## The NMODL Framework
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The NMODL Framework is a code generation engine for **N**EURON **MOD**eling **L**anguage ([NMODL](https://www.neuron.yale.edu/neuron/static/py_doc/modelspec/programmatic/mechanisms/nmodl.html)). It is designed with modern compiler and code generation techniques to:

* Provide **modular tools** for parsing, analysing and transforming NMODL
* Provide **easy to use**, high level Python API
* Generate **optimised code** for modern compute architectures including CPUs, GPUs
* **Flexibility** to implement new simulator backends
* Support for **full** NMODL specification

### About NMODL

Simulators like [NEURON](https://www.neuron.yale.edu/neuron/) use NMODL as a domain specific language (DSL) to describe a wide range of membrane and  intracellular submodels. Here is an example of exponential synapse specified in NMODL:

```python
NEURON {
    POINT_PROCESS ExpSyn
    RANGE tau, e, i
    NONSPECIFIC_CURRENT i
}
UNITS {
    (nA) = (nanoamp)
    (mV) = (millivolt)
    (uS) = (microsiemens)
}
PARAMETER {
    tau = 0.1 (ms) <1e-9,1e9>
    e = 0 (mV)
}
ASSIGNED {
    v (mV)
    i (nA)
}
STATE {
    g (uS)
}
INITIAL {
    g = 0
}
BREAKPOINT {
    SOLVE state METHOD cnexp
    i = g*(v - e)
}
DERIVATIVE state {
    g' = -g/tau
}
NET_RECEIVE(weight (uS)) {
    g = g + weight
}
```

### Installation

See [INSTALL.md](https://github.com/BlueBrain/nmodl/blob/master/INSTALL.md) for detailed instructions to build the NMODL from source.

### Try NMODL with Docker

To quickly test the NMODL Framework's analysis capabilities we provide a
[docker](https://www.docker.com) image, which includes the NMODL Framework python library and a
fully functional Jupyter notebook environment. After installing [docker](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/) and [docker-compose](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/) you can pull and run the NMODL image from your terminal.

To try Python interface directly from CLI, you can run docker image as:

```
docker run -it --entrypoint=/bin/sh bluebrain/nmodl
```

And try NMODL Python API discussed later in this README as:

```
$ python3
Python 3.6.8 (default, Apr  8 2019, 18:17:52)
>>> from nmodl import dsl
>>> import os
>>> examples = dsl.list_examples()
>>> nmodl_string = dsl.load_example(examples[-1])
...
```

To try Jupyter notebooks you can download docker compose file and run it as:

```sh
wget "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BlueBrain/nmodl/master/docker/docker-compose.yml"
DUID=$(id -u) DGID=$(id -g) HOSTNAME=$(hostname) docker-compose up
```

If all goes well you should see at the end status messages similar to these:

```
[I 09:49:53.923 NotebookApp] The Jupyter Notebook is running at:
[I 09:49:53.923 NotebookApp] http://(4c8edabe52e1 or 127.0.0.1):8888/?token=a7902983bad430a11935
[I 09:49:53.923 NotebookApp] Use Control-C to stop this server and shut down all kernels (twice to skip confirmation).
    To access the notebook, open this file in a browser:
        file:///root/.local/share/jupyter/runtime/nbserver-1-open.html
    Or copy and paste one of these URLs:
        http://(4c8edabe52e1 or 127.0.0.1):8888/?token=a7902983bad430a11935
```

Based on the example above you should then open your browser and navigate to the URL `http://127.0.0.1:8888/?token=a7902983bad430a11935`.

You can open and run all example notebooks provided in the `examples` folder. You can also create
new notebooks in `my_notebooks`, which will be stored in a subfolder `notebooks` at your current
working directory.

### Using the Python API

Once the NMODL Framework is installed, you can use the Python parsing API to load NMOD file as:

```python
from nmodl import dsl

examples = dsl.list_examples() 
nmodl_string = dsl.load_example(examples[-1])
driver = dsl.NmodlDriver()
modast = driver.parse_string(nmodl_string)
```

The `parse_file` API returns Abstract Syntax Tree ([AST](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_syntax_tree)) representation of input NMODL file. One can look at the AST by converting to JSON form as:

```python
>>> print (dsl.to_json(modast))
{
  "Program": [
    {
      "NeuronBlock": [
        {
          "StatementBlock": [
            {
              "Suffix": [
                {
                  "Name": [
                    {
                      "String": [
                        {
                          "name": "POINT_PROCESS"
                        }
                    ...
```
Every key in the JSON form represent a node in the AST. You can also use visualization API to look at the details of AST as:

```
from nmodl import ast
ast.view(modast)
```

which will open AST view in web browser:

![ast_viz](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/666852/57329449-12c9a400-7114-11e9-8da5-0042590044ec.gif "AST representation of expsyn.mod")

The central *Program* node represents the whole MOD file and each of it's children represent the block in the input NMODL file. Note that this requires X-forwarding if you are using Docker image.

Once the AST is created, one can use exisiting visitors to perform various analysis/optimisations. One can also easily write his own custom visitor using Python Visitor API. See [Python API tutorial](docs/notebooks/nmodl-python-tutorial.ipynb) for details.

NMODL Frameowrk also allows to transform AST representation back to NMODL form as:

```python
>>> print (dsl.to_nmodl(modast))
NEURON {
    POINT_PROCESS ExpSyn
    RANGE tau, e, i
    NONSPECIFIC_CURRENT i
}

UNITS {
    (nA) = (nanoamp)
    (mV) = (millivolt)
    (uS) = (microsiemens)
}

PARAMETER {
    tau = 0.1 (ms) <1e-09,1000000000>
    e = 0 (mV)
}
...
```

### High Level Analysis and Code Generation

The NMODL Framework provides rich model introspection and analysis capabilities using [various visitors](https://bluebrain.github.io/nmodl/html/doxygen/group__visitor__classes.html). Here is an example of theoretical performance characterisation of channels and synapses from rat neocortical column microcircuit [published in 2015](https://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674%2815%2901191-5):

![nmodl-perf-stats](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/666852/57336711-2cc0b200-7127-11e9-8053-8f662e2ec191.png "Example of performance characterisation")

To understand how you can write your own introspection and analysis tool, see [this tutorial](docs/notebooks/nmodl-python-tutorial.ipynb).

Once analysis and optimization passes are performed, the NMODL Framework can generate optimised code for modern compute architectures including CPUs (Intel, AMD, ARM) and GPUs (NVIDIA, AMD) platforms. For example, C++, OpenACC and OpenMP backends are implemented and one can choose these backends on command line as:

```
$ nmodl expsyn.mod sympy --analytic
```

To know more about code generation backends, [see here](https://bluebrain.github.io/nmodl/html/doxygen/group__codegen__backends.html). NMODL Framework provides number of options (for code generation, optimization passes and ODE solver) which can be listed as:

```
$ nmodl -H
NMODL : Source-to-Source Code Generation Framework [version]
Usage: /path/<>/nmodl [OPTIONS] file... [SUBCOMMAND]

Positionals:
  file TEXT:FILE ... REQUIRED           One or more MOD files to process

Options:
  -h,--help                             Print this help message and exit
  -H,--help-all                         Print this help message including all sub-commands
  --verbose=info                        Verbose logger output (trace, debug, info, warning, error, critical, off)
  -o,--output TEXT=.                    Directory for backend code output
  --scratch TEXT=tmp                    Directory for intermediate code output
  --units TEXT=/path/<>/nrnunits.lib
                                        Directory of units lib file

Subcommands:
host
  HOST/CPU code backends
  Options:
    --c                                   C/C++ backend (true)

acc
  Accelerator code backends
  Options:
    --oacc                                C/C++ backend with OpenACC (false)

sympy
  SymPy based analysis and optimizations
  Options:
    --analytic                            Solve ODEs using SymPy analytic integration (false)
    --pade                                Pade approximation in SymPy analytic integration (false)
    --cse                                 CSE (Common Subexpression Elimination) in SymPy analytic integration (false)
    --conductance                         Add CONDUCTANCE keyword in BREAKPOINT (false)

passes
  Analyse/Optimization passes
  Options:
    --inline                              Perform inlining at NMODL level (false)
    --unroll                              Perform loop unroll at NMODL level (false)
    --const-folding                       Perform constant folding at NMODL level (false)
    --localize                            Convert RANGE variables to LOCAL (false)
    --global-to-range                     Convert GLOBAL variables to RANGE (false)
    --localize-verbatim                   Convert RANGE variables to LOCAL even if verbatim block exist (false)
    --local-rename                        Rename LOCAL variable if variable of same name exist in global scope (false)
    --verbatim-inline                     Inline even if verbatim block exist (false)
    --verbatim-rename                     Rename variables in verbatim block (true)
    --json-ast                            Write AST to JSON file (false)
    --nmodl-ast                           Write AST to NMODL file (false)
    --json-perf                           Write performance statistics to JSON file (false)
    --show-symtab                         Write symbol table to stdout (false)

codegen
  Code generation options
  Options:
    --layout TEXT:{aos,soa}=soa           Memory layout for code generation
    --datatype TEXT:{float,double}=soa    Data type for floating point variables
    --force                               Force code generation even if there is any incompatibility
    --only-check-compatibility            Check compatibility and return without generating code
    --opt-ionvar-copy                     Optimize copies of ion variables (false)
```

### Documentation

We are working on user documentation, you can find current drafts of :

* [User Documentation](https://bluebrain.github.io/nmodl/)
* [Developer / API Documentation](https://bluebrain.github.io/nmodl/html/doxygen/index.html)


### Citation

If you would like to know more about the the NMODL Framework, see following paper:

* Pramod Kumbhar, Omar Awile, Liam Keegan, Jorge Alonso, James King, Michael Hines and Felix Schürmann. 2019. An optimizing multi-platform source-to-source compiler framework for the NEURON MODeling Language. In Eprint : [arXiv:1905.02241](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.02241.pdf)


### Support / Contribuition

If you see any issue, feel free to [raise a ticket](https://github.com/BlueBrain/nmodl/issues/new). If you would like to improve this framework, see [open issues](https://github.com/BlueBrain/nmodl/issues) and [contribution guidelines](CONTRIBUTING.md).


### Examples / Benchmarks

The benchmarks used to test the performance and parsing capabilities of NMODL Framework are currently being migrated to GitHub. These benchmarks will be published soon in following repositories:

* [NMODL Benchmark](https://github.com/BlueBrain/nmodlbench)
* [NMODL Database](https://github.com/BlueBrain/nmodldb)


## Funding & Acknowledgment

The development of this software was supported by funding to the Blue Brain Project, a research center of the École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), from the Swiss government's ETH Board of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology. In addition, the development was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under the Grant Number R01NS11613 (Yale University) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under the Specific Grant Agreement No. 785907 (Human Brain Project SGA2).

Copyright © 2017-2022 Blue Brain Project/EPFL