= Nickle Expressions

Expression types are listed in order of increasing precedence. 

== Variable declarations

Variable declarations are expressions in Nickle; the value of a declaration is the value of the last variable with an initialization expression.
For example, 

----

> int val;
> val = (int i=2, j=3);
> print val
global int val = 3;
----

If no initialization expressions are present, it is an error to use the value of the expression. 

----

> val = (int i,j);
Unhandled exception "uninitialized_value" at <stdin>:73
        "Uninitialized value"
----

Because they are expressions, declarations can be used in contructs such as: 

----

for (int i = 0; i  10; i++)
{
        
}
----

== Anonymous function declarations

Functions may be declared anonymously and used immediately, e.g. 

----

> (int func ( int a, int b ) { return a + b; })(2,3)
5
----

Any context available to the function at definition time will be available whenever it is executed.
See Storage classes in the section on Variables. 

== Binary operators

Addition::
`a + b`

Subtraction::
`a - b`

Multiplication::
`a * b`

Division, Integer division::
`a / b` +
`a // b`

Remainder::
`a % b`

Exponentiation::
`a ** b`

Left shift, Right shift::
`a << b` +
`a >> b`

Binary xor, Binary and, Binary or::
`a ^ b` +
`a & b` +
`a | b`

Boolean and, Boolean or::
`a && b` +
`a || b`

Equal, Not equal::
`a == b` +
`a != b`

Less than, Less than or equal to::
`a < b` +
`a <= b`

Greater than, Greater than or equal to::
`a > b` +
`a >= b`

Assignment::
`a = b`

Assignment with operator::
`a += b` +
`a -= b` +
`a *= b` +
`a /= b` +
`a //= b` +
`a %= b` +
`a **= b` +
`a >>= b` +
`a <<= b` +
`a ^= b` +
`a &= b` +
`a |= b`

== Unary operators

Dereference:::
`* a`

Reference:::
`& a`

Negation:::
`- a`

Bitwise inverse:::
`~ a`

Logical not:::
`! a`

Factorial:::
`a !`

Increment:::
`+++++a+++` +
`+++a+++++`

Decrement:::
`--a` +
`a--`

== Constants

=== Integer constants

Integer constants with a leading zero are interpreted in octal, with a leading 0x in hex-decimal and with a leading 0b in binary.
Here are some examples: 

----

12      /* 12, decimal */
014     /* 12, octal */
0xc     /* 12, hex */
0b1100  /* 12, binary */
----

=== Rational constants

Rational constants are the combination of an integer part, a mantissa with an initial and repeating part, and an exponent.
All of these pieces are optional, but at least one of the parts (other than the exponent) must be present.
If no fractional part is given, the resulting type of the value is int rather than rational.
Some examples: 

----

> 12
12
> 12.5
12.5
> .34
0.34
> .{56}
0.{56}
> .34e3
340
> .{56}e12
565656565656.{56}
----

=== String constants

String constants are surrounded in double quotes, e.g.  `"hello,
world"`. Characters preceded by a backslash stand for themselves,
including double-quote (`"`) and blackslash (`\`). The following
backslashed characters are special:

* `\n` is newline
* `\r` is carriage return
* `\b` is backspace
* `\t` is tab
* `\f` is formfeed


== Variables

The name of a variable is replaced by the value of that variable in
expressions.  If the name is of a pointer, preceding it with the `*`
dereference operator yields the value of its target.

== Struct and union references

The construct 

_str_ `.` _name_

yields the element _name_ of the struct or union _str_
To retrieve elements from a struct or union pointer, as in C, use 

_str_ `+->+` _name_

== Array references

_array_ `[` _expr_ `]` +
_array_ `[` expr `,` _expr_ `,` ... `,` _expr_ `]`

Elements of an array are indexed with square braces.  Elements of
multidimensional arrays have indices in each dimension as in the
second form.  Pointers to arrays can be indexed by placing the `*`
dereference operator between the name of the array and the first
square brace:

_array_ `*[` _expr_ `]`

This is, however, deprecated in favor of using references to arrays, which have no such problems. 

== The fork operator

The fork operator evaluates its argument in a child thread.
See the section on Concurrency. 

== Comma operator

_expr_ `,` _expr_

Evaluates each expression in turn, the resulting value is that of the right hand expression.
For example, 

----

> 1+2, 5!, 3**4, 27/3
9
----