((old_field->is_equal(new_field) == IS_EQUAL_NO) ||
          ((new_field->flags & NOT_NULL_FLAG) &&
           !old_field->is_flag_set(NOT_NULL_FLAG))) {
        if (!(thd->variables.option_bits & OPTION_NO_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS)) {
          /*
            Column in a FK has changed significantly. Unless
            foreign_key_checks are off we prohibit this since this
            means values in this column might be changed by ALTER
            and thus referential integrity might be broken,
          */
          *bad_column_name = column;
          return FK_COLUMN_DATA_CHANGE;
        }
      }
      assert(old_field->is_gcol() == new_field->is_gcol() &&
             old_field->is_virtual_gcol() == new_field->is_virtual_gcol());
      assert(!old_field->is_gcol() || old_field->gcol_expr_is_equal(new_field));
    } else {
      /*
        Column in FK was dropped. Most likely this will break
        integrity constraints of InnoDB data-dictionary (and thus
        InnoDB will emit an error), so we prohibit this right away
        even if foreign_key_checks are off.
        This also includes a rare case when another field replaces
        field being dropped since it is easy to break referential
        integrity in this case.
      */
      *bad_column_name = column;
      return FK_COLUMN_DROPPED;
    }
  }

  return FK_COLUMN_NO_CHANGE;
}

/**
  Check if ALTER TABLE we are about to execute using COPY algorithm
  is not supported as it might break referential integrity.

  @note If foreign_key_checks is disabled (=0), we allow to break
        referential integrity. But we still disallow some operations
        like dropping or renaming columns in foreign key since they
        are likely to break consistency of InnoDB data-dictionary
        and thus will end-up in error anyway.

  @param[in]  thd          Thread context.
  @param[in]  table_list   Table_ref element for the table to be altered.
  @param[in]  table_def    dd::Table for old version of table to be altered.
  @param[in]  alter_info   Lists of fields, keys to be changed, added
                           or dropped.

  @retval false  Success.
  @retval true   Error, ALTER - tries to do change which is not compatible
                 with foreign key definitions on the table.
*/

static bool fk_check_copy_alter_table(THD *thd, Table_ref *table_list,
                                      const dd::Table *table_def,
                                      Alter_info *alter_info) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  if (!table_def) return false;  // Must be a temporary table.

  for (const dd::Foreign_key_parent *fk_p : table_def->foreign_key_parents()) {
    /*
      First, check foreign keys in which table participates as parent.
      To get necessary information about such a foreign key we need to
      acquire dd::Table object describing child table.
    */
    dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
    const dd::Table *child_table_def;

    bool self_ref_fk =
        (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk_p->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                       table_list->db) == 0 &&
         my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk_p->child_table_name().c_str(),
                       table_list->table_name) == 0);

    if (self_ref_fk)
      child_table_def = table_def;
    else {
      if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(fk_p->child_schema_name(),
                                    fk_p->child_table_name(), &child_table_def))
        return true;
    }
    assert(child_table_def != nullptr);

    for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : child_table_def->foreign_keys()) {
      /*
        Skip all foreign keys except one which corresponds to the
        dd::Foreign_key_parent object being processed.
      */
      if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk_p->fk_name().c_str(),
                        fk->name().c_str()) != 0)
        continue;

      if (self_ref_fk) {
        /*
          Also skip all foreign keys which are to be dropped by this
          ALTER TABLE. This is possible when a foreign key has the
          same table as child and parent.
        */
        bool is_dropped = false;
        for (const Alter_drop *drop : alter_info->drop_list) {
          /* Names of foreign keys in InnoDB are case-insensitive. */
          if ((drop->type == Alter_drop::FOREIGN_KEY) &&
              (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk->name().c_str(),
                             drop->name) == 0)) {
            is_dropped = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        if (is_dropped) continue;
      }

      enum fk_column_change_type changes;
      const char *bad_column_name;

      auto fk_columns_lambda = [fk](uint i) {
        return fk->elements()[i]->referenced_column_name().c_str();
      };
      changes = fk_check_column_changes(thd, alter_info, fk->elements().size(),
                                        fk_columns_lambda, &bad_column_name);

      switch (changes) {
        case FK_COLUMN_NO_CHANGE:
          /* No significant changes. We can proceed with ALTER! */
          break;
        case FK_COLUMN_DATA_CHANGE: {
          char buff[NAME_LEN * 2 + 2];
          strxnmov(buff, sizeof(buff) - 1, fk_p->child_schema_name().c_str(),
                   ".", fk_p->child_table_name().c_str(), NullS);
          my_error(ER_FK_COLUMN_CANNOT_CHANGE_CHILD, MYF(0), bad_column_name,
                   fk->name().c_str(), buff);
          return true;
        }
        case FK_COLUMN_RENAMED:
          my_error(
              ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED_REASON, MYF(0), "ALGORITHM=COPY",
              ER_THD(thd, ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED_REASON_FK_RENAME),
              "ALGORITHM=INPLACE");
          return true;
        case FK_COLUMN_DROPPED:
          /*
            Should already have been checked in
            transfer_preexisting_foreign_keys().
          */
          assert(false);
        default:
          assert(0);
      }
    }
  }

  for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def->foreign_keys()) {
    /*
      Now, check foreign keys in which table participates as child.

      Skip all foreign keys which are to be dropped by this ALTER TABLE.
    */
    bool is_dropped = false;
    for (const Alter_drop *drop : alter_info->drop_list) {
      /* Names of foreign keys in InnoDB are case-insensitive. */
      if ((drop->type == Alter_drop::FOREIGN_KEY) &&
          (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, fk->name().c_str(), drop->name) ==
           0)) {
        is_dropped = true;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (is_dropped) continue;

    enum fk_column_change_type changes;
    const char *bad_column_name;

    auto fk_columns_lambda = [fk](uint i) {
      return fk->elements()[i]->column().name().c_str();
    };
    changes = fk_check_column_changes(thd, alter_info, fk->elements().size(),
                                      fk_columns_lambda, &bad_column_name);

    switch (changes) {
      case FK_COLUMN_NO_CHANGE:
        /* No significant changes. We can proceed with ALTER! */
        break;
      case FK_COLUMN_DATA_CHANGE:
        my_error(ER_FK_COLUMN_CANNOT_CHANGE, MYF(0), bad_column_name,
                 fk->name().c_str());
        return true;
      case FK_COLUMN_RENAMED:
        my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED_REASON, MYF(0),
                 "ALGORITHM=COPY",
                 ER_THD(thd, ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED_REASON_FK_RENAME),
                 "ALGORITHM=INPLACE");
        return true;
      case FK_COLUMN_DROPPED:
        /*
          Should already have been checked in
          transfer_preexisting_foreign_keys().
        */
        assert(false);
      default:
        assert(0);
    }
  }

  return false;
}

bool collect_and_lock_fk_tables_for_rename_table(
    THD *thd, const char *db, const char *table_name,
    const dd::Table *table_def, const char *new_db, const char *new_table_name,
    handlerton *hton, Foreign_key_parents_invalidator *fk_invalidator) {
  MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

  if (collect_fk_children(thd, db, table_name, hton, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                          &mdl_requests) ||
      collect_fk_children(thd, new_db, new_table_name, hton, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                          &mdl_requests) ||
      collect_fk_parents_for_all_fks(thd, table_def, hton, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                                     &mdl_requests, fk_invalidator) ||
      collect_fk_names_for_rename_table(thd, db, table_name, table_def, hton,
                                        new_db, new_table_name, &mdl_requests))
    return true;

  if (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
      thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  return false;
}

bool adjust_adopted_self_ref_fk_for_simple_rename_table(
    THD *thd, const char *db, const char *table_name, const char *new_db,
    const char *new_table_name, handlerton *hton) {
  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;

  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(db, table_name, &table_def))
    return true;

  if (table_def->foreign_keys()->empty()) return false;

  bool has_adopted_fk = false;
  for (dd::Foreign_key *fk : *(table_def->foreign_keys())) {
    if (my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset,
                      fk->referenced_table_schema_name().c_str(),
                      new_db) == 0 &&
        my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, fk->referenced_table_name().c_str(),
                      new_table_name) == 0) {
      /*
        Check that table has a column which is compatible with the foreign key's
        referenced column.
      */
      for (dd::Foreign_key_element *fk_el : *(fk->elements())) {
        if (check_table_has_col_compatible_with_fk_ref_col(table_def, fk, fk_el,
                                                           hton))
          return true;
      }

      if (prepare_fk_parent_key(hton, table_def, nullptr, nullptr, true, fk))
        return true;

      has_adopted_fk = true;
    }
  }

  return (has_adopted_fk && thd->dd_client()->update(table_def));
}

bool adjust_fks_for_rename_table(THD *thd, const char *db,
                                 const char *table_name, const char *new_db,
                                 const char *new_table_name, handlerton *hton) {
  const dd::Table *new_table = nullptr;

  if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(new_db, new_table_name, &new_table))
    return true;

  assert(new_table != nullptr);

  if (adjust_fk_children_after_parent_rename(thd, db, table_name, hton, new_db,
                                             new_table_name))
    return true;

  if (adjust_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(thd, new_db, new_table_name,
                                                 hton, new_table, nullptr))
    return true;

  if (adjust_fk_parents(thd, new_db, new_table_name, true, nullptr))
    return true;

  return false;
}

/**
  Check if ALTER TABLE in question is a simple ALTER TABLE RENAME or
  ALTER TABLE ENABLE/DISABLE KEYS.

  @param alter_info   Alter_info describing ALTER.
*/
static bool is_simple_rename_or_index_change(const Alter_info *alter_info) {
  return (!(alter_info->flags &
            ~(Alter_info::ALTER_RENAME | Alter_info::ALTER_KEYS_ONOFF)) &&
          alter_info->requested_algorithm !=
              Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_COPY);
}

/**
  Rename table and/or turn indexes on/off without touching .FRM

  @param thd                Thread handler
  @param new_schema         Target schema.
  @param table_list         Table_ref for the table to change
  @param keys_onoff         ENABLE or DISABLE KEYS?
  @param alter_ctx          ALTER TABLE runtime context.

  @return Operation status
    @retval false           Success
    @retval true            Failure
*/
static bool simple_rename_or_index_change(
    THD *thd, const dd::Schema &new_schema, Table_ref *table_list,
    Alter_info::enum_enable_or_disable keys_onoff, Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx) {
  TABLE *table = table_list->table;
  MDL_ticket *mdl_ticket = table->mdl_ticket;
  int error = 0;
  handlerton *old_db_type = table->s->db_type();
  bool atomic_ddl = (old_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL);
  Foreign_key_parents_invalidator fk_invalidator;

  DBUG_TRACE;

  if (keys_onoff != Alter_info::LEAVE_AS_IS) {
    if (wait_while_table_is_used(thd, table, HA_EXTRA_FORCE_REOPEN))
      return true;

    // It's now safe to take the table level lock.
    if (lock_tables(thd, table_list, alter_ctx->tables_opened, 0)) return true;

    if (keys_onoff == Alter_info::ENABLE) {
      DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_enable_indexes");
      DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("sleep_alter_enable_indexes", my_sleep(6000000););
      error = table->file->ha_enable_indexes(HA_KEY_SWITCH_NONUNIQ_SAVE);
    } else if (keys_onoff == Alter_info::DISABLE)
      error = table->file->ha_disable_indexes(HA_KEY_SWITCH_NONUNIQ_SAVE);

    if (error == HA_ERR_WRONG_COMMAND) {
      push_warning_printf(thd, Sql_condition::SL_NOTE, ER_ILLEGAL_HA,
                          ER_THD(thd, ER_ILLEGAL_HA), table->alias);
      error = 0;
    } else if (error > 0) {
      table->file->print_error(error, MYF(0));
      error = -1;
    } else {
      /**
        Update mysql.tables.options with keys_disabled=1/0 based on keys_onoff.
        This will used by INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS system view to display
        keys were disabled.
       */
      dd::Table *tab_obj = nullptr;

      if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(
              table_list->db, table_list->table_name, &tab_obj))
        error = -1;
      else {
        assert(tab_obj != nullptr);

        tab_obj->options().set("keys_disabled",
                               (keys_onoff == Alter_info::DISABLE ? 1 : 0));

        // Update the changes
        bool result = thd->dd_client()->update(tab_obj);
        if (!atomic_ddl) result = trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);
        if (result) error = -1;
      }
    }
  }

  if (!error && alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()) {
    THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_rename);
    /*
      Then do a 'simple' rename of the table. First we need to close all
      instances of 'source' table.
      Note that if wait_while_table_is_used() returns error here (i.e. if
      this thread was killed) then it must be that previous step of
      simple rename did nothing and therefore we can safely return
      without additional clean-up.
    */
    if (wait_while_table_is_used(thd, table, HA_EXTRA_FORCE_REOPEN))
      return true;

    const dd::Table *table_def = nullptr;
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table_list->db, table_list->table_name,
                                  &table_def))
      return true;
    assert(table_def != nullptr);

    /*
      Check table encryption privilege, if rename changes database.
    */
    if (alter_ctx->is_database_changed()) {
      bool is_general_tablespace{false};
      bool is_table_encrypted{false};
      dd::Encrypt_result result =
          dd::is_tablespace_encrypted(thd, *table_def, &is_general_tablespace);
      if (result.error) {
        return true;
      }
      is_table_encrypted = result.value;
      // If implicit tablespace, read the encryption clause value.
      if (!is_general_tablespace &&
          table_def->options().exists("encrypt_type")) {
        dd::String_type et;
        (void)table_def->options().get("encrypt_type", &et);
        assert(et.empty() == false);
        is_table_encrypted = is_encrypted(et);
      }

      // If table encryption differ from schema encryption, check privilege.
      if (new_schema.default_encryption() != is_table_encrypted) {
        if (opt_table_encryption_privilege_check) {
          if (check_table_encryption_admin_access(thd)) {
            my_error(ER_CANNOT_SET_TABLE_ENCRYPTION, MYF(0));
            return true;
          }
        } else if (new_schema.default_encryption() && !is_table_encrypted) {
          push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                       WARN_UNENCRYPTED_TABLE_IN_ENCRYPTED_DB,
                       ER_THD(thd, WARN_UNENCRYPTED_TABLE_IN_ENCRYPTED_DB));
        }
      }
    }

    if ((old_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS) &&
        collect_and_lock_fk_tables_for_rename_table(
            thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, table_def,
            alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias, old_db_type,
            &fk_invalidator)) {
      return true;
    }

    if (lock_check_constraint_names_for_rename(
            thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, table_def,
            alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias))
      return true;

    close_all_tables_for_name(thd, table->s, false, nullptr);

    /*
      Orphan non-self-referencing foreign keys may become non-orphan/adopted
      self-referencing foreign keys. Check that table has compatible referenced
      column and parent key for such foreign key. Also, update
      DD.UNIQUE_CONSTRAINT_NAME.
    */
    if ((old_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS) &&
        adjust_adopted_self_ref_fk_for_simple_rename_table(
            thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, alter_ctx->new_db,
            alter_ctx->new_alias, old_db_type))
      error = -1;

    if (!error) {
      if (mysql_rename_table(thd, old_db_type, alter_ctx->db,
                             alter_ctx->table_name, alter_ctx->db,
                             alter_ctx->table_name, new_schema,
                             alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias,
                             (atomic_ddl ? NO_DD_COMMIT : 0)))
        error = -1;
      else if (old_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS) {
        /*
          We don't have SEs which support FKs and don't support atomic DDL.
          If we ever to support such engines we need to decide how to handle
          errors in the below code for them.
        */
        assert(atomic_ddl);

        if (adjust_fks_for_rename_table(
                thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, alter_ctx->new_db,
                alter_ctx->new_alias, old_db_type))
          error = -1;
      }
    }
  }

  if (!error) {
    error =
        write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length,
                      atomic_ddl && (keys_onoff != Alter_info::LEAVE_AS_IS ||
                                     alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()));

    // Update referencing views metadata.
    if (!error) {
      Uncommitted_tables_guard uncommitted_tables(thd);

      error = update_referencing_views_metadata(
          thd, table_list, alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_alias, !atomic_ddl,
          &uncommitted_tables);

      if (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()) {
        uncommitted_tables.add_table(table_list);
        tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_ALL, alter_ctx->new_db,
                         alter_ctx->new_name, false);
      }
    }

    /*
      Commit changes to data-dictionary, SE and binary log if it was not done
      earlier. We need to do this before releasing/downgrading MDL.
    */
    if (!error && atomic_ddl)
      error = (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd));

    if (!error) fk_invalidator.invalidate(thd);
  }

  if (error) {
    /*
      We need rollback possible changes to data-dictionary before releasing
      or downgrading metadata lock.

      Full rollback will synchronize state of data-dictionary in
      cache and on disk. Also it is  needed in case we have
      THD::transaction_rollback_request.
    */
    trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
    trans_rollback(thd);
  }

  if (atomic_ddl && old_db_type->post_ddl) old_db_type->post_ddl(thd);

  if (!error) {
    if (alter_ctx->is_table_renamed())
      thd->locked_tables_list.rename_locked_table(
          table_list, alter_ctx->new_db, alter_ctx->new_name,
          alter_ctx->target_mdl_request.ticket);
  } else {
    if (atomic_ddl) {
      /*
        Engines that support atomic DDL restore status-quo on error.
        So we can safely try to reopen table under old name.
      */
    } else {
      /*
        For engines which don't support atomic DDL we simply close
        the table and later downgrade/release metadata lock, as we
        don't track at which step error has occurred exactly.

        Since such engines do not support FKs downgrading/releasing
        the metadata locks should not cause problems with violating
        FK invariants for LOCK TABLES. For the same reason, the below
        call won't unlink any parent tables which might have been
        closed by FK invalidator.
      */
      assert(!(old_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS));
      thd->locked_tables_list.unlink_all_closed_tables(thd, nullptr, 0);
    }
  }

  bool reopen_error = thd->locked_tables_list.reopen_tables(thd);

  if (!error && !reopen_error) my_ok(thd);

  if ((thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
       thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES)) {
    /*
      Under LOCK TABLES we should adjust meta-data locks before finishing
      statement. Otherwise we can rely on them being released
      along with the implicit commit.
    */
    if (!error && alter_ctx->is_table_renamed()) {
      /*
        Note that we ignore reopen_error value here as not keeping target
        metadata locks in this case can lead to breaking foreign key
        invariants for LOCK TABLES.
      */
      thd->mdl_context.release_all_locks_for_name(mdl_ticket);
      thd->mdl_context.set_lock_duration(alter_ctx->target_mdl_request.ticket,
                                         MDL_EXPLICIT);
      alter_ctx->target_mdl_request.ticket->downgrade_lock(
          MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);
      if (alter_ctx->is_database_changed())
        thd->mdl_context.set_lock_duration(
            alter_ctx->target_db_mdl_request.ticket, MDL_EXPLICIT);
    } else
      mdl_ticket->downgrade_lock(MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);
  }
  return error != 0 || reopen_error;
}

/**
  Check if we are changing the SRID specification on a geometry column that
  has a spatial index. If that is the case, reject the change since allowing
  geometries with different SRIDs in a spatial index will make the index
  useless.

  @param alter_info Structure describing the changes to be carried out.

  @retval true if all of the geometry columns can be altered/changed as
               requested
  @retval false if the change is considered invalid
*/
static bool is_alter_geometry_column_valid(Alter_info *alter_info) {
  Create_field *create_field;
  List_iterator<Create_field> list_it(alter_info->create_list);

  while ((create_field = list_it++)) {
    if (create_field->change != nullptr &&
        create_field->sql_type == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY &&
        create_field->field->type() == MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY) {
      const Field_geom *geom_field =
          down_cast<const Field_geom *>(create_field->field);
      const TABLE_SHARE *share = geom_field->table->s;
      if (geom_field->get_srid() != create_field->m_srid) {
        /*
          Check if there is a spatial index on this column. If that is the
          case, reject the change.
        */
        for (uint i = 0; i < share->keys; ++i) {
          if (geom_field->key_start.is_set(i) &&
              share->key_info[i].flags & HA_SPATIAL) {
            my_error(ER_CANNOT_ALTER_SRID_DUE_TO_INDEX, MYF(0),
                     geom_field->field_name);
            return false;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return true;
}

/**
  Add MDL requests for exclusive lock on names of the foreign keys to
  be dropped by ALTER TABLE operation to the lock requests list.

  @param          thd             Thread context.
  @param          db              Table's database before ALTER TABLE
                                  operation.
  @param          alter_info      Alter_info object with the list of FKs
                                  to be dropped.
  @param          table_def       dd::Table describing the table before
                                  ALTER operation.
  @param[in,out]  mdl_requests    List to which MDL requests are to be added.

  @retval operation outcome, false if no error.
*/

static bool collect_fk_names_for_dropped_fks(THD *thd, const char *db,
                                             const Alter_info *alter_info,
                                             const dd::Table *table_def,
                                             MDL_request_list *mdl_requests) {
  for (const Alter_drop *drop : alter_info->drop_list) {
    if (drop->type == Alter_drop::FOREIGN_KEY) {
      for (const dd::Foreign_key *fk : table_def->foreign_keys()) {
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, drop->name,
                          fk->name().c_str()) == 0) {
          /*
            Since foreign key names are case-insensitive we need to lowercase
            them before passing to MDL subsystem.
          */
          char fk_name[NAME_LEN + 1];
          strmake(fk_name, fk->name().c_str(), NAME_LEN);
          my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, fk_name);

          MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
          if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;

          MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::FOREIGN_KEY, db, fk_name,
                           MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);

          mdl_requests->push_front(mdl_request);
          break;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

/**
  This function will check if we are dropping a functional index. In that
  case, the function will add any related hidden generated columns to the drop
  list as well.

  @param thd Thread handler
  @param alter_info The changes to be carried out
  @param table_list The current table reference

  @retval true on error (my_error is already called)
  @retval false on success
 */
static bool handle_drop_functional_index(THD *thd, Alter_info *alter_info,
                                         Table_ref *table_list) {
  // Check if we are dropping a functional index. In that case, we need to drop
  // the source column as well.
  for (const Alter_drop *drop : alter_info->drop_list) {
    if (drop->type == Alter_drop::KEY) {
      for (uint j = 0; j < table_list->table->s->keys; j++) {
        const KEY &key_info = table_list->table->s->key_info[j];
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key_info.name, drop->name) ==
            0) {
          for (uint k = 0; k < key_info.user_defined_key_parts; ++k) {
            const KEY_PART_INFO &key_part = key_info.key_part[k];
            if (key_part.field->is_field_for_functional_index()) {
              // Add column to drop list
              Alter_drop *column_drop = new (thd->mem_root)
                  Alter_drop(Alter_drop::COLUMN, key_part.field->field_name);
              alter_info->drop_list.push_back(column_drop);
              alter_info->flags |= Alter_info::ALTER_DROP_COLUMN;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    } else if (drop->type == Alter_drop::COLUMN) {
      for (uint j = 0; j < table_list->table->s->fields; j++) {
        Field *field = table_list->table->s->field[j];
        if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, field->field_name, drop->name) ==
                0 &&
            field->is_field_for_functional_index()) {
          my_error(ER_CANNOT_DROP_COLUMN_FUNCTIONAL_INDEX, MYF(0),
                   field->field_name);
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  This function will check if we are renaming a functional index. In that case,
  the function will add a "change column" operation to the create list that
  renames any affected hidden generated column(s). The reason is that the hidden
  generated column name is generated by MD5(key name + key part number), so a
  change in the index name will change the name of the column.

  @param thd thread handler
  @param alter_info the changes to be carried out.
  @param table_list a reference to the current table

  @retval true OOM
  @retval false success
*/
static bool handle_rename_functional_index(THD *thd, Alter_info *alter_info,
                                           Table_ref *table_list) {
  assert(alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_RENAME_INDEX);

  for (const Alter_rename_key *alter_rename_key :
       alter_info->alter_rename_key_list) {
    // Find the matching existing index
    for (uint j = 0; j < table_list->table->s->keys; ++j) {
      const KEY &key = table_list->table->s->key_info[j];
      if (my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, key.name,
                        alter_rename_key->old_name) == 0) {
        for (uint k = 0; k < key.actual_key_parts; ++k) {
          const KEY_PART_INFO &key_part = key.key_part[k];
          if (key_part.field->is_field_for_functional_index()) {
            // Rename the field. But use the field that exists in the table
            // object. In particular, the field object in KEY_PART_INFO does
            // not have the generated column expression.
            for (uint l = 0; l < table_list->table->s->fields; ++l) {
              Field *field = table_list->table->field[l];
              if (field->field_index() == key_part.field->field_index()) {
                Create_field *new_create_field =
                    new (thd->mem_root) Create_field(field, nullptr);
                if (new_create_field == nullptr) {
                  return true; /* purecov: deadcode */
                }

                new_create_field->change = field->field_name;
                new_create_field->after = nullptr;
                new_create_field->field_name =
                    make_functional_index_column_name(
                        alter_rename_key->new_name, k, alter_info->create_list,
                        thd->mem_root);

                alter_info->create_list.push_back(new_create_field);
                alter_info->flags |= Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN;
              }
            }
          }
        }

        break;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Alter table

  @param thd              Thread handle
  @param new_db           If there is a RENAME clause
  @param new_name         If there is a RENAME clause
  @param create_info      Information from the parsing phase about new
                          table properties.
  @param table_list       The table to change.
  @param alter_info       Lists of fields, keys to be changed, added
                          or dropped.

  @retval   true          Error
  @retval   false         Success

  This is a veery long function and is everything but the kitchen sink :)
  It is used to alter a table and not only by ALTER TABLE but also
  CREATE|DROP INDEX are mapped on this function.

  When the ALTER TABLE statement just does a RENAME or ENABLE|DISABLE KEYS,
  or both, then this function short cuts its operation by renaming
  the table and/or enabling/disabling the keys. In this case, the FRM is
  not changed, directly by mysql_alter_table. However, if there is a
  RENAME + change of a field, or an index, the short cut is not used.
  See how `create_list` is used to generate the new FRM regarding the
  structure of the fields. The same is done for the indices of the table.

  Altering a table can be done in two ways. The table can be modified
  directly using an in-place algorithm, or the changes can be done using
  an intermediate temporary table (copy). In-place is the preferred
  algorithm as it avoids copying table data. The storage engine
  selects which algorithm to use in check_if_supported_inplace_alter()
  based on information about the table changes from fill_alter_inplace_info().
*/

bool mysql_alter_table(THD *thd, const char *new_db, const char *new_name,
                       HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info, Table_ref *table_list,
                       Alter_info *alter_info) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    Check if we attempt to alter mysql.slow_log or
    mysql.general_log table and return an error if
    it is the case.
    TODO: this design is obsolete and will be removed.
  */
  enum_log_table_type table_kind =
      query_logger.check_if_log_table(table_list, false);

  if (table_kind != QUERY_LOG_NONE) {
    /* Disable alter of enabled query log tables */
    if (query_logger.is_log_table_enabled(table_kind)) {
      my_error(ER_BAD_LOG_STATEMENT, MYF(0), "ALTER");
      return true;
    }

    /* Disable alter of log tables to unsupported engine */
    if ((create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE) &&
        (!create_info->db_type || /* unknown engine */
         !(create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORT_LOG_TABLES))) {
      my_error(ER_UNSUPORTED_LOG_ENGINE, MYF(0));
      return true;
    }

    if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_PARTITION) {
      my_error(ER_WRONG_USAGE, MYF(0), "PARTITION", "log table");
      return true;
    }
  }

  // Reject request to ALTER TABLE with START TRANSACTION.
  if (create_info->m_transactional_ddl) {
    my_error(ER_NOT_ALLOWED_WITH_START_TRANSACTION, MYF(0),
             "with ALTER TABLE command.");
    return true;
  }

  if (alter_info->with_validation != Alter_info::ALTER_VALIDATION_DEFAULT &&
      !(alter_info->flags &
        (Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN | Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN))) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_USAGE, MYF(0), "ALTER", "WITH VALIDATION");
    return true;
  }

  if ((alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN) ==
      Alter_info::ALTER_ADD_COLUMN) {
    for (auto create_field : alter_info->create_list) {
      if (create_field.m_default_val_expr) {
        // ALTER TABLE .. DEFAULT (NDF function) should be rejected for mixed or
        // row binlog_format. For statement binlog_format it should be allowed
        // to continue and warning should be logged and/or pushed to the client
        if ((thd->variables.option_bits & OPTION_BIN_LOG) &&
            thd->lex->is_stmt_unsafe(
                Query_tables_list::BINLOG_STMT_UNSAFE_SYSTEM_FUNCTION)) {
          if (thd->variables.binlog_format == BINLOG_FORMAT_STMT) {
            LogErr(WARNING_LEVEL, ER_SERVER_BINLOG_UNSAFE_SYSTEM_FUNCTION,
                   "ALTER TABLE .. DEFAULT (NDF function)");
            push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                         ER_BINLOG_UNSAFE_SYSTEM_FUNCTION,
                         ER_THD(thd, ER_BINLOG_UNSAFE_SYSTEM_FUNCTION));
            break;
          } else {
            my_error(ER_BINLOG_UNSAFE_SYSTEM_FUNCTION, MYF(0));
            return true;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // LOCK clause doesn't make any sense for ALGORITHM=INSTANT.
  if (alter_info->requested_algorithm ==
          Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_INSTANT &&
      alter_info->requested_lock != Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_DEFAULT) {
    my_error(ER_WRONG_USAGE, MYF(0), "ALGORITHM=INSTANT",
             "LOCK=NONE/SHARED/EXCLUSIVE");
    return true;
  }

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_init);

  // Reject invalid usage of the 'mysql' tablespace.
  if (dd::invalid_tablespace_usage(thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name,
                                   create_info))
    return true;

  /*
    Assign target tablespace name to enable locking in lock_table_names().
    Reject invalid name lengths. Names will be validated after the table is
    opened and the SE (needed for SE specific validation) is identified.
  */
  if (create_info->tablespace) {
    if (validate_tablespace_name_length(create_info->tablespace)) return true;

    if (lex_string_strmake(thd->mem_root, &table_list->target_tablespace_name,
                           create_info->tablespace,
                           strlen(create_info->tablespace))) {
      my_error(ER_OUT_OF_RESOURCES, MYF(ME_FATALERROR));
      return true;
    }
  }

  /* Validate that AUTOEXTEND_SIZE option is not specified for
  temporary tables */
  if (is_temporary_table(table_list)) {
    if (create_info->m_implicit_tablespace_autoextend_size > 0) {
      my_error(ER_CANNOT_USE_AUTOEXTEND_SIZE_CLAUSE, MYF(0), "temporary");
      return true;
    }
  }

  /*
    Reject invalid tablespace name lengths specified for partitions.
    Names will be validated after the table has been opened.
  */
  if (validate_partition_tablespace_name_lengths(thd->lex->part_info))
    return true;

  /*
    Assign the partition info, so that the locks on tablespaces
    assigned for any new partitions added would be acquired during
    open_table.
  */
  thd->work_part_info = thd->lex->part_info;

  /*
    Code below can handle only base tables so ensure that we won't open a view.
    Note that RENAME TABLE the only ALTER clause which is supported for views
    has been already processed.
  */
  table_list->required_type = dd::enum_table_type::BASE_TABLE;

  /*
    If we are about to ALTER non-temporary table we need to get permission
    from/notify interested storage engines.
  */
  Table_ddl_hton_notification_guard notification_guard{
      thd, &table_list->mdl_request.key, HA_ALTER_DDL};

  if (!is_temporary_table(table_list) && notification_guard.notify())
    return true;

  Alter_table_prelocking_strategy alter_prelocking_strategy;

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_before_open_tables");
  uint tables_opened;
  bool error = open_tables(thd, &table_list, &tables_opened, 0,
                           &alter_prelocking_strategy);

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_opened_table");

  if (error) return true;

  // If we are removing a functional index, add any related hidden generated
  // columns to the drop list as well.
  if (handle_drop_functional_index(thd, alter_info, table_list)) {
    return true;
  }

  // If we are renaming a functional index, rename any related hidden generated
  // columns as well.
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_RENAME_INDEX) {
    if (handle_rename_functional_index(thd, alter_info, table_list)) {
      return true; /* purecov: deadcode */
    }
  }

  // Check tablespace name validity for the relevant engine.
  {
    // If there is no target handlerton, use the current.
    const handlerton *target_handlerton = create_info->db_type;
    if (target_handlerton == nullptr)
      target_handlerton = table_list->table->file->ht;

    /*
      Reject invalid tablespace names for the relevant engine, if the ALTER
      statement changes either tablespace or engine. We do this after the table
      has been opened because we need the handlerton and tablespace information.
      No need to validate if neither engine nor tablespace is changed, then the
      validation was done when the table was created.
    */
    if (create_info->tablespace || create_info->db_type) {
      // If there is no target table level tablespace, use the current.
      const char *target_tablespace = create_info->tablespace;
      if (target_tablespace == nullptr)
        target_tablespace = table_list->table->s->tablespace;

      // Check the tablespace/engine combination.
      assert(target_handlerton);
      if (target_tablespace != nullptr &&
          validate_tablespace_name(TS_CMD_NOT_DEFINED, target_tablespace,
                                   target_handlerton))
        return true;
    }

    // Reject invalid tablespace names specified for partitions.
    if (validate_partition_tablespace_names(thd->lex->part_info,
                                            target_handlerton))
      return true;
  }

  if (validate_secondary_engine_option(thd, *alter_info, *create_info,
                                       *table_list->table))
    return true;

  if (lock_trigger_names(thd, table_list)) return true;

  /*
    If we're in LOCK TABLE mode, we must lock the target tablespace name
    as well as the currently used tablesapces (since these may have been
    introduced by a previous ALTER while already in LOCK TABLE mode).
  */
  if (thd->locked_tables_mode &&
      get_and_lock_tablespace_names(thd, table_list, nullptr,
                                    thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout, MYF(0))) {
    return true;
  }

  if (table_list->table->s->db_type() != create_info->db_type &&
      (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_OPTIONS) &&
      (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE)) {
    handlerton *actual_hton = get_viable_handlerton_for_alter(
        thd, *create_info, table_list->table->s->db_type());
    if (actual_hton == nullptr) return true;

    create_info->db_type = actual_hton;
  }

  const handlerton *hton = create_info->db_type;
  if (hton == nullptr) {
    hton = table_list->table->s->db_type();
  }
  assert(hton != nullptr);
  if ((alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ANY_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE) != 0 &&
      ((hton->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE) == 0 &&
       DBUG_EVALUATE_IF("simulate_engine_attribute_support", false, true))) {
    my_error(ER_ENGINE_ATTRIBUTE_NOT_SUPPORTED, MYF(0),
             ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(hton));
    return true;
  }

  TABLE *table = table_list->table;
  table->use_all_columns();
  MDL_ticket *mdl_ticket = table->mdl_ticket;

  /*
    Prohibit changing of the UNION list of a non-temporary MERGE table
    under LOCK tables. It would be quite difficult to reuse a shrunk
    set of tables from the old table or to open a new TABLE object for
    an extended list and verify that they belong to locked tables.
  */
  if ((thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
       thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES) &&
      (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_UNION) &&
      (table->s->tmp_table == NO_TMP_TABLE)) {
    my_error(ER_LOCK_OR_ACTIVE_TRANSACTION, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  Alter_table_ctx alter_ctx(thd, table_list, tables_opened, new_db, new_name);

  /*
    Acquire and keep schema locks until commit time, so the DD layer can
    safely assert that we have proper MDL on objects stored in the DD.
  */
  dd::Schema_MDL_locker mdl_locker_1(thd), mdl_locker_2(thd);
  const dd::Schema *schema = nullptr;
  const dd::Schema *new_schema = nullptr;
  const dd::Table *old_table_def = nullptr;
  /*
    This releaser allows us to keep uncommitted DD objects cached
    in the Dictionary_client until commit time.
  */
  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  if (mdl_locker_1.ensure_locked(alter_ctx.db) ||
      mdl_locker_2.ensure_locked(alter_ctx.new_db) ||
      thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_ctx.db, &schema) ||
      thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_ctx.new_db, &new_schema))
    return true;

  if ((table->s->tmp_table == NO_TMP_TABLE) &&
      thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_ctx.db, alter_ctx.table_name,
                                &old_table_def))
    return true;

  // If this is a temporary table, the schema might not exist even
  // if we have successfully opened the table
  if (schema == nullptr) {
    assert(table->s->tmp_table);
    my_error(ER_BAD_DB_ERROR, MYF(0), alter_ctx.db);
    return true;
  }

  assert((table->s->tmp_table != NO_TMP_TABLE) || old_table_def != nullptr);

  if (new_schema == nullptr) {
    my_error(ER_BAD_DB_ERROR, MYF(0), alter_ctx.new_db);
    return true;
  }

  /*
    Add old and new (if any) databases to the list of accessed databases
    for this statement. Needed for MTS.
  */
  thd->add_to_binlog_accessed_dbs(alter_ctx.db);
  if (alter_ctx.is_database_changed())
    thd->add_to_binlog_accessed_dbs(alter_ctx.new_db);

  // Ensure that triggers are in the same schema as their subject table.
  if (alter_ctx.is_database_changed() && old_table_def != nullptr &&
      old_table_def->has_trigger()) {
    my_error(ER_TRG_IN_WRONG_SCHEMA, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  /* Check that we are not trying to rename to an existing table */
  if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed()) {
    if (table->s->tmp_table != NO_TMP_TABLE) {
      if (find_temporary_table(thd, alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_name)) {
        my_error(ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR, MYF(0), alter_ctx.new_alias);
        return true;
      }
    } else {
      MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

      mdl_requests.push_front(&alter_ctx.target_mdl_request);
      /*
        If we are moving the table to a different database, we also
        need IX lock on the database name so that the target database
        is protected by MDL while the table is moved.
      */
      if (alter_ctx.is_database_changed())
        mdl_requests.push_front(&alter_ctx.target_db_mdl_request);

      /*
        Global intention exclusive lock must have been already acquired when
        table to be altered was open, so there is no need to do it here.
      */
      assert(thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
          MDL_key::GLOBAL, "", "", MDL_INTENTION_EXCLUSIVE));

      if (thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                         thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
        return true;

      DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "locked_table_name");
      /*
        Table maybe does not exist, but we got an exclusive lock
        on the name, now we can safely try to find out for sure.
      */
      const dd::Abstract_table *at = nullptr;
      if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_name, &at))
        return true;

      if (at != nullptr) {
        /* Table will be closed in do_command() */
        my_error(ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR, MYF(0), alter_ctx.new_alias);
        return true;
      }
    }
  }

  if (!create_info->db_type) {
    if (table->part_info && create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE) {
      /*
        This case happens when the user specified
        ENGINE = x where x is a non-existing storage engine
        We set create_info->db_type to default_engine_type
        to ensure we don't change underlying engine type
        due to a erroneously given engine name.
      */
      create_info->db_type = table->part_info->default_engine_type;
    } else
      create_info->db_type = table->s->db_type();
  }

  if (check_engine(alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_name, create_info))
    return true;

  /*
    Do not allow change of storage engine if table participates in a foreign
    key. Even in cases when both source and target storage engines support
    foreign keys the fine details of what is supported might differ.
  */
  if (create_info->db_type != table->s->db_type() && old_table_def != nullptr &&
      (old_table_def->foreign_keys().size() ||
       old_table_def->foreign_key_parents().size())) {
    my_error(ER_FK_CANNOT_CHANGE_ENGINE, MYF(0));
    return true;
  }

  /*
   If foreign key is added then check permission to access parent table.

   In function "check_fk_parent_table_access", create_info->db_type is used
   to identify whether engine supports FK constraint or not. Since
   create_info->db_type is set here, check to parent table access is delayed
   till this point for the alter operation.
  */
  if ((alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ADD_FOREIGN_KEY) &&
      check_fk_parent_table_access(thd, create_info, alter_info))
    return true;

  Foreign_key_parents_invalidator fk_invalidator;

  if (table->s->tmp_table == NO_TMP_TABLE) {
    MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

    if (collect_fk_parents_for_new_fks(
            thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, alter_info,
            MDL_SHARED_UPGRADABLE, nullptr, &mdl_requests, nullptr))
      return true;

    /*
      Acquire SU locks on parent and child tables so we can access
      their definition while checking if this ALTER TABLE will break
      any FKs involving them.

      TODO: Refine set of ALTER TABLE commands for which we do this.
            This is obviously necessary for ADD/DROP KEY and COLUMN
            modifications. But are there any other operations which
            might affect indexes somehow?
    */
    if (!is_simple_rename_or_index_change(alter_info)) {
      if (collect_fk_parents_for_all_fks(thd, old_table_def, nullptr,
                                         MDL_SHARED_UPGRADABLE, &mdl_requests,
                                         nullptr))
        return true;

      if (create_info->db_type != table->s->db_type()) {
        /*
          By changing table's storage engine we might be introducing parent
          table for previously orphan foreign keys in the new SE. We need
          to lock child tables of such orphan foreign keys. OTOH it is safe
          to assume that if SE is changed table can't be parent in any
          foreign keys in old SE.

          Note that here and in other similar places we assume that ALTER
          TABLE which combines change of SE and renaming of table is executed
          by changing SE first and then performing rename (this is closer to
          ALTER TABLE real implementation). Because of this such ALTER TABLEs
          need to pick up orphan foreign keys associated with old table names
          as well. Thus we use old table name to get list of orphans.
        */
        assert(old_table_def->foreign_key_parents().size() == 0);

        if (collect_fk_children(thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name,
                                create_info->db_type, MDL_SHARED_UPGRADABLE,
                                &mdl_requests))
          return true;
      } else {
        if (collect_fk_children(thd, old_table_def, MDL_SHARED_UPGRADABLE,
                                &mdl_requests))
          return true;
      }

      if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed() &&
          collect_fk_children(thd, alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_alias,
                              create_info->db_type, MDL_SHARED_UPGRADABLE,
                              &mdl_requests))
        return true;
    }

    /*
      Lock names of foreign keys to be dropped.

      Note that we can't lock names of foreign keys to be added yet
      because database in which they will be created depends on ALTER
      TABLE algorithm we are going to choose later.
    */
    if (collect_fk_names_for_dropped_fks(thd, table_list->db, alter_info,
                                         old_table_def, &mdl_requests))
      return true;

    /*
      Under LOCK TABLES all parent tables must be locked at least in READ
      mode. Otherwise, our ALTER TABLE will leave after itself child table
      locked for WRITE, without corresponding parent tables locked and thus
      without ability to perform FK checks when child table is modified.
    */
    if (thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
        thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES) {
      MDL_request_list::Iterator it(mdl_requests);
      MDL_request *mdl_request;

      while ((mdl_request = it++) != nullptr) {
        if (mdl_request->key.mdl_namespace() != MDL_key::TABLE) continue;

        if (!thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
                MDL_key::TABLE, mdl_request->key.db_name(),
                mdl_request->key.name(), MDL_SHARED_READ_ONLY)) {
          my_error(ER_TABLE_NOT_LOCKED, MYF(0), mdl_request->key.name());
          return true;
        }
      }
    }

    if (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
        thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                       thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
      return true;

    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_after_mdl_lock_fk");

    /*
      If we are executing ALTER TABLE RENAME under LOCK TABLES we also need
      to check that all previously orphan tables which reference new table
      name through foreign keys are locked for write. Otherwise this ALTER
      will leave after itself parent table locked for WRITE without child
      tables locked for WRITE. This will break FK LOCK TABLES invariants if
      some of previously orphan FKs have referential actions which update
      child table.

      The same should be done when we are going to add parent table to
      previously orphan foreign keys by changing table storage engine.

      In theory, we can reduce chance of MDL deadlocks by also checking at
      this stage that all child and parent tables for FKs in which this
      table participates are locked for WRITE (as we will have to acquire
      to exclusive MDLs on these tables later). But this is, probably, too
      severe restriction since many 3rd-party online ALTER tools use ALTER
      TABLE RENAME under LOCK TABLES and are unaware of it.
    */
    if (thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
        thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES) {
      MDL_request_list orphans_mdl_requests;

      if (create_info->db_type != table->s->db_type()) {
        assert(old_table_def->foreign_key_parents().size() == 0);
        if (collect_fk_children(thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name,
                                create_info->db_type, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                                &orphans_mdl_requests))
          return true;
      }
      if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed() &&
          collect_fk_children(thd, alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_alias,
                              create_info->db_type, MDL_EXCLUSIVE,
                              &orphans_mdl_requests))
        return true;

      if (!orphans_mdl_requests.is_empty()) {
        MDL_request_list::Iterator it(orphans_mdl_requests);
        MDL_request *mdl_request;

        while ((mdl_request = it++) != nullptr) {
          if (mdl_request->key.mdl_namespace() != MDL_key::TABLE) continue;

          if (!thd->mdl_context.owns_equal_or_stronger_lock(
                  MDL_key::TABLE, mdl_request->key.db_name(),
                  mdl_request->key.name(), MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE)) {
            my_error(ER_TABLE_NOT_LOCKED_FOR_WRITE, MYF(0),
                     mdl_request->key.name());
            return true;
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /*
   If this is an ALTER TABLE and no explicit row type specified reuse
   the table's row type.
   Note : this is the same as if the row type was specified explicitly.
  */
  if (create_info->row_type == ROW_TYPE_NOT_USED) {
    /* ALTER TABLE without explicit row type */
    create_info->row_type = table->s->row_type;
  } else {
    /* ALTER TABLE with specific row type */
    create_info->used_fields |= HA_CREATE_USED_ROW_FORMAT;
  }

  DBUG_PRINT("info", ("old type: %s  new type: %s",
                      ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(table->s->db_type()),
                      ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(create_info->db_type)));
  if (ha_check_storage_engine_flag(table->s->db_type(),
                                   HTON_ALTER_NOT_SUPPORTED) ||
      ha_check_storage_engine_flag(create_info->db_type,
                                   HTON_ALTER_NOT_SUPPORTED)) {
    DBUG_PRINT("info", ("doesn't support alter"));
    my_error(ER_ILLEGAL_HA, MYF(0), table_list->table_name);
    return true;
  }

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_setup);

  if (is_simple_rename_or_index_change(alter_info) && !table->s->tmp_table) {
    // This requires X-lock, no other lock levels supported.
    if (alter_info->requested_lock != Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_DEFAULT &&
        alter_info->requested_lock != Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE) {
      my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, MYF(0), "LOCK=NONE/SHARED",
               "LOCK=EXCLUSIVE");
      return true;
    }
    return simple_rename_or_index_change(thd, *new_schema, table_list,
                                         alter_info->keys_onoff, &alter_ctx);
  }

  /* We have to do full alter table. */
  bool partition_changed = false;
  partition_info *new_part_info = nullptr;
  {
    if (prep_alter_part_table(thd, table, alter_info, create_info, &alter_ctx,
                              &partition_changed, &new_part_info)) {
      return true;
    }
  }

  /*
    Store all columns that are going to be dropped, since we need this list
    when removing column statistics later. The reason we need to store it here,
    is that 'mysql_prepare_alter_table' may remove some of the columns from
    the drop_list.
  */
  histograms::columns_set columns;
  for (const auto column : alter_info->drop_list) {
    if (column->type == Alter_drop::COLUMN) columns.emplace(column->name);
  }
  const Alter_column *alter = nullptr;
  uint i = 0;
  while (i < alter_info->alter_list.size()) {
    alter = alter_info->alter_list[i];
    if (alter->change_type() == Alter_column::Type::RENAME_COLUMN)
      columns.emplace(alter->name);
    i++;
  }

  Create_field *create_field;
  List_iterator<Create_field> list_it(alter_info->create_list);
  while ((create_field = list_it++)) {
    if (create_field->change != nullptr) columns.emplace(create_field->change);
  }

  /*
    Type of a constraint marked for DROP with DROP CONSTRAINT clause is unknown.
    Resolve type of a constraint by name.
  */
  Drop_constraint_type_resolver drop_constraint_type_resolver(alter_info);
  if (drop_constraint_type_resolver.is_type_resolution_needed() &&
      (drop_constraint_type_resolver.resolve_constraints_type(thd, table,
                                                              old_table_def)))
    return true;

  /*
    Type of a constraint marked for ALTER with ALTER CONSTRAINT clause is
    unknown. Resolve type of a constraint by name.
  */
  Enforce_constraint_type_resolver enforce_constraint_type_resolver(alter_info);
  if (enforce_constraint_type_resolver.is_type_resolution_needed() &&
      (enforce_constraint_type_resolver.resolve_constraints_type(
          thd, table, old_table_def)))
    return true;

  // Prepare check constraints for alter table operation.
  if (prepare_check_constraints_for_alter(thd, table, alter_info, &alter_ctx))
    return true;

  if (mysql_prepare_alter_table(thd, old_table_def, table, create_info,
                                alter_info, &alter_ctx)) {
    return true;
  }

  // Check restrictions on ALTER TABLE operations that affects GIPK and PK.
  if (check_primary_key_alter_restrictions(thd, create_info->db_type,
                                           alter_info, table))
    return true;

  /*
    Check if we are changing the SRID specification on a geometry column that
    has a spatial index. If that is the case, reject the change since allowing
    geometries with different SRIDs in a spatial index will make the index
    useless.
  */
  if (!is_alter_geometry_column_valid(alter_info)) return true;

  if (set_table_default_charset(thd, create_info, *schema)) return true;

  /*
    Use copy algorithm if:
    - old_alter_table system variable is set without in-place requested using
      the ALGORITHM clause.
    - Or if in-place is impossible for given operation.
    - Changes to partitioning needs to be handled using table copying
      algorithm unless the engine supports partitioning changes using
      in-place API (because it supports auto-partitioning or simply
      can do partitioning changes using in-place using mark-up in
      partition_info object).
  */
  if ((thd->variables.old_alter_table &&
       alter_info->requested_algorithm !=
           Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_INPLACE &&
       alter_info->requested_algorithm !=
           Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_INSTANT) ||
      is_inplace_alter_impossible(table, create_info, alter_info) ||
      (partition_changed &&
       !(table->s->db_type()->partition_flags() & HA_USE_AUTO_PARTITION) &&
       !new_part_info)) {
    if (alter_info->requested_algorithm ==
        Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_INPLACE) {
      my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, MYF(0), "ALGORITHM=INPLACE",
               "ALGORITHM=COPY");
      return true;
    }
    if (alter_info->requested_algorithm ==
        Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_INSTANT) {
      my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, MYF(0), "ALGORITHM=INSTANT",
               "ALGORITHM=COPY");
      return true;
    }
    alter_info->requested_algorithm = Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_COPY;
  }

  /*
    If 'avoid_temporal_upgrade' mode is not enabled, then the
    pre MySQL 5.6.4 old temporal types if present is upgraded to the
    current format.
  */

  mysql_mutex_lock(&LOCK_global_system_variables);
  bool check_temporal_upgrade = !avoid_temporal_upgrade;
  mysql_mutex_unlock(&LOCK_global_system_variables);

  if (check_temporal_upgrade) {
    if (upgrade_old_temporal_types(thd, alter_info)) return true;
  }

  /*
    ALTER TABLE ... ENGINE to the same engine is a common way to
    request table rebuild. Set ALTER_RECREATE flag to force table
    rebuild.
  */
  if (create_info->db_type == table->s->db_type() &&
      create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE)
    alter_info->flags |= Alter_info::ALTER_RECREATE;

  /*
    If the old table had partitions and we are doing ALTER TABLE ...
    engine= <new_engine>, the new table must preserve the original
    partitioning. This means that the new engine is still the
    partitioning engine, not the engine specified in the parser.
    This is discovered in prep_alter_part_table, which in such case
    updates create_info->db_type.
    It's therefore important that the assignment below is done
    after prep_alter_part_table.
  */
  handlerton *new_db_type = create_info->db_type;
  handlerton *old_db_type = table->s->db_type();
  TABLE *new_table = nullptr;
  ha_rows copied = 0, deleted = 0;

  /*
    Handling of symlinked tables:
    If no rename:
      Create new data file and index file on the same disk as the
      old data and index files.
      Copy data.
      Rename new data file over old data file and new index file over
      old index file.
      Symlinks are not changed.

   If rename:
      Create new data file and index file on the same disk as the
      old data and index files.  Create also symlinks to point at
      the new tables.
      Copy data.
      At end, rename intermediate tables, and symlinks to intermediate
      table, to final table name.
      Remove old table and old symlinks

    If rename is made to another database:
      Create new tables in new database.
      Copy data.
      Remove old table and symlinks.
  */
  char index_file[FN_REFLEN], data_file[FN_REFLEN];

  if (!alter_ctx.is_database_changed()) {
    if (create_info->index_file_name) {
      /* Fix index_file_name to have 'tmp_name' as basename */
      my_stpcpy(index_file, alter_ctx.tmp_name);
      create_info->index_file_name =
          fn_same(index_file, create_info->index_file_name, 1);
    }
    if (create_info->data_file_name) {
      /* Fix data_file_name to have 'tmp_name' as basename */
      my_stpcpy(data_file, alter_ctx.tmp_name);
      create_info->data_file_name =
          fn_same(data_file, create_info->data_file_name, 1);
    }
  } else {
    /* Ignore symlink if db is changed. */
    create_info->data_file_name = create_info->index_file_name = nullptr;
  }

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_before_create_table_no_lock");
  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("sleep_before_create_table_no_lock", my_sleep(100000););
  /*
    Promote first timestamp column, when explicit_defaults_for_timestamp
    is not set
  */
  if (!thd->variables.explicit_defaults_for_timestamp)
    promote_first_timestamp_column(&alter_info->create_list);

  /*
    Create .FRM for new version of table with a temporary name.
    We don't log the statement, it will be logged later.

    Keep information about keys in newly created table as it
    will be used later to construct Alter_inplace_info object
    and by fill_alter_inplace_info() call.
  */
  KEY *key_info;
  uint key_count;
  FOREIGN_KEY *fk_key_info = nullptr;
  uint fk_key_count = 0;

  Alter_info::enum_enable_or_disable keys_onoff =
      ((alter_info->keys_onoff == Alter_info::LEAVE_AS_IS &&
        table->file->indexes_are_disabled())
           ? Alter_info::DISABLE
           : alter_info->keys_onoff);

  /*
    Take the X metadata lock on temporary name used for new version of
    the table. This ensures that concurrent I_S queries won't try to open it.
  */

  MDL_request tmp_name_mdl_request;
  bool is_tmp_table = (table->s->tmp_table != NO_TMP_TABLE);

  // Avoid these tables to be visible by I_S/SHOW queries.
  create_info->m_hidden = !is_tmp_table;

  if (!is_tmp_table) {
    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(&tmp_name_mdl_request, MDL_key::TABLE, alter_ctx.new_db,
                     alter_ctx.tmp_name, MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);
    if (thd->mdl_context.acquire_lock(&tmp_name_mdl_request,
                                      thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
      return true;
  }

  // Stop if we have invalid encryption clause.
  if (!is_tmp_table && validate_table_encryption(thd, create_info)) return true;

  /*
    For temporary tables or tables in SEs supporting atomic DDL dd::Table
    object describing new version of table. This object will be created in
    memory in create_table_impl() and will not be put into the on-disk DD
    and DD Object Cache.

    We become responsible for destroying this dd::Table object (for
    temporary tables until we pass its ownership to the TABLE_SHARE).
  */
  std::unique_ptr<dd::Table> non_dd_table_def;

  {
    Disable_binlog_guard binlog_guard(thd);
    /* Prevent intermediate commits to invoke commit order */
    Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(
        thd, enum_implicit_substatement_guard_mode ::
                 DISABLE_GTID_AND_SPCO_IF_SPCO_ACTIVE);
    error = create_table_impl(
        thd, *new_schema, alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.tmp_name,
        alter_ctx.table_name, alter_ctx.get_tmp_path(), create_info, alter_info,
        true, 0, true, true,
        /*
          If target SE supports atomic DDL do not store
          new table version in on-disk DD.
          It is not required to rollback statement in
          case of error and allows to keep correct names
          for pre-existing foreign keys in the dd::Table
          object for new table version.
         */
        (new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL), nullptr, &key_info,
        &key_count, keys_onoff, &fk_key_info, &fk_key_count, alter_ctx.fk_info,
        alter_ctx.fk_count, old_table_def,
        alter_ctx.fk_max_generated_name_number, &non_dd_table_def, nullptr);
  }

  if (error) {
    /*
      Play it safe, rollback possible changes to the data-dictionary,
      so failed mysql_alter_table()/mysql_recreate_table() do not
      require rollback in the caller. Also do full rollback in unlikely
      case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request.
    */
    trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
    trans_rollback(thd);
    return true;
  }

  /*
    Atomic replacement of the table is possible only if both old and new
    storage engines support DDL atomicity.
  */
  bool atomic_replace = (new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
                        (old_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL);

  /* Remember that we have not created table in storage engine yet. */
  bool no_ha_table = true;

  /* Indicates special case when we do ALTER TABLE which is really no-op. */
  bool is_noop = false;

  /*
    Indicates special case involving non-atomic ALTER TABLE which adds
    foreign keys and then fails at the late stage. Such ALTER TABLE still
    requires FK parent invalidation even despite of error.
  */
  bool invalidate_fk_parents_on_error = false;

  dd::Encrypt_result old_er{false, false};
  dd::Encrypt_result new_er{false, false};

  /*
    If we are ALTERing non-temporary table in SE not supporting atomic DDL
    we don't have dd::Table object describing new version of table yet.
    Retrieve it now.
  */
  dd::Table *table_def = non_dd_table_def.get();
  if (!table_def) {
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(
            alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.tmp_name, &table_def))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    set_check_constraints_alter_mode(table_def, alter_info);

    assert(table_def);
  }

  if (!is_tmp_table) {
    // Check for usage of prefix key index in PARTITION BY KEY() function.
    dd::warn_on_deprecated_prefix_key_partition(
        thd, alter_ctx.db, alter_ctx.table_name, table_def, false);
  }

  if (remove_secondary_engine(thd, *table_list, *create_info, old_table_def))
    goto err_new_table_cleanup;

  // If we are changing the tablespace or the table encryption type.
  if (old_table_def &&
      (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_TABLESPACE ||
       create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENCRYPT ||
       create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_AUTOEXTEND_SIZE ||
       alter_ctx.is_database_changed())) {
    bool source_is_general_tablespace{false};
    bool source_encrytion_type{false};
    bool destination_is_general_tablespace{false};
    bool destination_encrytion_type{false};

    // Determine source tablespace type and encryption type.
    old_er = dd::is_tablespace_encrypted(thd, *old_table_def,
                                         &source_is_general_tablespace);
    if (old_er.error) {
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }
    source_encrytion_type = old_er.value;
    if (!source_is_general_tablespace &&
        old_table_def->options().exists("encrypt_type")) {
      dd::String_type et;
      (void)old_table_def->options().get("encrypt_type", &et);
      assert(et.empty() == false);
      source_encrytion_type = is_encrypted(et);
    }

    // Determine destination tablespace type and encryption type.
    new_er = dd::is_tablespace_encrypted(thd, *table_def,
                                         &destination_is_general_tablespace);
    if (new_er.error) {
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }
    destination_encrytion_type = new_er.value;
    if (!destination_is_general_tablespace &&
        table_def->options().exists("encrypt_type")) {
      dd::String_type et;
      (void)table_def->options().get("encrypt_type", &et);
      assert(et.empty() == false);
      destination_encrytion_type = is_encrypted(et);
    }

    /*
      Disallow converting a general tablespace to a file-per-table
      tablespace without a explicit ENCRYPTION clause.
    */
    if (source_is_general_tablespace && source_encrytion_type == true &&
        !destination_is_general_tablespace &&
        !(create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENCRYPT)) {
      my_error(ER_TARGET_TABLESPACE_UNENCRYPTED, MYF(0));
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }

    /*
      Disallow moving encrypted table (using general or file-per-table
      tablespace) to a unencrypted general tablespace.
    */
    if (source_encrytion_type && destination_is_general_tablespace &&
        !destination_encrytion_type) {
      my_error(ER_TARGET_TABLESPACE_UNENCRYPTED, MYF(0));
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }

    /*
      Check table encryption privilege, if table encryption type differ
      from schema encryption type.
    */
    if (new_schema->default_encryption() != destination_encrytion_type) {
      // Ignore privilege check and show warning if database is same and
      // table encryption type is not changed.
      bool show_warning = !alter_ctx.is_database_changed() &&
                          source_encrytion_type == destination_encrytion_type;

      if (!show_warning && opt_table_encryption_privilege_check) {
        if (check_table_encryption_admin_access(thd)) {
          my_error(ER_CANNOT_SET_TABLE_ENCRYPTION, MYF(0));
          return true;
        }
      } else if (new_schema->default_encryption() &&
                 !destination_encrytion_type) {
        push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING,
                     WARN_UNENCRYPTED_TABLE_IN_ENCRYPTED_DB,
                     ER_THD(thd, WARN_UNENCRYPTED_TABLE_IN_ENCRYPTED_DB));
      }
    }
  }

  if (old_table_def) {
    if (is_checked_for_upgrade(*old_table_def)) {
      DBUG_PRINT("admin", ("Transfering upgrade mark "
                           "from Table %s (%llu) to Table %s (%llu)",
                           old_table_def->name().c_str(), old_table_def->id(),
                           table_def->name().c_str(), table_def->id()));
      table_def->mark_as_checked_for_upgrade();
    }
  }

  /*
    Check if new table definition is compatible with foreign keys
    on other tales which reference this one. We want to do this
    before starting potentially expensive main phases of COPYing
    or INPLACE ALTER TABLE.
  */
  if (!is_tmp_table) {
    if (new_db_type != old_db_type) {
      /*
        By changing table's storage engine we might be introducing parent
        table for previously orphan foreign keys in the new SE. We need
        to lock child tables of such orphan foreign keys. OTOH it is safe
        to assume that if SE is changed table can't be parent in any
        foreign keys in old SE.

        We assume that ALTER TABLE which combines change of SE and renaming
        of table is executed by changing SE first and then performing rename
        (this is closer to ALTER TABLE real implementation). So such ALTER
        TABLEs  need to pick up orphan foreign keys associated with old table
        names as well. Thus we use old table name in the below check.
      */
      assert(old_table_def->foreign_key_parents().size() == 0);

      if (check_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
              thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, nullptr, nullptr,
              new_db_type, table_def))
        goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    } else {
      if (check_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
              thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, new_db_type,
              old_table_def, table_def, alter_info))
        goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }

    if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed() &&
        check_fk_children_after_parent_def_change(
            thd, alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_alias, table_list->db,
            table_list->table_name, new_db_type, table_def))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
  }

  if (alter_info->requested_algorithm !=
      Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_COPY) {
    Alter_inplace_info ha_alter_info(create_info, alter_info,
                                     alter_ctx.error_if_not_empty, key_info,
                                     key_count, thd->work_part_info);
    TABLE *altered_table = nullptr;
    bool use_inplace = true;

    /* Fill the Alter_inplace_info structure. */
    if (fill_alter_inplace_info(thd, table, &ha_alter_info))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("innodb_index_drop_count_zero", {
      if (ha_alter_info.index_drop_count) {
        my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, MYF(0), "Index rebuild",
                 "Without rebuild");
        return true;
      }
    };);

    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("innodb_index_drop_count_one", {
      if (ha_alter_info.index_drop_count != 1) {
        my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED, MYF(0), "Index change",
                 "Index rebuild");
        return true;
      }
    };);

    // We assume that the table is non-temporary.
    assert(!table->s->tmp_table);

    if (!(altered_table = open_table_uncached(
              thd, alter_ctx.get_tmp_path(), alter_ctx.new_db,
              alter_ctx.tmp_name, true, false, *table_def)))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    /* Set markers for fields in TABLE object for altered table. */
    update_altered_table(ha_alter_info, altered_table);

    /*
      Mark all columns in 'altered_table' as used to allow usage
      of its record[0] buffer and Field objects during in-place
      ALTER TABLE.
    */
    altered_table->column_bitmaps_set_no_signal(&altered_table->s->all_set,
                                                &altered_table->s->all_set);

    set_column_static_defaults(altered_table, alter_info->create_list);

    if (ha_alter_info.handler_flags == 0) {
      /*
        No-op ALTER, no need to call handler API functions.

        If this code path is entered for an ALTER statement that
        should not be a real no-op, new handler flags should be added
        and fill_alter_inplace_info() adjusted.

        Note that we can end up here if an ALTER statement has clauses
        that cancel each other out (e.g. ADD/DROP identically index).

        Also note that we ignore the LOCK clause here.
      */
      close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);

      if (!(create_info->db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)) {
        // Delete temporary table object from data dictionary.
        bool result = dd::drop_table(thd, alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.tmp_name,
                                     *table_def);
        (void)trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);
      }

      is_noop = true;
      goto end_inplace_noop;
    }

    // Ask storage engine whether to use copy or in-place
    enum_alter_inplace_result inplace_supported =
        table->file->check_if_supported_inplace_alter(altered_table,
                                                      &ha_alter_info);

    // If INSTANT was requested but it is not supported, report error.
    if (alter_info->requested_algorithm ==
            Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_INSTANT &&
        inplace_supported != HA_ALTER_INPLACE_INSTANT &&
        inplace_supported != HA_ALTER_ERROR) {
      ha_alter_info.report_unsupported_error("ALGORITHM=INSTANT",
                                             "ALGORITHM=COPY/INPLACE");
      close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }

    switch (inplace_supported) {
      case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK:
        // If SHARED lock and no particular algorithm was requested, use COPY.
        if (alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_SHARED &&
            alter_info->requested_algorithm ==
                Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_DEFAULT) {
          use_inplace = false;
        }
        // Otherwise, if weaker lock was requested, report error.
        else if (alter_info->requested_lock ==
                     Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_NONE ||
                 alter_info->requested_lock ==
                     Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_SHARED) {
          ha_alter_info.report_unsupported_error("LOCK=NONE/SHARED",
                                                 "LOCK=EXCLUSIVE");
          close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);
          goto err_new_table_cleanup;
        }
        break;
      case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE:
      case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_SHARED_LOCK:
        // If weaker lock was requested, report error.
        if (alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_NONE) {
          ha_alter_info.report_unsupported_error("LOCK=NONE", "LOCK=SHARED");
          close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);
          goto err_new_table_cleanup;
        }
        break;
      case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE:
      case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK:
      case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_INSTANT:
        /*
          Note that any instant operation is also in fact in-place operation.

          It is totally safe to execute operation using instant algorithm if it
          has no drawbacks as compared to in-place algorithm even if user
          explicitly asked for ALGORITHM=INPLACE. Doing so, also allows to
          keep code in engines which support only limited subset of in-place
          ALTER TABLE operations as instant metadata only changes simple.

          If instant algorithm has some downsides to in-place algorithm and user
          explicitly asks for ALGORITHM=INPLACE it is responsibility of storage
          engine to fallback to in-place algorithm execution by returning
          HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK or HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NO_LOCK_AFTER_PREPARE.
        */
        break;
      case HA_ALTER_INPLACE_NOT_SUPPORTED:
        // If INPLACE was requested, report error.
        if (alter_info->requested_algorithm ==
            Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_INPLACE) {
          ha_alter_info.report_unsupported_error("ALGORITHM=INPLACE",
                                                 "ALGORITHM=COPY");
          close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);
          goto err_new_table_cleanup;
        }
        // COPY with LOCK=NONE is not supported, no point in trying.
        if (alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_NONE) {
          ha_alter_info.report_unsupported_error("LOCK=NONE", "LOCK=SHARED");
          close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);
          goto err_new_table_cleanup;
        }
        // Otherwise use COPY
        use_inplace = false;
        break;
      case HA_ALTER_ERROR:
      default:
        close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);
        goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }

    if (use_inplace) {
      if (mysql_inplace_alter_table(thd, *schema, *new_schema, old_table_def,
                                    table_def, table_list, table, altered_table,
                                    &ha_alter_info, inplace_supported,
                                    &alter_ctx, columns, fk_key_info,
                                    fk_key_count, &fk_invalidator)) {
        return true;
      }

      goto end_inplace;
    } else {
      close_temporary_table(thd, altered_table, true, false);
    }
  }

  /* ALTER TABLE using copy algorithm. */

  /* Check if ALTER TABLE is compatible with foreign key definitions. */
  if (fk_check_copy_alter_table(thd, table_list, old_table_def, alter_info))
    goto err_new_table_cleanup;

  if (!table->s->tmp_table) {
    MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

    // COPY algorithm doesn't work with concurrent writes.
    if (alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_NONE) {
      my_error(ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED_REASON, MYF(0), "LOCK=NONE",
               ER_THD(thd, ER_ALTER_OPERATION_NOT_SUPPORTED_REASON_COPY),
               "LOCK=SHARED");
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }

    // If EXCLUSIVE lock is requested, upgrade already.
    if (alter_info->requested_lock == Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE &&
        wait_while_table_is_used(thd, table, HA_EXTRA_FORCE_REOPEN))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    /*
      Otherwise upgrade to SHARED_NO_WRITE.
      Note that under LOCK TABLES, we will already have SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE.
    */
    if (alter_info->requested_lock != Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_LOCK_EXCLUSIVE &&
        thd->mdl_context.upgrade_shared_lock(mdl_ticket, MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE,
                                             thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_copy_after_lock_upgrade");

    /*
      COPY algorithm creates new table version in the new database.
      So if new database differs from old one we need to lock all
      foreign key names in new table version. If it is the same as
      the old one we need to lock only names of foreign keys added.

      Also if table is renamed we need to acquire locks on all foreign
      key names involved (taking into account adjustment of auto-generated
      names).
    */
    if (alter_ctx.is_database_changed()) {
      if (collect_fk_names(thd, alter_ctx.new_db, table_def, &mdl_requests))
        goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    } else {
      if (collect_fk_names_for_new_fks(
              thd, alter_ctx.new_db, table_list->table_name, alter_info,
              new_db_type,
              get_fk_max_generated_name_number(table_list->table_name,
                                               old_table_def, new_db_type),
              &mdl_requests))
        goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }

    if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed() &&
        collect_fk_names_for_rename_table(
            thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, table_def, new_db_type,
            alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_name, &mdl_requests))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    /*
      Acquire SRO locks on parent tables for newly added foreign keys
      in order to prevent concurrent DML on them.

      This is temporary workaround to the problem caused by the fact that
      InnoDB makes such foreign keys visible in its internal dictionary
      cache before ALTER TABLE commit. So such DML can result in access
      to our temporary table without prior acquisition of metadata lock
      on it (which would have blocked such access normally). As result
      our ALTER TABLE can fail due to locks acquired by these accesses.

      Long-term the problem should be solved by adjusting InnoDB code
      to avoid making such uncommitted changes visible to other
      connections.
    */
    if (collect_fk_parents_for_new_fks(
            thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, alter_info,
            MDL_SHARED_READ_ONLY, nullptr, &mdl_requests, nullptr))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    if (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
        thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                       thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    /*
      Check if ALTER TABLE results in any foreign key name conflicts
      before starting potentially expensive copying operation.
    */
    if (!dd::get_dictionary()->is_dd_table_name(table_list->db,
                                                table_list->table_name) &&
        (new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS)) {
      if (alter_ctx.is_database_changed()) {
        /*
          If new table version was created schema different from the old one
          we need to check names for both pre-existing and newly added foreign
          keys.
        */
        for (FOREIGN_KEY *fk = fk_key_info; fk < fk_key_info + fk_key_count;
             ++fk) {
          bool exists;
          if (thd->dd_client()->check_foreign_key_exists(*new_schema, fk->name,
                                                         &exists))
            goto err_new_table_cleanup;

          if (exists) {
            my_error(ER_FK_DUP_NAME, MYF(0), fk->name);
            goto err_new_table_cleanup;
          }
        }
      } else {
        /* Otherwise we can limit our check to newly added foreign keys only. */
        for (FOREIGN_KEY *fk = fk_key_info + alter_ctx.fk_count;
             fk < fk_key_info + fk_key_count; ++fk) {
          bool exists;
          if (thd->dd_client()->check_foreign_key_exists(*new_schema, fk->name,
                                                         &exists))
            goto err_new_table_cleanup;

          if (exists) {
            my_error(ER_FK_DUP_NAME, MYF(0), fk->name);
            goto err_new_table_cleanup;
          }
        }
      }

      if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed() &&
          check_fk_names_before_rename(thd, table_list, *table_def, new_db_type,
                                       *new_schema, alter_ctx))
        goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    }
  }

  {
    if (ha_create_table(thd, alter_ctx.get_tmp_path(), alter_ctx.new_db,
                        alter_ctx.tmp_name, create_info, false, true,
                        table_def))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    /* Mark that we have created table in storage engine. */
    no_ha_table = false;

    if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
      if (thd->decide_logging_format(table_list) ||
          !open_table_uncached(thd, alter_ctx.get_tmp_path(), alter_ctx.new_db,
                               alter_ctx.tmp_name, true, true, *table_def))
        goto err_new_table_cleanup;
      /* in case of alter temp table send the tracker in OK packet */
      if (thd->session_tracker.get_tracker(SESSION_STATE_CHANGE_TRACKER)
              ->is_enabled())
        thd->session_tracker.get_tracker(SESSION_STATE_CHANGE_TRACKER)
            ->mark_as_changed(thd, {});
    }

    /* Open the table since we need to copy the data. */
    if (table->s->tmp_table != NO_TMP_TABLE) {
      Table_ref tbl(alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.tmp_name, TL_READ_NO_INSERT);
      /* Table is in thd->temporary_tables */
      (void)open_temporary_table(thd, &tbl);
      new_table = tbl.table;
      /* Transfer dd::Table ownership to temporary table's share. */
      new_table->s->tmp_table_def = non_dd_table_def.release();
    } else {
      /* table is a normal table: Create temporary table in same directory */
      /* Open our intermediate table. */
      new_table =
          open_table_uncached(thd, alter_ctx.get_tmp_path(), alter_ctx.new_db,
                              alter_ctx.tmp_name, true, true, *table_def);
    }
    if (!new_table) goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    /*
      Note: In case of MERGE table, we do not attach children. We do not
      copy data for MERGE tables. Only the children have data.
    */

    // It's now safe to take the table level lock.
    if (lock_tables(thd, table_list, alter_ctx.tables_opened, 0))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
  }

  /*
    We do not copy data for MERGE tables. Only the children have data.
    MERGE tables have HA_NO_COPY_ON_ALTER set.
  */
  if (!(new_table->file->ha_table_flags() & HA_NO_COPY_ON_ALTER)) {
    new_table->next_number_field = new_table->found_next_number_field;
    THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_copy_to_tmp_table);
    DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("abort_copy_table", {
      my_error(ER_LOCK_WAIT_TIMEOUT, MYF(0));
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    });

    if (copy_data_between_tables(thd, thd->m_stage_progress_psi, table,
                                 new_table, alter_info->create_list, &copied,
                                 &deleted, alter_info->keys_onoff, &alter_ctx))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_after_copy_table");
  } else {
    /* Should be MERGE only */
    assert(new_table->file->ht->db_type == DB_TYPE_MRG_MYISAM);
    if (!table->s->tmp_table &&
        wait_while_table_is_used(thd, table, HA_EXTRA_FORCE_REOPEN))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_manage_keys);
    DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_manage_keys");
    alter_table_manage_keys(thd, table, table->file->indexes_are_disabled(),
                            alter_info->keys_onoff);
    assert(!(new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL));

    /* Prevent intermediate commits to invoke commit order */
    Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(
        thd, enum_implicit_substatement_guard_mode ::
                 DISABLE_GTID_AND_SPCO_IF_SPCO_ACTIVE);

    if (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
  }

  if (table->s->tmp_table != NO_TMP_TABLE) {
    /* Close lock if this is a transactional table */
    if (thd->lock) {
      if (thd->locked_tables_mode != LTM_LOCK_TABLES &&
          thd->locked_tables_mode != LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES) {
        mysql_unlock_tables(thd, thd->lock);
        thd->lock = nullptr;
      } else {
        /*
          If LOCK TABLES list is not empty and contains this table,
          unlock the table and remove the table from this list.
        */
        mysql_lock_remove(thd, thd->lock, table);
      }
    }
    /* Remove link to old table and rename the new one */
    close_temporary_table(thd, table, true, true);
    /* Should pass the 'new_name' as we store table name in the cache */
    if (rename_temporary_table(thd, new_table, alter_ctx.new_db,
                               alter_ctx.new_name))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;
    /*
      We don't replicate alter table statement on temporary tables
      in RBR mode.
    */
    if (!thd->is_current_stmt_binlog_format_row() &&
        write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length)) {
      /*
        We can't revert replacement of old table version with a new one
        at this point. So, if possible, commit the statement to avoid
        new table version being emptied by statement rollback.
      */
      if (!thd->transaction_rollback_request) {
        (void)trans_commit_stmt(thd);
        (void)trans_commit_implicit(thd);
      }
      return true;
    }

    // Do implicit commit for consistency with non-temporary table case/
    if (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd)) return true;

    goto end_temporary;
  }

  /*
    Close the intermediate table that will be the new table, but do
    not delete it! Even though MERGE tables do not have their children
    attached here it is safe to call close_temporary_table().
  */
  close_temporary_table(thd, new_table, true, false);
  new_table = nullptr;

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_before_rename_result_table");
  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("exit_after_alter_table_before_rename", {
    my_error(ER_UNKNOWN_ERROR, MYF(0));
    return true;
  });

  /*
    Data is copied. Now we:
    1) Wait until all other threads will stop using old version of table
       by upgrading shared metadata lock to exclusive one.
    2) Close instances of table open by this thread and replace them
       with placeholders to simplify reopen process.
    3) Rename the old table to a temp name, rename the new one to the
       old name.
    4) If we are under LOCK TABLES and don't do ALTER TABLE ... RENAME
       we reopen new version of table.
    5) Write statement to the binary log.
    6) If we are under LOCK TABLES and do ALTER TABLE ... RENAME we
       remove placeholders and release metadata locks.
    7) If we are not not under LOCK TABLES we rely on the caller
      (mysql_execute_command()) to release metadata locks.
  */

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_rename_result_table);

  if (wait_while_table_is_used(thd, table, HA_EXTRA_PREPARE_FOR_RENAME))
    goto err_new_table_cleanup;

  if (collect_and_lock_fk_tables_for_complex_alter_table(
          thd, table_list, old_table_def, &alter_ctx, alter_info, old_db_type,
          new_db_type, &fk_invalidator))
    goto err_new_table_cleanup;

  /*
    To ensure DDL atomicity after this point support from both old and
    new engines is necessary. If either of them lacks such support let
    us commit transaction so changes to data-dictionary are more closely
    reflect situations in SEs.

    Also if new SE supports atomic DDL then we have not stored new table
    definition in on-disk data-dictionary so far. It is time to do this
    now if ALTER TABLE as a whole won't be atomic.
  */
  if (!atomic_replace) {
    if ((new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
        thd->dd_client()->store(non_dd_table_def.get()))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    /* Prevent intermediate commits to invoke commit order */
    Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(thd);

    if (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd))
      goto err_new_table_cleanup;

    // Safety, in-memory dd::Table is no longer totally correct.
    non_dd_table_def.reset();
  }

  char backup_name[32];
  assert(sizeof(my_thread_id) == 4);
  snprintf(backup_name, sizeof(backup_name), "%s2-%lx-%x", tmp_file_prefix,
           current_pid, thd->thread_id());
  if (lower_case_table_names) my_casedn_str(files_charset_info, backup_name);

  close_all_tables_for_name(thd, table->s, false, nullptr);
  table_list->table = table = nullptr; /* Safety */

  /*
    Rename the old version to temporary name to have a backup in case
    anything goes wrong while renaming the new table.

    Take the X metadata lock on this temporary name too. This ensures that
    concurrent I_S queries won't try to open it. Assert to ensure we do not
    come here when ALTERing temporary table.
  */
  {
    assert(!is_tmp_table);
    MDL_request backup_name_mdl_request;
    MDL_REQUEST_INIT(&backup_name_mdl_request, MDL_key::TABLE, alter_ctx.db,
                     backup_name, MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);
    dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser_2(thd->dd_client());
    const dd::Table *backup_table = nullptr;

    if (thd->mdl_context.acquire_lock(&backup_name_mdl_request,
                                      thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout) ||
        thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_ctx.db, backup_name, &backup_table)) {
      /* purecov: begin tested */
      /*
        We need to clear THD::transaction_rollback_request (which might
        be set due to MDL deadlock) before attempting to remove new version
        of table.
      */
      if (thd->transaction_rollback_request) {
        trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
        trans_rollback(thd);
      }

      if (!atomic_replace) {
        (void)quick_rm_table(thd, new_db_type, alter_ctx.new_db,
                             alter_ctx.tmp_name, FN_IS_TMP);
      }
      goto err_with_mdl;
      /* purecov: end */
    }

    if (backup_table != nullptr) {
      /* purecov: begin tested */
      my_error(ER_TABLE_EXISTS_ERROR, MYF(0), backup_name);

      if (!atomic_replace) {
        (void)quick_rm_table(thd, new_db_type, alter_ctx.new_db,
                             alter_ctx.tmp_name, FN_IS_TMP);
      }
      goto err_with_mdl;
      /* purecov: end */
    }
  }

  if (mysql_rename_table(thd, old_db_type, alter_ctx.db, alter_ctx.table_name,
                         alter_ctx.db, alter_ctx.table_name, *schema,
                         alter_ctx.db, backup_name,
                         FN_TO_IS_TMP | (atomic_replace ? NO_DD_COMMIT : 0) |
                             NO_FK_RENAME | NO_CC_RENAME)) {
    // Rename to temporary name failed, delete the new table, abort ALTER.
    if (!atomic_replace) {
      /*
        In non-atomic mode situations when the SE has requested rollback
        should be handled already, by executing rollback right inside
        mysql_rename_table() call.
      */
      assert(!thd->transaction_rollback_request);
      (void)quick_rm_table(thd, new_db_type, alter_ctx.new_db,
                           alter_ctx.tmp_name, FN_IS_TMP);
    }
    goto err_with_mdl;
  }

  /*
    The below code assumes that only SE capable of atomic DDL support FK.
    This is somewhat simplifies error handling below.

    Note that we need to handle FKs atomically with this rename in order
    to handle scenario when, for example, MyISAM table is altered to InnoDB
    SE and some FKs are added at the same time.
  */
  assert(!(new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS) ||
         (new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL));

  /*
    We also assume that we can't have non-atomic ALTER TABLE which
    will preserve any foreign keys (i.e. such ALTER TABLE can only
    drop all foreign keys on the table, or add new foreign keys to
    table which previously didn't have any).
  */
  assert(atomic_replace || alter_ctx.fk_count == 0);

  /*
    If both old and new SEs support atomic DDL then we have not stored
    new table definition in on-disk data-dictionary so far. It is time
    to do this now. However, before doing this we need to rename foreign
    keys in old table definition to temporary names to avoid conflicts
    with duplicate names.
  */
  if (atomic_replace) {
    if (alter_ctx.fk_count > 0 &&
        adjust_foreign_key_names_for_old_table_version(thd, alter_ctx.db,
                                                       backup_name))
      goto err_with_mdl;

    if (thd->dd_client()->store(non_dd_table_def.get())) goto err_with_mdl;

    // Safety, in-memory dd::Table is no longer totally correct.
    non_dd_table_def.reset();
  }

  // Rename the new table to the correct name.
  if (mysql_rename_table(
          thd, new_db_type, alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.tmp_name, alter_ctx.db,
          alter_ctx.table_name, *new_schema, alter_ctx.new_db,
          alter_ctx.new_alias,
          (FN_FROM_IS_TMP |
           ((new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) ? NO_DD_COMMIT
                                                            : 0) |
           (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed() ? 0 : NO_FK_RENAME | NO_CC_RENAME))) ||
      ((new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_FOREIGN_KEYS) &&
       adjust_fks_for_complex_alter_table(thd, table_list, &alter_ctx,
                                          alter_info, new_db_type,
                                          &fk_invalidator)) ||
      /*
        Try commit changes if ALTER TABLE as whole is not atomic and we have
        not done this in the above mysql_rename_table() call.
      */
      (!atomic_replace && (new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
       trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, false))) {
    // Rename failed, delete the temporary table.
    if (!atomic_replace) {
      if (new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) {
        /*
          If ALTER TABLE as whole is not atomic and the above rename or
          FK changes have failed without cleaning up after themselves,
          we need to do this now.
        */
        (void)trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, true);
      }

      /*
        In non-atomic mode situations when the SE has requested rollback
        should be handled already.
      */
      assert(!thd->transaction_rollback_request);

      (void)quick_rm_table(thd, new_db_type, alter_ctx.new_db,
                           alter_ctx.tmp_name, FN_IS_TMP);

      // Restore the backup of the original table to its original name.
      // If the operation fails, we need to retry it to avoid leaving
      // the dictionary inconsistent.
      //
      // This hack might become unnecessary once InnoDB stops acquiring
      // gap locks on DD tables (which might cause deadlocks).
      uint retries = 20;
      while (retries-- &&
             mysql_rename_table(
                 thd, old_db_type, alter_ctx.db, backup_name, alter_ctx.db,
                 backup_name, *schema, alter_ctx.db, alter_ctx.alias,
                 FN_FROM_IS_TMP | NO_FK_CHECKS | NO_FK_RENAME | NO_CC_RENAME))
        ;
    }
    goto err_with_mdl;
  }

  /*
    If ALTER TABLE is non-atomic and fails after this point it can add
    foreign keys and such addition won't be reverted. So we need to
    invalidate table objects for foreign key parents even on error.
  */
  if (!atomic_replace) invalidate_fk_parents_on_error = true;

  // Handle trigger name, check constraint names and histograms statistics.
  {
    dd::Table *backup_table = nullptr;
    dd::Table *new_dd_table = nullptr;
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(alter_ctx.db, backup_name,
                                                   &backup_table) ||
        thd->dd_client()->acquire_for_modification(
            alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_alias, &new_dd_table))
      goto err_with_mdl;
    assert(backup_table != nullptr && new_dd_table != nullptr);

    /*
      Check if this is an ALTER command that will cause histogram statistics to
      become invalid. If that is the case; remove the histogram statistics.

      This will take care of scenarios when COPY alter is used, but not INPLACE.
      Do this before the commit for non-transactional tables, because the
      new_dd_table is invalidated on commit.
    */
    if (alter_table_drop_histograms(thd, table_list, alter_info, create_info,
                                    columns, backup_table, new_dd_table))
      goto err_with_mdl; /* purecov: deadcode */

    bool update = (new_dd_table->check_constraints()->size() > 0);
    // Set mode for new_dd_table's check constraints.
    set_check_constraints_alter_mode(new_dd_table, alter_info);

    /*
      Check constraint names are unique per schema, we cannot create them while
      both table version exists. Adjust check constraint names in old table
      version.
    */
    if (adjust_check_constraint_names_for_old_table_version(thd, alter_ctx.db,
                                                            backup_table))
      goto err_with_mdl;

    // Reset check constraint's mode.
    reset_check_constraints_alter_mode(new_dd_table);

    /*
      Since trigger names have to be unique per schema, we cannot
      create them while both the old and the tmp version of the
      table exist.
    */
    if (backup_table->has_trigger()) {
      new_dd_table->copy_triggers(backup_table);
      backup_table->drop_all_triggers();
      update = true;
    }
    if (!is_checked_for_upgrade(*new_dd_table) &&
        is_checked_for_upgrade(*backup_table)) {
      new_dd_table->mark_as_checked_for_upgrade();
      update = true;
    }
    if (update) {
      if (thd->dd_client()->update(backup_table) ||
          thd->dd_client()->update(new_dd_table))
        goto err_with_mdl;

      /* Prevent intermediate commits to invoke commit order */
      Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(thd);
      if (!atomic_replace && (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit(thd)))
        goto err_with_mdl;
    }
  }

  // If the ALTER command was a rename, rename any existing histograms.
  if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed() &&
      rename_histograms(thd, table_list->db, table_list->table_name, new_db,
                        new_name)) {
    goto err_with_mdl; /* purecov: deadcode */
  }

  // ALTER TABLE succeeded, delete the backup of the old table.
  if (quick_rm_table(thd, old_db_type, alter_ctx.db, backup_name,
                     FN_IS_TMP | (atomic_replace ? NO_DD_COMMIT : 0))) {
    /*
      The fact that deletion of the backup failed is not critical
      error, but still worth reporting as it might indicate serious
      problem with server.

      TODO: In !atomic_replace case we might need to do FK parents
            invalidation here. However currently our FKs are not
            even named correctly at this point, so we postpone
            fixing this issue until we solve FK naming problem.
    */
    goto err_with_mdl;
  }

end_inplace_noop:

  THD_STAGE_INFO(thd, stage_end);

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("sleep_alter_before_main_binlog", my_sleep(6000000););
  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "alter_table_before_main_binlog");

  ha_binlog_log_query(thd, create_info->db_type, LOGCOM_ALTER_TABLE,
                      thd->query().str, thd->query().length, alter_ctx.db,
                      alter_ctx.table_name);

  assert(!(mysql_bin_log.is_open() &&
           thd->is_current_stmt_binlog_format_row() &&
           (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE)));

  /*
    If this is no-op ALTER TABLE we don't have transaction started.
    We can't use binlog's trx cache in this case as it requires active
    transaction with valid XID.
  */
  if (write_bin_log(thd, true, thd->query().str, thd->query().length,
                    atomic_replace && !is_noop))
    goto err_with_mdl;

  if (!is_noop) {
    Uncommitted_tables_guard uncommitted_tables(thd);

    uncommitted_tables.add_table(table_list);

    if (update_referencing_views_metadata(thd, table_list, new_db, new_name,
                                          !atomic_replace, &uncommitted_tables))
      goto err_with_mdl;

    if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed())
      tdc_remove_table(thd, TDC_RT_REMOVE_ALL, alter_ctx.new_db,
                       alter_ctx.new_name, false);
  }

  // Commit if it was not done before in order to be able to reopen tables.
  if (atomic_replace && (trans_commit_stmt(thd) || trans_commit_implicit(thd)))
    goto err_with_mdl;

  if ((new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) && new_db_type->post_ddl)
    new_db_type->post_ddl(thd);
  if ((old_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) && old_db_type->post_ddl)
    old_db_type->post_ddl(thd);

#ifndef WORKAROUND_TO_BE_REMOVED_BY_WL6049
  {
    Table_ref table_list_reopen(alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_name,
                                alter_ctx.new_alias, TL_READ);
    table_list_reopen.mdl_request.ticket =
        alter_ctx.is_table_renamed() ? alter_ctx.target_mdl_request.ticket
                                     : mdl_ticket;

    Open_table_context ot_ctx(thd, MYSQL_OPEN_REOPEN);

    if (open_table(thd, &table_list_reopen, &ot_ctx)) return true;

    assert(table_list_reopen.table == thd->open_tables);
    close_thread_table(thd, &thd->open_tables);
  }
#endif

end_inplace:

  fk_invalidator.invalidate(thd);

  if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed())
    thd->locked_tables_list.rename_locked_table(
        table_list, alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.new_name,
        alter_ctx.target_mdl_request.ticket);

  {
    bool reopen_error = thd->locked_tables_list.reopen_tables(thd);

    if (thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
        thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES) {
      if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed()) {
        /*
          Release metadata lock on old table name and keep the lock
          on the new one. We have to ignore reopen_error in this case
          as we will mess up FK invariants for LOCK TABLES otherwise.
        */
        thd->mdl_context.release_all_locks_for_name(mdl_ticket);
        thd->mdl_context.set_lock_duration(alter_ctx.target_mdl_request.ticket,
                                           MDL_EXPLICIT);
        alter_ctx.target_mdl_request.ticket->downgrade_lock(
            MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);
        if (alter_ctx.is_database_changed())
          thd->mdl_context.set_lock_duration(
              alter_ctx.target_db_mdl_request.ticket, MDL_EXPLICIT);
      } else
        mdl_ticket->downgrade_lock(MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);
    }

    if (reopen_error) return true;
  }

end_temporary:
  snprintf(alter_ctx.tmp_name, sizeof(alter_ctx.tmp_name),
           ER_THD(thd, ER_INSERT_INFO), (long)(copied + deleted), (long)deleted,
           (long)thd->get_stmt_da()->current_statement_cond_count());
  my_ok(thd, copied + deleted, 0L, alter_ctx.tmp_name);
  return false;

err_new_table_cleanup:
  if (create_info->options & HA_LEX_CREATE_TMP_TABLE) {
    if (new_table)
      close_temporary_table(thd, new_table, true, true);
    else if (!no_ha_table)
      rm_temporary_table(thd, new_db_type, alter_ctx.get_tmp_path(),
                         non_dd_table_def.get());
  } else {
    /* close_temporary_table() frees the new_table pointer. */
    if (new_table) close_temporary_table(thd, new_table, true, false);

    if (!(new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL)) {
      if (no_ha_table)  // Only remove from DD.
      {
        dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser_3(
            thd->dd_client());
        const dd::Table *drop_table_def = nullptr;
        if (!thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_ctx.new_db, alter_ctx.tmp_name,
                                       &drop_table_def)) {
          assert(drop_table_def != nullptr);
          bool result = dd::drop_table(thd, alter_ctx.new_db,
                                       alter_ctx.tmp_name, *drop_table_def);
          (void)trans_intermediate_ddl_commit(thd, result);
        }
      } else  // Remove from both DD and SE.
        (void)quick_rm_table(thd, new_db_type, alter_ctx.new_db,
                             alter_ctx.tmp_name, FN_IS_TMP);
    } else {
      trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
      /*
        Full rollback in case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request
        and to synchronize DD state in cache and on disk (as statement
        rollback doesn't clear DD cache of modified uncommitted objects).
      */
      trans_rollback(thd);
    }
    if ((new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) &&
        new_db_type->post_ddl)
      new_db_type->post_ddl(thd);
  }

  if (alter_ctx.error_if_not_empty &
      Alter_table_ctx::GEOMETRY_WITHOUT_DEFAULT) {
    my_error(ER_INVALID_USE_OF_NULL, MYF(0));
  }

  /*
    No default value was provided for a DATE/DATETIME field, the
    current sql_mode doesn't allow the '0000-00-00' value and
    the table to be altered isn't empty.
    Report error here. Ignore error checkin for push_zero_date_warning()
    as we return true right below.
  */
  if ((alter_ctx.error_if_not_empty &
       Alter_table_ctx::DATETIME_WITHOUT_DEFAULT) &&
      (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_NO_ZERO_DATE) &&
      thd->get_stmt_da()->current_row_for_condition()) {
    (void)push_zero_date_warning(thd, alter_ctx.datetime_field);
  }
  return true;

err_with_mdl:
  /*
    An error happened while we were holding exclusive name metadata lock
    on table being altered. Before releasing locks we need to rollback
    changes to the data-dictionary, storage angine and binary log (if
    they were not committed earlier) and execute post DDL hooks.
    We also try to reopen old version of the table under LOCK TABLES
    if possible.
  */

  trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
  /*
    Full rollback in case we have THD::transaction_rollback_request
    and to synchronize DD state in cache and on disk (as statement
    rollback doesn't clear DD cache of modified uncommitted objects).
  */
  trans_rollback(thd);
  if ((new_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) && new_db_type->post_ddl)
    new_db_type->post_ddl(thd);
  if ((old_db_type->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) && old_db_type->post_ddl)
    old_db_type->post_ddl(thd);

  if (atomic_replace) {
    /*
      If both old and new storage engines support atomic DDL all changes
      were reverted at this point. So we can safely try to reopen table
      under old name.
    */
  } else {
    /*
      If ALTER TABLE ... RENAME ... ALGORITHM=COPY is non-atomic we can't
      be sure that rename step was reverted, so we simply remove table
      from the list of locked tables.
    */
    if (alter_ctx.is_table_renamed())
      thd->locked_tables_list.unlink_all_closed_tables(thd, nullptr, 0);
  }

  /*
    ALTER TABLE which changes table storage engine from MyISAM to InnoDB
    and adds foreign keys at the same time can fail after installing
    new table version. In this case we still need to invalidate table
    objects for parent tables to avoid creating discrepancy between
    data-dictionary and cache contents.
  */
  if (invalidate_fk_parents_on_error) fk_invalidator.invalidate(thd);

  (void)thd->locked_tables_list.reopen_tables(thd);

  if ((thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_LOCK_TABLES ||
       thd->locked_tables_mode == LTM_PRELOCKED_UNDER_LOCK_TABLES)) {
    /*
      Non-atomic ALTER TABLE ... RENAME ... ALGORITHM=COPY can add
      foreign keys if at the same time SE is changed from, e.g.,
      MyISAM to InnoDB. Since releasing metadata locks on old or new
      table name can break FK invariants for LOCK TABLES in various
      scenarios we keep both of them.
    */
    if (!atomic_replace && alter_ctx.is_table_renamed()) {
      thd->mdl_context.set_lock_duration(alter_ctx.target_mdl_request.ticket,
                                         MDL_EXPLICIT);
      alter_ctx.target_mdl_request.ticket->downgrade_lock(
          MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);
      if (alter_ctx.is_database_changed())
        thd->mdl_context.set_lock_duration(
            alter_ctx.target_db_mdl_request.ticket, MDL_EXPLICIT);
    }
    mdl_ticket->downgrade_lock(MDL_SHARED_NO_READ_WRITE);
  }

  return true;
}
/* mysql_alter_table */

/**
  Prepare the transaction for the alter table's copy phase.
*/

bool mysql_trans_prepare_alter_copy_data(THD *thd) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  /*
    Turn off recovery logging since rollback of an alter table is to
    delete the new table so there is no need to log the changes to it.

    This needs to be done before external_lock.

    Also this prevent intermediate commits to invoke commit order.
  */
  Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(thd);

  if (ha_enable_transaction(thd, false)) return true;
  return false;
}

/**
  Commit the copy phase of the alter table.
*/

bool mysql_trans_commit_alter_copy_data(THD *thd) {
  bool error = false;
  DBUG_TRACE;
  /*
    Ensure that ha_commit_trans() which is implicitly called by
    ha_enable_transaction() doesn't update GTID and slave info states.
    Also this prevent intermediate commits to invoke commit order.
  */
  Implicit_substatement_state_guard substatement_guard(thd);
  if (ha_enable_transaction(thd, true)) return true;

  /*
    Ensure that the new table is saved properly to disk before installing
    the new .frm.
    And that InnoDB's internal latches are released, to avoid deadlock
    when waiting on other instances of the table before rename (Bug#54747).
  */
  if (trans_commit_stmt(thd)) error = true;
  if (trans_commit_implicit(thd)) error = true;

  return error;
}

static int copy_data_between_tables(
    THD *thd, PSI_stage_progress *psi [[maybe_unused]], TABLE *from, TABLE *to,
    List<Create_field> &create, ha_rows *copied, ha_rows *deleted,
    Alter_info::enum_enable_or_disable keys_onoff, Alter_table_ctx *alter_ctx) {
  DBUG_TRACE;

  int error;
  Copy_field *copy, *copy_end;
  Field **ptr;
  /*
    Fields which values need to be generated for each row, i.e. either
    generated fields or newly added fields with generated default values.
  */
  Field **gen_fields, **gen_fields_end;
  bool auto_increment_field_copied = false;
  sql_mode_t save_sql_mode;
  Query_expression *const unit = thd->lex->unit;
  Query_block *const select = unit->first_query_block();

  /*
    If target storage engine supports atomic DDL we should not commit
    and disable transaction to let SE do proper cleanup on error/crash.
    Such engines should be smart enough to disable undo/redo logging
    for target table automatically.
    Temporary tables path doesn't employ atomic DDL support so disabling
    transaction is OK. Moreover doing so allows to not interfere with
    concurrent FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK.
  */
  if ((!(to->file->ht->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) ||
       from->s->tmp_table) &&
      mysql_trans_prepare_alter_copy_data(thd))
    return -1;

  if (!(copy = new (thd->mem_root) Copy_field[to->s->fields]))
    return -1; /* purecov: inspected */

  if (!(gen_fields = thd->mem_root->ArrayAlloc<Field *>(
            to->s->gen_def_field_count + to->s->vfields))) {
    destroy_array(copy, to->s->fields);
    return -1;
  }

  if (to->file->ha_external_lock(thd, F_WRLCK)) {
    destroy_array(copy, to->s->fields);
    return -1;
  }

  /* We need external lock before we can disable/enable keys */
  alter_table_manage_keys(thd, to, from->file->indexes_are_disabled(),
                          keys_onoff);

  if (unit->is_prepared()) {
    bind_fields(thd->stmt_arena->item_list());
  }
  /*
    We want warnings/errors about data truncation emitted when we
    copy data to new version of table.
  */
  thd->check_for_truncated_fields = CHECK_FIELD_WARN;
  thd->num_truncated_fields = 0L;

  from->file->info(HA_STATUS_VARIABLE);
  to->file->ha_start_bulk_insert(from->file->stats.records);

  mysql_stage_set_work_estimated(psi, from->file->stats.records);

  save_sql_mode = thd->variables.sql_mode;

  List_iterator<Create_field> it(create);
  const Create_field *def;
  copy_end = copy;
  gen_fields_end = gen_fields;
  for (ptr = to->field; *ptr; ptr++) {
    def = it++;
    if ((*ptr)->is_gcol()) {
      /*
        Values in generated columns need to be (re)generated even for
        pre-existing columns, as they might depend on other columns,
        values in which might have changed as result of this ALTER.
        Because of this there is no sense in copying old values for
        these columns.
        TODO: Figure out if we can avoid even reading these old values
              from SE.
      */
      *(gen_fields_end++) = *ptr;
      continue;
    }
    // Array fields will be properly generated during GC update loop below
    assert(!def->is_array);
    if (def->field) {
      if (*ptr == to->next_number_field) {
        auto_increment_field_copied = true;
        /*
          If we are going to copy contents of one auto_increment column to
          another auto_increment column it is sensible to preserve zeroes.
          This condition also covers case when we are don't actually alter
          auto_increment column.
        */
        if (def->field == from->found_next_number_field)
          thd->variables.sql_mode |= MODE_NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO;
      }
      (copy_end++)->set(*ptr, def->field);
    } else {
      /*
        New column. Add it to the array of columns requiring value
        generation if it has generated default.
      */
      if ((*ptr)->has_insert_default_general_value_expression()) {
        assert(!((*ptr)->is_gcol()));
        *(gen_fields_end++) = *ptr;
      }
    }
  }

  ulong found_count = 0;
  ulong delete_count = 0;

  ORDER *order = select->order_list.first;

  unique_ptr_destroy_only<Filesort> fsort;
  unique_ptr_destroy_only<RowIterator> iterator;
  AccessPath *path =
      create_table_access_path(thd, from, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr,
                               /*count_examined_rows=*/false);

  if (order != nullptr && to->s->primary_key != MAX_KEY &&
      to->file->primary_key_is_clustered()) {
    char warn_buff[MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE];
    snprintf(warn_buff, sizeof(warn_buff),
             "ORDER BY ignored as there is a user-defined clustered index"
             " in the table '%-.192s'",
             from->s->table_name.str);
    push_warning(thd, Sql_condition::SL_WARNING, ER_UNKNOWN_ERROR, warn_buff);
    order = nullptr;
  }
  /* Tell handler that we have values for all columns in the to table */
  to->use_all_columns();
  if (order != nullptr) {
    Table_ref tables;
    tables.table = from;
    tables.alias = tables.table_name = from->s->table_name.str;
    tables.db = from->s->db.str;
    error = 1;

    if (!unit->is_prepared()) {
      Column_privilege_tracker column_privilege(thd, SELECT_ACL);
      if (select->setup_base_ref_items(thd)) {
        goto err; /* purecov: inspected */
      }
      mem_root_deque<Item *> fields(thd->mem_root);
      if (setup_order(thd, select->base_ref_items, &tables, &fields, order))
        goto err;
    }
    fsort.reset(new (thd->mem_root) Filesort(
        thd, {from}, /*keep_buffers=*/false, order, HA_POS_ERROR,
        /*remove_duplicates=*/false, /*force_sort_rowids=*/true,
        /*unwrap_rollup=*/false));
    path = NewSortAccessPath(thd, path, fsort.get(), order,
                             /*count_examined_rows=*/false);
  }

  if (!unit->is_prepared()) unit->set_prepared();

  iterator = CreateIteratorFromAccessPath(thd, path, /*join=*/nullptr,
                                          /*eligible_for_batch_mode=*/true);
  // Prevent cleanup in QEP_shared_owner::qs_cleanup(),
  // to avoid double-destroy of the SortingIterator.
  from->sorting_iterator = nullptr;
  if (iterator == nullptr || iterator->Init()) {
    error = 1;
    goto err;
  }
  thd->get_stmt_da()->reset_current_row_for_condition();

  set_column_static_defaults(to, create);

  to->file->ha_extra(HA_EXTRA_BEGIN_ALTER_COPY);

  while (!(error = iterator->Read())) {
    if (thd->killed) {
      thd->send_kill_message();
      error = 1;
      break;
    }
    /*
      Return error if source table isn't empty.

      For a DATE/DATETIME field, return error only if strict mode
      and No ZERO DATE mode is enabled.
    */
    if ((alter_ctx->error_if_not_empty &
         Alter_table_ctx::GEOMETRY_WITHOUT_DEFAULT) ||
        ((alter_ctx->error_if_not_empty &
          Alter_table_ctx::DATETIME_WITHOUT_DEFAULT) &&
         (thd->variables.sql_mode & MODE_NO_ZERO_DATE) &&
         thd->is_strict_mode())) {
      error = 1;
      break;
    }
    if (to->next_number_field) {
      if (auto_increment_field_copied)
        to->autoinc_field_has_explicit_non_null_value = true;
      else
        to->next_number_field->reset();
    }

    for (Copy_field *copy_ptr = copy; copy_ptr != copy_end; copy_ptr++) {
      copy_ptr->invoke_do_copy();
    }
    if (thd->is_error()) {
      error = 1;
      break;
    }

    /*
      Iterate through all generated columns and all new columns which have
      generated defaults and evaluate their values. This needs to happen
      after copying values for old columns and storing default values for
      new columns without generated defaults, as generated values might
      depend on these values.
      OTOH generated columns/generated defaults need to be processed in
      the order in which their columns are present in table as generated
      values are allowed to depend on each other as long as there are no
      forward references (i.e. references to other columns with generated
      values which come later in the table).
    */
    for (ptr = gen_fields; ptr != gen_fields_end; ptr++) {
      Item *expr_item;
      if ((*ptr)->is_gcol()) {
        expr_item = (*ptr)->gcol_info->expr_item;
      } else {
        assert((*ptr)->has_insert_default_general_value_expression());
        expr_item = (*ptr)->m_default_val_expr->expr_item;
      }
      expr_item->save_in_field(*ptr, false);
      if (thd->is_error()) {
        error = 1;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (error) break;

    error = invoke_table_check_constraints(thd, to);
    if (error) break;

    error = to->file->ha_write_row(to->record[0]);
    to->autoinc_field_has_explicit_non_null_value = false;
    if (error) {
      if (!to->file->is_ignorable_error(error)) {
        /* Not a duplicate key error. */
        to->file->print_error(error, MYF(0));
        break;
      } else {
        /* Report duplicate key error. */
        uint key_nr = to->file->get_dup_key(error);
        if ((int)key_nr >= 0) {
          const char *err_msg = ER_THD(thd, ER_DUP_ENTRY_WITH_KEY_NAME);
          if (key_nr == 0 && (to->key_info[0].key_part[0].field->is_flag_set(
                                 AUTO_INCREMENT_FLAG)))
            err_msg = ER_THD(thd, ER_DUP_ENTRY_AUTOINCREMENT_CASE);
          print_keydup_error(
              to, key_nr == MAX_KEY ? nullptr : &to->key_info[key_nr], err_msg,
              MYF(0), from->s->table_name.str);
        } else
          to->file->print_error(error, MYF(0));
        break;
      }
    } else {
      DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "copy_data_between_tables_before");
      found_count++;
      mysql_stage_set_work_completed(psi, found_count);
    }
    thd->get_stmt_da()->inc_current_row_for_condition();
  }
  iterator.reset();
  free_io_cache(from);

  if (to->file->ha_end_bulk_insert() && error <= 0) {
    to->file->print_error(my_errno(), MYF(0));
    error = 1;
  }

  to->file->ha_extra(HA_EXTRA_END_ALTER_COPY);

  DBUG_EXECUTE_IF("crash_copy_before_commit", DBUG_SUICIDE(););
  if ((!(to->file->ht->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_ATOMIC_DDL) ||
       from->s->tmp_table) &&
      mysql_trans_commit_alter_copy_data(thd))
    error = 1;

err:
  destroy_array(copy, to->s->fields);
  thd->variables.sql_mode = save_sql_mode;
  free_io_cache(from);
  *copied = found_count;
  *deleted = delete_count;
  to->file->ha_release_auto_increment();
  if (to->file->ha_external_lock(thd, F_UNLCK)) error = 1;
  if (error < 0 && to->file->ha_extra(HA_EXTRA_PREPARE_FOR_RENAME)) error = 1;
  thd->check_for_truncated_fields = CHECK_FIELD_IGNORE;
  return error > 0 ? -1 : 0;
}

/*
  Recreates tables by calling mysql_alter_table().

  SYNOPSIS
    mysql_recreate_table()
    thd        Thread handler
    tables     Tables to recreate
    table_copy Recreate the table by using ALTER TABLE COPY algorithm

 RETURN
    Like mysql_alter_table().
*/
bool mysql_recreate_table(THD *thd, Table_ref *table_list, bool table_copy) {
  HA_CREATE_INFO create_info;
  Alter_info alter_info(thd->mem_root);

  DBUG_TRACE;
  assert(!table_list->next_global);

  /* Set lock type which is appropriate for ALTER TABLE. */
  table_list->set_lock({TL_READ_NO_INSERT, THR_DEFAULT});
  /* Same applies to MDL request. */
  table_list->mdl_request.set_type(MDL_SHARED_NO_WRITE);

  create_info.row_type = ROW_TYPE_NOT_USED;
  create_info.default_table_charset = default_charset_info;
  /* Force alter table to recreate table */
  alter_info.flags =
      (Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN | Alter_info::ALTER_RECREATE);

  if (table_copy)
    alter_info.requested_algorithm = Alter_info::ALTER_TABLE_ALGORITHM_COPY;

  const bool ret = mysql_alter_table(thd, NullS, NullS, &create_info,
                                     table_list, &alter_info);
  return ret;
}

bool mysql_checksum_table(THD *thd, Table_ref *tables,
                          HA_CHECK_OPT *check_opt) {
  Table_ref *table;
  Item *item;
  Protocol *protocol = thd->get_protocol();
  DBUG_TRACE;

  /*
    CHECKSUM TABLE returns results and rollbacks statement transaction,
    so it should not be used in stored function or trigger.
  */
  assert(!thd->in_sub_stmt);

  mem_root_deque<Item *> field_list(thd->mem_root);
  field_list.push_back(item = new Item_empty_string("Table", NAME_LEN * 2));
  item->set_nullable(true);
  field_list.push_back(item = new Item_int(NAME_STRING("Checksum"), (longlong)1,
                                           MY_INT64_NUM_DECIMAL_DIGITS));
  item->set_nullable(true);
  if (thd->send_result_metadata(field_list,
                                Protocol::SEND_NUM_ROWS | Protocol::SEND_EOF))
    return true;

  /*
    Close all temporary tables which were pre-open to simplify
    privilege checking. Clear all references to closed tables.
  */
  close_thread_tables(thd);
  for (table = tables; table; table = table->next_local) table->table = nullptr;

  /* Open one table after the other to keep lock time as short as possible. */
  for (table = tables; table; table = table->next_local) {
    char table_name[NAME_LEN * 2 + 2];
    TABLE *t;
    Table_ref *save_next_global;

    strxmov(table_name, table->db, ".", table->table_name, NullS);

    /* Remember old 'next' pointer and break the list.  */
    save_next_global = table->next_global;
    table->next_global = nullptr;
    table->set_lock({TL_READ, THR_DEFAULT});
    /* Allow to open real tables only. */
    table->required_type = dd::enum_table_type::BASE_TABLE;

    if (open_temporary_tables(thd, table) ||
        open_and_lock_tables(thd, table, 0)) {
      t = nullptr;
    } else
      t = table->table;

    table->next_global = save_next_global;

    protocol->start_row();
    protocol->store(table_name, system_charset_info);

    if (!t) {
      /* Table didn't exist */
      protocol->store_null();
    } else {
      if (t->file->ha_table_flags() & HA_HAS_CHECKSUM &&
          !(check_opt->flags & T_EXTEND))
        protocol->store((ulonglong)t->file->checksum());
      else if (!(t->file->ha_table_flags() & HA_HAS_CHECKSUM) &&
               (check_opt->flags & T_QUICK))
        protocol->store_null();
      else {
        /* calculating table's checksum */
        ha_checksum crc = 0;
        uchar null_mask = 256 - (1 << t->s->last_null_bit_pos);

        t->use_all_columns();

        if (t->file->ha_rnd_init(true))
          protocol->store_null();
        else {
          for (;;) {
            if (thd->killed) {
              /*
                 we've been killed; let handler clean up, and remove the
                 partial current row from the recordset (embedded lib)
              */
              t->file->ha_rnd_end();
              protocol->abort_row();
              goto err;
            }
            ha_checksum row_crc = 0;
            int error = t->file->ha_rnd_next(t->record[0]);
            if (unlikely(error)) {
              if (error == HA_ERR_RECORD_DELETED) continue;
              break;
            }
            if (t->s->null_bytes) {
              /* fix undefined null bits */
              t->record[0][t->s->null_bytes - 1] |= null_mask;
              if (!(t->s->db_create_options & HA_OPTION_PACK_RECORD))
                t->record[0][0] |= 1;

              row_crc = checksum_crc32(row_crc, t->record[0], t->s->null_bytes);
            }

            for (uint i = 0; i < t->s->fields; i++) {
              Field *f = t->field[i];

              /*
                BLOB and VARCHAR have pointers in their field, we must convert
                to string; GEOMETRY and JSON are implemented on top of BLOB.
                BIT may store its data among NULL bits, convert as well.
              */
              switch (f->type()) {
                case MYSQL_TYPE_BLOB:
                case MYSQL_TYPE_VARCHAR:
                case MYSQL_TYPE_GEOMETRY:
                case MYSQL_TYPE_JSON:
                case MYSQL_TYPE_BIT: {
                  String tmp;
                  f->val_str(&tmp);
                  row_crc =
                      checksum_crc32(row_crc, (uchar *)tmp.ptr(), tmp.length());
                  break;
                }
                default:
                  row_crc =
                      checksum_crc32(row_crc, f->field_ptr(), f->pack_length());
                  break;
              }
            }

            crc += row_crc;
          }
          protocol->store((ulonglong)crc);
          t->file->ha_rnd_end();
        }
      }
      trans_rollback_stmt(thd);
      close_thread_tables(thd);
    }

    if (thd->transaction_rollback_request) {
      /*
        If transaction rollback was requested we honor it. To do this we
        abort statement and return error as not only CHECKSUM TABLE is
        rolled back but the whole transaction in which it was used.
      */
      protocol->abort_row();
      goto err;
    }

    /* Hide errors from client. Return NULL for problematic tables instead. */
    thd->clear_error();

    if (protocol->end_row()) goto err;
  }

  my_eof(thd);
  return false;

err:
  return true;
}

/**
  @brief Check if the table can be created in the specified storage engine.

  Checks if the storage engine is enabled and supports the given table
  type (e.g. normal, temporary, system). May do engine substitution
  if the requested engine does not support temporary tables.

  @param db_name      Database name.
  @param table_name   Name of table to be created.
  @param create_info  Create info from parser, including engine.

  @retval true  Engine not available/supported, error has been reported.
  @retval false Engine available/supported.
*/
static bool check_engine(const char *db_name, const char *table_name,
                         HA_CREATE_INFO *create_info) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  handlerton **new_engine = &create_info->db_type;

  /*
    Check, if the given table name is system table, and if the storage engine
    does supports it.
  */
  if ((create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_ENGINE) &&
      !ha_check_if_supported_system_table(*new_engine, db_name, table_name)) {
    my_error(ER_UNSUPPORTED_ENGINE, MYF(0),
             ha_resolve_storage_engine_name(*new_engine), db_name, table_name);
    *new_engine = nullptr;
    return true;
  }

  // The storage engine must support secondary engines.
  if (create_info->used_fields & HA_CREATE_USED_SECONDARY_ENGINE &&
      !((*new_engine)->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_SECONDARY_ENGINE)) {
    my_error(ER_CHECK_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, MYF(0), "SECONDARY_ENGINE");
    return true;
  }

  // The storage engine must support encryption.
  if (create_info->encrypt_type.str) {
    bool encryption_request_type = false;
    dd::String_type encrypt_type;
    encrypt_type.assign(create_info->encrypt_type.str,
                        create_info->encrypt_type.length);
    encryption_request_type = is_encrypted(encrypt_type);
    if (encryption_request_type &&
        !((*new_engine)->flags & HTON_SUPPORTS_TABLE_ENCRYPTION)) {
      my_error(ER_CHECK_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, MYF(0), "ENCRYPTION");
      return true;
    }
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Helper method to generate check constraint name.

  @param       thd                      Thread handle.
  @param       table_name               Table name.
  @param       ordinal_number           Ordinal number of the generated name.
  @param[out]  name                     LEX_STRING instance to hold the
                                        generated check constraint name.
  @param       skip_validation          Skip generated name validation.
*/
static bool generate_check_constraint_name(THD *thd, const char *table_name,
                                           uint ordinal_number,
                                           LEX_STRING &name,
                                           bool skip_validation) {
  // Allocate memory for name.
  size_t generated_name_len =
      strlen(table_name) + sizeof(dd::CHECK_CONSTRAINT_NAME_SUBSTR) + 11 + 1;
  name.str = (char *)thd->mem_root->Alloc(generated_name_len);
  if (name.str == nullptr) return true;  // OOM

  // Prepare name for check constraint.
  sprintf(name.str, "%s%s%u", table_name, dd::CHECK_CONSTRAINT_NAME_SUBSTR,
          ordinal_number);
  name.length = strlen(name.str);

  // Validate check constraint name.
  if (!skip_validation &&
      check_string_char_length(to_lex_cstring(name), "", NAME_CHAR_LEN,
                               system_charset_info, true)) {
    my_error(ER_TOO_LONG_IDENT, MYF(0), name.str);
    return true;
  }

  return false;
}

/**
  Helper method to create MDL_request for check constraint names. Check
  constraint names are case insensitive. Hence names are lowercased
  in MDL_request and pushed to MDL_request_list.

  @param            thd                      Thread handle.
  @param            db                       Database name.
  @param            cc_name                  Check constraint name.
  @param[out]       cc_mdl_request_list      MDL request list.

  @retval           false                    Success.
  @retval           true                     Failure.
*/
static bool push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
    THD *thd, const char *db, const char *cc_name,
    MDL_request_list &cc_mdl_request_list) {
  assert(thd != nullptr && db != nullptr && cc_name != nullptr);

  /*
    Check constraint names are case insensitive. Hence lowercasing names for
    MDL locking.
  */
  char lc_cc_name[NAME_LEN + 1];
  strmake(lc_cc_name, cc_name, NAME_LEN);
  my_casedn_str(system_charset_info, lc_cc_name);

  MDL_request *mdl_request = new (thd->mem_root) MDL_request;
  if (mdl_request == nullptr) return true;  // OOM
  MDL_REQUEST_INIT(mdl_request, MDL_key::CHECK_CONSTRAINT, db, lc_cc_name,
                   MDL_EXCLUSIVE, MDL_STATEMENT);
  cc_mdl_request_list.push_front(mdl_request);

  return false;
}

bool prepare_check_constraints_for_create(THD *thd, const char *db_name,
                                          const char *table_name,
                                          Alter_info *alter_info) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  MDL_request_list cc_mdl_request_list;
  uint cc_max_generated_number = 0;

  /*
    Do not process check constraint specification list if master is on version
    not supporting check constraints feature.
  */
  if (is_slave_with_master_without_check_constraints_support(thd)) {
    alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list.clear();
    return false;
  }

  for (auto &cc_spec : alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list) {
    // If check constraint name is omitted then generate name.
    if (cc_spec->name.length == 0) {
      if (generate_check_constraint_name(
              thd, table_name, ++cc_max_generated_number, cc_spec->name, false))
        return true;
    }

    // Pre-validate check constraint.
    if (cc_spec->pre_validate()) return true;

    // Create MDL request for the check constraint.
    if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
            thd, db_name, cc_spec->name.str, cc_mdl_request_list))
      return true;
  }

  // Make sure fields used by the check constraint exists in the create list.
  mem_root_deque<Item_field *> fields(thd->mem_root);
  for (auto &cc_spec : alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list) {
    cc_spec->check_expr->walk(&Item::collect_item_field_processor,
                              enum_walk::POSTFIX, (uchar *)&fields);

    Create_field *cur_fld;
    List_iterator<Create_field> create_fields_it(alter_info->create_list);
    for (Item_field *cur_item_fld : fields) {
      if (cur_item_fld->type() != Item::FIELD_ITEM) continue;

      while ((cur_fld = create_fields_it++)) {
        if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, cur_item_fld->field_name,
                           cur_fld->field_name))
          break;
      }
      create_fields_it.rewind();

      if (cur_fld == nullptr) {
        my_error(ER_CHECK_CONSTRAINT_REFERS_UNKNOWN_COLUMN, MYF(0),
                 cc_spec->name.str, cur_item_fld->field_name);
        return true;
      }
    }
    fields.clear();
  }

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "before_acquiring_lock_on_check_constraints");
  if (thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&cc_mdl_request_list,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;
  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "after_acquiring_lock_on_check_constraints");

  return false;
}

/**
  Method to prepare check constraints for the CREATE TABLE LIKE operation.
  If check constraints are defined on the source table then check constraints
  specifications are prepared for the table being created from it. To
  avoid name conflicts, names are generated for all the check constraints
  prepared for the table being created.


  @param            thd                   Thread handle.
  @param            src_table             Table_ref instance for source
  table.
  @param            target_table          Table_ref instance for target
  table.
  @param            alter_info            Alter_info instance to prepare
                                          list of check constraint spec
                                          for table being created.

  @retval           false                 Success.
  @retval           true                  Failure.
*/
static bool prepare_check_constraints_for_create_like_table(
    THD *thd, Table_ref *src_table, Table_ref *target_table,
    Alter_info *alter_info) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  MDL_request_list cc_mdl_request_list;
  uint number = 0;

  if (src_table->table->table_check_constraint_list != nullptr) {
    for (auto &table_cc : *src_table->table->table_check_constraint_list) {
      Sql_check_constraint_spec *cc_spec =
          new (thd->mem_root) Sql_check_constraint_spec;
      if (cc_spec == nullptr) return true;  // OOM

      // For create like table, all the check constraint names are generated to
      // avoid name conflicts.
      if (generate_check_constraint_name(thd, target_table->table_name,
                                         ++number, cc_spec->name, true))
        return true;

      //  check constraint expression.
      cc_spec->check_expr = table_cc.value_generator()->expr_item;

      // Copy check constraint status.
      cc_spec->is_enforced = table_cc.is_enforced();

      alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list.push_back(cc_spec);

      /*
        Create MDL request for check constraint in source table and the
        generated check constraint name for target table.
      */
      if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
              thd, src_table->db, table_cc.name().str, cc_mdl_request_list) ||
          push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
              thd, target_table->db, cc_spec->name.str, cc_mdl_request_list))
        return true;
    }
  }

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "before_acquiring_lock_on_check_constraints");
  if (thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&cc_mdl_request_list,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;
  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "after_acquiring_lock_on_check_constraints");

  return false;
}

/**
  Method to prepare check constraints for the ALTER TABLE operation.
  Method prepares check constraints specifications from the existing
  list of check constraints on the table, appends new check constraints
  to list, updates state (enforced/not enforced) and drop any existing
  check constraint from the list.

  @param            thd                      Thread handle.
  @param            table                    TABLE instance of source table.
  @param            alter_info               Alter_info object to prepare
                                             list of check constraint spec
                                             for table being altered.
  @param            alter_tbl_ctx            Runtime context for
                                             ALTER TABLE.

  @retval           false                    Success.
  @retval           true                     Failure.
*/
static bool prepare_check_constraints_for_alter(
    THD *thd, const TABLE *table, Alter_info *alter_info,
    Alter_table_ctx *alter_tbl_ctx) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  MDL_request_list cc_mdl_request_list;
  Sql_check_constraint_spec_list new_check_cons_list(thd->mem_root);
  uint cc_max_generated_number = 0;
  uint table_name_len = strlen(alter_tbl_ctx->table_name);

  /*
    Do not process check constraint specification list if master is on version
    not supporting check constraints feature.
  */
  if (is_slave_with_master_without_check_constraints_support(thd)) {
    alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list.clear();
    return false;
  }

  auto find_cc_name = [](std::vector<const char *> &names, const char *s) {
    auto name = find_if(names.begin(), names.end(), [s](const char *cc_name) {
      return !my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, s, cc_name);
    });
    return (name != names.end()) ? *name : nullptr;
  };

  /*
    List of check constraint names. Used after acquiring MDL locks on final list
    of check constraints to verify if check constraint names conflict with
    existing check constraint names.
  */
  std::vector<const char *> new_cc_names;

  /*
     Handle check constraint specifications marked for drop.

     Prepare list of check constraint names (Pointer to the constraint name in
     Alter_drop instances) marked for drop. List is used to skip constraints
     while preparing specification list from existing check constraints and
     while adding new check constraints with the same name.
  */
  std::vector<const char *> dropped_cc_names;
  for (const Alter_drop *drop : alter_info->drop_list) {
    if (drop->type != Alter_drop::CHECK_CONSTRAINT) continue;

    bool cc_found = false;
    if (table->table_check_constraint_list != nullptr) {
      for (Sql_table_check_constraint &table_cc :
           *table->table_check_constraint_list) {
        if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, table_cc.name().str,
                           drop->name)) {
          dropped_cc_names.push_back(drop->name);
          cc_found = true;
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    if (!cc_found) {
      my_error(ER_CHECK_CONSTRAINT_NOT_FOUND, MYF(0), drop->name);
      return true;
    }
  }

  /*
    Auto-drop check constraint: If check constraint refers to only one column
                                and that column is marked for drop then drop
                                check constraint too.
    Check constraints marked for auto-drop are added to list of check constraint
    (dropped_cc_names) to be dropped.
  */
  if (table->table_check_constraint_list != nullptr) {
    for (const Alter_drop *drop : alter_info->drop_list) {
      if (drop->type == Alter_drop::COLUMN) {
        for (Sql_table_check_constraint &table_cc :
             *table->table_check_constraint_list) {
          if (check_constraint_expr_refers_to_only_column(
                  table_cc.value_generator()->expr_item, drop->name))
            dropped_cc_names.push_back(table_cc.name().str);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /*
    Prepare check constraint specification for the existing check constraints on
    the table.

    * Skip check constraint specification marked for drop.

    * Get max sequence number for generated names. This is required when
      handling new check constraints added to the table.

    * If table is renamed, adjust generated check constraint names to use new
      table name.

    * Create MDL request on all check constraints.
      - Also on adjusted check constraint names if table is renamed.
      - If database changed then on all check constraints with the new database.
  */
  if (table->table_check_constraint_list != nullptr) {
    for (auto &table_cc : *table->table_check_constraint_list) {
      /*
        Push MDL_request for the existing check constraint name.
        Note: Notice that this also handles case of dropped constraints.
      */
      if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
              thd, alter_tbl_ctx->db, table_cc.name().str, cc_mdl_request_list))
        return true;

      // Skip if constraint is marked for drop.
      if (find_cc_name(dropped_cc_names, table_cc.name().str) != nullptr)
        continue;

      Sql_check_constraint_spec *cc_spec =
          new (thd->mem_root) Sql_check_constraint_spec;
      if (cc_spec == nullptr) return true;  // OOM

      bool is_generated_name = dd::is_generated_check_constraint_name(
          alter_tbl_ctx->table_name, table_name_len, table_cc.name().str,
          table_cc.name().length);
      /*
        Get number from generated name and update max generated number if
        needed.
      */
      if (is_generated_name) {
        char *end;
        uint number =
            my_strtoull(table_cc.name().str + table_name_len +
                            sizeof(dd::CHECK_CONSTRAINT_NAME_SUBSTR) - 1,
                        &end, 10);
        if (number > cc_max_generated_number) cc_max_generated_number = number;
      }

      // If generated name and table is renamed then update generated name.
      if (is_generated_name && alter_tbl_ctx->is_table_name_changed()) {
        char *end;
        uint number =
            my_strtoull(table_cc.name().str + table_name_len +
                            sizeof(dd::CHECK_CONSTRAINT_NAME_SUBSTR) - 1,
                        &end, 10);
        if (number > cc_max_generated_number) cc_max_generated_number = number;

        // Generate new check constraint name.
        if (generate_check_constraint_name(thd, alter_tbl_ctx->new_name, number,
                                           cc_spec->name, true))
          return true;
      } else {
        lex_string_strmake(thd->mem_root, &cc_spec->name, table_cc.name().str,
                           table_cc.name().length);
        if (cc_spec->name.str == nullptr) return true;  // OOM
      }

      //  check constraint expression.
      cc_spec->check_expr = table_cc.value_generator()->expr_item;

      // Copy check constraint status.
      cc_spec->is_enforced = table_cc.is_enforced();

      // Push check constraint to new list.
      new_check_cons_list.push_back(cc_spec);

      /*
        If db is changed then push MDL_request on check constraint with new db
        name or if table name is changed then push MDL_request on generated
        check constraint name.
      */
      if ((alter_tbl_ctx->is_database_changed() ||
           (alter_tbl_ctx->is_table_name_changed() && is_generated_name))) {
        if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
                thd, alter_tbl_ctx->new_db, cc_spec->name.str,
                cc_mdl_request_list))
          return true;

        new_cc_names.push_back(cc_spec->name.str);
      }
    }

    /*
      Check if any check constraint refers to column(s) being dropped or
      renamed.
    */
    if (!new_check_cons_list.empty()) {
      // Check if any check constraint refers column(s) being dropped.
      if (std::any_of(
              alter_info->drop_list.begin(), alter_info->drop_list.end(),
              Check_constraint_column_dependency_checker(new_check_cons_list)))
        return true;

      /*
        Check if any check constraint refers column(s) being renamed using
        RENAME COLUMN clause.
      */
      if (std::any_of(
              alter_info->alter_list.begin(), alter_info->alter_list.end(),
              Check_constraint_column_dependency_checker(new_check_cons_list)))
        return true;

      /*
        Check if any check constraint refers column(s) being renamed using
        CHANGE [COLUMN] clause.
      */
      if (std::any_of(
              alter_info->create_list.begin(), alter_info->create_list.end(),
              Check_constraint_column_dependency_checker(new_check_cons_list)))
        return true;
    }
  }

  // Update check constraint enforcement state (i.e. enforced or not enforced).
  for (auto *alter_constraint : alter_info->alter_constraint_enforcement_list) {
    if (alter_constraint->type !=
        Alter_constraint_enforcement::Type::CHECK_CONSTRAINT)
      continue;

    bool cc_found = false;
    for (auto &cc_spec : new_check_cons_list) {
      if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, cc_spec->name.str,
                         alter_constraint->name)) {
        cc_found = true;
        // Update status.
        cc_spec->is_enforced = alter_constraint->is_enforced;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (!cc_found) {
      my_error(ER_CHECK_CONSTRAINT_NOT_FOUND, MYF(0), alter_constraint->name);
      return true;
    }
  }

  /*
    Handle new check constraints added to the table.

    * Generate name if name is not specified.
      If table already has check constraints with generated name then use
      sequence number generated when handling existing check constraint names.

    * pre-validate check constraint.

    * Prepare MDL request for new check constraints.
  */
  for (auto &cc_spec : alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list) {
    // If check constraint name is omitted then generate name.
    if (cc_spec->name.length == 0) {
      if (generate_check_constraint_name(thd, alter_tbl_ctx->new_name,
                                         ++cc_max_generated_number,
                                         cc_spec->name, false))
        return true;
    }

    if (cc_spec->pre_validate()) return true;

    // Push check constraint to new list.
    new_check_cons_list.push_back(cc_spec);

    // Create MDL request for the check constraint.
    if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
            thd, alter_tbl_ctx->new_db, cc_spec->name.str, cc_mdl_request_list))
      return true;

    /*
      We need to check if conflicting constraint name exists for all newly added
      constraints. However, we don't need (and it is inconvenient) to do this
      if constraint with the same name was dropped by the same ALTER TABLE,
      unless old and new constraints belong to different databases (i.e. this
      ALTER TABLE also moves table between databases).
    */
    if (alter_tbl_ctx->is_database_changed() ||
        find_cc_name(dropped_cc_names, cc_spec->name.str) == nullptr)
      new_cc_names.push_back(cc_spec->name.str);
  }

  /*
    Adjust Alter_info::flags.

    * Check if final list has any check constraint whose state is changed from
      NOT ENFORCED to ENFORCED.

    * Check if list has any new check constraints added with ENFORCED state.

    * Update Alter_info::flags accordingly.
  */
  bool final_enforced_state = false;
  for (auto &cc : new_check_cons_list) {
    // Check if any of existing constraint is enforced.
    if (table->table_check_constraint_list != nullptr) {
      for (auto &table_cc : *table->table_check_constraint_list) {
        if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, cc->name.str,
                           table_cc.name().str) &&
            !table_cc.is_enforced() && cc->is_enforced) {
          final_enforced_state = true;
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if (final_enforced_state) break;

    // Check if new constraint is added in enforced state.
    for (auto &new_cc : alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list) {
      if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, cc->name.str, new_cc->name.str) &&
          cc->is_enforced) {
        final_enforced_state = true;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (final_enforced_state) break;
  }
  if (final_enforced_state)
    alter_info->flags |= Alter_info::ENFORCE_CHECK_CONSTRAINT;
  else
    alter_info->flags &= ~Alter_info::ENFORCE_CHECK_CONSTRAINT;

  /*
    Set alter mode for each check constraint specification instance.

    For non-temporary table prepare temporary check constraint names. During
    ALTER TABLE operation, two versions of table exists and to avoid check
    constraint name conflicts temporary(adjusted) names stored for newer
    version and alter mode is set. Check constraint names are restored
    later in ALTER TABLE operation. MDL request to temporary name is also
    created to avoid creation of table with same name by concurrent operation.

    * Prepare temporary(adjusted) name for each check constraint specification.

    * Set alter mode for each check constraint specification.

    * Prepare MDL request for each temporary name.
  */
  if (table->s->tmp_table == NO_TMP_TABLE) {
    ulong id = 1;
    for (Sql_check_constraint_spec *cc : new_check_cons_list) {
      const int prefix_len = 3;  // #cc
      const int process_id_len = 20;
      const int thread_id_len = 10;
      const int id_len = 20;
      const int separator_len = 1;
      char temp_name_buf[prefix_len + process_id_len + thread_id_len + id_len +
                         (separator_len * 3) + 1];
      snprintf(temp_name_buf, sizeof(temp_name_buf), "#cc_%lu_%u_%lu",
               current_pid, thd->thread_id(), id++);

      // Create MDL request for the temp check constraint name.
      if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
              thd, alter_tbl_ctx->new_db, temp_name_buf, cc_mdl_request_list))
        return true;

      cc->is_alter_mode = true;
      cc->alias_name.length = strlen(temp_name_buf);
      cc->alias_name.str =
          strmake_root(thd->mem_root, temp_name_buf, cc->alias_name.length);
    }
  }

  // Acquire MDL lock on all the MDL_request prepared in this method.
  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "before_acquiring_lock_on_check_constraints");
  if (thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&cc_mdl_request_list,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;
  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "after_acquiring_lock_on_check_constraints");

  /*
    Make sure new check constraint names do not conflict with any existing check
    constraint names before starting expensive ALTER operation.
  */
  dd::Schema_MDL_locker mdl_locker(thd);
  const dd::Schema *new_schema = nullptr;
  dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());
  if (mdl_locker.ensure_locked(alter_tbl_ctx->new_db) ||
      thd->dd_client()->acquire(alter_tbl_ctx->new_db, &new_schema))
    return true;
  bool exists = false;
  for (auto cc_name : new_cc_names) {
    if (thd->dd_client()->check_constraint_exists(*new_schema, cc_name,
                                                  &exists))
      return true;
    if (exists) {
      my_error(ER_CHECK_CONSTRAINT_DUP_NAME, MYF(0), cc_name);
      return true;
    }
  }

  alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list.clear();
  alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list.resize(new_check_cons_list.size());
  std::move(new_check_cons_list.begin(), new_check_cons_list.end(),
            alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list.begin());

  return false;
}

/**
  During alter table operation, check constraints of a new table are marked as
  in alter mode. If a table object is stored to the data-dictionary in this
  mode then alias name is stored to avoid name conflicts due to two versions
  of table objects. dd::Table object of a new table read from the
  data-dictionary contains only alias name. So dd::Table object of a new table
  is patched up here with the real name and alter mode to reflect the fact the
  check constraint is in alter_mode as this information is not stored
  parsistently.

  @param    new_table               New table definition.
  @param    alter_info              Alter_info object containing list of list of
                                    check constraint spec for table being
                                    altered.
*/
static void set_check_constraints_alter_mode(dd::Table *new_table,
                                             Alter_info *alter_info) {
  for (dd::Check_constraint *cc : *new_table->check_constraints()) {
    if (cc->is_alter_mode()) continue;
    for (Sql_check_constraint_spec *cc_spec :
         alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list) {
      if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, cc->name().c_str(),
                         cc_spec->alias_name.str)) {
        cc->set_name(cc_spec->name.str);
        cc->set_alias_name(cc_spec->alias_name.str);
        cc->set_alter_mode(true);
      }
    }
  }
}

/**
  Reset alter mode of check constraints.

  Method updates only dd::Table object. It is not stored or updated to
  data-dictionary in this method.

  @param  new_table               New table definition.
*/
static void reset_check_constraints_alter_mode(dd::Table *new_table) {
  for (dd::Check_constraint *cc : *new_table->check_constraints()) {
    assert(cc->is_alter_mode());
    cc->set_alter_mode(false);
  }
}

/**
  Make old table definition's check constraint use temporary names. This is
  needed to avoid  problems with duplicate check constraint names while we
  have two definitions of the same table.
  Method updates only dd::Table object. It is not stored or updated to
  data-dictionary in this method.

  @param  thd                     Thread context.
  @param  old_table_db            Database of old table.
  @param  old_table               Old table definition.

  @returns false - Success, true - Failure.
*/
static bool adjust_check_constraint_names_for_old_table_version(
    THD *thd, const char *old_table_db, dd::Table *old_table) {
  MDL_request_list mdl_requests;
  for (dd::Check_constraint *cc : *old_table->check_constraints()) {
    const int prefix_len = 4;  // #cc_
    const int id_len = 20;
    char temp_cc_name[prefix_len + id_len + 1];
    snprintf(temp_cc_name, sizeof(temp_cc_name), "#cc_%llu",
             (ulonglong)cc->id());

    /*
      Acquire lock on temporary names before updating data-dictionary just in
      case somebody tries to create check constraints with same name.
    */
    if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(thd, old_table_db,
                                                  temp_cc_name, mdl_requests))
      return true;

    // Set adjusted name.
    cc->set_name(temp_cc_name);
  }

  if (thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  return false;
}

/**
  Helper method to check if any check constraints (re-)evaluation is required.
  If any check constraint re-evaluation is required then in-place alter is not
  possible as it is done in the SQL-layer. This method is called by
  is_inplace_alter_impossible() to check inplace alter is possible.

  Check constraint (re-)evaluation is required when
    1) New check constraint is added in ENFORCED state.
    2) Any existing check constraint is ENFORCED.
    3) Type of column used by any enforced check constraint is changed.
    4) check constraints expression depends on DEFAULT function on a column and
       default is changed as part of alter operation.

  @param     alter_info   Data related to detected changes.

  @retval    true         Check constraint (re-)evaluation required.
  @retval    false        Otherwise.
*/
static bool is_any_check_constraints_evaluation_required(
    const Alter_info *alter_info) {
  /*
    Check if any check constraint is added in enforced state or state of any
    check is is changed to ENFORCED.
  */
  if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ENFORCE_CHECK_CONSTRAINT) return true;

  for (auto &cc_spec : alter_info->check_constraint_spec_list) {
    if (!cc_spec->is_enforced) continue;

    /*
      if column is modified then check if type is changed or if default value is
      changed. Check constraint re-evaluation is required in this case.
    */
    if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN) {
      for (const Create_field &fld : alter_info->create_list) {
        // Get fields used by check constraint.
        mem_root_deque<Item_field *> fields(current_thd->mem_root);
        cc_spec->check_expr->walk(&Item::collect_item_field_processor,
                                  enum_walk::POSTFIX, (uchar *)&fields);
        for (Item_field *itm_fld : fields) {
          if (itm_fld->type() != Item::FIELD_ITEM || itm_fld->field == nullptr)
            continue;

          // Check if data type is changed.
          if (!my_strcasecmp(system_charset_info, itm_fld->field_name,
                             fld.field_name) &&
              (itm_fld->data_type() != fld.sql_type))
            return true;
        }

        /*
          If column is modified then default might have changed. Check if
          check constraint uses default function.
        */
        if (fld.change &&
            cc_spec->check_expr->walk(
                &Item::check_gcol_depend_default_processor, enum_walk::POSTFIX,
                reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(const_cast<char *>(fld.change))))
          return true;
      }
    }

    /*
      If column is altered to drop or set default then check any check
      constraint using the default function. Re-evaluation of check constraint
      is required in this case.
    */
    if (alter_info->flags & Alter_info::ALTER_CHANGE_COLUMN_DEFAULT) {
      for (auto *alter : alter_info->alter_list) {
        if (alter->change_type() == Alter_column::Type::SET_DEFAULT ||
            alter->change_type() == Alter_column::Type::DROP_DEFAULT) {
          if (cc_spec->check_expr->walk(
                  &Item::check_gcol_depend_default_processor,
                  enum_walk::POSTFIX,
                  reinterpret_cast<uchar *>(const_cast<char *>(alter->name))))
            return true;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

bool lock_check_constraint_names_for_rename(THD *thd, const char *db,
                                            const char *table_name,
                                            const dd::Table *table_def,
                                            const char *target_db,
                                            const char *target_table_name) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  MDL_request_list mdl_requests;
  size_t table_name_len = strlen(table_name);

  // Push lock requests for the check constraints defined on db.table_name.
  for (auto &cc : table_def->check_constraints()) {
    if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(thd, db, cc->name().c_str(),
                                                  mdl_requests))
      return true;
  }

  // Push lock request for the check constraints in target table.
  for (auto &cc : table_def->check_constraints()) {
    const char *cc_name = cc->name().c_str();
    /*
      If check constraint name is a generated name in the source table then
      generate name with the target table to create mdl_request with it.
    */
    bool is_generated_name = dd::is_generated_check_constraint_name(
        table_name, table_name_len, cc->name().c_str(), cc->name().length());
    if (is_generated_name) {
      char *end;
      uint number =
          my_strtoull(cc->name().c_str() + table_name_len +
                          sizeof(dd::CHECK_CONSTRAINT_NAME_SUBSTR) - 1,
                      &end, 10);
      LEX_STRING name;
      if (generate_check_constraint_name(thd, target_table_name, number, name,
                                         true))
        return true;
      cc_name = name.str;
    }

    /*
      If check constraint name is generated or table moved different database
      then create mdl_request with target_db.cc_name.
    */
    if ((is_generated_name ||
         my_strcasecmp(table_alias_charset, db, target_db)) &&
        push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(thd, target_db, cc_name,
                                                  mdl_requests))
      return true;
  }

  // Acquire locks on all the collected check constraint names.
  if (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
      thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  DEBUG_SYNC(thd, "after_acquiring_lock_on_check_constraints_for_rename");

  return false;
}

bool lock_check_constraint_names(THD *thd, Table_ref *tables) {
  DBUG_TRACE;
  MEM_ROOT mdl_reqs_root(key_memory_rm_db_mdl_reqs_root, MEM_ROOT_BLOCK_SIZE);
  MDL_request_list mdl_requests;

  for (Table_ref *table = tables; table != nullptr; table = table->next_local) {
    if (table->open_type != OT_BASE_ONLY && is_temporary_table(table)) continue;

    dd::cache::Dictionary_client::Auto_releaser releaser(thd->dd_client());

    const dd::Abstract_table *abstract_table_def = nullptr;
    if (thd->dd_client()->acquire(table->db, table->table_name,
                                  &abstract_table_def))
      return true;

    if (abstract_table_def == nullptr ||
        abstract_table_def->type() != dd::enum_table_type::BASE_TABLE)
      continue;

    const dd::Table *table_def =
        dynamic_cast<const dd::Table *>(abstract_table_def);
    assert(table_def != nullptr);

    /*
      Ensure that we don't hold memory used by MDL_requests after locks
      have been acquired. This reduces memory usage in cases when we have
      DROP DATABASE that needs to drop lots of different objects.
    */
    MEM_ROOT *save_thd_mem_root = thd->mem_root;
    auto restore_thd_mem_root =
        create_scope_guard([&]() { thd->mem_root = save_thd_mem_root; });
    thd->mem_root = &mdl_reqs_root;

    for (auto &cc : table_def->check_constraints()) {
      if (push_check_constraint_mdl_request_to_list(
              thd, table->db, cc->name().c_str(), mdl_requests))
        return false;
    }
  }

  // Acquire MDL lock on all the check constraint names.
  if (!mdl_requests.is_empty() &&
      thd->mdl_context.acquire_locks(&mdl_requests,
                                     thd->variables.lock_wait_timeout))
    return true;

  return false;
}