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|
#
#
# Nim's Runtime Library
# (c) Copyright 2015 Andreas Rumpf
#
# See the file "copying.txt", included in this
# distribution, for details about the copyright.
#
## Routines for converting between different character encodings. On UNIX, this uses
## the `iconv`:idx: library, on Windows the Windows API.
##
## The following example shows how to change character encodings.
runnableExamples:
when defined(windows):
let
orig = "öäüß"
# convert `orig` from "UTF-8" to "CP1252"
cp1252 = convert(orig, "CP1252", "UTF-8")
# convert `cp1252` from "CP1252" to "ibm850"
ibm850 = convert(cp1252, "ibm850", "CP1252")
current = getCurrentEncoding()
assert orig == "\195\182\195\164\195\188\195\159"
assert ibm850 == "\148\132\129\225"
assert convert(ibm850, current, "ibm850") == orig
## The example below uses a reuseable `EncodingConverter` object which is
## created by `open` with `destEncoding` and `srcEncoding` specified. You can use
## `convert` on this object multiple times.
runnableExamples:
when defined(windows):
var fromGB2312 = open("utf-8", "gb2312")
let first = "\203\173\197\194\163\191\210\187" &
"\203\242\209\204\211\234\200\206\198\189\201\250"
assert fromGB2312.convert(first) == "谁怕？一蓑烟雨任平生"
let second = "\211\208\176\215\205\183\200\231" &
"\208\194\163\172\199\227\184\199\200\231\185\202"
assert fromGB2312.convert(second) == "有白头如新，倾盖如故"
import std/os
when defined(nimPreviewSlimSystem):
import std/assertions
when not defined(windows):
type
ConverterObj = object
EncodingConverter* = ptr ConverterObj ## Can convert between two character sets.
else:
type
CodePage = distinct int32
EncodingConverter* = object
dest, src: CodePage
type
EncodingError* = object of ValueError ## Exception that is raised
## for encoding errors.
when defined(windows):
import std/[parseutils, strutils]
proc eqEncodingNames(a, b: string): bool =
var i = 0
var j = 0
while i < a.len and j < b.len:
if a[i] in {'-', '_'}: inc i
if b[j] in {'-', '_'}: inc j
if i < a.len and j < b.len and
a[i].toLowerAscii != b[j].toLowerAscii:
return false
inc i
inc j
result = i == a.len and j == b.len
const
winEncodings = [
(1, "OEMCP"), # current OEM codepage
(037, "IBM037"), # IBM EBCDIC US-Canada
(437, "IBM437"), # OEM United States
(500, "IBM500"), # IBM EBCDIC International
(708, "ASMO-708"), # Arabic (ASMO 708)
(709, "ASMO_449"), # Arabic (ASMO-449+, BCON V4)
(710, ""), # Arabic - Transparent Arabic
(720, "DOS-720"), # Arabic (Transparent ASMO); Arabic (DOS)
(737, "ibm737"), # OEM Greek (formerly 437G); Greek (DOS)
(775, "ibm775"), # OEM Baltic; Baltic (DOS)
(850, "ibm850"), # OEM Multilingual Latin 1; Western European (DOS)
(852, "ibm852"), # OEM Latin 2; Central European (DOS)
(855, "IBM855"), # OEM Cyrillic (primarily Russian)
(857, "ibm857"), # OEM Turkish; Turkish (DOS)
(858, "IBM00858"), # OEM Multilingual Latin 1 + Euro symbol
(860, "IBM860"), # OEM Portuguese; Portuguese (DOS)
(861, "ibm861"), # OEM Icelandic; Icelandic (DOS)
(862, "DOS-862"), # OEM Hebrew; Hebrew (DOS)
(863, "IBM863"), # OEM French Canadian; French Canadian (DOS)
(864, "IBM864"), # OEM Arabic; Arabic (864)
(865, "IBM865"), # OEM Nordic; Nordic (DOS)
(866, "cp866"), # OEM Russian; Cyrillic (DOS)
(869, "ibm869"), # OEM Modern Greek; Greek, Modern (DOS)
(870, "IBM870"), # IBM EBCDIC Multilingual/ROECE (Latin 2); IBM EBCDIC Multilingual Latin 2
(874, "windows-874"), # ANSI/OEM Thai (same as 28605, ISO 8859-15); Thai (Windows)
(875, "cp875"), # IBM EBCDIC Greek Modern
(932, "shift_jis"), # ANSI/OEM Japanese; Japanese (Shift-JIS)
(936, "gb2312"), # ANSI/OEM Simplified Chinese (PRC, Singapore); Chinese Simplified (GB2312)
(936, "gbk"), # Alias for GB2312 encoding
(949, "ks_c_5601-1987"), # ANSI/OEM Korean (Unified Hangul Code)
(950, "big5"), # ANSI/OEM Traditional Chinese (Taiwan; Hong Kong SAR, PRC); Chinese Traditional (Big5)
(1026, "IBM1026"), # IBM EBCDIC Turkish (Latin 5)
(1047, "IBM01047"), # IBM EBCDIC Latin 1/Open System
(1140, "IBM01140"), # IBM EBCDIC US-Canada (037 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (US-Canada-Euro)
(1141, "IBM01141"), # IBM EBCDIC Germany (20273 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (Germany-Euro)
(1142, "IBM01142"), # IBM EBCDIC Denmark-Norway (20277 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (Denmark-Norway-Euro)
(1143, "IBM01143"), # IBM EBCDIC Finland-Sweden (20278 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (Finland-Sweden-Euro)
(1144, "IBM01144"), # IBM EBCDIC Italy (20280 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (Italy-Euro)
(1145, "IBM01145"), # IBM EBCDIC Latin America-Spain (20284 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (Spain-Euro)
(1146, "IBM01146"), # IBM EBCDIC United Kingdom (20285 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (UK-Euro)
(1147, "IBM01147"), # IBM EBCDIC France (20297 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (France-Euro)
(1148, "IBM01148"), # IBM EBCDIC International (500 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (International-Euro)
(1149, "IBM01149"), # IBM EBCDIC Icelandic (20871 + Euro symbol); IBM EBCDIC (Icelandic-Euro)
(1200, "utf-16"), # Unicode UTF-16, little endian byte order (BMP of ISO 10646); available only to managed applications
(1201, "unicodeFFFE"), # Unicode UTF-16, big endian byte order; available only to managed applications
(1250, "windows-1250"), # ANSI Central European; Central European (Windows)
(1251, "windows-1251"), # ANSI Cyrillic; Cyrillic (Windows)
(1252, "windows-1252"), # ANSI Latin 1; Western European (Windows)
(1253, "windows-1253"), # ANSI Greek; Greek (Windows)
(1254, "windows-1254"), # ANSI Turkish; Turkish (Windows)
(1255, "windows-1255"), # ANSI Hebrew; Hebrew (Windows)
(1256, "windows-1256"), # ANSI Arabic; Arabic (Windows)
(1257, "windows-1257"), # ANSI Baltic; Baltic (Windows)
(1258, "windows-1258"), # ANSI/OEM Vietnamese; Vietnamese (Windows)
(1250, "cp-1250"), # ANSI Central European; Central European (Windows)
(1251, "cp-1251"), # ANSI Cyrillic; Cyrillic (Windows)
(1252, "cp-1252"), # ANSI Latin 1; Western European (Windows)
(1253, "cp-1253"), # ANSI Greek; Greek (Windows)
(1254, "cp-1254"), # ANSI Turkish; Turkish (Windows)
(1255, "cp-1255"), # ANSI Hebrew; Hebrew (Windows)
(1256, "cp-1256"), # ANSI Arabic; Arabic (Windows)
(1257, "cp-1257"), # ANSI Baltic; Baltic (Windows)
(1258, "cp-1258"), # ANSI/OEM Vietnamese; Vietnamese (Windows)
(1361, "Johab"), # Korean (Johab)
(10000, "macintosh"), # MAC Roman; Western European (Mac)
(10001, "x-mac-japanese"), # Japanese (Mac)
(10002, "x-mac-chinesetrad"), # MAC Traditional Chinese (Big5); Chinese Traditional (Mac)
(10003, "x-mac-korean"), # Korean (Mac)
(10004, "x-mac-arabic"), # Arabic (Mac)
(10005, "x-mac-hebrew"), # Hebrew (Mac)
(10006, "x-mac-greek"), # Greek (Mac)
(10007, "x-mac-cyrillic"), # Cyrillic (Mac)
(10008, "x-mac-chinesesimp"), # MAC Simplified Chinese (GB 2312); Chinese Simplified (Mac)
(10010, "x-mac-romanian"), # Romanian (Mac)
(10017, "x-mac-ukrainian"), # Ukrainian (Mac)
(10021, "x-mac-thai"), # Thai (Mac)
(10029, "x-mac-ce"), # MAC Latin 2; Central European (Mac)
(10079, "x-mac-icelandic"), # Icelandic (Mac)
(10081, "x-mac-turkish"), # Turkish (Mac)
(10082, "x-mac-croatian"), # Croatian (Mac)
(12000, "utf-32"), # Unicode UTF-32, little endian byte order; available only to managed applications
(12001, "utf-32BE"), # Unicode UTF-32, big endian byte order; available only to managed applications
(20000, "x-Chinese_CNS"), # CNS Taiwan; Chinese Traditional (CNS)
(20001, "x-cp20001"), # TCA Taiwan
(20002, "x_Chinese-Eten"), # Eten Taiwan; Chinese Traditional (Eten)
(20003, "x-cp20003"), # IBM5550 Taiwan
(20004, "x-cp20004"), # TeleText Taiwan
(20005, "x-cp20005"), # Wang Taiwan
(20105, "x-IA5"), # IA5 (IRV International Alphabet No. 5, 7-bit); Western European (IA5)
(20106, "x-IA5-German"), # IA5 German (7-bit)
(20107, "x-IA5-Swedish"), # IA5 Swedish (7-bit)
(20108, "x-IA5-Norwegian"), # IA5 Norwegian (7-bit)
(20127, "us-ascii"), # US-ASCII (7-bit)
(20261, "x-cp20261"), # T.61
(20269, "x-cp20269"), # ISO 6937 Non-Spacing Accent
(20273, "IBM273"), # IBM EBCDIC Germany
(20277, "IBM277"), # IBM EBCDIC Denmark-Norway
(20278, "IBM278"), # IBM EBCDIC Finland-Sweden
(20280, "IBM280"), # IBM EBCDIC Italy
(20284, "IBM284"), # IBM EBCDIC Latin America-Spain
(20285, "IBM285"), # IBM EBCDIC United Kingdom
(20290, "IBM290"), # IBM EBCDIC Japanese Katakana Extended
(20297, "IBM297"), # IBM EBCDIC France
(20420, "IBM420"), # IBM EBCDIC Arabic
(20423, "IBM423"), # IBM EBCDIC Greek
(20424, "IBM424"), # IBM EBCDIC Hebrew
(20833, "x-EBCDIC-KoreanExtended"), # IBM EBCDIC Korean Extended
(20838, "IBM-Thai"), # IBM EBCDIC Thai
(20866, "koi8-r"), # Russian (KOI8-R); Cyrillic (KOI8-R)
(20871, "IBM871"), # IBM EBCDIC Icelandic
(20880, "IBM880"), # IBM EBCDIC Cyrillic Russian
(20905, "IBM905"), # IBM EBCDIC Turkish
(20924, "IBM00924"), # IBM EBCDIC Latin 1/Open System (1047 + Euro symbol)
(20932, "EUC-JP"), # Japanese (JIS 0208-1990 and 0121-1990)
(20936, "x-cp20936"), # Simplified Chinese (GB2312); Chinese Simplified (GB2312-80)
(20949, "x-cp20949"), # Korean Wansung
(21025, "cp1025"), # IBM EBCDIC Cyrillic Serbian-Bulgarian
(21027, ""), # (deprecated)
(21866, "koi8-u"), # Ukrainian (KOI8-U); Cyrillic (KOI8-U)
(28591, "iso-8859-1"), # ISO 8859-1 Latin 1; Western European (ISO)
(28592, "iso-8859-2"), # ISO 8859-2 Central European; Central European (ISO)
(28593, "iso-8859-3"), # ISO 8859-3 Latin 3
(28594, "iso-8859-4"), # ISO 8859-4 Baltic
(28595, "iso-8859-5"), # ISO 8859-5 Cyrillic
(28596, "iso-8859-6"), # ISO 8859-6 Arabic
(28597, "iso-8859-7"), # ISO 8859-7 Greek
(28598, "iso-8859-8"), # ISO 8859-8 Hebrew; Hebrew (ISO-Visual)
(28599, "iso-8859-9"), # ISO 8859-9 Turkish
(28603, "iso-8859-13"), # ISO 8859-13 Estonian
(28605, "iso-8859-15"), # ISO 8859-15 Latin 9
(29001, "x-Europa"), # Europa 3
(38598, "iso-8859-8-i"), # ISO 8859-8 Hebrew; Hebrew (ISO-Logical)
(50220, "iso-2022-jp"), # ISO 2022 Japanese with no halfwidth Katakana; Japanese (JIS)
(50221, "csISO2022JP"), # ISO 2022 Japanese with halfwidth Katakana; Japanese (JIS-Allow 1 byte Kana)
(50222, "iso-2022-jp"), # ISO 2022 Japanese JIS X 0201-1989; Japanese (JIS-Allow 1 byte Kana - SO/SI)
(50225, "iso-2022-kr"), # ISO 2022 Korean
(50227, "x-cp50227"), # ISO 2022 Simplified Chinese; Chinese Simplified (ISO 2022)
(50229, ""), # ISO 2022 Traditional Chinese
(50930, ""), # EBCDIC Japanese (Katakana) Extended
(50931, ""), # EBCDIC US-Canada and Japanese
(50933, ""), # EBCDIC Korean Extended and Korean
(50935, ""), # EBCDIC Simplified Chinese Extended and Simplified Chinese
(50936, ""), # EBCDIC Simplified Chinese
(50937, ""), # EBCDIC US-Canada and Traditional Chinese
(50939, ""), # EBCDIC Japanese (Latin) Extended and Japanese
(51932, "euc-jp"), # EUC Japanese
(51936, "EUC-CN"), # EUC Simplified Chinese; Chinese Simplified (EUC)
(51949, "euc-kr"), # EUC Korean
(51950, ""), # EUC Traditional Chinese
(52936, "hz-gb-2312"), # HZ-GB2312 Simplified Chinese; Chinese Simplified (HZ)
(54936, "GB18030"), # Windows XP and later: GB18030 Simplified Chinese (4 byte); Chinese Simplified (GB18030)
(57002, "x-iscii-de"), # ISCII Devanagari
(57003, "x-iscii-be"), # ISCII Bengali
(57004, "x-iscii-ta"), # ISCII Tamil
(57005, "x-iscii-te"), # ISCII Telugu
(57006, "x-iscii-as"), # ISCII Assamese
(57007, "x-iscii-or"), # ISCII Oriya
(57008, "x-iscii-ka"), # ISCII Kannada
(57009, "x-iscii-ma"), # ISCII Malayalam
(57010, "x-iscii-gu"), # ISCII Gujarati
(57011, "x-iscii-pa"), # ISCII Punjabi
(65000, "utf-7"), # Unicode (UTF-7)
(65001, "utf-8")] # Unicode (UTF-8)
when false:
# not needed yet:
type
CpInfo = object
maxCharSize: int32
defaultChar: array[0..1, char]
leadByte: array[0..12-1, char]
proc getCPInfo(codePage: CodePage, lpCPInfo: var CpInfo): int32 {.
stdcall, importc: "GetCPInfo", dynlib: "kernel32".}
proc nameToCodePage*(name: string): CodePage =
var nameAsInt: int
if parseInt(name, nameAsInt) == 0: nameAsInt = -1
for no, na in items(winEncodings):
if no == nameAsInt or eqEncodingNames(na, name): return CodePage(no)
result = CodePage(-1)
proc codePageToName*(c: CodePage): string =
for no, na in items(winEncodings):
if no == int(c):
return if na.len != 0: na else: $no
result = ""
proc getACP(): CodePage {.stdcall, importc: "GetACP", dynlib: "kernel32".}
proc getGetConsoleCP(): CodePage {.stdcall, importc: "GetConsoleCP",
dynlib: "kernel32".}
proc multiByteToWideChar(
codePage: CodePage,
dwFlags: int32,
lpMultiByteStr: cstring,
cbMultiByte: cint,
lpWideCharStr: cstring,
cchWideChar: cint): cint {.
stdcall, importc: "MultiByteToWideChar", dynlib: "kernel32".}
proc wideCharToMultiByte(
codePage: CodePage,
dwFlags: int32,
lpWideCharStr: cstring,
cchWideChar: cint,
lpMultiByteStr: cstring,
cbMultiByte: cint,
lpDefaultChar: cstring = nil,
lpUsedDefaultChar: pointer = nil): cint {.
stdcall, importc: "WideCharToMultiByte", dynlib: "kernel32".}
else:
when defined(haiku):
const iconvDll = "libiconv.so"
elif defined(macosx):
const iconvDll = "libiconv.dylib"
else:
const iconvDll = "(libc.so.6|libiconv.so)"
const
E2BIG = 7.cint
EINVAL = 22.cint
when defined(linux):
const EILSEQ = 84.cint
elif defined(macosx):
const EILSEQ = 92.cint
elif defined(bsd):
const EILSEQ = 86.cint
elif defined(solaris):
const EILSEQ = 88.cint
elif defined(haiku):
const EILSEQ = -2147454938.cint
var errno {.importc, header: "<errno.h>".}: cint
when defined(bsd):
{.pragma: importIconv, cdecl, header: "<iconv.h>".}
when defined(openbsd):
{.passL: "-liconv".}
else:
{.pragma: importIconv, cdecl, dynlib: iconvDll.}
proc iconvOpen(tocode, fromcode: cstring): EncodingConverter {.
importc: "iconv_open", importIconv.}
proc iconvClose(c: EncodingConverter) {.
importc: "iconv_close", importIconv.}
proc iconv(c: EncodingConverter, inbuf: ptr cstring, inbytesLeft: ptr csize_t,
outbuf: ptr cstring, outbytesLeft: ptr csize_t): csize_t {.
importc: "iconv", importIconv.}
proc getCurrentEncoding*(uiApp = false): string =
## Retrieves the current encoding. On Unix, "UTF-8" is always returned.
## The `uiApp` parameter is Windows specific. If true, the UI's code-page
## is returned, if false, the Console's code-page is returned.
when defined(windows):
result = codePageToName(if uiApp: getACP() else: getGetConsoleCP())
else:
result = "UTF-8"
proc open*(destEncoding = "UTF-8", srcEncoding = "CP1252"): EncodingConverter =
## Opens a converter that can convert from `srcEncoding` to `destEncoding`.
## Raises `EncodingError` if it cannot fulfill the request.
when not defined(windows):
result = iconvOpen(destEncoding, srcEncoding)
if result == cast[EncodingConverter](-1):
raise newException(EncodingError,
"cannot create encoding converter from " &
srcEncoding & " to " & destEncoding)
else:
result.dest = nameToCodePage(destEncoding)
result.src = nameToCodePage(srcEncoding)
if int(result.dest) == -1:
raise newException(EncodingError,
"cannot find encoding " & destEncoding)
if int(result.src) == -1:
raise newException(EncodingError,
"cannot find encoding " & srcEncoding)
proc close*(c: EncodingConverter) =
## Frees the resources the converter `c` holds.
when not defined(windows):
iconvClose(c)
when defined(windows):
proc convertToWideString(codePage: CodePage, s: string): string =
# educated guess of capacity:
var cap = s.len + s.len shr 2
result = newString(cap*2)
# convert to utf-16 LE
var m = multiByteToWideChar(codePage,
dwFlags = 0'i32,
lpMultiByteStr = cstring(s),
cbMultiByte = cint(s.len),
lpWideCharStr = cstring(result),
cchWideChar = cint(cap))
if m == 0:
# try again; ask for capacity:
cap = multiByteToWideChar(codePage,
dwFlags = 0'i32,
lpMultiByteStr = cstring(s),
cbMultiByte = cint(s.len),
lpWideCharStr = nil,
cchWideChar = cint(0))
# and do the conversion properly:
result = newString(cap*2)
m = multiByteToWideChar(codePage,
dwFlags = 0'i32,
lpMultiByteStr = cstring(s),
cbMultiByte = cint(s.len),
lpWideCharStr = cstring(result),
cchWideChar = cint(cap))
if m == 0: raiseOSError(osLastError())
setLen(result, m*2)
elif m <= cap:
setLen(result, m*2)
else:
assert(false) # cannot happen
proc convertFromWideString(codePage: CodePage, s: string): string =
let charCount = s.len div 2
var cap = s.len + s.len shr 2
result = newString(cap)
var m = wideCharToMultiByte(codePage,
dwFlags = 0'i32,
lpWideCharStr = cstring(s),
cchWideChar = cint(charCount),
lpMultiByteStr = cstring(result),
cbMultiByte = cap.cint)
if m == 0:
# try again; ask for capacity:
cap = wideCharToMultiByte(codePage,
dwFlags = 0'i32,
lpWideCharStr = cstring(s),
cchWideChar = cint(charCount),
lpMultiByteStr = nil,
cbMultiByte = cint(0))
# and do the conversion properly:
result = newString(cap)
m = wideCharToMultiByte(codePage,
dwFlags = 0'i32,
lpWideCharStr = cstring(s),
cchWideChar = cint(charCount),
lpMultiByteStr = cstring(result),
cbMultiByte = cap.cint)
if m == 0: raiseOSError(osLastError())
setLen(result, m)
elif m <= cap:
setLen(result, m)
else:
assert(false) # cannot happen
proc convertWin(codePageFrom: CodePage, codePageTo: CodePage,
s: string): string =
# special case: empty string: needed because MultiByteToWideChar, WideCharToMultiByte
# return 0 in case of error
if s.len == 0: return ""
# multiByteToWideChar does not support encoding from code pages below
let unsupported = [1201, 12000, 12001]
if int(codePageFrom) in unsupported:
let message = "encoding from " & codePageToName(codePageFrom) & " is not supported on windows"
raise newException(EncodingError, message)
if int(codePageTo) in unsupported:
let message = "encoding to " & codePageToName(codePageTo) & " is not supported on windows"
raise newException(EncodingError, message)
# in case it's already UTF-16 little endian - conversion can be simplified
let wideString = if int(codePageFrom) == 1200: s
else: convertToWideString(codePageFrom, s)
return if int(codePageTo) == 1200: wideString
else: convertFromWideString(codePageTo, wideString)
proc convert*(c: EncodingConverter, s: string): string =
result = convertWin(c.src, c.dest, s)
else:
proc convert*(c: EncodingConverter, s: string): string =
## Converts `s` to `destEncoding` that was given to the converter `c`. It
## assumes that `s` is in `srcEncoding`.
##
## .. warning:: UTF-16BE and UTF-32 conversions are not supported on Windows.
result = newString(s.len)
var inLen = csize_t len(s)
var outLen = csize_t len(result)
var src = cstring(s)
var dst = cstring(result)
var iconvres: csize_t
while inLen > 0:
iconvres = iconv(c, addr src, addr inLen, addr dst, addr outLen)
if iconvres == high(csize_t):
var lerr = errno
if lerr == EILSEQ or lerr == EINVAL:
# unknown char, skip
dst[0] = src[0]
src = cast[cstring](cast[int](src) + 1)
dst = cast[cstring](cast[int](dst) + 1)
dec(inLen)
dec(outLen)
elif lerr == E2BIG:
var offset = cast[int](dst) - cast[int](cstring(result))
setLen(result, len(result) + inLen.int * 2 + 5)
# 5 is minimally one utf-8 char
dst = cast[cstring](cast[int](cstring(result)) + offset)
outLen = csize_t(len(result) - offset)
else:
raiseOSError(lerr.OSErrorCode)
# iconv has a buffer that needs flushing, specially if the last char is
# not '\0'
discard iconv(c, nil, nil, addr dst, addr outLen)
if iconvres == high(csize_t) and errno == E2BIG:
var offset = cast[int](dst) - cast[int](cstring(result))
setLen(result, len(result) + inLen.int * 2 + 5)
# 5 is minimally one utf-8 char
dst = cast[cstring](cast[int](cstring(result)) + offset)
outLen = csize_t(len(result) - offset)
discard iconv(c, nil, nil, addr dst, addr outLen)
# trim output buffer
setLen(result, len(result) - outLen.int)
proc convert*(s: string, destEncoding = "UTF-8",
srcEncoding = "CP1252"): string =
## Converts `s` to `destEncoding`. It assumed that `s` is in `srcEncoding`.
## This opens a converter, uses it and closes it again and is thus more
## convenient but also likely less efficient than re-using a converter.
##
## .. warning:: UTF-16BE and UTF-32 conversions are not supported on Windows.
var c = open(destEncoding, srcEncoding)
try:
result = convert(c, s)
finally:
close(c)
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