.. _hoc_secspec:


.. _hoc_CurrentlyAccessedSection:

Section and Segment Selection
-----------------------------


Since sections share property names eg. a length called :hoc:data:`L`
it is always necessary to specify 
*which* section is being discussed. 

There are three methods 
of specifying which section a property refers to (with each being 
compact in some contexts and cumbersome in others). They are given 
below in order of precedence (highest first). 


Dot notation 
~~~~~~~~~~~~
This takes precedence over the other methods and 
is described by the syntax :samp:`{sectionname}.varname`. Examples 
are 

.. code-block::
    none

    dendrite[2].L = dendrite[1].L + dendrite[0].L 
    axon.v = soma.v 
    print soma.gnabar 
    axon.nseg = 2*axon.nseg 

This notation is necessary when one needs to refer to more than 
one section within a single statement. 

Stack of sections
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The syntax is 

.. code-block::
    none

    sectionname {stmt} 

and means that the currently selected section during the 
execution of *stmt* 
is *sectionname*. This method is the most useful for 
programming since the user has explicit control over 
the scope of the section and can set several range variables. 
Notice that after the *stmt* is executed the currently selected 
section reverts 
to the name (if any) it had before *sectionname* was seen. The 
programmer is allowed to 
nest these statements to any level. 
Avoid the error: 

.. code-block::
    none

            soma L=10 diam=10 

which sets ``soma.L``, then pops the section stack and sets :hoc:data:`diam`
for whatever section is then on the stack. 
 
It is important that control flow reach the end of *stmt* in order to 
automatically pop the section stack. Therefore, one cannot use 
the :ref:`continue <hoc_keyword_continue>`, :ref:`break <hoc_keyword_break>`, or :ref:`return <hoc_keyword_return>` statements in *stmt*.
 
There is no explicit notion of a section variable in NEURON but the same 
effect can be obtained with the :hoc:class:`SectionRef` class. The use of :hoc:func:`push_section`
for this purpose is not recommended except as a last resort. 
 
Looping over sets of sections is done most often with the :ref:`forall <hoc_keyword_forall>` and :ref:`forsec <hoc_keyword_forsec>`
commands. 
 

Default section
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The syntax 

.. code-block::
    none

    access sectionname 

defines a default section name to be the currently selected section when the 
first two methods are not in effect. There is often a conceptually 
privileged section which gets most of the use and it is useful to 
declare that as the default section. e.g. 

.. code-block::
    none

    access soma 

With this, one can, with a minimum of typing, get values of voltage, etc 
at 
the command line level. 
 
In general, this statement should only be used once to give default access 
to a privileged section. It's bad programming practice to change the 
default access within anything other than an initialization procedure. 
The "``sec { stmt }``" form is almost always the right way to 
use the section stack. 

         
         

----


.. index::  access (keyword)


.. _hoc_keyword_access:

**access**


    Syntax:
        ``access section``



    Description:
        Makes *section* the default currently accessed section. 
        More precisely, it replaces the top of the section stack with the 
        indicated section and so will be the permanent default section only if 
        the section stack is empty or has only one section in it. 
        This is lesser 
        precedence than 
        ``section stmt`` 
        which is lesser precedence than 
        ``section.var`` 
         
        Note: 
         
        The access statement should not be used within a procedure or function. In 
        fact the best style is to execute it only once in a program to refer to 
        a priviledged section such as "soma". It can be very confusing when a 
        procedure has the side effect of permanently changing the default section. 

    Example:

        .. code-block::
            none

            create a, b, c, d 
            access a  
            print secname()  
            b {  
                    print secname()  
                    access c        // not recommended. The "go_to" of sections. 
                    print secname()  
                    d {print secname()} 
                    print secname() 
            } // because the stack has more than one section, c is popped off 
            print secname()	// and the second "access" was not permanent! 


         

----


.. index::  forall (keyword)


.. _hoc_keyword_forall:

**forall**

    Syntax:
        ``forall stmt``



    Description:
        Loops over all sections, successively making each section the currently 
        accessed section. 
         
        Within an object, ``forall`` refers to all the sections 
        declared in the object. This is generally the right thing to do when a template 
        creates sections but is inconvenient when a template is constructed which 
        needs to compute using sections external to it. In this case, one can pass a collection 
        of sections into a template function as a :hoc:class:`SectionList` object argument.
         
        The ``forall`` is relatively slow, 
        especially when used in conjunction with :hoc:func:`issection`
        and :hoc:func:`ismembrane` selectors. If you are often iterating over the same
        sets it is much faster to keep the sets in :hoc:class:`SectionList` objects and use
        the much faster :ref:`forsec <hoc_keyword_forsec>` command.
         
        The iteration sequence order is undefined but will remain the same for 
        a given sequence of :ref:`create <hoc_keyword_create>` statements.
         

    Example:

        .. code-block::
            none

            create soma, axon, dend[3] 
            forall { 
            	print secname() 
            } 

        prints the names of all the sections which have been created. 

        .. code-block::
            none

            soma 
            axon 
            dend[0] 
            dend[1] 
            dend[2] 

    .. seealso::
        :ref:`forsec <hoc_keyword_forsec>`, :ref:`ifsec <hoc_keyword_ifsec>`, :hoc:func:`issection`, :hoc:func:`SectionList`, :hoc:func:`ismembrane`

         

----



.. index::  ifsec (keyword)


.. _hoc_keyword_ifsec:

**ifsec**

    Syntax:
        ``ifsec string stmt``

        ``ifsec sectionlist stmt``


    Description:


        ifsec string stmt 
            Executes stmt if string is contained in the name of the currently 
            accessed section.  equivalent to :samp:`if(issection({string}))` stmt 
            Note that the regular expression semantics is not the same as that 
            used by issection. To get an exact match use 
            ifsec ^string$ 

        ifsec sectionlist stmt 
            Executes stmt if the currently accessed section is in the sectionlist. 


    .. seealso::
        :ref:`forsec <hoc_keyword_forsec>`, :hoc:class:`SectionList`, :hoc:func:`issection`

         

----



.. index::  forsec (keyword)


.. _hoc_keyword_forsec:

**forsec**
    Syntax:
        ``forsec string stmt``

        ``forsec sectionlist stmt``



    Description:


        forsec string stmt 
            equivalent to ``forall ifsec string stmt`` but faster. 
            Note that forsec string is equivalent to 
            :samp:`forall if (issection({string})) stmt` 

        forsec sectionlist 
            equivalent to ``forall ifsec sectionlist stmt`` but very fast. 

        These provide a very efficient iteration over the list of sections. 

    Example:

        .. code-block::
            none

            create soma, dend[3], axon 
            forsec "a" print secname() 


        .. code-block::
            none

            create soma, dend[3], axon 
            objref sl 
            sl = new SectionList() 
            for (i = 2; i >= 0; i = i - 1) dend[i] sl.append() 
            forsec sl print secname() 


         

----



.. hoc:function:: pop_section


    Syntax:
        ``pop_section()``


    Description:
        Take the currently accessed section off the section stack. This can only be used after 
        a function which pushes a section on the section stack such as 
        ``point_process.getloc()``. 

    Example:

        .. code-block::
            none

            create soma[5] 
            objref stim[5] 
            for i=0,4 soma[i] stim[i] = new IClamp(i/4) 
            for i=0,4 { 
            	x = stim[i].get_loc() 
            	printf("location of %s is %s(%g)\n", stim[i], secname(), x) 
            	pop_section() 
            } 


         

----



.. hoc:function:: push_section


    Syntax:
        ``push_section(number)``

        ``push_section(section_name)``


    Description:
        This function, along with ``pop_section()`` should only be used as a last resort. 
        It will place a specified section on the top of the section stack, 
        becoming the current section to which all operations apply. It is 
        probably always better to use :hoc:class:`SectionRef`
        or :hoc:class:`SectionList` .


        :samp:`push_section({number})` 
            Push the section identified by the number returned by 
            this_section, etc. which you desire to be the currently accessed 
            section. Any section pushed must have a corresponding pop_section() 
            later or else the section stack will be corrupted. The number is 
            not guaranteed to be the same across separate invocations of NEURON. 

        :samp:`push_section({section_name})`
            Push the section identified by the name obtained 
            from sectionname(*strdef*). Note: at this time the implementation 
            iterates over all sections to find the proper one; so do not use 
            in loops. 


    .. seealso::
        :hoc:class:`SectionRef`