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/** @file include/ut0bitset.h
 Utilities for bitset operations

 Created 11/05/2018 Bin Su
 ***********************************************************************/

#ifndef ut0bitset_h
#define ut0bitset_h
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <limits>
#include "univ.i"
#include "ut0dbg.h"
#include "ut0math.h"

/** A simple bitset wrapper class, which lets you access an existing range of
bytes (not owned by it!) as if it was a <tt>std::bitset</tt> or
<tt>std::vector<bool></tt>.
NOTE: Because it is a wrapper, its semantics are similar to <tt>std::span</tt>.
For example <tt>const Bitset<></tt> can still let someone modify the bits via
<tt>set()</tt> or <tt>reset()</tt>. If you want to prevent someone from editing
the buffer, you'd need <tt>Bitset&lt;const byte></tt>. For same reason,
<tt>bitset1=bitset2</tt> will just repoint <tt>bitset1</tt> to the same range of
bytes as <tt>bitset2</tt> without copying any bits. If you want to copy the bits
use <tt>bitset1.copy_from(bitset2.bitset())</tt> instead. */
template <typename B = byte>
class Bitset {
  static_assert(std::is_same_v<std::decay_t<B>, byte>,
                "Bitset<B> requires B to be a byte or const byte");

 public:
  /** Constructor */
  Bitset() : m_data{nullptr}, m_size_bytes{} {}
  Bitset(B *data, size_t size_bytes) : m_data{data}, m_size_bytes{size_bytes} {}

  /** Returns a wrapper around [pos,pos+len) fragment of the buffer, where pos
  and len are measured in bytes
  @param[in]    byte_offset   position of first byte of selected slice
  @param[in]    bytes_count   length of the slice in bytes
  @return Bitset wrapping the sub-array */
  Bitset bytes_subspan(size_t byte_offset, size_t bytes_count) const {
    ut_ad(byte_offset + bytes_count <= m_size_bytes);
    return Bitset(m_data + byte_offset, bytes_count);
  }
  /** Returns a wrapper around fragment of the buffer starting at pos, where pos
  is measured in bytes
  @param[in]    byte_offset    position of first byte of selected slice
  @return Bitset wrapping the sub-array */
  Bitset bytes_subspan(size_t byte_offset) const {
    ut_ad(byte_offset <= m_size_bytes);
    return bytes_subspan(byte_offset, m_size_bytes - byte_offset);
  }

  /** Copy a bits from other buffer into this one
  @param[in]    bitset  byte array to bits copy from */
  void copy_from(const byte *bitset) const {
    memcpy(m_data, bitset, m_size_bytes);
  }

  /** Set the specified bit to the value 'bit'
  @param[in]    pos     specified bit
  @param[in]    v       true or false */
  void set(size_t pos, bool v = true) const {
    ut_ad(pos / 8 < m_size_bytes);
    m_data[pos / 8] &= ~(0x1 << (pos & 0x7));
    m_data[pos / 8] |= (static_cast<byte>(v) << (pos & 0x7));
  }

  /** Set all bits to true */
  void set() const { memset(m_data, 0xFF, m_size_bytes); }

  /** Set all bits to false */
  void reset() const { memset(m_data, 0, m_size_bytes); }

  /** Sets the specified bit to false
  @param[in]    pos     specified bit */
  void reset(size_t pos) const { set(pos, false); }

  /** Converts the content of the bitset to an uint64_t value, such that
  (value>>i&1) if and only if test(i).
  The m_size must be at most 8 bytes.
  @return content of the bitset as uint64_t mapping i-th bit to 2^i */
  uint64_t to_uint64() const {
    ut_a(m_size_bytes <= 8);
    byte bytes[8] = {};
    memcpy(bytes, m_data, m_size_bytes);
    return to_uint64(bytes);
  }
  /** Value used by find_set to indicate it could not find a bit set to 1.
  It is guaranteed to be larger than the size of the vector. */
  constexpr static size_t NOT_FOUND = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();

  /** Finds the smallest position which is set and is not smaller than start_pos
  @param[in]     start_pos   The position from which to start the search.
  @return Smallest pos for which test(pos)==true and start_pos<=pos. In case
  there's no such pos, returns NOT_FOUND */
  size_t find_set(size_t start_pos) const {
    /* The reason this function is so complicated is because it is meant to be
    fast for long sparse bitsets, so it's main part is to iterate over whole
    uint64_t words, ignoring all that are equal to 0. Alas, in general m_bitset
    doesn't have to be aligned to word boundary, neither m_bitse + m_size must
    end at word boundary, worse still m_size could be below 8. Thus we consider
    following cases:
    a) start_pos out of bounds -> return NOT_FOUND
    b) m_size <=8 -> convert the few bytes into uint64_t and use countr_zero
    c) m_bitset aligned -> iter over whole words, handle unfinished word
    recursively (a or b)
    d) unaligned m_bitset -> handle partial word recursively (b), and the
    aligned rest recursively (a, b or c).
    Note that in most important usages of this class m_bitset is aligned. */
    if (m_size_bytes * 8 <= start_pos) {
      return NOT_FOUND;
    }
    if (m_size_bytes <= 8) {
      const uint64_t all = to_uint64();
      const uint64_t earlier = (uint64_t{1} << start_pos) - 1;
      const uint64_t unseen = all & ~earlier;
      if (unseen) {
        return ut::countr_zero(unseen);
      }
      return NOT_FOUND;
    }
    const auto start_addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(m_data);
    const size_t start_word_byte_idx =
        ut::div_ceil(start_addr, uintptr_t{8}) * 8 - start_addr;
    const auto translate_result = [&start_pos, this](size_t offset) {
      auto found = bytes_subspan(offset / 8).find_set(start_pos - offset);
      return found == NOT_FOUND ? found : found + offset;
    };
    if (start_word_byte_idx == 0) {
      // the middle of the m_bitset consists of uint64_t elements
      auto *words = reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t *>(m_data);
      size_t word_idx = start_pos / 64;
      const auto full_words_count = m_size_bytes / 8;
      if (word_idx < full_words_count) {
        const uint64_t earlier = (uint64_t{1} << start_pos % 64) - 1;
        const uint64_t unseen = to_uint64(m_data + word_idx * 8) & ~earlier;
        if (unseen) {
          return word_idx * 64 + ut::countr_zero(unseen);
        }
        // otherwise find first non-empty word
        ++word_idx;
        while (word_idx < full_words_count) {
          if (words[word_idx]) {
            return word_idx * 64 +
                   ut::countr_zero(to_uint64(m_data + word_idx * 8));
          }
          ++word_idx;
        }
        start_pos = full_words_count * 64;
      }
      return translate_result(full_words_count * 64);
    }
    // this only occurs for m_bitset not aligned to 64-bit
    if (start_pos < start_word_byte_idx * 8) {
      const auto found =
          bytes_subspan(0, start_word_byte_idx).find_set(start_pos);
      if (found < NOT_FOUND) {
        return found;
      }
      start_pos = start_word_byte_idx * 8;
    }
    return translate_result(start_word_byte_idx * 8);
  }

  /** Test if the specified bit is set or not
  @param[in]    pos     the specified bit
  @return True if this bit is set, otherwise false */
  bool test(size_t pos) const {
    ut_ad(pos / 8 < m_size_bytes);
    return ((m_data[pos / 8] >> (pos & 0x7)) & 0x1);
  }

  /** Get the size of current bitset in bytes
  @return the size of the bitset */
  size_t size_bytes() const { return (m_size_bytes); }

  /** Get the bitset's bytes buffer
  @return current bitset */
  B *data() const { return (m_data); }

 private:
  /** Converts 8 bytes to uint64_t value, such that
  (value>>i&1) equals the i-th bit, i.e. (bytes[i/8]>>i%8 & 1).
  For example, the returned value equals bytes[0] modulo 256.
  @param[in]    bytes   the bytes to convert
  @return uint64_t created by concatenating the bytes in the right order:
  on Little-Endian it's an identity, on Big-Endian it's std::byteswap. */
  static constexpr uint64_t to_uint64(const byte *bytes) {
    /* This pattern this gets recognized by gcc as identity on Little-Endian.
    The benefit of writing it this way is not only that it works on Big-Endian,
    but also that it doesn't require the address to be aligned. */
    return ((uint64_t)(bytes[7]) << 7 * 8) | ((uint64_t)(bytes[6]) << 6 * 8) |
           ((uint64_t)(bytes[5]) << 5 * 8) | ((uint64_t)(bytes[4]) << 4 * 8) |
           ((uint64_t)(bytes[3]) << 3 * 8) | ((uint64_t)(bytes[2]) << 2 * 8) |
           ((uint64_t)(bytes[1]) << 1 * 8) | ((uint64_t)(bytes[0]) << 0 * 8);
  }

  /** The buffer containing the bitmap. First bit is the lowest bit of the first
  byte of this buffer. */
  B *m_data;

  /** The length of the buffer containing the bitmap in bytes. Number of bits is
  8 times larger than this */
  size_t m_size_bytes;
};

#endif