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<h1>Node.js v22.14.0 documentation</h1>
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<li class="pinned-header">Node.js v22.14.0</li>
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<span class="picker-arrow"></span>
Table of contents
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<div class="picker" tabindex="-1"><div class="toc"><ul id="toc-picker">
<li><span class="stability_2"><a href="#crypto">Crypto</a></span>
<ul>
<li><a href="#determining-if-crypto-support-is-unavailable">Determining if crypto support is unavailable</a></li>
<li><a href="#class-certificate">Class: <code>Certificate</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#static-method-certificateexportchallengespkac-encoding">Static method: <code>Certificate.exportChallenge(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#static-method-certificateexportpublickeyspkac-encoding">Static method: <code>Certificate.exportPublicKey(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#static-method-certificateverifyspkacspkac-encoding">Static method: <code>Certificate.verifySpkac(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#legacy-api">Legacy API</a></span>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-cryptocertificate"><code>new crypto.Certificate()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#certificateexportchallengespkac-encoding"><code>certificate.exportChallenge(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#certificateexportpublickeyspkac-encoding"><code>certificate.exportPublicKey(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#certificateverifyspkacspkac-encoding"><code>certificate.verifySpkac(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-cipher">Class: <code>Cipher</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final([outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ciphergetauthtag"><code>cipher.getAuthTag()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ciphersetaadbuffer-options"><code>cipher.setAAD(buffer[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ciphersetautopaddingautopadding"><code>cipher.setAutoPadding([autoPadding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>cipher.update(data[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-decipher">Class: <code>Decipher</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final([outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#deciphersetaadbuffer-options"><code>decipher.setAAD(buffer[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#deciphersetauthtagbuffer-encoding"><code>decipher.setAuthTag(buffer[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#deciphersetautopaddingautopadding"><code>decipher.setAutoPadding([autoPadding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#decipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>decipher.update(data[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-diffiehellman">Class: <code>DiffieHellman</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmancomputesecretotherpublickey-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>diffieHellman.computeSecret(otherPublicKey[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangeneratekeysencoding"><code>diffieHellman.generateKeys([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangetgeneratorencoding"><code>diffieHellman.getGenerator([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangetprimeencoding"><code>diffieHellman.getPrime([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangetprivatekeyencoding"><code>diffieHellman.getPrivateKey([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangetpublickeyencoding"><code>diffieHellman.getPublicKey([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmansetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding"><code>diffieHellman.setPrivateKey(privateKey[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmansetpublickeypublickey-encoding"><code>diffieHellman.setPublicKey(publicKey[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmanverifyerror"><code>diffieHellman.verifyError</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-diffiehellmangroup">Class: <code>DiffieHellmanGroup</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#class-ecdh">Class: <code>ECDH</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#static-method-ecdhconvertkeykey-curve-inputencoding-outputencoding-format">Static method: <code>ECDH.convertKey(key, curve[, inputEncoding[, outputEncoding[, format]]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhcomputesecretotherpublickey-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>ecdh.computeSecret(otherPublicKey[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhgeneratekeysencoding-format"><code>ecdh.generateKeys([encoding[, format]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhgetprivatekeyencoding"><code>ecdh.getPrivateKey([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhgetpublickeyencoding-format"><code>ecdh.getPublicKey([encoding][, format])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhsetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding"><code>ecdh.setPrivateKey(privateKey[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#ecdhsetpublickeypublickey-encoding"><code>ecdh.setPublicKey(publicKey[, encoding])</code></a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-hash">Class: <code>Hash</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#hashcopyoptions"><code>hash.copy([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#hashdigestencoding"><code>hash.digest([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#hashupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hash.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-hmac">Class: <code>Hmac</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#hmacdigestencoding"><code>hmac.digest([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#hmacupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hmac.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-keyobject">Class: <code>KeyObject</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#static-method-keyobjectfromkey">Static method: <code>KeyObject.from(key)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectasymmetrickeydetails"><code>keyObject.asymmetricKeyDetails</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectasymmetrickeytype"><code>keyObject.asymmetricKeyType</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectequalsotherkeyobject"><code>keyObject.equals(otherKeyObject)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectexportoptions"><code>keyObject.export([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectsymmetrickeysize"><code>keyObject.symmetricKeySize</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjecttocryptokeyalgorithm-extractable-keyusages"><code>keyObject.toCryptoKey(algorithm, extractable, keyUsages)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjecttype"><code>keyObject.type</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-sign">Class: <code>Sign</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#signsignprivatekey-outputencoding"><code>sign.sign(privateKey[, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#signupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>sign.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-verify">Class: <code>Verify</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#verifyupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>verify.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#verifyverifyobject-signature-signatureencoding"><code>verify.verify(object, signature[, signatureEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-x509certificate">Class: <code>X509Certificate</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-x509certificatebuffer"><code>new X509Certificate(buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509ca"><code>x509.ca</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkemailemail-options"><code>x509.checkEmail(email[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkhostname-options"><code>x509.checkHost(name[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkipip"><code>x509.checkIP(ip)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkissuedothercert"><code>x509.checkIssued(otherCert)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkprivatekeyprivatekey"><code>x509.checkPrivateKey(privateKey)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509extkeyusage"><code>x509.extKeyUsage</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509fingerprint"><code>x509.fingerprint</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509fingerprint256"><code>x509.fingerprint256</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509fingerprint512"><code>x509.fingerprint512</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509infoaccess"><code>x509.infoAccess</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509issuer"><code>x509.issuer</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509issuercertificate"><code>x509.issuerCertificate</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509publickey"><code>x509.publicKey</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509raw"><code>x509.raw</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509serialnumber"><code>x509.serialNumber</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509subject"><code>x509.subject</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509subjectaltname"><code>x509.subjectAltName</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509tojson"><code>x509.toJSON()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509tolegacyobject"><code>x509.toLegacyObject()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509tostring"><code>x509.toString()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509validfrom"><code>x509.validFrom</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509validfromdate"><code>x509.validFromDate</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509validto"><code>x509.validTo</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509validtodate"><code>x509.validToDate</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509verifypublickey"><code>x509.verify(publicKey)</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#nodecrypto-module-methods-and-properties"><code>node:crypto</code> module methods and properties</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cryptocheckprimecandidate-options-callback"><code>crypto.checkPrime(candidate[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocheckprimesynccandidate-options"><code>crypto.checkPrimeSync(candidate[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoconstants"><code>crypto.constants</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options"><code>crypto.createCipheriv(algorithm, key, iv[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatedecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options"><code>crypto.createDecipheriv(algorithm, key, iv[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmanprime-primeencoding-generator-generatorencoding"><code>crypto.createDiffieHellman(prime[, primeEncoding][, generator][, generatorEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmanprimelength-generator"><code>crypto.createDiffieHellman(primeLength[, generator])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmangroupname"><code>crypto.createDiffieHellmanGroup(name)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreateecdhcurvename"><code>crypto.createECDH(curveName)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatehashalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createHash(algorithm[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatehmacalgorithm-key-options"><code>crypto.createHmac(algorithm, key[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey"><code>crypto.createPrivateKey(key)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatepublickeykey"><code>crypto.createPublicKey(key)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatesecretkeykey-encoding"><code>crypto.createSecretKey(key[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatesignalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createSign(algorithm[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreateverifyalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createVerify(algorithm[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptodiffiehellmanoptions"><code>crypto.diffieHellman(options)</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#cryptofips"><code>crypto.fips</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogeneratekeytype-options-callback"><code>crypto.generateKey(type, options, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogeneratekeypairtype-options-callback"><code>crypto.generateKeyPair(type, options, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogeneratekeypairsynctype-options"><code>crypto.generateKeyPairSync(type, options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogeneratekeysynctype-options"><code>crypto.generateKeySync(type, options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogenerateprimesize-options-callback"><code>crypto.generatePrime(size[, options[, callback]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogenerateprimesyncsize-options"><code>crypto.generatePrimeSync(size[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetcipherinfonameornid-options"><code>crypto.getCipherInfo(nameOrNid[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetciphers"><code>crypto.getCiphers()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetcurves"><code>crypto.getCurves()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetdiffiehellmangroupname"><code>crypto.getDiffieHellman(groupName)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetfips"><code>crypto.getFips()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogethashes"><code>crypto.getHashes()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetrandomvaluestypedarray"><code>crypto.getRandomValues(typedArray)</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#cryptohashalgorithm-data-outputencoding"><code>crypto.hash(algorithm, data[, outputEncoding])</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#cryptohkdfdigest-ikm-salt-info-keylen-callback"><code>crypto.hkdf(digest, ikm, salt, info, keylen, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptohkdfsyncdigest-ikm-salt-info-keylen"><code>crypto.hkdfSync(digest, ikm, salt, info, keylen)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptopbkdf2password-salt-iterations-keylen-digest-callback"><code>crypto.pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, keylen, digest, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptopbkdf2syncpassword-salt-iterations-keylen-digest"><code>crypto.pbkdf2Sync(password, salt, iterations, keylen, digest)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoprivatedecryptprivatekey-buffer"><code>crypto.privateDecrypt(privateKey, buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoprivateencryptprivatekey-buffer"><code>crypto.privateEncrypt(privateKey, buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptopublicdecryptkey-buffer"><code>crypto.publicDecrypt(key, buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptopublicencryptkey-buffer"><code>crypto.publicEncrypt(key, buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandombytessize-callback"><code>crypto.randomBytes(size[, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandomfillbuffer-offset-size-callback"><code>crypto.randomFill(buffer[, offset][, size], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandomfillsyncbuffer-offset-size"><code>crypto.randomFillSync(buffer[, offset][, size])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandomintmin-max-callback"><code>crypto.randomInt([min, ]max[, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandomuuidoptions"><code>crypto.randomUUID([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoscryptpassword-salt-keylen-options-callback"><code>crypto.scrypt(password, salt, keylen[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoscryptsyncpassword-salt-keylen-options"><code>crypto.scryptSync(password, salt, keylen[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosecureheapused"><code>crypto.secureHeapUsed()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosetengineengine-flags"><code>crypto.setEngine(engine[, flags])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosetfipsbool"><code>crypto.setFips(bool)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosignalgorithm-data-key-callback"><code>crypto.sign(algorithm, data, key[, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosubtle"><code>crypto.subtle</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptotimingsafeequala-b"><code>crypto.timingSafeEqual(a, b)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoverifyalgorithm-data-key-signature-callback"><code>crypto.verify(algorithm, data, key, signature[, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptowebcrypto"><code>crypto.webcrypto</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#notes">Notes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">Using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a></li>
<li><a href="#legacy-streams-api-prior-to-nodejs-010">Legacy streams API (prior to Node.js 0.10)</a></li>
<li><a href="#support-for-weak-or-compromised-algorithms">Support for weak or compromised algorithms</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccm-mode">CCM mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#fips-mode">FIPS mode</a></li>
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<li><a href="#crypto-constants">Crypto constants</a>
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<li><a href="#openssl-options">OpenSSL options</a></li>
<li><a href="#openssl-engine-constants">OpenSSL engine constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#other-openssl-constants">Other OpenSSL constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#nodejs-crypto-constants">Node.js crypto constants</a></li>
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</header>
<details role="navigation" id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul>
<li><span class="stability_2"><a href="#crypto">Crypto</a></span>
<ul>
<li><a href="#determining-if-crypto-support-is-unavailable">Determining if crypto support is unavailable</a></li>
<li><a href="#class-certificate">Class: <code>Certificate</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#static-method-certificateexportchallengespkac-encoding">Static method: <code>Certificate.exportChallenge(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#static-method-certificateexportpublickeyspkac-encoding">Static method: <code>Certificate.exportPublicKey(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#static-method-certificateverifyspkacspkac-encoding">Static method: <code>Certificate.verifySpkac(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#legacy-api">Legacy API</a></span>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-cryptocertificate"><code>new crypto.Certificate()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#certificateexportchallengespkac-encoding"><code>certificate.exportChallenge(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#certificateexportpublickeyspkac-encoding"><code>certificate.exportPublicKey(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#certificateverifyspkacspkac-encoding"><code>certificate.verifySpkac(spkac[, encoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-cipher">Class: <code>Cipher</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final([outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ciphergetauthtag"><code>cipher.getAuthTag()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ciphersetaadbuffer-options"><code>cipher.setAAD(buffer[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ciphersetautopaddingautopadding"><code>cipher.setAutoPadding([autoPadding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>cipher.update(data[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-decipher">Class: <code>Decipher</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final([outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#deciphersetaadbuffer-options"><code>decipher.setAAD(buffer[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#deciphersetauthtagbuffer-encoding"><code>decipher.setAuthTag(buffer[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#deciphersetautopaddingautopadding"><code>decipher.setAutoPadding([autoPadding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#decipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>decipher.update(data[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-diffiehellman">Class: <code>DiffieHellman</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmancomputesecretotherpublickey-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>diffieHellman.computeSecret(otherPublicKey[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangeneratekeysencoding"><code>diffieHellman.generateKeys([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangetgeneratorencoding"><code>diffieHellman.getGenerator([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangetprimeencoding"><code>diffieHellman.getPrime([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangetprivatekeyencoding"><code>diffieHellman.getPrivateKey([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmangetpublickeyencoding"><code>diffieHellman.getPublicKey([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmansetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding"><code>diffieHellman.setPrivateKey(privateKey[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmansetpublickeypublickey-encoding"><code>diffieHellman.setPublicKey(publicKey[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#diffiehellmanverifyerror"><code>diffieHellman.verifyError</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-diffiehellmangroup">Class: <code>DiffieHellmanGroup</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#class-ecdh">Class: <code>ECDH</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#static-method-ecdhconvertkeykey-curve-inputencoding-outputencoding-format">Static method: <code>ECDH.convertKey(key, curve[, inputEncoding[, outputEncoding[, format]]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhcomputesecretotherpublickey-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>ecdh.computeSecret(otherPublicKey[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhgeneratekeysencoding-format"><code>ecdh.generateKeys([encoding[, format]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhgetprivatekeyencoding"><code>ecdh.getPrivateKey([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhgetpublickeyencoding-format"><code>ecdh.getPublicKey([encoding][, format])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#ecdhsetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding"><code>ecdh.setPrivateKey(privateKey[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#ecdhsetpublickeypublickey-encoding"><code>ecdh.setPublicKey(publicKey[, encoding])</code></a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-hash">Class: <code>Hash</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#hashcopyoptions"><code>hash.copy([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#hashdigestencoding"><code>hash.digest([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#hashupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hash.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-hmac">Class: <code>Hmac</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#hmacdigestencoding"><code>hmac.digest([encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#hmacupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hmac.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-keyobject">Class: <code>KeyObject</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#static-method-keyobjectfromkey">Static method: <code>KeyObject.from(key)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectasymmetrickeydetails"><code>keyObject.asymmetricKeyDetails</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectasymmetrickeytype"><code>keyObject.asymmetricKeyType</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectequalsotherkeyobject"><code>keyObject.equals(otherKeyObject)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectexportoptions"><code>keyObject.export([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjectsymmetrickeysize"><code>keyObject.symmetricKeySize</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjecttocryptokeyalgorithm-extractable-keyusages"><code>keyObject.toCryptoKey(algorithm, extractable, keyUsages)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#keyobjecttype"><code>keyObject.type</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-sign">Class: <code>Sign</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#signsignprivatekey-outputencoding"><code>sign.sign(privateKey[, outputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#signupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>sign.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-verify">Class: <code>Verify</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#verifyupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>verify.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#verifyverifyobject-signature-signatureencoding"><code>verify.verify(object, signature[, signatureEncoding])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-x509certificate">Class: <code>X509Certificate</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-x509certificatebuffer"><code>new X509Certificate(buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509ca"><code>x509.ca</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkemailemail-options"><code>x509.checkEmail(email[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkhostname-options"><code>x509.checkHost(name[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkipip"><code>x509.checkIP(ip)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkissuedothercert"><code>x509.checkIssued(otherCert)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509checkprivatekeyprivatekey"><code>x509.checkPrivateKey(privateKey)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509extkeyusage"><code>x509.extKeyUsage</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509fingerprint"><code>x509.fingerprint</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509fingerprint256"><code>x509.fingerprint256</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509fingerprint512"><code>x509.fingerprint512</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509infoaccess"><code>x509.infoAccess</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509issuer"><code>x509.issuer</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509issuercertificate"><code>x509.issuerCertificate</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509publickey"><code>x509.publicKey</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509raw"><code>x509.raw</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509serialnumber"><code>x509.serialNumber</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509subject"><code>x509.subject</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509subjectaltname"><code>x509.subjectAltName</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509tojson"><code>x509.toJSON()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509tolegacyobject"><code>x509.toLegacyObject()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509tostring"><code>x509.toString()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509validfrom"><code>x509.validFrom</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509validfromdate"><code>x509.validFromDate</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509validto"><code>x509.validTo</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509validtodate"><code>x509.validToDate</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#x509verifypublickey"><code>x509.verify(publicKey)</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#nodecrypto-module-methods-and-properties"><code>node:crypto</code> module methods and properties</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#cryptocheckprimecandidate-options-callback"><code>crypto.checkPrime(candidate[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocheckprimesynccandidate-options"><code>crypto.checkPrimeSync(candidate[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoconstants"><code>crypto.constants</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options"><code>crypto.createCipheriv(algorithm, key, iv[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatedecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options"><code>crypto.createDecipheriv(algorithm, key, iv[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmanprime-primeencoding-generator-generatorencoding"><code>crypto.createDiffieHellman(prime[, primeEncoding][, generator][, generatorEncoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmanprimelength-generator"><code>crypto.createDiffieHellman(primeLength[, generator])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmangroupname"><code>crypto.createDiffieHellmanGroup(name)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreateecdhcurvename"><code>crypto.createECDH(curveName)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatehashalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createHash(algorithm[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatehmacalgorithm-key-options"><code>crypto.createHmac(algorithm, key[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey"><code>crypto.createPrivateKey(key)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatepublickeykey"><code>crypto.createPublicKey(key)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatesecretkeykey-encoding"><code>crypto.createSecretKey(key[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreatesignalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createSign(algorithm[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptocreateverifyalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createVerify(algorithm[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptodiffiehellmanoptions"><code>crypto.diffieHellman(options)</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_0"><a href="#cryptofips"><code>crypto.fips</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogeneratekeytype-options-callback"><code>crypto.generateKey(type, options, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogeneratekeypairtype-options-callback"><code>crypto.generateKeyPair(type, options, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogeneratekeypairsynctype-options"><code>crypto.generateKeyPairSync(type, options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogeneratekeysynctype-options"><code>crypto.generateKeySync(type, options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogenerateprimesize-options-callback"><code>crypto.generatePrime(size[, options[, callback]])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogenerateprimesyncsize-options"><code>crypto.generatePrimeSync(size[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetcipherinfonameornid-options"><code>crypto.getCipherInfo(nameOrNid[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetciphers"><code>crypto.getCiphers()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetcurves"><code>crypto.getCurves()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetdiffiehellmangroupname"><code>crypto.getDiffieHellman(groupName)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetfips"><code>crypto.getFips()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogethashes"><code>crypto.getHashes()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptogetrandomvaluestypedarray"><code>crypto.getRandomValues(typedArray)</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#cryptohashalgorithm-data-outputencoding"><code>crypto.hash(algorithm, data[, outputEncoding])</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#cryptohkdfdigest-ikm-salt-info-keylen-callback"><code>crypto.hkdf(digest, ikm, salt, info, keylen, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptohkdfsyncdigest-ikm-salt-info-keylen"><code>crypto.hkdfSync(digest, ikm, salt, info, keylen)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptopbkdf2password-salt-iterations-keylen-digest-callback"><code>crypto.pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, keylen, digest, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptopbkdf2syncpassword-salt-iterations-keylen-digest"><code>crypto.pbkdf2Sync(password, salt, iterations, keylen, digest)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoprivatedecryptprivatekey-buffer"><code>crypto.privateDecrypt(privateKey, buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoprivateencryptprivatekey-buffer"><code>crypto.privateEncrypt(privateKey, buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptopublicdecryptkey-buffer"><code>crypto.publicDecrypt(key, buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptopublicencryptkey-buffer"><code>crypto.publicEncrypt(key, buffer)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandombytessize-callback"><code>crypto.randomBytes(size[, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandomfillbuffer-offset-size-callback"><code>crypto.randomFill(buffer[, offset][, size], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandomfillsyncbuffer-offset-size"><code>crypto.randomFillSync(buffer[, offset][, size])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandomintmin-max-callback"><code>crypto.randomInt([min, ]max[, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptorandomuuidoptions"><code>crypto.randomUUID([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoscryptpassword-salt-keylen-options-callback"><code>crypto.scrypt(password, salt, keylen[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoscryptsyncpassword-salt-keylen-options"><code>crypto.scryptSync(password, salt, keylen[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosecureheapused"><code>crypto.secureHeapUsed()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosetengineengine-flags"><code>crypto.setEngine(engine[, flags])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosetfipsbool"><code>crypto.setFips(bool)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosignalgorithm-data-key-callback"><code>crypto.sign(algorithm, data, key[, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptosubtle"><code>crypto.subtle</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptotimingsafeequala-b"><code>crypto.timingSafeEqual(a, b)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptoverifyalgorithm-data-key-signature-callback"><code>crypto.verify(algorithm, data, key, signature[, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#cryptowebcrypto"><code>crypto.webcrypto</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#notes">Notes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">Using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a></li>
<li><a href="#legacy-streams-api-prior-to-nodejs-010">Legacy streams API (prior to Node.js 0.10)</a></li>
<li><a href="#support-for-weak-or-compromised-algorithms">Support for weak or compromised algorithms</a></li>
<li><a href="#ccm-mode">CCM mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#fips-mode">FIPS mode</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#crypto-constants">Crypto constants</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#openssl-options">OpenSSL options</a></li>
<li><a href="#openssl-engine-constants">OpenSSL engine constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#other-openssl-constants">Other OpenSSL constants</a></li>
<li><a href="#nodejs-crypto-constants">Node.js crypto constants</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></details>
<div role="main" id="apicontent">
<h2>Crypto<span><a class="mark" href="#crypto" id="crypto">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto"></a></h2>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_2"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 2</a> - Stable</div><p></p>
<p><strong>Source Code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/v22.14.0/lib/crypto.js">lib/crypto.js</a></p>
<p>The <code>node:crypto</code> module provides cryptographic functionality that includes a
set of wrappers for OpenSSL's hash, HMAC, cipher, decipher, sign, and verify
functions.</p>
<pre class="with-51-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createHmac } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> secret = <span class="hljs-string">'abcdefg'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, secret)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'I love cupcakes'</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// c0fa1bc00531bd78ef38c628449c5102aeabd49b5dc3a2a516ea6ea959d6658e</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createHmac } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> secret = <span class="hljs-string">'abcdefg'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, secret)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'I love cupcakes'</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// c0fa1bc00531bd78ef38c628449c5102aeabd49b5dc3a2a516ea6ea959d6658e</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<section><h3>Determining if crypto support is unavailable<span><a class="mark" href="#determining-if-crypto-support-is-unavailable" id="determining-if-crypto-support-is-unavailable">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_determining_if_crypto_support_is_unavailable"></a></h3>
<p>It is possible for Node.js to be built without including support for the
<code>node:crypto</code> module. In such cases, attempting to <code>import</code> from <code>crypto</code> or
calling <code>require('node:crypto')</code> will result in an error being thrown.</p>
<p>When using CommonJS, the error thrown can be caught using try/catch:</p>
<!-- eslint-disable no-global-assign -->
<pre><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> crypto;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
crypto = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'crypto support is disabled!'</span>);
}</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<!-- eslint-enable no-global-assign -->
<p>When using the lexical ESM <code>import</code> keyword, the error can only be
caught if a handler for <code>process.on('uncaughtException')</code> is registered
<em>before</em> any attempt to load the module is made (using, for instance,
a preload module).</p>
<p>When using ESM, if there is a chance that the code may be run on a build
of Node.js where crypto support is not enabled, consider using the
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import"><code>import()</code></a> function instead of the lexical <code>import</code> keyword:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> crypto;
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
crypto = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'crypto support is disabled!'</span>);
}</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>Certificate</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-certificate" id="class-certificate">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_certificate"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.8</span>
</div>
<p>SPKAC is a Certificate Signing Request mechanism originally implemented by
Netscape and was specified formally as part of HTML5's <code>keygen</code> element.</p>
<p><code><keygen></code> is deprecated since <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/html52/changes.html#features-removed">HTML 5.2</a> and new projects
should not use this element anymore.</p>
<p>The <code>node:crypto</code> module provides the <code>Certificate</code> class for working with SPKAC
data. The most common usage is handling output generated by the HTML5
<code><keygen></code> element. Node.js uses <a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man1/openssl-spkac.html">OpenSSL's SPKAC implementation</a> internally.</p>
<h4>Static method: <code>Certificate.exportChallenge(spkac[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#static-method-certificateexportchallengespkac-encoding" id="static-method-certificateexportchallengespkac-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_static_method_certificate_exportchallenge_spkac_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The spkac argument can be an ArrayBuffer. Limited the size of the spkac argument to a maximum of 2**31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v9.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>spkac</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>spkac</code> string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The challenge component of the <code>spkac</code> data structure, which
includes a public key and a challenge.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-52-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> challenge = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">exportChallenge</span>(spkac);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(challenge.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: the challenge as a UTF8 string</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> challenge = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">exportChallenge</span>(spkac);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(challenge.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: the challenge as a UTF8 string</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4>Static method: <code>Certificate.exportPublicKey(spkac[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#static-method-certificateexportpublickeyspkac-encoding" id="static-method-certificateexportpublickeyspkac-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_static_method_certificate_exportpublickey_spkac_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The spkac argument can be an ArrayBuffer. Limited the size of the spkac argument to a maximum of 2**31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v9.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>spkac</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>spkac</code> string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The public key component of the <code>spkac</code> data structure,
which includes a public key and a challenge.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-52-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> publicKey = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">exportPublicKey</span>(spkac);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(publicKey);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: the public key as <Buffer ...></span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> publicKey = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">exportPublicKey</span>(spkac);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(publicKey);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: the public key as <Buffer ...></span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4>Static method: <code>Certificate.verifySpkac(spkac[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#static-method-certificateverifyspkacspkac-encoding" id="static-method-certificateverifyspkacspkac-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_static_method_certificate_verifyspkac_spkac_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The spkac argument can be an ArrayBuffer. Added encoding. Limited the size of the spkac argument to a maximum of 2**31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v9.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>spkac</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>spkac</code> string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> if the given <code>spkac</code> data structure is valid,
<code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-52-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">verifySpkac</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(spkac)));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: true or false</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">verifySpkac</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(spkac)));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: true or false</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4>Legacy API<span><a class="mark" href="#legacy-api" id="legacy-api">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_legacy_api"></a></h4>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_0"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 0</a> - Deprecated</div><p></p>
<p>As a legacy interface, it is possible to create new instances of
the <code>crypto.Certificate</code> class as illustrated in the examples below.</p>
<h5><code>new crypto.Certificate()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#new-cryptocertificate" id="new-cryptocertificate">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_new_crypto_certificate"></a></h5>
<p>Instances of the <code>Certificate</code> class can be created using the <code>new</code> keyword
or by calling <code>crypto.Certificate()</code> as a function:</p>
<pre class="with-52-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert1 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert2 = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert1 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert2 = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h5><code>certificate.exportChallenge(spkac[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#certificateexportchallengespkac-encoding" id="certificateexportchallengespkac-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_certificate_exportchallenge_spkac_encoding"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.8</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>spkac</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>spkac</code> string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The challenge component of the <code>spkac</code> data structure, which
includes a public key and a challenge.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-52-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> challenge = cert.<span class="hljs-title function_">exportChallenge</span>(spkac);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(challenge.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: the challenge as a UTF8 string</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> challenge = cert.<span class="hljs-title function_">exportChallenge</span>(spkac);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(challenge.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: the challenge as a UTF8 string</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h5><code>certificate.exportPublicKey(spkac[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#certificateexportpublickeyspkac-encoding" id="certificateexportpublickeyspkac-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_certificate_exportpublickey_spkac_encoding"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.8</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>spkac</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>spkac</code> string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The public key component of the <code>spkac</code> data structure,
which includes a public key and a challenge.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-52-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> publicKey = cert.<span class="hljs-title function_">exportPublicKey</span>(spkac);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(publicKey);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: the public key as <Buffer ...></span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> publicKey = cert.<span class="hljs-title function_">exportPublicKey</span>(spkac);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(publicKey);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: the public key as <Buffer ...></span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h5><code>certificate.verifySpkac(spkac[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#certificateverifyspkacspkac-encoding" id="certificateverifyspkacspkac-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_certificate_verifyspkac_spkac_encoding"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.8</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>spkac</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>spkac</code> string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> if the given <code>spkac</code> data structure is valid,
<code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-52-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(cert.<span class="hljs-title function_">verifySpkac</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(spkac)));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: true or false</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cert = <span class="hljs-title class_">Certificate</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> spkac = <span class="hljs-title function_">getSpkacSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(cert.<span class="hljs-title function_">verifySpkac</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(spkac)));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: true or false</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>Cipher</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-cipher" id="class-cipher">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_cipher"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.94</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends: <a href="stream.html#class-streamtransform" class="type"><stream.Transform></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Instances of the <code>Cipher</code> class are used to encrypt data. The class can be
used in one of two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>As a <a href="stream.html">stream</a> that is both readable and writable, where plain unencrypted
data is written to produce encrypted data on the readable side, or</li>
<li>Using the <a href="#cipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>cipher.update()</code></a> and <a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final()</code></a> methods to produce
the encrypted data.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="#cryptocreatecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options"><code>crypto.createCipheriv()</code></a> method is
used to create <code>Cipher</code> instances. <code>Cipher</code> objects are not to be created
directly using the <code>new</code> keyword.</p>
<p>Example: Using <code>Cipher</code> objects as streams:</p>
<pre class="with-9-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scrypt,
randomFill,
createCipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// First, we'll generate the key. The key length is dependent on the algorithm.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// In this case for aes192, it is 24 bytes (192 bits).</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, key</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Then, we'll generate a random initialization vector</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint8Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>), <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, iv</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Once we have the key and iv, we can create and use the cipher...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createCipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> encrypted = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> encrypted += chunk);
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(encrypted));
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some clear text data'</span>);
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
});
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scrypt,
randomFill,
createCipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// First, we'll generate the key. The key length is dependent on the algorithm.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// In this case for aes192, it is 24 bytes (192 bits).</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, key</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Then, we'll generate a random initialization vector</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint8Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>), <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, iv</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Once we have the key and iv, we can create and use the cipher...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createCipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> encrypted = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> encrypted += chunk);
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(encrypted));
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some clear text data'</span>);
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
});
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using <code>Cipher</code> and piped streams:</p>
<pre class="with-19-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> {
createReadStream,
createWriteStream,
} <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> {
pipeline,
} <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scrypt,
randomFill,
createCipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// First, we'll generate the key. The key length is dependent on the algorithm.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// In this case for aes192, it is 24 bytes (192 bits).</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, key</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Then, we'll generate a random initialization vector</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint8Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>), <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, iv</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createCipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.js'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> output = <span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.enc'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(input, cipher, output, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
});
});
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createReadStream,
createWriteStream,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
pipeline,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scrypt,
randomFill,
createCipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// First, we'll generate the key. The key length is dependent on the algorithm.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// In this case for aes192, it is 24 bytes (192 bits).</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, key</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Then, we'll generate a random initialization vector</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint8Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>), <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, iv</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createCipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.js'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> output = <span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.enc'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(input, cipher, output, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
});
});
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using the <a href="#cipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>cipher.update()</code></a> and <a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final()</code></a> methods:</p>
<pre class="with-9-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scrypt,
randomFill,
createCipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// First, we'll generate the key. The key length is dependent on the algorithm.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// In this case for aes192, it is 24 bytes (192 bits).</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, key</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Then, we'll generate a random initialization vector</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint8Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>), <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, iv</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createCipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> encrypted = cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some clear text data'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
encrypted += cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">final</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(encrypted);
});
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scrypt,
randomFill,
createCipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// First, we'll generate the key. The key length is dependent on the algorithm.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// In this case for aes192, it is 24 bytes (192 bits).</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, key</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Then, we'll generate a random initialization vector</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint8Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>), <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, iv</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createCipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> encrypted = cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some clear text data'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
encrypted += cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">final</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(encrypted);
});
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>cipher.final([outputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding" id="cipherfinaloutputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_cipher_final_outputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.94</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Any remaining enciphered contents.
If <code>outputEncoding</code> is specified, a string is
returned. If an <code>outputEncoding</code> is not provided, a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</li>
</ul>
<p>Once the <code>cipher.final()</code> method has been called, the <code>Cipher</code> object can no
longer be used to encrypt data. Attempts to call <code>cipher.final()</code> more than
once will result in an error being thrown.</p>
<h4><code>cipher.getAuthTag()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ciphergetauthtag" id="ciphergetauthtag">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_cipher_getauthtag"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v1.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> When using an authenticated encryption mode (<code>GCM</code>, <code>CCM</code>,
<code>OCB</code>, and <code>chacha20-poly1305</code> are currently supported), the
<code>cipher.getAuthTag()</code> method returns a
<a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> containing the <em>authentication tag</em> that has been computed from
the given data.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>cipher.getAuthTag()</code> method should only be called after encryption has
been completed using the <a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final()</code></a> method.</p>
<p>If the <code>authTagLength</code> option was set during the <code>cipher</code> instance's creation,
this function will return exactly <code>authTagLength</code> bytes.</p>
<h4><code>cipher.setAAD(buffer[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ciphersetaadbuffer-options" id="ciphersetaadbuffer-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_cipher_setaad_buffer_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v1.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>stream.transform</code> options</a>
<ul>
<li><code>plaintextLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The string encoding to use when <code>buffer</code> is a string.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-cipher" class="type"><Cipher></a> The same <code>Cipher</code> instance for method chaining.</li>
</ul>
<p>When using an authenticated encryption mode (<code>GCM</code>, <code>CCM</code>, <code>OCB</code>, and
<code>chacha20-poly1305</code> are
currently supported), the <code>cipher.setAAD()</code> method sets the value used for the
<em>additional authenticated data</em> (AAD) input parameter.</p>
<p>The <code>plaintextLength</code> option is optional for <code>GCM</code> and <code>OCB</code>. When using <code>CCM</code>,
the <code>plaintextLength</code> option must be specified and its value must match the
length of the plaintext in bytes. See <a href="#ccm-mode">CCM mode</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>cipher.setAAD()</code> method must be called before <a href="#cipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>cipher.update()</code></a>.</p>
<h4><code>cipher.setAutoPadding([autoPadding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ciphersetautopaddingautopadding" id="ciphersetautopaddingautopadding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_cipher_setautopadding_autopadding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.7.1</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>autoPadding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-cipher" class="type"><Cipher></a> The same <code>Cipher</code> instance for method chaining.</li>
</ul>
<p>When using block encryption algorithms, the <code>Cipher</code> class will automatically
add padding to the input data to the appropriate block size. To disable the
default padding call <code>cipher.setAutoPadding(false)</code>.</p>
<p>When <code>autoPadding</code> is <code>false</code>, the length of the entire input data must be a
multiple of the cipher's block size or <a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final()</code></a> will throw an error.
Disabling automatic padding is useful for non-standard padding, for instance
using <code>0x0</code> instead of PKCS padding.</p>
<p>The <code>cipher.setAutoPadding()</code> method must be called before
<a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final()</code></a>.</p>
<h4><code>cipher.update(data[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding" id="cipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_cipher_update_data_inputencoding_outputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default <code>inputEncoding</code> changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.94</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.94</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the data.</li>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Updates the cipher with <code>data</code>. If the <code>inputEncoding</code> argument is given,
the <code>data</code>
argument is a string using the specified encoding. If the <code>inputEncoding</code>
argument is not given, <code>data</code> must be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or
<code>DataView</code>. If <code>data</code> is a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>, then
<code>inputEncoding</code> is ignored.</p>
<p>The <code>outputEncoding</code> specifies the output format of the enciphered
data. If the <code>outputEncoding</code>
is specified, a string using the specified encoding is returned. If no
<code>outputEncoding</code> is provided, a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<p>The <code>cipher.update()</code> method can be called multiple times with new data until
<a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final()</code></a> is called. Calling <code>cipher.update()</code> after
<a href="#cipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>cipher.final()</code></a> will result in an error being thrown.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>Decipher</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-decipher" id="class-decipher">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_decipher"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.94</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends: <a href="stream.html#class-streamtransform" class="type"><stream.Transform></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Instances of the <code>Decipher</code> class are used to decrypt data. The class can be
used in one of two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>As a <a href="stream.html">stream</a> that is both readable and writable, where plain encrypted
data is written to produce unencrypted data on the readable side, or</li>
<li>Using the <a href="#decipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>decipher.update()</code></a> and <a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a> methods to
produce the unencrypted data.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="#cryptocreatedecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options"><code>crypto.createDecipheriv()</code></a> method is
used to create <code>Decipher</code> instances. <code>Decipher</code> objects are not to be created
directly using the <code>new</code> keyword.</p>
<p>Example: Using <code>Decipher</code> objects as streams:</p>
<pre class="with-37-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scryptSync,
createDecipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Key length is dependent on the algorithm. In this case for aes192, it is</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 24 bytes (192 bits).</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use the async `crypto.scrypt()` instead.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// The IV is usually passed along with the ciphertext.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> iv = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Initialization vector.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDecipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> decrypted = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> chunk;
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (<span class="hljs-literal">null</span> !== (chunk = decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>())) {
decrypted += chunk.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
}
});
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(decrypted);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: some clear text data</span>
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// Encrypted with same algorithm, key and iv.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> encrypted =
<span class="hljs-string">'e5f79c5915c02171eec6b212d5520d44480993d7d622a7c4c2da32f6efda0ffa'</span>;
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(encrypted, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scryptSync,
createDecipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Key length is dependent on the algorithm. In this case for aes192, it is</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 24 bytes (192 bits).</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use the async `crypto.scrypt()` instead.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// The IV is usually passed along with the ciphertext.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> iv = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Initialization vector.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDecipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> decrypted = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> chunk;
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (<span class="hljs-literal">null</span> !== (chunk = decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>())) {
decrypted += chunk.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
}
});
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(decrypted);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: some clear text data</span>
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// Encrypted with same algorithm, key and iv.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> encrypted =
<span class="hljs-string">'e5f79c5915c02171eec6b212d5520d44480993d7d622a7c4c2da32f6efda0ffa'</span>;
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(encrypted, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using <code>Decipher</code> and piped streams:</p>
<pre class="with-19-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> {
createReadStream,
createWriteStream,
} <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scryptSync,
createDecipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use the async `crypto.scrypt()` instead.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// The IV is usually passed along with the ciphertext.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> iv = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Initialization vector.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDecipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.enc'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> output = <span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.js'</span>);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(decipher).<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(output);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createReadStream,
createWriteStream,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scryptSync,
createDecipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use the async `crypto.scrypt()` instead.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// The IV is usually passed along with the ciphertext.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> iv = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Initialization vector.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDecipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.enc'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> output = <span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.js'</span>);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(decipher).<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(output);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using the <a href="#decipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>decipher.update()</code></a> and <a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a> methods:</p>
<pre class="with-37-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scryptSync,
createDecipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use the async `crypto.scrypt()` instead.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// The IV is usually passed along with the ciphertext.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> iv = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Initialization vector.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDecipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Encrypted using same algorithm, key and iv.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> encrypted =
<span class="hljs-string">'e5f79c5915c02171eec6b212d5520d44480993d7d622a7c4c2da32f6efda0ffa'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> decrypted = decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(encrypted, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
decrypted += decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">final</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(decrypted);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: some clear text data</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scryptSync,
createDecipheriv,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> algorithm = <span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-cbc'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> password = <span class="hljs-string">'Password used to generate key'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use the async `crypto.scrypt()` instead.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(password, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">24</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// The IV is usually passed along with the ciphertext.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> iv = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Initialization vector.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDecipheriv</span>(algorithm, key, iv);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Encrypted using same algorithm, key and iv.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> encrypted =
<span class="hljs-string">'e5f79c5915c02171eec6b212d5520d44480993d7d622a7c4c2da32f6efda0ffa'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> decrypted = decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(encrypted, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
decrypted += decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">final</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(decrypted);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: some clear text data</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>decipher.final([outputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding" id="decipherfinaloutputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_decipher_final_outputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.94</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Any remaining deciphered contents.
If <code>outputEncoding</code> is specified, a string is
returned. If an <code>outputEncoding</code> is not provided, a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</li>
</ul>
<p>Once the <code>decipher.final()</code> method has been called, the <code>Decipher</code> object can
no longer be used to decrypt data. Attempts to call <code>decipher.final()</code> more
than once will result in an error being thrown.</p>
<h4><code>decipher.setAAD(buffer[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#deciphersetaadbuffer-options" id="deciphersetaadbuffer-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_decipher_setaad_buffer_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The buffer argument can be a string or ArrayBuffer and is limited to no more than 2 ** 31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.2.0</td>
<td><p>This method now returns a reference to <code>decipher</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v1.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v1.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>stream.transform</code> options</a>
<ul>
<li><code>plaintextLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> String encoding to use when <code>buffer</code> is a string.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-decipher" class="type"><Decipher></a> The same Decipher for method chaining.</li>
</ul>
<p>When using an authenticated encryption mode (<code>GCM</code>, <code>CCM</code>, <code>OCB</code>, and
<code>chacha20-poly1305</code> are
currently supported), the <code>decipher.setAAD()</code> method sets the value used for the
<em>additional authenticated data</em> (AAD) input parameter.</p>
<p>The <code>options</code> argument is optional for <code>GCM</code>. When using <code>CCM</code>, the
<code>plaintextLength</code> option must be specified and its value must match the length
of the ciphertext in bytes. See <a href="#ccm-mode">CCM mode</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>decipher.setAAD()</code> method must be called before <a href="#decipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>decipher.update()</code></a>.</p>
<p>When passing a string as the <code>buffer</code>, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>.</p>
<h4><code>decipher.setAuthTag(buffer[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#deciphersetauthtagbuffer-encoding" id="deciphersetauthtagbuffer-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_decipher_setauthtag_buffer_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v22.0.0</td>
<td><p>Using GCM tag lengths other than 128 bits without specifying the <code>authTagLength</code> option when creating <code>decipher</code> is deprecated.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The buffer argument can be a string or ArrayBuffer and is limited to no more than 2 ** 31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.0.0</td>
<td><p>This method now throws if the GCM tag length is invalid.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.2.0</td>
<td><p>This method now returns a reference to <code>decipher</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v1.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v1.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> String encoding to use when <code>buffer</code> is a string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-decipher" class="type"><Decipher></a> The same Decipher for method chaining.</li>
</ul>
<p>When using an authenticated encryption mode (<code>GCM</code>, <code>CCM</code>, <code>OCB</code>, and
<code>chacha20-poly1305</code> are
currently supported), the <code>decipher.setAuthTag()</code> method is used to pass in the
received <em>authentication tag</em>. If no tag is provided, or if the cipher text
has been tampered with, <a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a> will throw, indicating that the
cipher text should be discarded due to failed authentication. If the tag length
is invalid according to <a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-38d.pdf">NIST SP 800-38D</a> or does not match the value of the
<code>authTagLength</code> option, <code>decipher.setAuthTag()</code> will throw an error.</p>
<p>The <code>decipher.setAuthTag()</code> method must be called before <a href="#decipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding"><code>decipher.update()</code></a>
for <code>CCM</code> mode or before <a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a> for <code>GCM</code> and <code>OCB</code> modes and
<code>chacha20-poly1305</code>.
<code>decipher.setAuthTag()</code> can only be called once.</p>
<p>When passing a string as the authentication tag, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>.</p>
<h4><code>decipher.setAutoPadding([autoPadding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#deciphersetautopaddingautopadding" id="deciphersetautopaddingautopadding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_decipher_setautopadding_autopadding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.7.1</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>autoPadding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-decipher" class="type"><Decipher></a> The same Decipher for method chaining.</li>
</ul>
<p>When data has been encrypted without standard block padding, calling
<code>decipher.setAutoPadding(false)</code> will disable automatic padding to prevent
<a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a> from checking for and removing padding.</p>
<p>Turning auto padding off will only work if the input data's length is a
multiple of the ciphers block size.</p>
<p>The <code>decipher.setAutoPadding()</code> method must be called before
<a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a>.</p>
<h4><code>decipher.update(data[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#decipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding" id="decipherupdatedata-inputencoding-outputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_decipher_update_data_inputencoding_outputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default <code>inputEncoding</code> changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.94</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.94</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>data</code> string.</li>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Updates the decipher with <code>data</code>. If the <code>inputEncoding</code> argument is given,
the <code>data</code>
argument is a string using the specified encoding. If the <code>inputEncoding</code>
argument is not given, <code>data</code> must be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>. If <code>data</code> is a
<a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> then <code>inputEncoding</code> is ignored.</p>
<p>The <code>outputEncoding</code> specifies the output format of the enciphered
data. If the <code>outputEncoding</code>
is specified, a string using the specified encoding is returned. If no
<code>outputEncoding</code> is provided, a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<p>The <code>decipher.update()</code> method can be called multiple times with new data until
<a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a> is called. Calling <code>decipher.update()</code> after
<a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a> will result in an error being thrown.</p>
<p>Even if the underlying cipher implements authentication, the authenticity and
integrity of the plaintext returned from this function may be uncertain at this
time. For authenticated encryption algorithms, authenticity is generally only
established when the application calls <a href="#decipherfinaloutputencoding"><code>decipher.final()</code></a>.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>DiffieHellman</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-diffiehellman" id="class-diffiehellman">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_diffiehellman"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>DiffieHellman</code> class is a utility for creating Diffie-Hellman key
exchanges.</p>
<p>Instances of the <code>DiffieHellman</code> class can be created using the
<a href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmanprime-primeencoding-generator-generatorencoding"><code>crypto.createDiffieHellman()</code></a> function.</p>
<pre class="with-38-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> assert <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:assert'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createDiffieHellman,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Generate Alice's keys...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> alice = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDiffieHellman</span>(<span class="hljs-number">2048</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceKey = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Generate Bob's keys...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bob = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDiffieHellman</span>(alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPrime</span>(), alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">getGenerator</span>());
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobKey = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Exchange and generate the secret...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceSecret = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(bobKey);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobSecret = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(aliceKey);
<span class="hljs-comment">// OK</span>
assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">strictEqual</span>(aliceSecret.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>), bobSecret.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> assert = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:assert'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createDiffieHellman,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Generate Alice's keys...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> alice = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDiffieHellman</span>(<span class="hljs-number">2048</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceKey = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Generate Bob's keys...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bob = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDiffieHellman</span>(alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPrime</span>(), alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">getGenerator</span>());
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobKey = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Exchange and generate the secret...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceSecret = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(bobKey);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobSecret = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(aliceKey);
<span class="hljs-comment">// OK</span>
assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">strictEqual</span>(aliceSecret.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>), bobSecret.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.computeSecret(otherPublicKey[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmancomputesecretotherpublickey-inputencoding-outputencoding" id="diffiehellmancomputesecretotherpublickey-inputencoding-outputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_computesecret_otherpublickey_inputencoding_outputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>otherPublicKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of an <code>otherPublicKey</code> string.</li>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Computes the shared secret using <code>otherPublicKey</code> as the other
party's public key and returns the computed shared secret. The supplied
key is interpreted using the specified <code>inputEncoding</code>, and secret is
encoded using specified <code>outputEncoding</code>.
If the <code>inputEncoding</code> is not
provided, <code>otherPublicKey</code> is expected to be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>,
<code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>.</p>
<p>If <code>outputEncoding</code> is given a string is returned; otherwise, a
<a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.generateKeys([encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmangeneratekeysencoding" id="diffiehellmangeneratekeysencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_generatekeys_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Generates private and public Diffie-Hellman key values unless they have been
generated or computed already, and returns
the public key in the specified <code>encoding</code>. This key should be
transferred to the other party.
If <code>encoding</code> is provided a string is returned; otherwise a
<a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<p>This function is a thin wrapper around <a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/DH_generate_key.html"><code>DH_generate_key()</code></a>. In particular,
once a private key has been generated or set, calling this function only updates
the public key but does not generate a new private key.</p>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.getGenerator([encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmangetgeneratorencoding" id="diffiehellmangetgeneratorencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_getgenerator_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the Diffie-Hellman generator in the specified <code>encoding</code>.
If <code>encoding</code> is provided a string is
returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.getPrime([encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmangetprimeencoding" id="diffiehellmangetprimeencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_getprime_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the Diffie-Hellman prime in the specified <code>encoding</code>.
If <code>encoding</code> is provided a string is
returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.getPrivateKey([encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmangetprivatekeyencoding" id="diffiehellmangetprivatekeyencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_getprivatekey_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the Diffie-Hellman private key in the specified <code>encoding</code>.
If <code>encoding</code> is provided a
string is returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.getPublicKey([encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmangetpublickeyencoding" id="diffiehellmangetpublickeyencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_getpublickey_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the Diffie-Hellman public key in the specified <code>encoding</code>.
If <code>encoding</code> is provided a
string is returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.setPrivateKey(privateKey[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmansetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding" id="diffiehellmansetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_setprivatekey_privatekey_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>privateKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>privateKey</code> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Sets the Diffie-Hellman private key. If the <code>encoding</code> argument is provided,
<code>privateKey</code> is expected
to be a string. If no <code>encoding</code> is provided, <code>privateKey</code> is expected
to be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>.</p>
<p>This function does not automatically compute the associated public key. Either
<a href="#diffiehellmansetpublickeypublickey-encoding"><code>diffieHellman.setPublicKey()</code></a> or <a href="#diffiehellmangeneratekeysencoding"><code>diffieHellman.generateKeys()</code></a> can be
used to manually provide the public key or to automatically derive it.</p>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.setPublicKey(publicKey[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmansetpublickeypublickey-encoding" id="diffiehellmansetpublickeypublickey-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_setpublickey_publickey_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>publicKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>publicKey</code> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Sets the Diffie-Hellman public key. If the <code>encoding</code> argument is provided,
<code>publicKey</code> is expected
to be a string. If no <code>encoding</code> is provided, <code>publicKey</code> is expected
to be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>.</p>
<h4><code>diffieHellman.verifyError</code><span><a class="mark" href="#diffiehellmanverifyerror" id="diffiehellmanverifyerror">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_diffiehellman_verifyerror"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.12</span>
</div>
<p>A bit field containing any warnings and/or errors resulting from a check
performed during initialization of the <code>DiffieHellman</code> object.</p>
<p>The following values are valid for this property (as defined in <code>node:constants</code> module):</p>
<ul>
<li><code>DH_CHECK_P_NOT_SAFE_PRIME</code></li>
<li><code>DH_CHECK_P_NOT_PRIME</code></li>
<li><code>DH_UNABLE_TO_CHECK_GENERATOR</code></li>
<li><code>DH_NOT_SUITABLE_GENERATOR</code></li>
</ul>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>DiffieHellmanGroup</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-diffiehellmangroup" id="class-diffiehellmangroup">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_diffiehellmangroup"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.7.5</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>DiffieHellmanGroup</code> class takes a well-known modp group as its argument.
It works the same as <code>DiffieHellman</code>, except that it does not allow changing
its keys after creation. In other words, it does not implement <code>setPublicKey()</code>
or <code>setPrivateKey()</code> methods.</p>
<pre class="with-65-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createDiffieHellmanGroup } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> dh = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDiffieHellmanGroup</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'modp16'</span>);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createDiffieHellmanGroup } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> dh = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDiffieHellmanGroup</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'modp16'</span>);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>The following groups are supported:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>'modp14'</code> (2048 bits, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3526.txt">RFC 3526</a> Section 3)</li>
<li><code>'modp15'</code> (3072 bits, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3526.txt">RFC 3526</a> Section 4)</li>
<li><code>'modp16'</code> (4096 bits, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3526.txt">RFC 3526</a> Section 5)</li>
<li><code>'modp17'</code> (6144 bits, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3526.txt">RFC 3526</a> Section 6)</li>
<li><code>'modp18'</code> (8192 bits, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3526.txt">RFC 3526</a> Section 7)</li>
</ul>
<p>The following groups are still supported but deprecated (see <a href="#support-for-weak-or-compromised-algorithms">Caveats</a>):</p>
<ul>
<li><code>'modp1'</code> (768 bits, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2409.txt">RFC 2409</a> Section 6.1) <span class="deprecated-inline"></span></li>
<li><code>'modp2'</code> (1024 bits, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2409.txt">RFC 2409</a> Section 6.2) <span class="deprecated-inline"></span></li>
<li><code>'modp5'</code> (1536 bits, <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3526.txt">RFC 3526</a> Section 2) <span class="deprecated-inline"></span></li>
</ul>
<p>These deprecated groups might be removed in future versions of Node.js.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>ECDH</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-ecdh" id="class-ecdh">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_ecdh"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.14</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>ECDH</code> class is a utility for creating Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH)
key exchanges.</p>
<p>Instances of the <code>ECDH</code> class can be created using the
<a href="#cryptocreateecdhcurvename"><code>crypto.createECDH()</code></a> function.</p>
<pre class="with-38-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> assert <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:assert'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createECDH,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Generate Alice's keys...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> alice = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp521r1'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceKey = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Generate Bob's keys...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bob = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp521r1'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobKey = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Exchange and generate the secret...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceSecret = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(bobKey);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobSecret = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(aliceKey);
assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">strictEqual</span>(aliceSecret.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>), bobSecret.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// OK</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> assert = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:assert'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createECDH,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Generate Alice's keys...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> alice = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp521r1'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceKey = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Generate Bob's keys...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bob = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp521r1'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobKey = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Exchange and generate the secret...</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceSecret = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(bobKey);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobSecret = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(aliceKey);
assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">strictEqual</span>(aliceSecret.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>), bobSecret.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// OK</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4>Static method: <code>ECDH.convertKey(key, curve[, inputEncoding[, outputEncoding[, format]]])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#static-method-ecdhconvertkeykey-curve-inputencoding-outputencoding-format" id="static-method-ecdhconvertkeykey-curve-inputencoding-outputencoding-format">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_static_method_ecdh_convertkey_key_curve_inputencoding_outputencoding_format"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>curve</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>key</code> string.</li>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li><code>format</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'uncompressed'</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Converts the EC Diffie-Hellman public key specified by <code>key</code> and <code>curve</code> to the
format specified by <code>format</code>. The <code>format</code> argument specifies point encoding
and can be <code>'compressed'</code>, <code>'uncompressed'</code> or <code>'hybrid'</code>. The supplied key is
interpreted using the specified <code>inputEncoding</code>, and the returned key is encoded
using the specified <code>outputEncoding</code>.</p>
<p>Use <a href="#cryptogetcurves"><code>crypto.getCurves()</code></a> to obtain a list of available curve names.
On recent OpenSSL releases, <code>openssl ecparam -list_curves</code> will also display
the name and description of each available elliptic curve.</p>
<p>If <code>format</code> is not specified the point will be returned in <code>'uncompressed'</code>
format.</p>
<p>If the <code>inputEncoding</code> is not provided, <code>key</code> is expected to be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>,
<code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>.</p>
<p>Example (uncompressing a key):</p>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createECDH,
<span class="hljs-variable constant_">ECDH</span>,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> ecdh = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp256k1'</span>);
ecdh.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> compressedKey = ecdh.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'compressed'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> uncompressedKey = <span class="hljs-variable constant_">ECDH</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">convertKey</span>(compressedKey,
<span class="hljs-string">'secp256k1'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'uncompressed'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// The converted key and the uncompressed public key should be the same</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(uncompressedKey === ecdh.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createECDH,
<span class="hljs-variable constant_">ECDH</span>,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> ecdh = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp256k1'</span>);
ecdh.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> compressedKey = ecdh.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'compressed'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> uncompressedKey = <span class="hljs-variable constant_">ECDH</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">convertKey</span>(compressedKey,
<span class="hljs-string">'secp256k1'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'uncompressed'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// The converted key and the uncompressed public key should be the same</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(uncompressedKey === ecdh.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>ecdh.computeSecret(otherPublicKey[, inputEncoding][, outputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ecdhcomputesecretotherpublickey-inputencoding-outputencoding" id="ecdhcomputesecretotherpublickey-inputencoding-outputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_ecdh_computesecret_otherpublickey_inputencoding_outputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>Changed error format to better support invalid public key error.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default <code>inputEncoding</code> changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.14</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.14</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>otherPublicKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>otherPublicKey</code> string.</li>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Computes the shared secret using <code>otherPublicKey</code> as the other
party's public key and returns the computed shared secret. The supplied
key is interpreted using specified <code>inputEncoding</code>, and the returned secret
is encoded using the specified <code>outputEncoding</code>.
If the <code>inputEncoding</code> is not
provided, <code>otherPublicKey</code> is expected to be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or
<code>DataView</code>.</p>
<p>If <code>outputEncoding</code> is given a string will be returned; otherwise a
<a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<p><code>ecdh.computeSecret</code> will throw an
<code>ERR_CRYPTO_ECDH_INVALID_PUBLIC_KEY</code> error when <code>otherPublicKey</code>
lies outside of the elliptic curve. Since <code>otherPublicKey</code> is
usually supplied from a remote user over an insecure network,
be sure to handle this exception accordingly.</p>
<h4><code>ecdh.generateKeys([encoding[, format]])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ecdhgeneratekeysencoding-format" id="ecdhgeneratekeysencoding-format">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_ecdh_generatekeys_encoding_format"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.14</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li><code>format</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'uncompressed'</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Generates private and public EC Diffie-Hellman key values, and returns
the public key in the specified <code>format</code> and <code>encoding</code>. This key should be
transferred to the other party.</p>
<p>The <code>format</code> argument specifies point encoding and can be <code>'compressed'</code> or
<code>'uncompressed'</code>. If <code>format</code> is not specified, the point will be returned in
<code>'uncompressed'</code> format.</p>
<p>If <code>encoding</code> is provided a string is returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>
is returned.</p>
<h4><code>ecdh.getPrivateKey([encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ecdhgetprivatekeyencoding" id="ecdhgetprivatekeyencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_ecdh_getprivatekey_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.14</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The EC Diffie-Hellman in the specified <code>encoding</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>If <code>encoding</code> is specified, a string is returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is
returned.</p>
<h4><code>ecdh.getPublicKey([encoding][, format])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ecdhgetpublickeyencoding-format" id="ecdhgetpublickeyencoding-format">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_ecdh_getpublickey_encoding_format"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.14</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li><code>format</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'uncompressed'</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The EC Diffie-Hellman public key in the specified
<code>encoding</code> and <code>format</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>format</code> argument specifies point encoding and can be <code>'compressed'</code> or
<code>'uncompressed'</code>. If <code>format</code> is not specified the point will be returned in
<code>'uncompressed'</code> format.</p>
<p>If <code>encoding</code> is specified, a string is returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is
returned.</p>
<h4><code>ecdh.setPrivateKey(privateKey[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ecdhsetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding" id="ecdhsetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_ecdh_setprivatekey_privatekey_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.14</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>privateKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>privateKey</code> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Sets the EC Diffie-Hellman private key.
If <code>encoding</code> is provided, <code>privateKey</code> is expected
to be a string; otherwise <code>privateKey</code> is expected to be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>,
<code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>.</p>
<p>If <code>privateKey</code> is not valid for the curve specified when the <code>ECDH</code> object was
created, an error is thrown. Upon setting the private key, the associated
public point (key) is also generated and set in the <code>ECDH</code> object.</p>
<h4><code>ecdh.setPublicKey(publicKey[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#ecdhsetpublickeypublickey-encoding" id="ecdhsetpublickeypublickey-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_ecdh_setpublickey_publickey_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.14</span><span>Deprecated since: v5.2.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_0"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 0</a> - Deprecated</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>publicKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>publicKey</code> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Sets the EC Diffie-Hellman public key.
If <code>encoding</code> is provided <code>publicKey</code> is expected to
be a string; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code> is expected.</p>
<p>There is not normally a reason to call this method because <code>ECDH</code>
only requires a private key and the other party's public key to compute the
shared secret. Typically either <a href="#ecdhgeneratekeysencoding-format"><code>ecdh.generateKeys()</code></a> or
<a href="#ecdhsetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding"><code>ecdh.setPrivateKey()</code></a> will be called. The <a href="#ecdhsetprivatekeyprivatekey-encoding"><code>ecdh.setPrivateKey()</code></a> method
attempts to generate the public point/key associated with the private key being
set.</p>
<p>Example (obtaining a shared secret):</p>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createECDH,
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> alice = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp256k1'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bob = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp256k1'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// This is a shortcut way of specifying one of Alice's previous private</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// keys. It would be unwise to use such a predictable private key in a real</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// application.</span>
alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">setPrivateKey</span>(
<span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'alice'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(),
);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Bob uses a newly generated cryptographically strong</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// pseudorandom key pair</span>
bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceSecret = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(), <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobSecret = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(), <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// aliceSecret and bobSecret should be the same shared secret value</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(aliceSecret === bobSecret);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createECDH,
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> alice = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp256k1'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bob = <span class="hljs-title function_">createECDH</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secp256k1'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// This is a shortcut way of specifying one of Alice's previous private</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// keys. It would be unwise to use such a predictable private key in a real</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// application.</span>
alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">setPrivateKey</span>(
<span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'alice'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(),
);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Bob uses a newly generated cryptographically strong</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// pseudorandom key pair</span>
bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceSecret = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(), <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobSecret = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(), <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// aliceSecret and bobSecret should be the same shared secret value</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(aliceSecret === bobSecret);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>Hash</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-hash" id="class-hash">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_hash"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.92</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends: <a href="stream.html#class-streamtransform" class="type"><stream.Transform></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>Hash</code> class is a utility for creating hash digests of data. It can be
used in one of two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>As a <a href="stream.html">stream</a> that is both readable and writable, where data is written
to produce a computed hash digest on the readable side, or</li>
<li>Using the <a href="#hashupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hash.update()</code></a> and <a href="#hashdigestencoding"><code>hash.digest()</code></a> methods to produce the
computed hash.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="#cryptocreatehashalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createHash()</code></a> method is used to create <code>Hash</code> instances. <code>Hash</code>
objects are not to be created directly using the <code>new</code> keyword.</p>
<p>Example: Using <code>Hash</code> objects as streams:</p>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Only one element is going to be produced by the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// hash stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (data) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(data.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 6a2da20943931e9834fc12cfe5bb47bbd9ae43489a30726962b576f4e3993e50</span>
}
});
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to hash'</span>);
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Only one element is going to be produced by the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// hash stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (data) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(data.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 6a2da20943931e9834fc12cfe5bb47bbd9ae43489a30726962b576f4e3993e50</span>
}
});
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to hash'</span>);
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using <code>Hash</code> and piped streams:</p>
<pre class="with-48-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { createReadStream } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { stdout } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createHash } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.js'</span>);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(hash).<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(stdout);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createReadStream } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { createHash } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { stdout } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.js'</span>);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(hash).<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(stdout);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using the <a href="#hashupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hash.update()</code></a> and <a href="#hashdigestencoding"><code>hash.digest()</code></a> methods:</p>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to hash'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 6a2da20943931e9834fc12cfe5bb47bbd9ae43489a30726962b576f4e3993e50</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to hash'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 6a2da20943931e9834fc12cfe5bb47bbd9ae43489a30726962b576f4e3993e50</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>hash.copy([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#hashcopyoptions" id="hashcopyoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_hash_copy_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v13.1.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>stream.transform</code> options</a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-hash" class="type"><Hash></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates a new <code>Hash</code> object that contains a deep copy of the internal state
of the current <code>Hash</code> object.</p>
<p>The optional <code>options</code> argument controls stream behavior. For XOF hash
functions such as <code>'shake256'</code>, the <code>outputLength</code> option can be used to
specify the desired output length in bytes.</p>
<p>An error is thrown when an attempt is made to copy the <code>Hash</code> object after
its <a href="#hashdigestencoding"><code>hash.digest()</code></a> method has been called.</p>
<pre class="with-28-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Calculate a rolling hash.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'one'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">copy</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'two'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">copy</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'three'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">copy</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Etc.</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Calculate a rolling hash.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'one'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">copy</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'two'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">copy</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'three'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">copy</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Etc.</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>hash.digest([encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#hashdigestencoding" id="hashdigestencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_hash_digest_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.92</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Calculates the digest of all of the data passed to be hashed (using the
<a href="#hashupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hash.update()</code></a> method).
If <code>encoding</code> is provided a string will be returned; otherwise
a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned.</p>
<p>The <code>Hash</code> object can not be used again after <code>hash.digest()</code> method has been
called. Multiple calls will cause an error to be thrown.</p>
<h4><code>hash.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#hashupdatedata-inputencoding" id="hashupdatedata-inputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_hash_update_data_inputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default <code>inputEncoding</code> changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.92</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.92</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>data</code> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Updates the hash content with the given <code>data</code>, the encoding of which
is given in <code>inputEncoding</code>.
If <code>encoding</code> is not provided, and the <code>data</code> is a string, an
encoding of <code>'utf8'</code> is enforced. If <code>data</code> is a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or
<code>DataView</code>, then <code>inputEncoding</code> is ignored.</p>
<p>This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>Hmac</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-hmac" id="class-hmac">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_hmac"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.94</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends: <a href="stream.html#class-streamtransform" class="type"><stream.Transform></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>Hmac</code> class is a utility for creating cryptographic HMAC digests. It can
be used in one of two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>As a <a href="stream.html">stream</a> that is both readable and writable, where data is written
to produce a computed HMAC digest on the readable side, or</li>
<li>Using the <a href="#hmacupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hmac.update()</code></a> and <a href="#hmacdigestencoding"><code>hmac.digest()</code></a> methods to produce the
computed HMAC digest.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="#cryptocreatehmacalgorithm-key-options"><code>crypto.createHmac()</code></a> method is used to create <code>Hmac</code> instances. <code>Hmac</code>
objects are not to be created directly using the <code>new</code> keyword.</p>
<p>Example: Using <code>Hmac</code> objects as streams:</p>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHmac,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hmac = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a secret'</span>);
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Only one element is going to be produced by the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// hash stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (data) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(data.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 7fd04df92f636fd450bc841c9418e5825c17f33ad9c87c518115a45971f7f77e</span>
}
});
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to hash'</span>);
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHmac,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hmac = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a secret'</span>);
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Only one element is going to be produced by the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// hash stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (data) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(data.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 7fd04df92f636fd450bc841c9418e5825c17f33ad9c87c518115a45971f7f77e</span>
}
});
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to hash'</span>);
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using <code>Hmac</code> and piped streams:</p>
<pre class="with-43-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { createReadStream } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { stdout } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHmac,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hmac = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a secret'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.js'</span>);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(hmac).<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(stdout);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createReadStream,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHmac,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { stdout } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hmac = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a secret'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'test.js'</span>);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(hmac).<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(stdout);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using the <a href="#hmacupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hmac.update()</code></a> and <a href="#hmacdigestencoding"><code>hmac.digest()</code></a> methods:</p>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHmac,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hmac = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a secret'</span>);
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to hash'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 7fd04df92f636fd450bc841c9418e5825c17f33ad9c87c518115a45971f7f77e</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHmac,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hmac = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a secret'</span>);
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to hash'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">digest</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints:</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// 7fd04df92f636fd450bc841c9418e5825c17f33ad9c87c518115a45971f7f77e</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>hmac.digest([encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#hmacdigestencoding" id="hmacdigestencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_hmac_digest_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.94</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Calculates the HMAC digest of all of the data passed using <a href="#hmacupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>hmac.update()</code></a>.
If <code>encoding</code> is
provided a string is returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> is returned;</p>
<p>The <code>Hmac</code> object can not be used again after <code>hmac.digest()</code> has been
called. Multiple calls to <code>hmac.digest()</code> will result in an error being thrown.</p>
<h4><code>hmac.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#hmacupdatedata-inputencoding" id="hmacupdatedata-inputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_hmac_update_data_inputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default <code>inputEncoding</code> changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.94</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.94</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>data</code> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Updates the <code>Hmac</code> content with the given <code>data</code>, the encoding of which
is given in <code>inputEncoding</code>.
If <code>encoding</code> is not provided, and the <code>data</code> is a string, an
encoding of <code>'utf8'</code> is enforced. If <code>data</code> is a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or
<code>DataView</code>, then <code>inputEncoding</code> is ignored.</p>
<p>This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>KeyObject</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-keyobject" id="class-keyobject">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_keyobject"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v14.5.0, v12.19.0</td>
<td><p>Instances of this class can now be passed to worker threads using <code>postMessage</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.13.0</td>
<td><p>This class is now exported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v11.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p>Node.js uses a <code>KeyObject</code> class to represent a symmetric or asymmetric key,
and each kind of key exposes different functions. The
<a href="#cryptocreatesecretkeykey-encoding"><code>crypto.createSecretKey()</code></a>, <a href="#cryptocreatepublickeykey"><code>crypto.createPublicKey()</code></a> and
<a href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey"><code>crypto.createPrivateKey()</code></a> methods are used to create <code>KeyObject</code>
instances. <code>KeyObject</code> objects are not to be created directly using the <code>new</code>
keyword.</p>
<p>Most applications should consider using the new <code>KeyObject</code> API instead of
passing keys as strings or <code>Buffer</code>s due to improved security features.</p>
<p><code>KeyObject</code> instances can be passed to other threads via <a href="worker_threads.html#portpostmessagevalue-transferlist"><code>postMessage()</code></a>.
The receiver obtains a cloned <code>KeyObject</code>, and the <code>KeyObject</code> does not need to
be listed in the <code>transferList</code> argument.</p>
<h4>Static method: <code>KeyObject.from(key)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#static-method-keyobjectfromkey" id="static-method-keyobjectfromkey">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_static_method_keyobject_from_key"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Example: Converting a <code>CryptoKey</code> instance to a <code>KeyObject</code>:</p>
<pre class="with-50-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">KeyObject</span> } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { subtle } = globalThis.<span class="hljs-property">crypto</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> subtle.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKey</span>({
<span class="hljs-attr">name</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'HMAC'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">hash</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'SHA-256'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">length</span>: <span class="hljs-number">256</span>,
}, <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>, [<span class="hljs-string">'sign'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'verify'</span>]);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> keyObject = <span class="hljs-title class_">KeyObject</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(key);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(keyObject.<span class="hljs-property">symmetricKeySize</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: 32 (symmetric key size in bytes)</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">KeyObject</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { subtle } = globalThis.<span class="hljs-property">crypto</span>;
(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> subtle.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKey</span>({
<span class="hljs-attr">name</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'HMAC'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">hash</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'SHA-256'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">length</span>: <span class="hljs-number">256</span>,
}, <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>, [<span class="hljs-string">'sign'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'verify'</span>]);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> keyObject = <span class="hljs-title class_">KeyObject</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(key);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(keyObject.<span class="hljs-property">symmetricKeySize</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: 32 (symmetric key size in bytes)</span>
})();</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>keyObject.asymmetricKeyDetails</code><span><a class="mark" href="#keyobjectasymmetrickeydetails" id="keyobjectasymmetrickeydetails">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_keyobject_asymmetrickeydetails"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v16.9.0</td>
<td><p>Expose <code>RSASSA-PSS-params</code> sequence parameters for RSA-PSS keys.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.7.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.7.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>modulusLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Key size in bits (RSA, DSA).</li>
<li><code>publicExponent</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a> Public exponent (RSA).</li>
<li><code>hashAlgorithm</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the message digest (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>mgf1HashAlgorithm</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the message digest used by
MGF1 (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>saltLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Minimal salt length in bytes (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>divisorLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Size of <code>q</code> in bits (DSA).</li>
<li><code>namedCurve</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the curve (EC).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>This property exists only on asymmetric keys. Depending on the type of the key,
this object contains information about the key. None of the information obtained
through this property can be used to uniquely identify a key or to compromise
the security of the key.</p>
<p>For RSA-PSS keys, if the key material contains a <code>RSASSA-PSS-params</code> sequence,
the <code>hashAlgorithm</code>, <code>mgf1HashAlgorithm</code>, and <code>saltLength</code> properties will be
set.</p>
<p>Other key details might be exposed via this API using additional attributes.</p>
<h4><code>keyObject.asymmetricKeyType</code><span><a class="mark" href="#keyobjectasymmetrickeytype" id="keyobjectasymmetrickeytype">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_keyobject_asymmetrickeytype"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v13.9.0, v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>Added support for <code>'dh'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Added support for <code>'rsa-pss'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>This property now returns <code>undefined</code> for KeyObject instances of unrecognized type instead of aborting.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Added support for <code>'x25519'</code> and <code>'x448'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Added support for <code>'ed25519'</code> and <code>'ed448'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v11.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>For asymmetric keys, this property represents the type of the key. Supported key
types are:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>'rsa'</code> (OID 1.2.840.113549.1.1.1)</li>
<li><code>'rsa-pss'</code> (OID 1.2.840.113549.1.1.10)</li>
<li><code>'dsa'</code> (OID 1.2.840.10040.4.1)</li>
<li><code>'ec'</code> (OID 1.2.840.10045.2.1)</li>
<li><code>'x25519'</code> (OID 1.3.101.110)</li>
<li><code>'x448'</code> (OID 1.3.101.111)</li>
<li><code>'ed25519'</code> (OID 1.3.101.112)</li>
<li><code>'ed448'</code> (OID 1.3.101.113)</li>
<li><code>'dh'</code> (OID 1.2.840.113549.1.3.1)</li>
</ul>
<p>This property is <code>undefined</code> for unrecognized <code>KeyObject</code> types and symmetric
keys.</p>
<h4><code>keyObject.equals(otherKeyObject)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#keyobjectequalsotherkeyobject" id="keyobjectequalsotherkeyobject">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_keyobject_equals_otherkeyobject"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v17.7.0, v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>otherKeyObject</code>: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> A <code>KeyObject</code> with which to
compare <code>keyObject</code>.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> depending on whether the keys have exactly the same
type, value, and parameters. This method is not
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_attack">constant time</a>.</p>
<h4><code>keyObject.export([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#keyobjectexportoptions" id="keyobjectexportoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_keyobject_export_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.9.0</td>
<td><p>Added support for <code>'jwk'</code> format.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v11.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li>
</ul>
<p>For symmetric keys, the following encoding options can be used:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>format</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'buffer'</code> (default) or <code>'jwk'</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>For public keys, the following encoding options can be used:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>type</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be one of <code>'pkcs1'</code> (RSA only) or <code>'spki'</code>.</li>
<li><code>format</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'pem'</code>, <code>'der'</code>, or <code>'jwk'</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>For private keys, the following encoding options can be used:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>type</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be one of <code>'pkcs1'</code> (RSA only), <code>'pkcs8'</code> or
<code>'sec1'</code> (EC only).</li>
<li><code>format</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'pem'</code>, <code>'der'</code>, or <code>'jwk'</code>.</li>
<li><code>cipher</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> If specified, the private key will be encrypted with
the given <code>cipher</code> and <code>passphrase</code> using PKCS#5 v2.0 password based
encryption.</li>
<li><code>passphrase</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The passphrase to use for encryption, see
<code>cipher</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The result type depends on the selected encoding format, when PEM the
result is a string, when DER it will be a buffer containing the data
encoded as DER, when <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517">JWK</a> it will be an object.</p>
<p>When <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7517">JWK</a> encoding format was selected, all other encoding options are
ignored.</p>
<p>PKCS#1, SEC1, and PKCS#8 type keys can be encrypted by using a combination of
the <code>cipher</code> and <code>format</code> options. The PKCS#8 <code>type</code> can be used with any
<code>format</code> to encrypt any key algorithm (RSA, EC, or DH) by specifying a
<code>cipher</code>. PKCS#1 and SEC1 can only be encrypted by specifying a <code>cipher</code>
when the PEM <code>format</code> is used. For maximum compatibility, use PKCS#8 for
encrypted private keys. Since PKCS#8 defines its own
encryption mechanism, PEM-level encryption is not supported when encrypting
a PKCS#8 key. See <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5208.txt">RFC 5208</a> for PKCS#8 encryption and <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1421.txt">RFC 1421</a> for
PKCS#1 and SEC1 encryption.</p>
<h4><code>keyObject.symmetricKeySize</code><span><a class="mark" href="#keyobjectsymmetrickeysize" id="keyobjectsymmetrickeysize">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_keyobject_symmetrickeysize"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v11.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>For secret keys, this property represents the size of the key in bytes. This
property is <code>undefined</code> for asymmetric keys.</p>
<h4><code>keyObject.toCryptoKey(algorithm, extractable, keyUsages)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#keyobjecttocryptokeyalgorithm-extractable-keyusages" id="keyobjecttocryptokeyalgorithm-extractable-keyusages">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_keyobject_tocryptokey_algorithm_extractable_keyusages"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v22.10.0</span>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code>: <a href="webcrypto.html#class-algorithmidentifier" class="type"><AlgorithmIdentifier></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-rsahashedimportparams" class="type"><RsaHashedImportParams></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-eckeyimportparams" class="type"><EcKeyImportParams></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-hmacimportparams" class="type"><HmacImportParams></a></li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>extractable</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
<li><code>keyUsages</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a> See <a href="webcrypto.html#cryptokeyusages">Key usages</a>.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Converts a <code>KeyObject</code> instance to a <code>CryptoKey</code>.</p>
<h4><code>keyObject.type</code><span><a class="mark" href="#keyobjecttype" id="keyobjecttype">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_keyobject_type"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v11.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Depending on the type of this <code>KeyObject</code>, this property is either
<code>'secret'</code> for secret (symmetric) keys, <code>'public'</code> for public (asymmetric) keys
or <code>'private'</code> for private (asymmetric) keys.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>Sign</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-sign" id="class-sign">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_sign"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.92</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends: <a href="stream.html#class-streamwritable" class="type"><stream.Writable></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>Sign</code> class is a utility for generating signatures. It can be used in one
of two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>As a writable <a href="stream.html">stream</a>, where data to be signed is written and the
<a href="#signsignprivatekey-outputencoding"><code>sign.sign()</code></a> method is used to generate and return the signature, or</li>
<li>Using the <a href="#signupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>sign.update()</code></a> and <a href="#signsignprivatekey-outputencoding"><code>sign.sign()</code></a> methods to produce the
signature.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="#cryptocreatesignalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createSign()</code></a> method is used to create <code>Sign</code> instances. The
argument is the string name of the hash function to use. <code>Sign</code> objects are not
to be created directly using the <code>new</code> keyword.</p>
<p>Example: Using <code>Sign</code> and <a href="#class-verify"><code>Verify</code></a> objects as streams:</p>
<pre class="with-22-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeyPairSync,
createSign,
createVerify,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { privateKey, publicKey } = <span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeyPairSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'ec'</span>, {
<span class="hljs-attr">namedCurve</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'sect239k1'</span>,
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> sign = <span class="hljs-title function_">createSign</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'SHA256'</span>);
sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to sign'</span>);
sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> signature = sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">sign</span>(privateKey, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> verify = <span class="hljs-title function_">createVerify</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'SHA256'</span>);
verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to sign'</span>);
verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">verify</span>(publicKey, signature, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: true</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeyPairSync,
createSign,
createVerify,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { privateKey, publicKey } = <span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeyPairSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'ec'</span>, {
<span class="hljs-attr">namedCurve</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'sect239k1'</span>,
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> sign = <span class="hljs-title function_">createSign</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'SHA256'</span>);
sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to sign'</span>);
sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> signature = sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">sign</span>(privateKey, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> verify = <span class="hljs-title function_">createVerify</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'SHA256'</span>);
verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to sign'</span>);
verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">verify</span>(publicKey, signature, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: true</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Example: Using the <a href="#signupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>sign.update()</code></a> and <a href="#verifyupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>verify.update()</code></a> methods:</p>
<pre class="with-22-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeyPairSync,
createSign,
createVerify,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { privateKey, publicKey } = <span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeyPairSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'rsa'</span>, {
<span class="hljs-attr">modulusLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2048</span>,
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> sign = <span class="hljs-title function_">createSign</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'SHA256'</span>);
sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to sign'</span>);
sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> signature = sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">sign</span>(privateKey);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> verify = <span class="hljs-title function_">createVerify</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'SHA256'</span>);
verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to sign'</span>);
verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">verify</span>(publicKey, signature));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: true</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeyPairSync,
createSign,
createVerify,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { privateKey, publicKey } = <span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeyPairSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'rsa'</span>, {
<span class="hljs-attr">modulusLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2048</span>,
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> sign = <span class="hljs-title function_">createSign</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'SHA256'</span>);
sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to sign'</span>);
sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> signature = sign.<span class="hljs-title function_">sign</span>(privateKey);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> verify = <span class="hljs-title function_">createVerify</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'SHA256'</span>);
verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data to sign'</span>);
verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(verify.<span class="hljs-title function_">verify</span>(publicKey, signature));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: true</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>sign.sign(privateKey[, outputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#signsignprivatekey-outputencoding" id="signsignprivatekey-outputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_sign_sign_privatekey_outputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The privateKey can also be an ArrayBuffer and CryptoKey.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v13.2.0, v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports IEEE-P1363 DSA and ECDSA signatures.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports RSA-PSS keys.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports key objects.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>Support for RSASSA-PSS and additional options was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.92</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.92</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>privateKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>
<ul>
<li><code>dsaEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>padding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>saltLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the return value.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Calculates the signature on all the data passed through using either
<a href="#signupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>sign.update()</code></a> or <a href="stream.html#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>sign.write()</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>privateKey</code> is not a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, this function behaves as if
<code>privateKey</code> had been passed to <a href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey"><code>crypto.createPrivateKey()</code></a>. If it is an
object, the following additional properties can be passed:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>dsaEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> For DSA and ECDSA, this option specifies the
format of the generated signature. It can be one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>'der'</code> (default): DER-encoded ASN.1 signature structure encoding <code>(r, s)</code>.</li>
<li><code>'ieee-p1363'</code>: Signature format <code>r || s</code> as proposed in IEEE-P1363.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>padding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Optional padding value for RSA, one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code> (default)</li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code></li>
</ul>
<p><code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code> will use MGF1 with the same hash function
used to sign the message as specified in section 3.1 of <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4055.txt">RFC 4055</a>, unless
an MGF1 hash function has been specified as part of the key in compliance with
section 3.3 of <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4055.txt">RFC 4055</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>saltLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Salt length for when padding is
<code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code>. The special value
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST</code> sets the salt length to the digest
size, <code>crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_MAX_SIGN</code> (default) sets it to the
maximum permissible value.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If <code>outputEncoding</code> is provided a string is returned; otherwise a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>
is returned.</p>
<p>The <code>Sign</code> object can not be again used after <code>sign.sign()</code> method has been
called. Multiple calls to <code>sign.sign()</code> will result in an error being thrown.</p>
<h4><code>sign.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#signupdatedata-inputencoding" id="signupdatedata-inputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_sign_update_data_inputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default <code>inputEncoding</code> changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.92</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.92</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>data</code> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Updates the <code>Sign</code> content with the given <code>data</code>, the encoding of which
is given in <code>inputEncoding</code>.
If <code>encoding</code> is not provided, and the <code>data</code> is a string, an
encoding of <code>'utf8'</code> is enforced. If <code>data</code> is a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or
<code>DataView</code>, then <code>inputEncoding</code> is ignored.</p>
<p>This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>Verify</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-verify" id="class-verify">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_verify"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.92</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Extends: <a href="stream.html#class-streamwritable" class="type"><stream.Writable></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>Verify</code> class is a utility for verifying signatures. It can be used in one
of two ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>As a writable <a href="stream.html">stream</a> where written data is used to validate against the
supplied signature, or</li>
<li>Using the <a href="#verifyupdatedata-inputencoding"><code>verify.update()</code></a> and <a href="#verifyverifyobject-signature-signatureencoding"><code>verify.verify()</code></a> methods to verify
the signature.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <a href="#cryptocreateverifyalgorithm-options"><code>crypto.createVerify()</code></a> method is used to create <code>Verify</code> instances.
<code>Verify</code> objects are not to be created directly using the <code>new</code> keyword.</p>
<p>See <a href="#class-sign"><code>Sign</code></a> for examples.</p>
<h4><code>verify.update(data[, inputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#verifyupdatedata-inputencoding" id="verifyupdatedata-inputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_verify_update_data_inputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default <code>inputEncoding</code> changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.92</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.92</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>inputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>data</code> string.</li>
</ul>
<p>Updates the <code>Verify</code> content with the given <code>data</code>, the encoding of which
is given in <code>inputEncoding</code>.
If <code>inputEncoding</code> is not provided, and the <code>data</code> is a string, an
encoding of <code>'utf8'</code> is enforced. If <code>data</code> is a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or
<code>DataView</code>, then <code>inputEncoding</code> is ignored.</p>
<p>This can be called many times with new data as it is streamed.</p>
<h4><code>verify.verify(object, signature[, signatureEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#verifyverifyobject-signature-signatureencoding" id="verifyverifyobject-signature-signatureencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_verify_verify_object_signature_signatureencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The object can also be an ArrayBuffer and CryptoKey.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v13.2.0, v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports IEEE-P1363 DSA and ECDSA signatures.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports RSA-PSS keys.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.7.0</td>
<td><p>The key can now be a private key.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>Support for RSASSA-PSS and additional options was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.92</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.92</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>object</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>
<ul>
<li><code>dsaEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>padding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
<li><code>saltLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>signature</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>signatureEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>signature</code> string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> depending on the validity of the
signature for the data and public key.</li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Verifies the provided data using the given <code>object</code> and <code>signature</code>.</p>
<p>If <code>object</code> is not a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, this function behaves as if
<code>object</code> had been passed to <a href="#cryptocreatepublickeykey"><code>crypto.createPublicKey()</code></a>. If it is an
object, the following additional properties can be passed:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>dsaEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> For DSA and ECDSA, this option specifies the
format of the signature. It can be one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>'der'</code> (default): DER-encoded ASN.1 signature structure encoding <code>(r, s)</code>.</li>
<li><code>'ieee-p1363'</code>: Signature format <code>r || s</code> as proposed in IEEE-P1363.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>padding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Optional padding value for RSA, one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code> (default)</li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code></li>
</ul>
<p><code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code> will use MGF1 with the same hash function
used to verify the message as specified in section 3.1 of <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4055.txt">RFC 4055</a>, unless
an MGF1 hash function has been specified as part of the key in compliance with
section 3.3 of <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4055.txt">RFC 4055</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>saltLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Salt length for when padding is
<code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code>. The special value
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST</code> sets the salt length to the digest
size, <code>crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_AUTO</code> (default) causes it to be
determined automatically.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>signature</code> argument is the previously calculated signature for the data, in
the <code>signatureEncoding</code>.
If a <code>signatureEncoding</code> is specified, the <code>signature</code> is expected to be a
string; otherwise <code>signature</code> is expected to be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>,
<code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>verify</code> object can not be used again after <code>verify.verify()</code> has been
called. Multiple calls to <code>verify.verify()</code> will result in an error being
thrown.</p>
<p>Because public keys can be derived from private keys, a private key may
be passed instead of a public key.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>X509Certificate</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-x509certificate" id="class-x509certificate">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_class_x509certificate"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<p>Encapsulates an X509 certificate and provides read-only access to
its information.</p>
<pre class="with-56-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { X509Certificate } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> x509 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">X509Certificate</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'{... pem encoded cert ...}'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(x509.<span class="hljs-property">subject</span>);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { X509Certificate } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> x509 = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">X509Certificate</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'{... pem encoded cert ...}'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(x509.<span class="hljs-property">subject</span>);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>new X509Certificate(buffer)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#new-x509certificatebuffer" id="new-x509certificatebuffer">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_new_x509certificate_buffer"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> A PEM or DER encoded
X509 Certificate.</li>
</ul>
<h4><code>x509.ca</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509ca" id="x509ca">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_ca"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Will be <code>true</code> if this is a Certificate Authority (CA)
certificate.</li>
</ul>
<h4><code>x509.checkEmail(email[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509checkemailemail-options" id="x509checkemailemail-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_checkemail_email_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>The subject option now defaults to <code>'default'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v17.5.0, v16.15.0</td>
<td><p>The subject option can now be set to <code>'default'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v17.5.0, v16.14.1</td>
<td><p>The <code>wildcards</code>, <code>partialWildcards</code>, <code>multiLabelWildcards</code>, and <code>singleLabelSubdomains</code> options have been removed since they had no effect.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>email</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>subject</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <code>'default'</code>, <code>'always'</code>, or <code>'never'</code>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'default'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a> Returns <code>email</code> if the certificate matches,
<code>undefined</code> if it does not.</li>
</ul>
<p>Checks whether the certificate matches the given email address.</p>
<p>If the <code>'subject'</code> option is undefined or set to <code>'default'</code>, the certificate
subject is only considered if the subject alternative name extension either does
not exist or does not contain any email addresses.</p>
<p>If the <code>'subject'</code> option is set to <code>'always'</code> and if the subject alternative
name extension either does not exist or does not contain a matching email
address, the certificate subject is considered.</p>
<p>If the <code>'subject'</code> option is set to <code>'never'</code>, the certificate subject is never
considered, even if the certificate contains no subject alternative names.</p>
<h4><code>x509.checkHost(name[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509checkhostname-options" id="x509checkhostname-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_checkhost_name_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>The subject option now defaults to <code>'default'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v17.5.0, v16.15.0</td>
<td><p>The subject option can now be set to <code>'default'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>name</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>subject</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> <code>'default'</code>, <code>'always'</code>, or <code>'never'</code>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'default'</code>.</li>
<li><code>wildcards</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>partialWildcards</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>multiLabelWildcards</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>singleLabelSubdomains</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a> Returns a subject name that matches <code>name</code>,
or <code>undefined</code> if no subject name matches <code>name</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Checks whether the certificate matches the given host name.</p>
<p>If the certificate matches the given host name, the matching subject name is
returned. The returned name might be an exact match (e.g., <code>foo.example.com</code>)
or it might contain wildcards (e.g., <code>*.example.com</code>). Because host name
comparisons are case-insensitive, the returned subject name might also differ
from the given <code>name</code> in capitalization.</p>
<p>If the <code>'subject'</code> option is undefined or set to <code>'default'</code>, the certificate
subject is only considered if the subject alternative name extension either does
not exist or does not contain any DNS names. This behavior is consistent with
<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2818.txt">RFC 2818</a> ("HTTP Over TLS").</p>
<p>If the <code>'subject'</code> option is set to <code>'always'</code> and if the subject alternative
name extension either does not exist or does not contain a matching DNS name,
the certificate subject is considered.</p>
<p>If the <code>'subject'</code> option is set to <code>'never'</code>, the certificate subject is never
considered, even if the certificate contains no subject alternative names.</p>
<h4><code>x509.checkIP(ip)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509checkipip" id="x509checkipip">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_checkip_ip"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v17.5.0, v16.14.1</td>
<td><p>The <code>options</code> argument has been removed since it had no effect.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>ip</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a> Returns <code>ip</code> if the certificate matches,
<code>undefined</code> if it does not.</li>
</ul>
<p>Checks whether the certificate matches the given IP address (IPv4 or IPv6).</p>
<p>Only <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5280.txt">RFC 5280</a> <code>iPAddress</code> subject alternative names are considered, and they
must match the given <code>ip</code> address exactly. Other subject alternative names as
well as the subject field of the certificate are ignored.</p>
<h4><code>x509.checkIssued(otherCert)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509checkissuedothercert" id="x509checkissuedothercert">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_checkissued_othercert"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>otherCert</code> <a href="crypto.html#class-x509certificate" class="type"><X509Certificate></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Checks whether this certificate was issued by the given <code>otherCert</code>.</p>
<h4><code>x509.checkPrivateKey(privateKey)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509checkprivatekeyprivatekey" id="x509checkprivatekeyprivatekey">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_checkprivatekey_privatekey"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>privateKey</code> <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> A private key.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Checks whether the public key for this certificate is consistent with
the given private key.</p>
<h4><code>x509.extKeyUsage</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509extkeyusage" id="x509extkeyusage">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_extkeyusage"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a></li>
</ul>
<p>An array detailing the key extended usages for this certificate.</p>
<h4><code>x509.fingerprint</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509fingerprint" id="x509fingerprint">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_fingerprint"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The SHA-1 fingerprint of this certificate.</p>
<p>Because SHA-1 is cryptographically broken and because the security of SHA-1 is
significantly worse than that of algorithms that are commonly used to sign
certificates, consider using <a href="#x509fingerprint256"><code>x509.fingerprint256</code></a> instead.</p>
<h4><code>x509.fingerprint256</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509fingerprint256" id="x509fingerprint256">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_fingerprint256"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The SHA-256 fingerprint of this certificate.</p>
<h4><code>x509.fingerprint512</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509fingerprint512" id="x509fingerprint512">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_fingerprint512"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v17.2.0, v16.14.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The SHA-512 fingerprint of this certificate.</p>
<p>Because computing the SHA-256 fingerprint is usually faster and because it is
only half the size of the SHA-512 fingerprint, <a href="#x509fingerprint256"><code>x509.fingerprint256</code></a> may be
a better choice. While SHA-512 presumably provides a higher level of security in
general, the security of SHA-256 matches that of most algorithms that are
commonly used to sign certificates.</p>
<h4><code>x509.infoAccess</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509infoaccess" id="x509infoaccess">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_infoaccess"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v17.3.1, v16.13.2</td>
<td><p>Parts of this string may be encoded as JSON string literals in response to CVE-2021-44532.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A textual representation of the certificate's authority information access
extension.</p>
<p>This is a line feed separated list of access descriptions. Each line begins with
the access method and the kind of the access location, followed by a colon and
the value associated with the access location.</p>
<p>After the prefix denoting the access method and the kind of the access location,
the remainder of each line might be enclosed in quotes to indicate that the
value is a JSON string literal. For backward compatibility, Node.js only uses
JSON string literals within this property when necessary to avoid ambiguity.
Third-party code should be prepared to handle both possible entry formats.</p>
<h4><code>x509.issuer</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509issuer" id="x509issuer">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_issuer"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The issuer identification included in this certificate.</p>
<h4><code>x509.issuerCertificate</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509issuercertificate" id="x509issuercertificate">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_issuercertificate"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.9.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="crypto.html#class-x509certificate" class="type"><X509Certificate></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The issuer certificate or <code>undefined</code> if the issuer certificate is not
available.</p>
<h4><code>x509.publicKey</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509publickey" id="x509publickey">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_publickey"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The public key <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> for this certificate.</p>
<h4><code>x509.raw</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509raw" id="x509raw">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_raw"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A <code>Buffer</code> containing the DER encoding of this certificate.</p>
<h4><code>x509.serialNumber</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509serialnumber" id="x509serialnumber">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_serialnumber"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The serial number of this certificate.</p>
<p>Serial numbers are assigned by certificate authorities and do not uniquely
identify certificates. Consider using <a href="#x509fingerprint256"><code>x509.fingerprint256</code></a> as a unique
identifier instead.</p>
<h4><code>x509.subject</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509subject" id="x509subject">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_subject"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The complete subject of this certificate.</p>
<h4><code>x509.subjectAltName</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509subjectaltname" id="x509subjectaltname">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_subjectaltname"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v17.3.1, v16.13.2</td>
<td><p>Parts of this string may be encoded as JSON string literals in response to CVE-2021-44532.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The subject alternative name specified for this certificate.</p>
<p>This is a comma-separated list of subject alternative names. Each entry begins
with a string identifying the kind of the subject alternative name followed by
a colon and the value associated with the entry.</p>
<p>Earlier versions of Node.js incorrectly assumed that it is safe to split this
property at the two-character sequence <code>', '</code> (see <a href="https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2021-44532">CVE-2021-44532</a>). However,
both malicious and legitimate certificates can contain subject alternative names
that include this sequence when represented as a string.</p>
<p>After the prefix denoting the type of the entry, the remainder of each entry
might be enclosed in quotes to indicate that the value is a JSON string literal.
For backward compatibility, Node.js only uses JSON string literals within this
property when necessary to avoid ambiguity. Third-party code should be prepared
to handle both possible entry formats.</p>
<h4><code>x509.toJSON()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509tojson" id="x509tojson">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_tojson"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>There is no standard JSON encoding for X509 certificates. The
<code>toJSON()</code> method returns a string containing the PEM encoded
certificate.</p>
<h4><code>x509.toLegacyObject()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509tolegacyobject" id="x509tolegacyobject">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_tolegacyobject"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns information about this certificate using the legacy
<a href="tls.html#certificate-object">certificate object</a> encoding.</p>
<h4><code>x509.toString()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509tostring" id="x509tostring">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_tostring"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the PEM-encoded certificate.</p>
<h4><code>x509.validFrom</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509validfrom" id="x509validfrom">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_validfrom"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The date/time from which this certificate is valid.</p>
<h4><code>x509.validFromDate</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509validfromdate" id="x509validfromdate">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_validfromdate"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v22.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The date/time from which this certificate is valid, encapsulated in a <code>Date</code> object.</p>
<h4><code>x509.validTo</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509validto" id="x509validto">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_validto"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The date/time until which this certificate is valid.</p>
<h4><code>x509.validToDate</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509validtodate" id="x509validtodate">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_validtodate"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v22.10.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" class="type"><Date></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The date/time until which this certificate is valid, encapsulated in a <code>Date</code> object.</p>
<h4><code>x509.verify(publicKey)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#x509verifypublickey" id="x509verifypublickey">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_x509_verify_publickey"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>publicKey</code> <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> A public key.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Verifies that this certificate was signed by the given public key.
Does not perform any other validation checks on the certificate.</p>
</section><section><h3><code>node:crypto</code> module methods and properties<span><a class="mark" href="#nodecrypto-module-methods-and-properties" id="nodecrypto-module-methods-and-properties">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_node_crypto_module_methods_and_properties"></a></h3>
<h4><code>crypto.checkPrime(candidate[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocheckprimecandidate-options-callback" id="cryptocheckprimecandidate-options-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_checkprime_candidate_options_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.8.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.8.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>candidate</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer" class="type"><SharedArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a>
A possible prime encoded as a sequence of big endian octets of arbitrary
length.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>checks</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The number of Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality
iterations to perform. When the value is <code>0</code> (zero), a number of checks
is used that yields a false positive rate of at most 2<sup>-64</sup> for
random input. Care must be used when selecting a number of checks. Refer
to the OpenSSL documentation for the <a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man3/BN_is_prime_ex.html"><code>BN_is_prime_ex</code></a> function <code>nchecks</code>
options for more details. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a> Set to an <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a> object if an error occurred during check.</li>
<li><code>result</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> if the candidate is a prime with an error
probability less than <code>0.25 ** options.checks</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Checks the primality of the <code>candidate</code>.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.checkPrimeSync(candidate[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocheckprimesynccandidate-options" id="cryptocheckprimesynccandidate-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_checkprimesync_candidate_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.8.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>candidate</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer" class="type"><SharedArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a>
A possible prime encoded as a sequence of big endian octets of arbitrary
length.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>checks</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The number of Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality
iterations to perform. When the value is <code>0</code> (zero), a number of checks
is used that yields a false positive rate of at most 2<sup>-64</sup> for
random input. Care must be used when selecting a number of checks. Refer
to the OpenSSL documentation for the <a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.1.1/man3/BN_is_prime_ex.html"><code>BN_is_prime_ex</code></a> function <code>nchecks</code>
options for more details. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> if the candidate is a prime with an error
probability less than <code>0.25 ** options.checks</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Checks the primality of the <code>candidate</code>.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.constants</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptoconstants" id="cryptoconstants">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_constants"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v6.3.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li>
</ul>
<p>An object containing commonly used constants for crypto and security related
operations. The specific constants currently defined are described in
<a href="#crypto-constants">Crypto constants</a>.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createCipheriv(algorithm, key, iv[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options" id="cryptocreatecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createcipheriv_algorithm_key_iv_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v17.9.0, v16.17.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>authTagLength</code> option is now optional when using the <code>chacha20-poly1305</code> cipher and defaults to 16 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The password and iv arguments can be an ArrayBuffer and are each limited to a maximum of 2 ** 31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>key</code> argument can now be a <code>KeyObject</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.2.0, v10.17.0</td>
<td><p>The cipher <code>chacha20-poly1305</code> (the IETF variant of ChaCha20-Poly1305) is now supported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>Ciphers in OCB mode are now supported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.2.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>authTagLength</code> option can now be used to produce shorter authentication tags in GCM mode and defaults to 16 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.9.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>iv</code> parameter may now be <code>null</code> for ciphers which do not need an initialization vector.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.94</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.94</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a></li>
<li><code>iv</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>stream.transform</code> options</a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-cipher" class="type"><Cipher></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates and returns a <code>Cipher</code> object, with the given <code>algorithm</code>, <code>key</code> and
initialization vector (<code>iv</code>).</p>
<p>The <code>options</code> argument controls stream behavior and is optional except when a
cipher in CCM or OCB mode (e.g. <code>'aes-128-ccm'</code>) is used. In that case, the
<code>authTagLength</code> option is required and specifies the length of the
authentication tag in bytes, see <a href="#ccm-mode">CCM mode</a>. In GCM mode, the <code>authTagLength</code>
option is not required but can be used to set the length of the authentication
tag that will be returned by <code>getAuthTag()</code> and defaults to 16 bytes.
For <code>chacha20-poly1305</code>, the <code>authTagLength</code> option defaults to 16 bytes.</p>
<p>The <code>algorithm</code> is dependent on OpenSSL, examples are <code>'aes192'</code>, etc. On
recent OpenSSL releases, <code>openssl list -cipher-algorithms</code> will
display the available cipher algorithms.</p>
<p>The <code>key</code> is the raw key used by the <code>algorithm</code> and <code>iv</code> is an
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector">initialization vector</a>. Both arguments must be <code>'utf8'</code> encoded strings,
<a href="buffer.html">Buffers</a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>s. The <code>key</code> may optionally be
a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a> of type <code>secret</code>. If the cipher does not need
an initialization vector, <code>iv</code> may be <code>null</code>.</p>
<p>When passing strings for <code>key</code> or <code>iv</code>, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>.</p>
<p>Initialization vectors should be unpredictable and unique; ideally, they will be
cryptographically random. They do not have to be secret: IVs are typically just
added to ciphertext messages unencrypted. It may sound contradictory that
something has to be unpredictable and unique, but does not have to be secret;
remember that an attacker must not be able to predict ahead of time what a
given IV will be.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createDecipheriv(algorithm, key, iv[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatedecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options" id="cryptocreatedecipherivalgorithm-key-iv-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createdecipheriv_algorithm_key_iv_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v17.9.0, v16.17.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>authTagLength</code> option is now optional when using the <code>chacha20-poly1305</code> cipher and defaults to 16 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>key</code> argument can now be a <code>KeyObject</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.2.0, v10.17.0</td>
<td><p>The cipher <code>chacha20-poly1305</code> (the IETF variant of ChaCha20-Poly1305) is now supported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.10.0</td>
<td><p>Ciphers in OCB mode are now supported.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.2.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>authTagLength</code> option can now be used to restrict accepted GCM authentication tag lengths.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.9.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>iv</code> parameter may now be <code>null</code> for ciphers which do not need an initialization vector.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.94</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.94</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a></li>
<li><code>iv</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>stream.transform</code> options</a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-decipher" class="type"><Decipher></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates and returns a <code>Decipher</code> object that uses the given <code>algorithm</code>, <code>key</code>
and initialization vector (<code>iv</code>).</p>
<p>The <code>options</code> argument controls stream behavior and is optional except when a
cipher in CCM or OCB mode (e.g. <code>'aes-128-ccm'</code>) is used. In that case, the
<code>authTagLength</code> option is required and specifies the length of the
authentication tag in bytes, see <a href="#ccm-mode">CCM mode</a>. In GCM mode, the <code>authTagLength</code>
option is not required but can be used to restrict accepted authentication tags
to those with the specified length.
For <code>chacha20-poly1305</code>, the <code>authTagLength</code> option defaults to 16 bytes.</p>
<p>The <code>algorithm</code> is dependent on OpenSSL, examples are <code>'aes192'</code>, etc. On
recent OpenSSL releases, <code>openssl list -cipher-algorithms</code> will
display the available cipher algorithms.</p>
<p>The <code>key</code> is the raw key used by the <code>algorithm</code> and <code>iv</code> is an
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialization_vector">initialization vector</a>. Both arguments must be <code>'utf8'</code> encoded strings,
<a href="buffer.html">Buffers</a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code>s. The <code>key</code> may optionally be
a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a> of type <code>secret</code>. If the cipher does not need
an initialization vector, <code>iv</code> may be <code>null</code>.</p>
<p>When passing strings for <code>key</code> or <code>iv</code>, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>.</p>
<p>Initialization vectors should be unpredictable and unique; ideally, they will be
cryptographically random. They do not have to be secret: IVs are typically just
added to ciphertext messages unencrypted. It may sound contradictory that
something has to be unpredictable and unique, but does not have to be secret;
remember that an attacker must not be able to predict ahead of time what a given
IV will be.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createDiffieHellman(prime[, primeEncoding][, generator][, generatorEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmanprime-primeencoding-generator-generatorencoding" id="cryptocreatediffiehellmanprime-primeencoding-generator-generatorencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_creatediffiehellman_prime_primeencoding_generator_generatorencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>prime</code> argument can be any <code>TypedArray</code> or <code>DataView</code> now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>prime</code> argument can be a <code>Uint8Array</code> now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default for the encoding parameters changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.12</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.12</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>prime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>primeEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>prime</code> string.</li>
<li><code>generator</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a>
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>2</code></li>
<li><code>generatorEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">encoding</a> of the <code>generator</code> string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-diffiehellman" class="type"><DiffieHellman></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates a <code>DiffieHellman</code> key exchange object using the supplied <code>prime</code> and an
optional specific <code>generator</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>generator</code> argument can be a number, string, or <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>. If
<code>generator</code> is not specified, the value <code>2</code> is used.</p>
<p>If <code>primeEncoding</code> is specified, <code>prime</code> is expected to be a string; otherwise
a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code> is expected.</p>
<p>If <code>generatorEncoding</code> is specified, <code>generator</code> is expected to be a string;
otherwise a number, <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code> is expected.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createDiffieHellman(primeLength[, generator])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmanprimelength-generator" id="cryptocreatediffiehellmanprimelength-generator">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_creatediffiehellman_primelength_generator"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.5.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>primeLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>generator</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>2</code></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-diffiehellman" class="type"><DiffieHellman></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates a <code>DiffieHellman</code> key exchange object and generates a prime of
<code>primeLength</code> bits using an optional specific numeric <code>generator</code>.
If <code>generator</code> is not specified, the value <code>2</code> is used.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createDiffieHellmanGroup(name)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmangroupname" id="cryptocreatediffiehellmangroupname">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_creatediffiehellmangroup_name"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.3</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>name</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-diffiehellmangroup" class="type"><DiffieHellmanGroup></a></li>
</ul>
<p>An alias for <a href="#cryptogetdiffiehellmangroupname"><code>crypto.getDiffieHellman()</code></a></p>
<h4><code>crypto.createECDH(curveName)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreateecdhcurvename" id="cryptocreateecdhcurvename">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createecdh_curvename"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.14</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>curveName</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-ecdh" class="type"><ECDH></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates an Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (<code>ECDH</code>) key exchange object using a
predefined curve specified by the <code>curveName</code> string. Use
<a href="#cryptogetcurves"><code>crypto.getCurves()</code></a> to obtain a list of available curve names. On recent
OpenSSL releases, <code>openssl ecparam -list_curves</code> will also display the name
and description of each available elliptic curve.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createHash(algorithm[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatehashalgorithm-options" id="cryptocreatehashalgorithm-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createhash_algorithm_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.8.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>outputLength</code> option was added for XOF hash functions.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.92</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.92</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>stream.transform</code> options</a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-hash" class="type"><Hash></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates and returns a <code>Hash</code> object that can be used to generate hash digests
using the given <code>algorithm</code>. Optional <code>options</code> argument controls stream
behavior. For XOF hash functions such as <code>'shake256'</code>, the <code>outputLength</code> option
can be used to specify the desired output length in bytes.</p>
<p>The <code>algorithm</code> is dependent on the available algorithms supported by the
version of OpenSSL on the platform. Examples are <code>'sha256'</code>, <code>'sha512'</code>, etc.
On recent releases of OpenSSL, <code>openssl list -digest-algorithms</code> will
display the available digest algorithms.</p>
<p>Example: generating the sha256 sum of a file</p>
<pre class="with-19-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> {
createReadStream,
} <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { argv } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> filename = argv[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>];
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(filename);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Only one element is going to be produced by the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// hash stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = input.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (data)
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(data);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`<span class="hljs-subst">${hash.digest(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)}</span> <span class="hljs-subst">${filename}</span>`</span>);
}
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createReadStream,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHash,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { argv } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> filename = argv[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>];
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hash = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(filename);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Only one element is going to be produced by the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// hash stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = input.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (data)
hash.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(data);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`<span class="hljs-subst">${hash.digest(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)}</span> <span class="hljs-subst">${filename}</span>`</span>);
}
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.createHmac(algorithm, key[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatehmacalgorithm-key-options" id="cryptocreatehmacalgorithm-key-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createhmac_algorithm_key_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The key can also be an ArrayBuffer or CryptoKey. The encoding option was added. The key cannot contain more than 2 ** 32 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>key</code> argument can now be a <code>KeyObject</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.94</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.94</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>stream.transform</code> options</a>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The string encoding to use when <code>key</code> is a string.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-hmac" class="type"><Hmac></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates and returns an <code>Hmac</code> object that uses the given <code>algorithm</code> and <code>key</code>.
Optional <code>options</code> argument controls stream behavior.</p>
<p>The <code>algorithm</code> is dependent on the available algorithms supported by the
version of OpenSSL on the platform. Examples are <code>'sha256'</code>, <code>'sha512'</code>, etc.
On recent releases of OpenSSL, <code>openssl list -digest-algorithms</code> will
display the available digest algorithms.</p>
<p>The <code>key</code> is the HMAC key used to generate the cryptographic HMAC hash. If it is
a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, its type must be <code>secret</code>. If it is a string, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>. If it was
obtained from a cryptographically secure source of entropy, such as
<a href="#cryptorandombytessize-callback"><code>crypto.randomBytes()</code></a> or <a href="#cryptogeneratekeytype-options-callback"><code>crypto.generateKey()</code></a>, its length should not
exceed the block size of <code>algorithm</code> (e.g., 512 bits for SHA-256).</p>
<p>Example: generating the sha256 HMAC of a file</p>
<pre class="with-19-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> {
createReadStream,
} <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { argv } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHmac,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> filename = argv[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>];
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hmac = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a secret'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(filename);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Only one element is going to be produced by the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// hash stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = input.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (data)
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(data);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`<span class="hljs-subst">${hmac.digest(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)}</span> <span class="hljs-subst">${filename}</span>`</span>);
}
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createReadStream,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createHmac,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { argv } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> filename = argv[<span class="hljs-number">2</span>];
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> hmac = <span class="hljs-title function_">createHmac</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha256'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'a secret'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> input = <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(filename);
input.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Only one element is going to be produced by the</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// hash stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = input.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (data)
hmac.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(data);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`<span class="hljs-subst">${hmac.digest(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)}</span> <span class="hljs-subst">${filename}</span>`</span>);
}
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.createPrivateKey(key)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey" id="cryptocreateprivatekeykey">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createprivatekey_key"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.12.0</td>
<td><p>The key can also be a JWK object.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The key can also be an ArrayBuffer. The encoding option was added. The key cannot contain more than 2 ** 32 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v11.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a>
<ul>
<li><code>key</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> The key
material, either in PEM, DER, or JWK format.</li>
<li><code>format</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'pem'</code>, <code>'der'</code>, or '<code>'jwk'</code>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'pem'</code>.</li>
<li><code>type</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'pkcs1'</code>, <code>'pkcs8'</code> or <code>'sec1'</code>. This option is
required only if the <code>format</code> is <code>'der'</code> and ignored otherwise.</li>
<li><code>passphrase</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The passphrase to use for decryption.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The string encoding to use when <code>key</code> is a string.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Creates and returns a new key object containing a private key. If <code>key</code> is a
string or <code>Buffer</code>, <code>format</code> is assumed to be <code>'pem'</code>; otherwise, <code>key</code>
must be an object with the properties described above.</p>
<p>If the private key is encrypted, a <code>passphrase</code> must be specified. The length
of the passphrase is limited to 1024 bytes.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createPublicKey(key)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatepublickeykey" id="cryptocreatepublickeykey">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createpublickey_key"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.12.0</td>
<td><p>The key can also be a JWK object.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The key can also be an ArrayBuffer. The encoding option was added. The key cannot contain more than 2 ** 32 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.13.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>key</code> argument can now be a <code>KeyObject</code> with type <code>private</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.7.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>key</code> argument can now be a private key.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v11.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a>
<ul>
<li><code>key</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> The key
material, either in PEM, DER, or JWK format.</li>
<li><code>format</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'pem'</code>, <code>'der'</code>, or <code>'jwk'</code>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'pem'</code>.</li>
<li><code>type</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'pkcs1'</code> or <code>'spki'</code>. This option is
required only if the <code>format</code> is <code>'der'</code> and ignored otherwise.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The string encoding to use when <code>key</code> is a string.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Creates and returns a new key object containing a public key. If <code>key</code> is a
string or <code>Buffer</code>, <code>format</code> is assumed to be <code>'pem'</code>; if <code>key</code> is a <code>KeyObject</code>
with type <code>'private'</code>, the public key is derived from the given private key;
otherwise, <code>key</code> must be an object with the properties described above.</p>
<p>If the format is <code>'pem'</code>, the <code>'key'</code> may also be an X.509 certificate.</p>
<p>Because public keys can be derived from private keys, a private key may be
passed instead of a public key. In that case, this function behaves as if
<a href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey"><code>crypto.createPrivateKey()</code></a> had been called, except that the type of the
returned <code>KeyObject</code> will be <code>'public'</code> and that the private key cannot be
extracted from the returned <code>KeyObject</code>. Similarly, if a <code>KeyObject</code> with type
<code>'private'</code> is given, a new <code>KeyObject</code> with type <code>'public'</code> will be returned
and it will be impossible to extract the private key from the returned object.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createSecretKey(key[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatesecretkeykey-encoding" id="cryptocreatesecretkeykey-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createsecretkey_key_encoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.8.0, v16.18.0</td>
<td><p>The key can now be zero-length.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The key can also be an ArrayBuffer or string. The encoding argument was added. The key cannot contain more than 2 ** 32 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v11.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The string encoding when <code>key</code> is a string.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates and returns a new key object containing a secret key for symmetric
encryption or <code>Hmac</code>.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createSign(algorithm[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreatesignalgorithm-options" id="cryptocreatesignalgorithm-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createsign_algorithm_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.92</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamwritableoptions"><code>stream.Writable</code> options</a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-sign" class="type"><Sign></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates and returns a <code>Sign</code> object that uses the given <code>algorithm</code>. Use
<a href="#cryptogethashes"><code>crypto.getHashes()</code></a> to obtain the names of the available digest algorithms.
Optional <code>options</code> argument controls the <code>stream.Writable</code> behavior.</p>
<p>In some cases, a <code>Sign</code> instance can be created using the name of a signature
algorithm, such as <code>'RSA-SHA256'</code>, instead of a digest algorithm. This will use
the corresponding digest algorithm. This does not work for all signature
algorithms, such as <code>'ecdsa-with-SHA256'</code>, so it is best to always use digest
algorithm names.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.createVerify(algorithm[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptocreateverifyalgorithm-options" id="cryptocreateverifyalgorithm-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_createverify_algorithm_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.92</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> <a href="stream.html#new-streamwritableoptions"><code>stream.Writable</code> options</a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-verify" class="type"><Verify></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates and returns a <code>Verify</code> object that uses the given algorithm.
Use <a href="#cryptogethashes"><code>crypto.getHashes()</code></a> to obtain an array of names of the available
signing algorithms. Optional <code>options</code> argument controls the
<code>stream.Writable</code> behavior.</p>
<p>In some cases, a <code>Verify</code> instance can be created using the name of a signature
algorithm, such as <code>'RSA-SHA256'</code>, instead of a digest algorithm. This will use
the corresponding digest algorithm. This does not work for all signature
algorithms, such as <code>'ecdsa-with-SHA256'</code>, so it is best to always use digest
algorithm names.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.diffieHellman(options)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptodiffiehellmanoptions" id="cryptodiffiehellmanoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_diffiehellman_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v13.9.0, v12.17.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>privateKey</code>: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
<li><code>publicKey</code>: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Computes the Diffie-Hellman secret based on a <code>privateKey</code> and a <code>publicKey</code>.
Both keys must have the same <code>asymmetricKeyType</code>, which must be one of <code>'dh'</code>
(for Diffie-Hellman), <code>'ec'</code>, <code>'x448'</code>, or <code>'x25519'</code> (for ECDH).</p>
<h4><code>crypto.fips</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptofips" id="cryptofips">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_fips"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v6.0.0</span><span>Deprecated since: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_0"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 0</a> - Deprecated</div><p></p>
<p>Property for checking and controlling whether a FIPS compliant crypto provider
is currently in use. Setting to true requires a FIPS build of Node.js.</p>
<p>This property is deprecated. Please use <code>crypto.setFips()</code> and
<code>crypto.getFips()</code> instead.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.generateKey(type, options, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogeneratekeytype-options-callback" id="cryptogeneratekeytype-options-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_generatekey_type_options_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>type</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The intended use of the generated secret key. Currently
accepted values are <code>'hmac'</code> and <code>'aes'</code>.</li>
<li><code>options</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>length</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The bit length of the key to generate. This must be a
value greater than 0.
<ul>
<li>If <code>type</code> is <code>'hmac'</code>, the minimum is 8, and the maximum length is
2<sup>31</sup>-1. If the value is not a multiple of 8, the generated
key will be truncated to <code>Math.floor(length / 8)</code>.</li>
<li>If <code>type</code> is <code>'aes'</code>, the length must be one of <code>128</code>, <code>192</code>, or <code>256</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>callback</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>key</code>: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Asynchronously generates a new random secret key of the given <code>length</code>. The
<code>type</code> will determine which validations will be performed on the <code>length</code>.</p>
<pre class="with-14-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKey,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKey</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hmac'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">length</span>: <span class="hljs-number">512</span> }, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, key</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key.<span class="hljs-title function_">export</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// 46e..........620</span>
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKey,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKey</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hmac'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">length</span>: <span class="hljs-number">512</span> }, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, key</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key.<span class="hljs-title function_">export</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// 46e..........620</span>
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>The size of a generated HMAC key should not exceed the block size of the
underlying hash function. See <a href="#cryptocreatehmacalgorithm-key-options"><code>crypto.createHmac()</code></a> for more information.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.generateKeyPair(type, options, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogeneratekeypairtype-options-callback" id="cryptogeneratekeypairtype-options-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_generatekeypair_type_options_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v16.10.0</td>
<td><p>Add ability to define <code>RSASSA-PSS-params</code> sequence parameters for RSA-PSS keys pairs.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v13.9.0, v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>Add support for Diffie-Hellman.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add support for RSA-PSS key pairs.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add ability to generate X25519 and X448 key pairs.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add ability to generate Ed25519 and Ed448 key pairs.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>generateKeyPair</code> and <code>generateKeyPairSync</code> functions now produce key objects if no encoding was specified.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.12.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.12.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>type</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'rsa'</code>, <code>'rsa-pss'</code>, <code>'dsa'</code>, <code>'ec'</code>, <code>'ed25519'</code>,
<code>'ed448'</code>, <code>'x25519'</code>, <code>'x448'</code>, or <code>'dh'</code>.</li>
<li><code>options</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>modulusLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Key size in bits (RSA, DSA).</li>
<li><code>publicExponent</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Public exponent (RSA). <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0x10001</code>.</li>
<li><code>hashAlgorithm</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the message digest (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>mgf1HashAlgorithm</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the message digest used by
MGF1 (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>saltLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Minimal salt length in bytes (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>divisorLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Size of <code>q</code> in bits (DSA).</li>
<li><code>namedCurve</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the curve to use (EC).</li>
<li><code>prime</code>: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The prime parameter (DH).</li>
<li><code>primeLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Prime length in bits (DH).</li>
<li><code>generator</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Custom generator (DH). <strong>Default:</strong> <code>2</code>.</li>
<li><code>groupName</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Diffie-Hellman group name (DH). See
<a href="#cryptogetdiffiehellmangroupname"><code>crypto.getDiffieHellman()</code></a>.</li>
<li><code>paramEncoding</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'named'</code> or <code>'explicit'</code> (EC).
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'named'</code>.</li>
<li><code>publicKeyEncoding</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> See <a href="#keyobjectexportoptions"><code>keyObject.export()</code></a>.</li>
<li><code>privateKeyEncoding</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> See <a href="#keyobjectexportoptions"><code>keyObject.export()</code></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>callback</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>publicKey</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
<li><code>privateKey</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Generates a new asymmetric key pair of the given <code>type</code>. RSA, RSA-PSS, DSA, EC,
Ed25519, Ed448, X25519, X448, and DH are currently supported.</p>
<p>If a <code>publicKeyEncoding</code> or <code>privateKeyEncoding</code> was specified, this function
behaves as if <a href="#keyobjectexportoptions"><code>keyObject.export()</code></a> had been called on its result. Otherwise,
the respective part of the key is returned as a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>.</p>
<p>It is recommended to encode public keys as <code>'spki'</code> and private keys as
<code>'pkcs8'</code> with encryption for long-term storage:</p>
<pre class="with-18-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeyPair,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeyPair</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'rsa'</span>, {
<span class="hljs-attr">modulusLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">4096</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">publicKeyEncoding</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">type</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'spki'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">format</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pem'</span>,
},
<span class="hljs-attr">privateKeyEncoding</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">type</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pkcs8'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">format</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pem'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">cipher</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'aes-256-cbc'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">passphrase</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'top secret'</span>,
},
}, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, publicKey, privateKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Handle errors and use the generated key pair.</span>
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeyPair,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeyPair</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'rsa'</span>, {
<span class="hljs-attr">modulusLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">4096</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">publicKeyEncoding</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">type</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'spki'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">format</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pem'</span>,
},
<span class="hljs-attr">privateKeyEncoding</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">type</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pkcs8'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">format</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pem'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">cipher</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'aes-256-cbc'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">passphrase</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'top secret'</span>,
},
}, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, publicKey, privateKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Handle errors and use the generated key pair.</span>
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>On completion, <code>callback</code> will be called with <code>err</code> set to <code>undefined</code> and
<code>publicKey</code> / <code>privateKey</code> representing the generated key pair.</p>
<p>If this method is invoked as its <a href="util.html#utilpromisifyoriginal"><code>util.promisify()</code></a>ed version, it returns
a <code>Promise</code> for an <code>Object</code> with <code>publicKey</code> and <code>privateKey</code> properties.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.generateKeyPairSync(type, options)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogeneratekeypairsynctype-options" id="cryptogeneratekeypairsynctype-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_generatekeypairsync_type_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v16.10.0</td>
<td><p>Add ability to define <code>RSASSA-PSS-params</code> sequence parameters for RSA-PSS keys pairs.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v13.9.0, v12.17.0</td>
<td><p>Add support for Diffie-Hellman.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add support for RSA-PSS key pairs.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add ability to generate X25519 and X448 key pairs.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add ability to generate Ed25519 and Ed448 key pairs.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>generateKeyPair</code> and <code>generateKeyPairSync</code> functions now produce key objects if no encoding was specified.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.12.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.12.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>type</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'rsa'</code>, <code>'rsa-pss'</code>, <code>'dsa'</code>, <code>'ec'</code>, <code>'ed25519'</code>,
<code>'ed448'</code>, <code>'x25519'</code>, <code>'x448'</code>, or <code>'dh'</code>.</li>
<li><code>options</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>modulusLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Key size in bits (RSA, DSA).</li>
<li><code>publicExponent</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Public exponent (RSA). <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0x10001</code>.</li>
<li><code>hashAlgorithm</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the message digest (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>mgf1HashAlgorithm</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the message digest used by
MGF1 (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>saltLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Minimal salt length in bytes (RSA-PSS).</li>
<li><code>divisorLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Size of <code>q</code> in bits (DSA).</li>
<li><code>namedCurve</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Name of the curve to use (EC).</li>
<li><code>prime</code>: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> The prime parameter (DH).</li>
<li><code>primeLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Prime length in bits (DH).</li>
<li><code>generator</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Custom generator (DH). <strong>Default:</strong> <code>2</code>.</li>
<li><code>groupName</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Diffie-Hellman group name (DH). See
<a href="#cryptogetdiffiehellmangroupname"><code>crypto.getDiffieHellman()</code></a>.</li>
<li><code>paramEncoding</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Must be <code>'named'</code> or <code>'explicit'</code> (EC).
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'named'</code>.</li>
<li><code>publicKeyEncoding</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> See <a href="#keyobjectexportoptions"><code>keyObject.export()</code></a>.</li>
<li><code>privateKeyEncoding</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> See <a href="#keyobjectexportoptions"><code>keyObject.export()</code></a>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>publicKey</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
<li><code>privateKey</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Generates a new asymmetric key pair of the given <code>type</code>. RSA, RSA-PSS, DSA, EC,
Ed25519, Ed448, X25519, X448, and DH are currently supported.</p>
<p>If a <code>publicKeyEncoding</code> or <code>privateKeyEncoding</code> was specified, this function
behaves as if <a href="#keyobjectexportoptions"><code>keyObject.export()</code></a> had been called on its result. Otherwise,
the respective part of the key is returned as a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>.</p>
<p>When encoding public keys, it is recommended to use <code>'spki'</code>. When encoding
private keys, it is recommended to use <code>'pkcs8'</code> with a strong passphrase,
and to keep the passphrase confidential.</p>
<pre class="with-22-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeyPairSync,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
publicKey,
privateKey,
} = <span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeyPairSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'rsa'</span>, {
<span class="hljs-attr">modulusLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">4096</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">publicKeyEncoding</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">type</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'spki'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">format</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pem'</span>,
},
<span class="hljs-attr">privateKeyEncoding</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">type</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pkcs8'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">format</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pem'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">cipher</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'aes-256-cbc'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">passphrase</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'top secret'</span>,
},
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeyPairSync,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
publicKey,
privateKey,
} = <span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeyPairSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'rsa'</span>, {
<span class="hljs-attr">modulusLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">4096</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">publicKeyEncoding</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">type</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'spki'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">format</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pem'</span>,
},
<span class="hljs-attr">privateKeyEncoding</span>: {
<span class="hljs-attr">type</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pkcs8'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">format</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'pem'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">cipher</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'aes-256-cbc'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">passphrase</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'top secret'</span>,
},
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>The return value <code>{ publicKey, privateKey }</code> represents the generated key pair.
When PEM encoding was selected, the respective key will be a string, otherwise
it will be a buffer containing the data encoded as DER.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.generateKeySync(type, options)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogeneratekeysynctype-options" id="cryptogeneratekeysynctype-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_generatekeysync_type_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>type</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The intended use of the generated secret key. Currently
accepted values are <code>'hmac'</code> and <code>'aes'</code>.</li>
<li><code>options</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>length</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The bit length of the key to generate.
<ul>
<li>If <code>type</code> is <code>'hmac'</code>, the minimum is 8, and the maximum length is
2<sup>31</sup>-1. If the value is not a multiple of 8, the generated
key will be truncated to <code>Math.floor(length / 8)</code>.</li>
<li>If <code>type</code> is <code>'aes'</code>, the length must be one of <code>128</code>, <code>192</code>, or <code>256</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronously generates a new random secret key of the given <code>length</code>. The
<code>type</code> will determine which validations will be performed on the <code>length</code>.</p>
<pre class="with-18-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeySync,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeySync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hmac'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">length</span>: <span class="hljs-number">512</span> });
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key.<span class="hljs-title function_">export</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// e89..........41e</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
generateKeySync,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeySync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hmac'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">length</span>: <span class="hljs-number">512</span> });
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key.<span class="hljs-title function_">export</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// e89..........41e</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>The size of a generated HMAC key should not exceed the block size of the
underlying hash function. See <a href="#cryptocreatehmacalgorithm-key-options"><code>crypto.createHmac()</code></a> for more information.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.generatePrime(size[, options[, callback]])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogenerateprimesize-options-callback" id="cryptogenerateprimesize-options-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_generateprime_size_options_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.8.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.8.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>size</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The size (in bits) of the prime to generate.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>add</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer" class="type"><SharedArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
<li><code>rem</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer" class="type"><SharedArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
<li><code>safe</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> When <code>true</code>, the generated prime is returned
as a <code>bigint</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>prime</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Generates a pseudorandom prime of <code>size</code> bits.</p>
<p>If <code>options.safe</code> is <code>true</code>, the prime will be a safe prime -- that is,
<code>(prime - 1) / 2</code> will also be a prime.</p>
<p>The <code>options.add</code> and <code>options.rem</code> parameters can be used to enforce additional
requirements, e.g., for Diffie-Hellman:</p>
<ul>
<li>If <code>options.add</code> and <code>options.rem</code> are both set, the prime will satisfy the
condition that <code>prime % add = rem</code>.</li>
<li>If only <code>options.add</code> is set and <code>options.safe</code> is not <code>true</code>, the prime will
satisfy the condition that <code>prime % add = 1</code>.</li>
<li>If only <code>options.add</code> is set and <code>options.safe</code> is set to <code>true</code>, the prime
will instead satisfy the condition that <code>prime % add = 3</code>. This is necessary
because <code>prime % add = 1</code> for <code>options.add > 2</code> would contradict the condition
enforced by <code>options.safe</code>.</li>
<li><code>options.rem</code> is ignored if <code>options.add</code> is not given.</li>
</ul>
<p>Both <code>options.add</code> and <code>options.rem</code> must be encoded as big-endian sequences
if given as an <code>ArrayBuffer</code>, <code>SharedArrayBuffer</code>, <code>TypedArray</code>, <code>Buffer</code>, or
<code>DataView</code>.</p>
<p>By default, the prime is encoded as a big-endian sequence of octets
in an <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a>. If the <code>bigint</code> option is <code>true</code>, then a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a>
is provided.</p>
<p>The <code>size</code> of the prime will have a direct impact on how long it takes to
generate the prime. The larger the size, the longer it will take. Because
we use OpenSSL's <code>BN_generate_prime_ex</code> function, which provides only
minimal control over our ability to interrupt the generation process,
it is not recommended to generate overly large primes, as doing so may make
the process unresponsive.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.generatePrimeSync(size[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogenerateprimesyncsize-options" id="cryptogenerateprimesyncsize-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_generateprimesync_size_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.8.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>size</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The size (in bits) of the prime to generate.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>add</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer" class="type"><SharedArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
<li><code>rem</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/SharedArrayBuffer" class="type"><SharedArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
<li><code>safe</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>bigint</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> When <code>true</code>, the generated prime is returned
as a <code>bigint</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Generates a pseudorandom prime of <code>size</code> bits.</p>
<p>If <code>options.safe</code> is <code>true</code>, the prime will be a safe prime -- that is,
<code>(prime - 1) / 2</code> will also be a prime.</p>
<p>The <code>options.add</code> and <code>options.rem</code> parameters can be used to enforce additional
requirements, e.g., for Diffie-Hellman:</p>
<ul>
<li>If <code>options.add</code> and <code>options.rem</code> are both set, the prime will satisfy the
condition that <code>prime % add = rem</code>.</li>
<li>If only <code>options.add</code> is set and <code>options.safe</code> is not <code>true</code>, the prime will
satisfy the condition that <code>prime % add = 1</code>.</li>
<li>If only <code>options.add</code> is set and <code>options.safe</code> is set to <code>true</code>, the prime
will instead satisfy the condition that <code>prime % add = 3</code>. This is necessary
because <code>prime % add = 1</code> for <code>options.add > 2</code> would contradict the condition
enforced by <code>options.safe</code>.</li>
<li><code>options.rem</code> is ignored if <code>options.add</code> is not given.</li>
</ul>
<p>Both <code>options.add</code> and <code>options.rem</code> must be encoded as big-endian sequences
if given as an <code>ArrayBuffer</code>, <code>SharedArrayBuffer</code>, <code>TypedArray</code>, <code>Buffer</code>, or
<code>DataView</code>.</p>
<p>By default, the prime is encoded as a big-endian sequence of octets
in an <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a>. If the <code>bigint</code> option is <code>true</code>, then a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" class="type"><bigint></a>
is provided.</p>
<p>The <code>size</code> of the prime will have a direct impact on how long it takes to
generate the prime. The larger the size, the longer it will take. Because
we use OpenSSL's <code>BN_generate_prime_ex</code> function, which provides only
minimal control over our ability to interrupt the generation process,
it is not recommended to generate overly large primes, as doing so may make
the process unresponsive.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.getCipherInfo(nameOrNid[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogetcipherinfonameornid-options" id="cryptogetcipherinfonameornid-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_getcipherinfo_nameornid_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>nameOrNid</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The name or nid of the cipher to query.</li>
<li><code>options</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>keyLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> A test key length.</li>
<li><code>ivLength</code>: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> A test IV length.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>name</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The name of the cipher</li>
<li><code>nid</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The nid of the cipher</li>
<li><code>blockSize</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The block size of the cipher in bytes. This property
is omitted when <code>mode</code> is <code>'stream'</code>.</li>
<li><code>ivLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The expected or default initialization vector length in
bytes. This property is omitted if the cipher does not use an initialization
vector.</li>
<li><code>keyLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The expected or default key length in bytes.</li>
<li><code>mode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The cipher mode. One of <code>'cbc'</code>, <code>'ccm'</code>, <code>'cfb'</code>, <code>'ctr'</code>,
<code>'ecb'</code>, <code>'gcm'</code>, <code>'ocb'</code>, <code>'ofb'</code>, <code>'stream'</code>, <code>'wrap'</code>, <code>'xts'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Returns information about a given cipher.</p>
<p>Some ciphers accept variable length keys and initialization vectors. By default,
the <code>crypto.getCipherInfo()</code> method will return the default values for these
ciphers. To test if a given key length or iv length is acceptable for given
cipher, use the <code>keyLength</code> and <code>ivLength</code> options. If the given values are
unacceptable, <code>undefined</code> will be returned.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.getCiphers()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogetciphers" id="cryptogetciphers">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_getciphers"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.3</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a> An array with the names of the supported cipher
algorithms.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
getCiphers,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">getCiphers</span>()); <span class="hljs-comment">// ['aes-128-cbc', 'aes-128-ccm', ...]</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
getCiphers,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">getCiphers</span>()); <span class="hljs-comment">// ['aes-128-cbc', 'aes-128-ccm', ...]</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.getCurves()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogetcurves" id="cryptogetcurves">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_getcurves"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v2.3.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a> An array with the names of the supported elliptic curves.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-12-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
getCurves,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">getCurves</span>()); <span class="hljs-comment">// ['Oakley-EC2N-3', 'Oakley-EC2N-4', ...]</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
getCurves,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">getCurves</span>()); <span class="hljs-comment">// ['Oakley-EC2N-3', 'Oakley-EC2N-4', ...]</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.getDiffieHellman(groupName)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogetdiffiehellmangroupname" id="cryptogetdiffiehellmangroupname">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_getdiffiehellman_groupname"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.7.5</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>groupName</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="crypto.html#class-diffiehellmangroup" class="type"><DiffieHellmanGroup></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Creates a predefined <code>DiffieHellmanGroup</code> key exchange object. The
supported groups are listed in the documentation for <a href="#class-diffiehellmangroup"><code>DiffieHellmanGroup</code></a>.</p>
<p>The returned object mimics the interface of objects created by
<a href="#cryptocreatediffiehellmanprime-primeencoding-generator-generatorencoding"><code>crypto.createDiffieHellman()</code></a>, but will not allow changing
the keys (with <a href="#diffiehellmansetpublickeypublickey-encoding"><code>diffieHellman.setPublicKey()</code></a>, for example). The
advantage of using this method is that the parties do not have to
generate nor exchange a group modulus beforehand, saving both processor
and communication time.</p>
<p>Example (obtaining a shared secret):</p>
<pre class="with-19-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
getDiffieHellman,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> alice = <span class="hljs-title function_">getDiffieHellman</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'modp14'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bob = <span class="hljs-title function_">getDiffieHellman</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'modp14'</span>);
alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceSecret = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(), <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobSecret = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(), <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">/* aliceSecret and bobSecret should be the same */</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(aliceSecret === bobSecret);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
getDiffieHellman,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> alice = <span class="hljs-title function_">getDiffieHellman</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'modp14'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bob = <span class="hljs-title function_">getDiffieHellman</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'modp14'</span>);
alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">generateKeys</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aliceSecret = alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(), <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bobSecret = bob.<span class="hljs-title function_">computeSecret</span>(alice.<span class="hljs-title function_">getPublicKey</span>(), <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">/* aliceSecret and bobSecret should be the same */</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(aliceSecret === bobSecret);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.getFips()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogetfips" id="cryptogetfips">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_getfips"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> <code>1</code> if and only if a FIPS compliant crypto provider is
currently in use, <code>0</code> otherwise. A future semver-major release may change
the return type of this API to a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a>.</li>
</ul>
<h4><code>crypto.getHashes()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogethashes" id="cryptogethashes">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_gethashes"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.3</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string[]></a> An array of the names of the supported hash algorithms,
such as <code>'RSA-SHA256'</code>. Hash algorithms are also called "digest" algorithms.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-12-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
getHashes,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">getHashes</span>()); <span class="hljs-comment">// ['DSA', 'DSA-SHA', 'DSA-SHA1', ...]</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
getHashes,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">getHashes</span>()); <span class="hljs-comment">// ['DSA', 'DSA-SHA', 'DSA-SHA1', ...]</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.getRandomValues(typedArray)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptogetrandomvaluestypedarray" id="cryptogetrandomvaluestypedarray">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_getrandomvalues_typedarray"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v17.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>typedArray</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> Returns <code>typedArray</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>A convenient alias for <a href="webcrypto.html#cryptogetrandomvaluestypedarray"><code>crypto.webcrypto.getRandomValues()</code></a>. This
implementation is not compliant with the Web Crypto spec, to write
web-compatible code use <a href="webcrypto.html#cryptogetrandomvaluestypedarray"><code>crypto.webcrypto.getRandomValues()</code></a> instead.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.hash(algorithm, data[, outputEncoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptohashalgorithm-data-outputencoding" id="cryptohashalgorithm-data-outputencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_hash_algorithm_data_outputencoding"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v21.7.0, v20.12.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a>.2 - Release candidate</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a></li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> When <code>data</code> is a
string, it will be encoded as UTF-8 before being hashed. If a different
input encoding is desired for a string input, user could encode the string
into a <code>TypedArray</code> using either <code>TextEncoder</code> or <code>Buffer.from()</code> and passing
the encoded <code>TypedArray</code> into this API instead.</li>
<li><code>outputEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a> <a href="buffer.html#buffers-and-character-encodings">Encoding</a> used to encode the
returned digest. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'hex'</code>.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A utility for creating one-shot hash digests of data. It can be faster than
the object-based <code>crypto.createHash()</code> when hashing a smaller amount of data
(<= 5MB) that's readily available. If the data can be big or if it is streamed,
it's still recommended to use <code>crypto.createHash()</code> instead.</p>
<p>The <code>algorithm</code> is dependent on the available algorithms supported by the
version of OpenSSL on the platform. Examples are <code>'sha256'</code>, <code>'sha512'</code>, etc.
On recent releases of OpenSSL, <code>openssl list -digest-algorithms</code> will
display the available digest algorithms.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<pre class="with-42-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> crypto = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Hashing a string and return the result as a hex-encoded string.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> string = <span class="hljs-string">'Node.js'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// 10b3493287f831e81a438811a1ffba01f8cec4b7</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(crypto.<span class="hljs-title function_">hash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha1'</span>, string));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Encode a base64-encoded string into a Buffer, hash it and return</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// the result as a buffer.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> base64 = <span class="hljs-string">'Tm9kZS5qcw=='</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// <Buffer 10 b3 49 32 87 f8 31 e8 1a 43 88 11 a1 ff ba 01 f8 ce c4 b7></span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(crypto.<span class="hljs-title function_">hash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha1'</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(base64, <span class="hljs-string">'base64'</span>), <span class="hljs-string">'buffer'</span>));</code><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> crypto <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Hashing a string and return the result as a hex-encoded string.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> string = <span class="hljs-string">'Node.js'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// 10b3493287f831e81a438811a1ffba01f8cec4b7</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(crypto.<span class="hljs-title function_">hash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha1'</span>, string));
<span class="hljs-comment">// Encode a base64-encoded string into a Buffer, hash it and return</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// the result as a buffer.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> base64 = <span class="hljs-string">'Tm9kZS5qcw=='</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// <Buffer 10 b3 49 32 87 f8 31 e8 1a 43 88 11 a1 ff ba 01 f8 ce c4 b7></span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(crypto.<span class="hljs-title function_">hash</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha1'</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(base64, <span class="hljs-string">'base64'</span>), <span class="hljs-string">'buffer'</span>));</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.hkdf(digest, ikm, salt, info, keylen, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptohkdfdigest-ikm-salt-info-keylen-callback" id="cryptohkdfdigest-ikm-salt-info-keylen-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_hkdf_digest_ikm_salt_info_keylen_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v18.8.0, v16.18.0</td>
<td><p>The input keying material can now be zero-length.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>digest</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The digest algorithm to use.</li>
<li><code>ikm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> The input
keying material. Must be provided but can be zero-length.</li>
<li><code>salt</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> The salt value. Must
be provided but can be zero-length.</li>
<li><code>info</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> Additional info value.
Must be provided but can be zero-length, and cannot be more than 1024 bytes.</li>
<li><code>keylen</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The length of the key to generate. Must be greater than 0.
The maximum allowable value is <code>255</code> times the number of bytes produced by
the selected digest function (e.g. <code>sha512</code> generates 64-byte hashes, making
the maximum HKDF output 16320 bytes).</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>derivedKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>HKDF is a simple key derivation function defined in RFC 5869. The given <code>ikm</code>,
<code>salt</code> and <code>info</code> are used with the <code>digest</code> to derive a key of <code>keylen</code> bytes.</p>
<p>The supplied <code>callback</code> function is called with two arguments: <code>err</code> and
<code>derivedKey</code>. If an errors occurs while deriving the key, <code>err</code> will be set;
otherwise <code>err</code> will be <code>null</code>. The successfully generated <code>derivedKey</code> will
be passed to the callback as an <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a>. An error will be thrown if any
of the input arguments specify invalid values or types.</p>
<pre class="with-37-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
hkdf,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">hkdf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha512'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'key'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'info'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, derivedKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(derivedKey).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '24156e2...5391653'</span>
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
hkdf,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">hkdf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha512'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'key'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'info'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, derivedKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(derivedKey).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '24156e2...5391653'</span>
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.hkdfSync(digest, ikm, salt, info, keylen)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptohkdfsyncdigest-ikm-salt-info-keylen" id="cryptohkdfsyncdigest-ikm-salt-info-keylen">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_hkdfsync_digest_ikm_salt_info_keylen"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.8.0, v16.18.0</td>
<td><p>The input keying material can now be zero-length.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v15.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>digest</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The digest algorithm to use.</li>
<li><code>ikm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> The input
keying material. Must be provided but can be zero-length.</li>
<li><code>salt</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> The salt value. Must
be provided but can be zero-length.</li>
<li><code>info</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> Additional info value.
Must be provided but can be zero-length, and cannot be more than 1024 bytes.</li>
<li><code>keylen</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The length of the key to generate. Must be greater than 0.
The maximum allowable value is <code>255</code> times the number of bytes produced by
the selected digest function (e.g. <code>sha512</code> generates 64-byte hashes, making
the maximum HKDF output 16320 bytes).</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Provides a synchronous HKDF key derivation function as defined in RFC 5869. The
given <code>ikm</code>, <code>salt</code> and <code>info</code> are used with the <code>digest</code> to derive a key of
<code>keylen</code> bytes.</p>
<p>The successfully generated <code>derivedKey</code> will be returned as an <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a>.</p>
<p>An error will be thrown if any of the input arguments specify invalid values or
types, or if the derived key cannot be generated.</p>
<pre class="with-37-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
hkdfSync,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> derivedKey = <span class="hljs-title function_">hkdfSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha512'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'key'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'info'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(derivedKey).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '24156e2...5391653'</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
hkdfSync,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> derivedKey = <span class="hljs-title function_">hkdfSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'sha512'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'key'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'info'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(derivedKey).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '24156e2...5391653'</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.pbkdf2(password, salt, iterations, keylen, digest, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptopbkdf2password-salt-iterations-keylen-digest-callback" id="cryptopbkdf2password-salt-iterations-keylen-digest-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_pbkdf2_password_salt_iterations_keylen_digest_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The password and salt arguments can also be ArrayBuffer instances.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>iterations</code> parameter is now restricted to positive values. Earlier releases treated other values as one.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>digest</code> parameter is always required now.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>Calling this function without passing the <code>digest</code> parameter is deprecated now and will emit a warning.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default encoding for <code>password</code> if it is a string changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.5.5</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.5.5</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>password</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>salt</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>iterations</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>keylen</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>digest</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>derivedKey</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Provides an asynchronous Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2)
implementation. A selected HMAC digest algorithm specified by <code>digest</code> is
applied to derive a key of the requested byte length (<code>keylen</code>) from the
<code>password</code>, <code>salt</code> and <code>iterations</code>.</p>
<p>The supplied <code>callback</code> function is called with two arguments: <code>err</code> and
<code>derivedKey</code>. If an error occurs while deriving the key, <code>err</code> will be set;
otherwise <code>err</code> will be <code>null</code>. By default, the successfully generated
<code>derivedKey</code> will be passed to the callback as a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>. An error will be
thrown if any of the input arguments specify invalid values or types.</p>
<p>The <code>iterations</code> argument must be a number set as high as possible. The
higher the number of iterations, the more secure the derived key will be,
but will take a longer amount of time to complete.</p>
<p>The <code>salt</code> should be as unique as possible. It is recommended that a salt is
random and at least 16 bytes long. See <a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-132.pdf">NIST SP 800-132</a> for details.</p>
<p>When passing strings for <code>password</code> or <code>salt</code>, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>.</p>
<pre class="with-9-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
pbkdf2,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">pbkdf2</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secret'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100000</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'sha512'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, derivedKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(derivedKey.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...08d59ae'</span>
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
pbkdf2,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">pbkdf2</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secret'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100000</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'sha512'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, derivedKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(derivedKey.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...08d59ae'</span>
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>An array of supported digest functions can be retrieved using
<a href="#cryptogethashes"><code>crypto.getHashes()</code></a>.</p>
<p>This API uses libuv's threadpool, which can have surprising and
negative performance implications for some applications; see the
<a href="cli.html#uv_threadpool_sizesize"><code>UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE</code></a> documentation for more information.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.pbkdf2Sync(password, salt, iterations, keylen, digest)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptopbkdf2syncpassword-salt-iterations-keylen-digest" id="cryptopbkdf2syncpassword-salt-iterations-keylen-digest">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_pbkdf2sync_password_salt_iterations_keylen_digest"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>iterations</code> parameter is now restricted to positive values. Earlier releases treated other values as one.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>Calling this function without passing the <code>digest</code> parameter is deprecated now and will emit a warning.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>The default encoding for <code>password</code> if it is a string changed from <code>binary</code> to <code>utf8</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.3</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.3</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>password</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>salt</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>iterations</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>keylen</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>digest</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Provides a synchronous Password-Based Key Derivation Function 2 (PBKDF2)
implementation. A selected HMAC digest algorithm specified by <code>digest</code> is
applied to derive a key of the requested byte length (<code>keylen</code>) from the
<code>password</code>, <code>salt</code> and <code>iterations</code>.</p>
<p>If an error occurs an <code>Error</code> will be thrown, otherwise the derived key will be
returned as a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>.</p>
<p>The <code>iterations</code> argument must be a number set as high as possible. The
higher the number of iterations, the more secure the derived key will be,
but will take a longer amount of time to complete.</p>
<p>The <code>salt</code> should be as unique as possible. It is recommended that a salt is
random and at least 16 bytes long. See <a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-132.pdf">NIST SP 800-132</a> for details.</p>
<p>When passing strings for <code>password</code> or <code>salt</code>, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>.</p>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
pbkdf2Sync,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">pbkdf2Sync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secret'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100000</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'sha512'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...08d59ae'</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
pbkdf2Sync,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-title function_">pbkdf2Sync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'secret'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">100000</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'sha512'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...08d59ae'</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>An array of supported digest functions can be retrieved using
<a href="#cryptogethashes"><code>crypto.getHashes()</code></a>.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.privateDecrypt(privateKey, buffer)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptoprivatedecryptprivatekey-buffer" id="cryptoprivatedecryptprivatekey-buffer">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_privatedecrypt_privatekey_buffer"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v21.6.2, v20.11.1, v18.19.1</td>
<td><p>The <code>RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code> padding was disabled unless the OpenSSL build supports implicit rejection.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>Added string, ArrayBuffer, and CryptoKey as allowable key types. The oaepLabel can be an ArrayBuffer. The buffer can be a string or ArrayBuffer. All types that accept buffers are limited to a maximum of 2 ** 31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.11.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>oaepLabel</code> option was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.9.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>oaepHash</code> option was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports key objects.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.14</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.14</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>privateKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>
<ul>
<li><code>oaepHash</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The hash function to use for OAEP padding and MGF1.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'sha1'</code></li>
<li><code>oaepLabel</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> The label to
use for OAEP padding. If not specified, no label is used.</li>
<li><code>padding</code> <a href="crypto.html#cryptoconstants" class="type"><crypto.constants></a> An optional padding value defined in
<code>crypto.constants</code>, which may be: <code>crypto.constants.RSA_NO_PADDING</code>,
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code>, or
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> A new <code>Buffer</code> with the decrypted content.</li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Decrypts <code>buffer</code> with <code>privateKey</code>. <code>buffer</code> was previously encrypted using
the corresponding public key, for example using <a href="#cryptopublicencryptkey-buffer"><code>crypto.publicEncrypt()</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>privateKey</code> is not a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, this function behaves as if
<code>privateKey</code> had been passed to <a href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey"><code>crypto.createPrivateKey()</code></a>. If it is an
object, the <code>padding</code> property can be passed. Otherwise, this function uses
<code>RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING</code>.</p>
<p>Using <code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code> in <a href="#cryptoprivatedecryptprivatekey-buffer"><code>crypto.privateDecrypt()</code></a>
requires OpenSSL to support implicit rejection (<code>rsa_pkcs1_implicit_rejection</code>).
If the version of OpenSSL used by Node.js does not support this feature,
attempting to use <code>RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code> will fail.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.privateEncrypt(privateKey, buffer)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptoprivateencryptprivatekey-buffer" id="cryptoprivateencryptprivatekey-buffer">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_privateencrypt_privatekey_buffer"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>Added string, ArrayBuffer, and CryptoKey as allowable key types. The passphrase can be an ArrayBuffer. The buffer can be a string or ArrayBuffer. All types that accept buffers are limited to a maximum of 2 ** 31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports key objects.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v1.1.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v1.1.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>privateKey</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>
A PEM encoded private key.</li>
<li><code>passphrase</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> An optional
passphrase for the private key.</li>
<li><code>padding</code> <a href="crypto.html#cryptoconstants" class="type"><crypto.constants></a> An optional padding value defined in
<code>crypto.constants</code>, which may be: <code>crypto.constants.RSA_NO_PADDING</code> or
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The string encoding to use when <code>buffer</code>, <code>key</code>,
or <code>passphrase</code> are strings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> A new <code>Buffer</code> with the encrypted content.</li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Encrypts <code>buffer</code> with <code>privateKey</code>. The returned data can be decrypted using
the corresponding public key, for example using <a href="#cryptopublicdecryptkey-buffer"><code>crypto.publicDecrypt()</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>privateKey</code> is not a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, this function behaves as if
<code>privateKey</code> had been passed to <a href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey"><code>crypto.createPrivateKey()</code></a>. If it is an
object, the <code>padding</code> property can be passed. Otherwise, this function uses
<code>RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code>.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.publicDecrypt(key, buffer)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptopublicdecryptkey-buffer" id="cryptopublicdecryptkey-buffer">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_publicdecrypt_key_buffer"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>Added string, ArrayBuffer, and CryptoKey as allowable key types. The passphrase can be an ArrayBuffer. The buffer can be a string or ArrayBuffer. All types that accept buffers are limited to a maximum of 2 ** 31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports key objects.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v1.1.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v1.1.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>
<ul>
<li><code>passphrase</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> An optional
passphrase for the private key.</li>
<li><code>padding</code> <a href="crypto.html#cryptoconstants" class="type"><crypto.constants></a> An optional padding value defined in
<code>crypto.constants</code>, which may be: <code>crypto.constants.RSA_NO_PADDING</code> or
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The string encoding to use when <code>buffer</code>, <code>key</code>,
or <code>passphrase</code> are strings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> A new <code>Buffer</code> with the decrypted content.</li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Decrypts <code>buffer</code> with <code>key</code>.<code>buffer</code> was previously encrypted using
the corresponding private key, for example using <a href="#cryptoprivateencryptprivatekey-buffer"><code>crypto.privateEncrypt()</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>key</code> is not a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, this function behaves as if
<code>key</code> had been passed to <a href="#cryptocreatepublickeykey"><code>crypto.createPublicKey()</code></a>. If it is an
object, the <code>padding</code> property can be passed. Otherwise, this function uses
<code>RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code>.</p>
<p>Because RSA public keys can be derived from private keys, a private key may
be passed instead of a public key.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.publicEncrypt(key, buffer)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptopublicencryptkey-buffer" id="cryptopublicencryptkey-buffer">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_publicencrypt_key_buffer"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>Added string, ArrayBuffer, and CryptoKey as allowable key types. The oaepLabel and passphrase can be ArrayBuffers. The buffer can be a string or ArrayBuffer. All types that accept buffers are limited to a maximum of 2 ** 31 - 1 bytes.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.11.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>oaepLabel</code> option was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.9.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>oaepHash</code> option was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.6.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports key objects.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.14</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.14</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>
<ul>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>
A PEM encoded public or private key, <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a>, or <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a>.</li>
<li><code>oaepHash</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The hash function to use for OAEP padding and MGF1.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'sha1'</code></li>
<li><code>oaepLabel</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> The label to
use for OAEP padding. If not specified, no label is used.</li>
<li><code>passphrase</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> An optional
passphrase for the private key.</li>
<li><code>padding</code> <a href="crypto.html#cryptoconstants" class="type"><crypto.constants></a> An optional padding value defined in
<code>crypto.constants</code>, which may be: <code>crypto.constants.RSA_NO_PADDING</code>,
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code>, or
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The string encoding to use when <code>buffer</code>, <code>key</code>,
<code>oaepLabel</code>, or <code>passphrase</code> are strings.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> A new <code>Buffer</code> with the encrypted content.</li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Encrypts the content of <code>buffer</code> with <code>key</code> and returns a new
<a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> with encrypted content. The returned data can be decrypted using
the corresponding private key, for example using <a href="#cryptoprivatedecryptprivatekey-buffer"><code>crypto.privateDecrypt()</code></a>.</p>
<p>If <code>key</code> is not a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, this function behaves as if
<code>key</code> had been passed to <a href="#cryptocreatepublickeykey"><code>crypto.createPublicKey()</code></a>. If it is an
object, the <code>padding</code> property can be passed. Otherwise, this function uses
<code>RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING</code>.</p>
<p>Because RSA public keys can be derived from private keys, a private key may
be passed instead of a public key.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.randomBytes(size[, callback])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptorandombytessize-callback" id="cryptorandombytessize-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_randombytes_size_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing <code>null</code> as the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.5.8</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.5.8</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>size</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The number of bytes to generate. The <code>size</code> must
not be larger than <code>2**31 - 1</code>.</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>buf</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> if the <code>callback</code> function is not provided.</li>
</ul>
<p>Generates cryptographically strong pseudorandom data. The <code>size</code> argument
is a number indicating the number of bytes to generate.</p>
<p>If a <code>callback</code> function is provided, the bytes are generated asynchronously
and the <code>callback</code> function is invoked with two arguments: <code>err</code> and <code>buf</code>.
If an error occurs, <code>err</code> will be an <code>Error</code> object; otherwise it is <code>null</code>. The
<code>buf</code> argument is a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> containing the generated bytes.</p>
<pre class="with-15-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Asynchronous</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomBytes,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomBytes</span>(<span class="hljs-number">256</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`<span class="hljs-subst">${buf.length}</span> bytes of random data: <span class="hljs-subst">${buf.toString(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)}</span>`</span>);
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Asynchronous</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomBytes,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomBytes</span>(<span class="hljs-number">256</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`<span class="hljs-subst">${buf.length}</span> bytes of random data: <span class="hljs-subst">${buf.toString(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)}</span>`</span>);
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>If the <code>callback</code> function is not provided, the random bytes are generated
synchronously and returned as a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>. An error will be thrown if
there is a problem generating the bytes.</p>
<pre class="with-14-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Synchronous</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomBytes,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title function_">randomBytes</span>(<span class="hljs-number">256</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(
<span class="hljs-string">`<span class="hljs-subst">${buf.length}</span> bytes of random data: <span class="hljs-subst">${buf.toString(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)}</span>`</span>);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Synchronous</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomBytes,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title function_">randomBytes</span>(<span class="hljs-number">256</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(
<span class="hljs-string">`<span class="hljs-subst">${buf.length}</span> bytes of random data: <span class="hljs-subst">${buf.toString(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)}</span>`</span>);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>The <code>crypto.randomBytes()</code> method will not complete until there is
sufficient entropy available.
This should normally never take longer than a few milliseconds. The only time
when generating the random bytes may conceivably block for a longer period of
time is right after boot, when the whole system is still low on entropy.</p>
<p>This API uses libuv's threadpool, which can have surprising and
negative performance implications for some applications; see the
<a href="cli.html#uv_threadpool_sizesize"><code>UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE</code></a> documentation for more information.</p>
<p>The asynchronous version of <code>crypto.randomBytes()</code> is carried out in a single
threadpool request. To minimize threadpool task length variation, partition
large <code>randomBytes</code> requests when doing so as part of fulfilling a client
request.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.randomFill(buffer[, offset][, size], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptorandomfillbuffer-offset-size-callback" id="cryptorandomfillbuffer-offset-size-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_randomfill_buffer_offset_size_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v9.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> argument may be any <code>TypedArray</code> or <code>DataView</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.10.0, v6.13.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v7.10.0, v6.13.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> Must be supplied. The
size of the provided <code>buffer</code> must not be larger than <code>2**31 - 1</code>.</li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li><code>size</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>buffer.length - offset</code>. The <code>size</code> must
not be larger than <code>2**31 - 1</code>.</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> <code>function(err, buf) {}</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>This function is similar to <a href="#cryptorandombytessize-callback"><code>crypto.randomBytes()</code></a> but requires the first
argument to be a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> that will be filled. It also
requires that a callback is passed in.</p>
<p>If the <code>callback</code> function is not provided, an error will be thrown.</p>
<pre class="with-51-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { randomFill } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// The above is equivalent to the following:</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { randomFill } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// The above is equivalent to the following:</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Any <code>ArrayBuffer</code>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code> instance may be passed as
<code>buffer</code>.</p>
<p>While this includes instances of <code>Float32Array</code> and <code>Float64Array</code>, this
function should not be used to generate random floating-point numbers. The
result may contain <code>+Infinity</code>, <code>-Infinity</code>, and <code>NaN</code>, and even if the array
contains finite numbers only, they are not drawn from a uniform random
distribution and have no meaningful lower or upper bounds.</p>
<pre class="with-51-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { randomFill } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> a = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint32Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(a, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-property">buffer</span>, buf.<span class="hljs-property">byteOffset</span>, buf.<span class="hljs-property">byteLength</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> b = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">DataView</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayBuffer</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>));
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(b, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-property">buffer</span>, buf.<span class="hljs-property">byteOffset</span>, buf.<span class="hljs-property">byteLength</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> c = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayBuffer</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(c, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(buf).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { randomFill } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> a = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint32Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(a, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-property">buffer</span>, buf.<span class="hljs-property">byteOffset</span>, buf.<span class="hljs-property">byteLength</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> b = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">DataView</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayBuffer</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>));
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(b, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-property">buffer</span>, buf.<span class="hljs-property">byteOffset</span>, buf.<span class="hljs-property">byteLength</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> c = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayBuffer</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFill</span>(c, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, buf</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(buf).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>This API uses libuv's threadpool, which can have surprising and
negative performance implications for some applications; see the
<a href="cli.html#uv_threadpool_sizesize"><code>UV_THREADPOOL_SIZE</code></a> documentation for more information.</p>
<p>The asynchronous version of <code>crypto.randomFill()</code> is carried out in a single
threadpool request. To minimize threadpool task length variation, partition
large <code>randomFill</code> requests when doing so as part of fulfilling a client
request.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.randomFillSync(buffer[, offset][, size])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptorandomfillsyncbuffer-offset-size" id="cryptorandomfillsyncbuffer-offset-size">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_randomfillsync_buffer_offset_size"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v9.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>buffer</code> argument may be any <code>TypedArray</code> or <code>DataView</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v7.10.0, v6.13.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v7.10.0, v6.13.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>buffer</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> Must be supplied. The
size of the provided <code>buffer</code> must not be larger than <code>2**31 - 1</code>.</li>
<li><code>offset</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code></li>
<li><code>size</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>buffer.length - offset</code>. The <code>size</code> must
not be larger than <code>2**31 - 1</code>.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> The object passed as
<code>buffer</code> argument.</li>
</ul>
<p>Synchronous version of <a href="#cryptorandomfillbuffer-offset-size-callback"><code>crypto.randomFill()</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="with-55-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { randomFillSync } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(buf).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// The above is equivalent to the following:</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { randomFillSync } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(buf).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// The above is equivalent to the following:</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(buf, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Any <code>ArrayBuffer</code>, <code>TypedArray</code> or <code>DataView</code> instance may be passed as
<code>buffer</code>.</p>
<pre class="with-55-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { randomFillSync } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> a = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint32Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(a).<span class="hljs-property">buffer</span>,
a.<span class="hljs-property">byteOffset</span>, a.<span class="hljs-property">byteLength</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> b = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">DataView</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayBuffer</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>));
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(b).<span class="hljs-property">buffer</span>,
b.<span class="hljs-property">byteOffset</span>, b.<span class="hljs-property">byteLength</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> c = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayBuffer</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(c)).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { randomFillSync } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> a = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Uint32Array</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(a).<span class="hljs-property">buffer</span>,
a.<span class="hljs-property">byteOffset</span>, a.<span class="hljs-property">byteLength</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> b = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">DataView</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayBuffer</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>));
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(b).<span class="hljs-property">buffer</span>,
b.<span class="hljs-property">byteOffset</span>, b.<span class="hljs-property">byteLength</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> c = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ArrayBuffer</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">randomFillSync</span>(c)).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>));</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.randomInt([min, ]max[, callback])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptorandomintmin-max-callback" id="cryptorandomintmin-max-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_randomint_min_max_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v14.10.0, v12.19.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v14.10.0, v12.19.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>min</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Start of random range (inclusive). <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code>.</li>
<li><code>max</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> End of random range (exclusive).</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> <code>function(err, n) {}</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Return a random integer <code>n</code> such that <code>min <= n < max</code>. This
implementation avoids <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle#Modulo_bias">modulo bias</a>.</p>
<p>The range (<code>max - min</code>) must be less than 2<sup>48</sup>. <code>min</code> and <code>max</code> must
be <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number/isSafeInteger">safe integers</a>.</p>
<p>If the <code>callback</code> function is not provided, the random integer is
generated synchronously.</p>
<pre class="with-15-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Asynchronous</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomInt,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomInt</span>(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, n</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`Random number chosen from (0, 1, 2): <span class="hljs-subst">${n}</span>`</span>);
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Asynchronous</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomInt,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">randomInt</span>(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, n</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`Random number chosen from (0, 1, 2): <span class="hljs-subst">${n}</span>`</span>);
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<pre class="with-14-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Synchronous</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomInt,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> n = <span class="hljs-title function_">randomInt</span>(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`Random number chosen from (0, 1, 2): <span class="hljs-subst">${n}</span>`</span>);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// Synchronous</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomInt,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> n = <span class="hljs-title function_">randomInt</span>(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`Random number chosen from (0, 1, 2): <span class="hljs-subst">${n}</span>`</span>);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<pre class="with-22-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// With `min` argument</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomInt,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> n = <span class="hljs-title function_">randomInt</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">7</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`The dice rolled: <span class="hljs-subst">${n}</span>`</span>);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-comment">// With `min` argument</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
randomInt,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> n = <span class="hljs-title function_">randomInt</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">7</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`The dice rolled: <span class="hljs-subst">${n}</span>`</span>);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.randomUUID([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptorandomuuidoptions" id="cryptorandomuuidoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_randomuuid_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0, v14.17.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>disableEntropyCache</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> By default, to improve performance,
Node.js generates and caches enough
random data to generate up to 128 random UUIDs. To generate a UUID
without using the cache, set <code>disableEntropyCache</code> to <code>true</code>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Generates a random <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4122.txt">RFC 4122</a> version 4 UUID. The UUID is generated using a
cryptographic pseudorandom number generator.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.scrypt(password, salt, keylen[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptoscryptpassword-salt-keylen-options-callback" id="cryptoscryptpassword-salt-keylen-options-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_scrypt_password_salt_keylen_options_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The password and salt arguments can also be ArrayBuffer instances.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.8.0, v10.17.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>maxmem</code> value can now be any safe integer.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.9.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>cost</code>, <code>blockSize</code> and <code>parallelization</code> option names have been added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.5.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>password</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>salt</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>keylen</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>cost</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> CPU/memory cost parameter. Must be a power of two greater
than one. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>16384</code>.</li>
<li><code>blockSize</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Block size parameter. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>8</code>.</li>
<li><code>parallelization</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Parallelization parameter. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>N</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Alias for <code>cost</code>. Only one of both may be specified.</li>
<li><code>r</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Alias for <code>blockSize</code>. Only one of both may be specified.</li>
<li><code>p</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Alias for <code>parallelization</code>. Only one of both may be specified.</li>
<li><code>maxmem</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Memory upper bound. It is an error when (approximately)
<code>128 * N * r > maxmem</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>32 * 1024 * 1024</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>derivedKey</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Provides an asynchronous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt">scrypt</a> implementation. Scrypt is a password-based
key derivation function that is designed to be expensive computationally and
memory-wise in order to make brute-force attacks unrewarding.</p>
<p>The <code>salt</code> should be as unique as possible. It is recommended that a salt is
random and at least 16 bytes long. See <a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-132.pdf">NIST SP 800-132</a> for details.</p>
<p>When passing strings for <code>password</code> or <code>salt</code>, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>callback</code> function is called with two arguments: <code>err</code> and <code>derivedKey</code>.
<code>err</code> is an exception object when key derivation fails, otherwise <code>err</code> is
<code>null</code>. <code>derivedKey</code> is passed to the callback as a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>.</p>
<p>An exception is thrown when any of the input arguments specify invalid values
or types.</p>
<pre class="with-9-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scrypt,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Using the factory defaults.</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'password'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, derivedKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(derivedKey.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...08d59ae'</span>
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// Using a custom N parameter. Must be a power of two.</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'password'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">N</span>: <span class="hljs-number">1024</span> }, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, derivedKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(derivedKey.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...aa39b34'</span>
});</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scrypt,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Using the factory defaults.</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'password'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, derivedKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(derivedKey.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...08d59ae'</span>
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// Using a custom N parameter. Must be a power of two.</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">scrypt</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'password'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">N</span>: <span class="hljs-number">1024</span> }, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, derivedKey</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> err;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(derivedKey.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...aa39b34'</span>
});</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.scryptSync(password, salt, keylen[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptoscryptsyncpassword-salt-keylen-options" id="cryptoscryptsyncpassword-salt-keylen-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_scryptsync_password_salt_keylen_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.8.0, v10.17.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>maxmem</code> value can now be any safe integer.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.9.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>cost</code>, <code>blockSize</code> and <code>parallelization</code> option names have been added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.5.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.5.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>password</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>salt</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>keylen</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>cost</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> CPU/memory cost parameter. Must be a power of two greater
than one. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>16384</code>.</li>
<li><code>blockSize</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Block size parameter. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>8</code>.</li>
<li><code>parallelization</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Parallelization parameter. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>N</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Alias for <code>cost</code>. Only one of both may be specified.</li>
<li><code>r</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Alias for <code>blockSize</code>. Only one of both may be specified.</li>
<li><code>p</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Alias for <code>parallelization</code>. Only one of both may be specified.</li>
<li><code>maxmem</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Memory upper bound. It is an error when (approximately)
<code>128 * N * r > maxmem</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>32 * 1024 * 1024</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Provides a synchronous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrypt">scrypt</a> implementation. Scrypt is a password-based
key derivation function that is designed to be expensive computationally and
memory-wise in order to make brute-force attacks unrewarding.</p>
<p>The <code>salt</code> should be as unique as possible. It is recommended that a salt is
random and at least 16 bytes long. See <a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-132.pdf">NIST SP 800-132</a> for details.</p>
<p>When passing strings for <code>password</code> or <code>salt</code>, please consider
<a href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">caveats when using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs</a>.</p>
<p>An exception is thrown when key derivation fails, otherwise the derived key is
returned as a <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a>.</p>
<p>An exception is thrown when any of the input arguments specify invalid values
or types.</p>
<pre class="with-13-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scryptSync,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Using the factory defaults.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key1 = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'password'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key1.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...08d59ae'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Using a custom N parameter. Must be a power of two.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key2 = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'password'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">N</span>: <span class="hljs-number">1024</span> });
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key2.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...aa39b34'</span></code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
scryptSync,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Using the factory defaults.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key1 = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'password'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key1.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...08d59ae'</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Using a custom N parameter. Must be a power of two.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key2 = <span class="hljs-title function_">scryptSync</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'password'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'salt'</span>, <span class="hljs-number">64</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">N</span>: <span class="hljs-number">1024</span> });
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(key2.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// '3745e48...aa39b34'</span></code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>crypto.secureHeapUsed()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptosecureheapused" id="cryptosecureheapused">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_secureheapused"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>total</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The total allocated secure heap size as specified
using the <code>--secure-heap=n</code> command-line flag.</li>
<li><code>min</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The minimum allocation from the secure heap as
specified using the <code>--secure-heap-min</code> command-line flag.</li>
<li><code>used</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The total number of bytes currently allocated from
the secure heap.</li>
<li><code>utilization</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The calculated ratio of <code>used</code> to <code>total</code>
allocated bytes.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4><code>crypto.setEngine(engine[, flags])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptosetengineengine-flags" id="cryptosetengineengine-flags">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_setengine_engine_flags"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v22.4.0</td>
<td><p>Custom engine support in OpenSSL 3 is deprecated.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.11</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.11</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>engine</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
<li><code>flags</code> <a href="crypto.html#cryptoconstants" class="type"><crypto.constants></a> <strong>Default:</strong> <code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_ALL</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Load and set the <code>engine</code> for some or all OpenSSL functions (selected by flags).
Support for custom engines in OpenSSL is deprecated from OpenSSL 3.</p>
<p><code>engine</code> could be either an id or a path to the engine's shared library.</p>
<p>The optional <code>flags</code> argument uses <code>ENGINE_METHOD_ALL</code> by default. The <code>flags</code>
is a bit field taking one of or a mix of the following flags (defined in
<code>crypto.constants</code>):</p>
<ul>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_RSA</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_DSA</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_DH</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_RAND</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_EC</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_CIPHERS</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_DIGESTS</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_PKEY_METHS</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_PKEY_ASN1_METHS</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_ALL</code></li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.ENGINE_METHOD_NONE</code></li>
</ul>
<h4><code>crypto.setFips(bool)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptosetfipsbool" id="cryptosetfipsbool">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_setfips_bool"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v10.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>bool</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> to enable FIPS mode.</li>
</ul>
<p>Enables the FIPS compliant crypto provider in a FIPS-enabled Node.js build.
Throws an error if FIPS mode is not available.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.sign(algorithm, data, key[, callback])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptosignalgorithm-data-key-callback" id="cryptosignalgorithm-data-key-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_sign_algorithm_data_key_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.12.0</td>
<td><p>Optional callback argument added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v13.2.0, v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports IEEE-P1363 DSA and ECDSA signatures.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v12.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a></li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a></li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>signature</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> if the <code>callback</code> function is not provided.</li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Calculates and returns the signature for <code>data</code> using the given private key and
algorithm. If <code>algorithm</code> is <code>null</code> or <code>undefined</code>, then the algorithm is
dependent upon the key type (especially Ed25519 and Ed448).</p>
<p>If <code>key</code> is not a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, this function behaves as if <code>key</code> had been
passed to <a href="#cryptocreateprivatekeykey"><code>crypto.createPrivateKey()</code></a>. If it is an object, the following
additional properties can be passed:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>dsaEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> For DSA and ECDSA, this option specifies the
format of the generated signature. It can be one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>'der'</code> (default): DER-encoded ASN.1 signature structure encoding <code>(r, s)</code>.</li>
<li><code>'ieee-p1363'</code>: Signature format <code>r || s</code> as proposed in IEEE-P1363.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>padding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Optional padding value for RSA, one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code> (default)</li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code></li>
</ul>
<p><code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code> will use MGF1 with the same hash function
used to sign the message as specified in section 3.1 of <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4055.txt">RFC 4055</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>saltLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Salt length for when padding is
<code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code>. The special value
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST</code> sets the salt length to the digest
size, <code>crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_MAX_SIGN</code> (default) sets it to the
maximum permissible value.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If the <code>callback</code> function is provided this function uses libuv's threadpool.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.subtle</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptosubtle" id="cryptosubtle">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_subtle"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v17.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Type: <a href="webcrypto.html#class-subtlecrypto" class="type"><SubtleCrypto></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A convenient alias for <a href="webcrypto.html#class-subtlecrypto"><code>crypto.webcrypto.subtle</code></a>.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.timingSafeEqual(a, b)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptotimingsafeequala-b" id="cryptotimingsafeequala-b">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_timingsafeequal_a_b"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The a and b arguments can also be ArrayBuffer.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.6.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v6.6.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>a</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>b</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>This function compares the underlying bytes that represent the given
<code>ArrayBuffer</code>, <code>TypedArray</code>, or <code>DataView</code> instances using a constant-time
algorithm.</p>
<p>This function does not leak timing information that
would allow an attacker to guess one of the values. This is suitable for
comparing HMAC digests or secret values like authentication cookies or
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/capability-urls/">capability urls</a>.</p>
<p><code>a</code> and <code>b</code> must both be <code>Buffer</code>s, <code>TypedArray</code>s, or <code>DataView</code>s, and they
must have the same byte length. An error is thrown if <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> have
different byte lengths.</p>
<p>If at least one of <code>a</code> and <code>b</code> is a <code>TypedArray</code> with more than one byte per
entry, such as <code>Uint16Array</code>, the result will be computed using the platform
byte order.</p>
<p><strong class="critical">When both of the inputs are <code>Float32Array</code>s or
<code>Float64Array</code>s, this function might return unexpected results due to IEEE 754
encoding of floating-point numbers. In particular, neither <code>x === y</code> nor
<code>Object.is(x, y)</code> implies that the byte representations of two floating-point
numbers <code>x</code> and <code>y</code> are equal.</strong></p>
<p>Use of <code>crypto.timingSafeEqual</code> does not guarantee that the <em>surrounding</em> code
is timing-safe. Care should be taken to ensure that the surrounding code does
not introduce timing vulnerabilities.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.verify(algorithm, data, key, signature[, callback])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptoverifyalgorithm-data-key-signature-callback" id="cryptoverifyalgorithm-data-key-signature-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_verify_algorithm_data_key_signature_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v18.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing an invalid callback to the <code>callback</code> argument now throws <code>ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE</code> instead of <code>ERR_INVALID_CALLBACK</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.12.0</td>
<td><p>Optional callback argument added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The data, key, and signature arguments can also be ArrayBuffer.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v13.2.0, v12.16.0</td>
<td><p>This function now supports IEEE-P1363 DSA and ECDSA signatures.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v12.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v12.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<!--lint disable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<ul>
<li><code>algorithm</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Undefined_type" class="type"><undefined></a></li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>key</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a> | <a href="crypto.html#class-keyobject" class="type"><KeyObject></a> | <a href="webcrypto.html#class-cryptokey" class="type"><CryptoKey></a></li>
<li><code>signature</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray" class="type"><TypedArray></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/DataView" class="type"><DataView></a></li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>result</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> or <code>false</code> depending on the validity of the
signature for the data and public key if the <code>callback</code> function is not
provided.</li>
</ul>
<!--lint enable maximum-line-length remark-lint-->
<p>Verifies the given signature for <code>data</code> using the given key and algorithm. If
<code>algorithm</code> is <code>null</code> or <code>undefined</code>, then the algorithm is dependent upon the
key type (especially Ed25519 and Ed448).</p>
<p>If <code>key</code> is not a <a href="#class-keyobject"><code>KeyObject</code></a>, this function behaves as if <code>key</code> had been
passed to <a href="#cryptocreatepublickeykey"><code>crypto.createPublicKey()</code></a>. If it is an object, the following
additional properties can be passed:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>dsaEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> For DSA and ECDSA, this option specifies the
format of the signature. It can be one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>'der'</code> (default): DER-encoded ASN.1 signature structure encoding <code>(r, s)</code>.</li>
<li><code>'ieee-p1363'</code>: Signature format <code>r || s</code> as proposed in IEEE-P1363.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>padding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Optional padding value for RSA, one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code> (default)</li>
<li><code>crypto.constants.RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code></li>
</ul>
<p><code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code> will use MGF1 with the same hash function
used to sign the message as specified in section 3.1 of <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4055.txt">RFC 4055</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>saltLength</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> Salt length for when padding is
<code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code>. The special value
<code>crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST</code> sets the salt length to the digest
size, <code>crypto.constants.RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_MAX_SIGN</code> (default) sets it to the
maximum permissible value.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>signature</code> argument is the previously calculated signature for the <code>data</code>.</p>
<p>Because public keys can be derived from private keys, a private key or a public
key may be passed for <code>key</code>.</p>
<p>If the <code>callback</code> function is provided this function uses libuv's threadpool.</p>
<h4><code>crypto.webcrypto</code><span><a class="mark" href="#cryptowebcrypto" id="cryptowebcrypto">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_webcrypto"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.0.0</span>
</div>
<p>Type: <a href="webcrypto.html#class-crypto" class="type"><Crypto></a> An implementation of the Web Crypto API standard.</p>
<p>See the <a href="webcrypto.html">Web Crypto API documentation</a> for details.</p>
</section><section><h3>Notes<span><a class="mark" href="#notes" id="notes">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_notes"></a></h3>
<h4>Using strings as inputs to cryptographic APIs<span><a class="mark" href="#using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis" id="using-strings-as-inputs-to-cryptographic-apis">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_using_strings_as_inputs_to_cryptographic_apis"></a></h4>
<p>For historical reasons, many cryptographic APIs provided by Node.js accept
strings as inputs where the underlying cryptographic algorithm works on byte
sequences. These instances include plaintexts, ciphertexts, symmetric keys,
initialization vectors, passphrases, salts, authentication tags,
and additional authenticated data.</p>
<p>When passing strings to cryptographic APIs, consider the following factors.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Not all byte sequences are valid UTF-8 strings. Therefore, when a byte
sequence of length <code>n</code> is derived from a string, its entropy is generally
lower than the entropy of a random or pseudorandom <code>n</code> byte sequence.
For example, no UTF-8 string will result in the byte sequence <code>c0 af</code>. Secret
keys should almost exclusively be random or pseudorandom byte sequences.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Similarly, when converting random or pseudorandom byte sequences to UTF-8
strings, subsequences that do not represent valid code points may be replaced
by the Unicode replacement character (<code>U+FFFD</code>). The byte representation of
the resulting Unicode string may, therefore, not be equal to the byte sequence
that the string was created from.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> original = [<span class="hljs-number">0xc0</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0xaf</span>];
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> bytesAsString = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(original).<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> stringAsBytes = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(bytesAsString, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(stringAsBytes);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints '<Buffer ef bf bd ef bf bd>'.</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>The outputs of ciphers, hash functions, signature algorithms, and key
derivation functions are pseudorandom byte sequences and should not be
used as Unicode strings.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When strings are obtained from user input, some Unicode characters can be
represented in multiple equivalent ways that result in different byte
sequences. For example, when passing a user passphrase to a key derivation
function, such as PBKDF2 or scrypt, the result of the key derivation function
depends on whether the string uses composed or decomposed characters. Node.js
does not normalize character representations. Developers should consider using
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/normalize"><code>String.prototype.normalize()</code></a> on user inputs before passing them to
cryptographic APIs.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Legacy streams API (prior to Node.js 0.10)<span><a class="mark" href="#legacy-streams-api-prior-to-nodejs-010" id="legacy-streams-api-prior-to-nodejs-010">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_legacy_streams_api_prior_to_node_js_0_10"></a></h4>
<p>The Crypto module was added to Node.js before there was the concept of a
unified Stream API, and before there were <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> objects for handling
binary data. As such, many <code>crypto</code> classes have methods not
typically found on other Node.js classes that implement the <a href="stream.html">streams</a>
API (e.g. <code>update()</code>, <code>final()</code>, or <code>digest()</code>). Also, many methods accepted
and returned <code>'latin1'</code> encoded strings by default rather than <code>Buffer</code>s. This
default was changed after Node.js v0.8 to use <a href="buffer.html"><code>Buffer</code></a> objects by default
instead.</p>
<h4>Support for weak or compromised algorithms<span><a class="mark" href="#support-for-weak-or-compromised-algorithms" id="support-for-weak-or-compromised-algorithms">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_support_for_weak_or_compromised_algorithms"></a></h4>
<p>The <code>node:crypto</code> module still supports some algorithms which are already
compromised and are not recommended for use. The API also allows
the use of ciphers and hashes with a small key size that are too weak for safe
use.</p>
<p>Users should take full responsibility for selecting the crypto
algorithm and key size according to their security requirements.</p>
<p>Based on the recommendations of <a href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/NIST.SP.800-131Ar2.pdf">NIST SP 800-131A</a>:</p>
<ul>
<li>MD5 and SHA-1 are no longer acceptable where collision resistance is
required such as digital signatures.</li>
<li>The key used with RSA, DSA, and DH algorithms is recommended to have
at least 2048 bits and that of the curve of ECDSA and ECDH at least
224 bits, to be safe to use for several years.</li>
<li>The DH groups of <code>modp1</code>, <code>modp2</code> and <code>modp5</code> have a key size
smaller than 2048 bits and are not recommended.</li>
</ul>
<p>See the reference for other recommendations and details.</p>
<p>Some algorithms that have known weaknesses and are of little relevance in
practice are only available through the <a href="cli.html#--openssl-legacy-provider">legacy provider</a>, which is not
enabled by default.</p>
<h4>CCM mode<span><a class="mark" href="#ccm-mode" id="ccm-mode">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_ccm_mode"></a></h4>
<p>CCM is one of the supported <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption">AEAD algorithms</a>. Applications which use this
mode must adhere to certain restrictions when using the cipher API:</p>
<ul>
<li>The authentication tag length must be specified during cipher creation by
setting the <code>authTagLength</code> option and must be one of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 or
16 bytes.</li>
<li>The length of the initialization vector (nonce) <code>N</code> must be between 7 and 13
bytes (<code>7 ≤ N ≤ 13</code>).</li>
<li>The length of the plaintext is limited to <code>2 ** (8 * (15 - N))</code> bytes.</li>
<li>When decrypting, the authentication tag must be set via <code>setAuthTag()</code> before
calling <code>update()</code>.
Otherwise, decryption will fail and <code>final()</code> will throw an error in
compliance with section 2.6 of <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3610.txt">RFC 3610</a>.</li>
<li>Using stream methods such as <code>write(data)</code>, <code>end(data)</code> or <code>pipe()</code> in CCM
mode might fail as CCM cannot handle more than one chunk of data per instance.</li>
<li>When passing additional authenticated data (AAD), the length of the actual
message in bytes must be passed to <code>setAAD()</code> via the <code>plaintextLength</code>
option.
Many crypto libraries include the authentication tag in the ciphertext,
which means that they produce ciphertexts of the length
<code>plaintextLength + authTagLength</code>. Node.js does not include the authentication
tag, so the ciphertext length is always <code>plaintextLength</code>.
This is not necessary if no AAD is used.</li>
<li>As CCM processes the whole message at once, <code>update()</code> must be called exactly
once.</li>
<li>Even though calling <code>update()</code> is sufficient to encrypt/decrypt the message,
applications <em>must</em> call <code>final()</code> to compute or verify the
authentication tag.</li>
</ul>
<pre class="with-42-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createCipheriv,
createDecipheriv,
randomBytes,
} = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-string">'keykeykeykeykeykeykeykey'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> nonce = <span class="hljs-title function_">randomBytes</span>(<span class="hljs-number">12</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aad = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'0123456789'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createCipheriv</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-ccm'</span>, key, nonce, {
<span class="hljs-attr">authTagLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">16</span>,
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> plaintext = <span class="hljs-string">'Hello world'</span>;
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">setAAD</span>(aad, {
<span class="hljs-attr">plaintextLength</span>: <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">byteLength</span>(plaintext),
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> ciphertext = cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(plaintext, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">final</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> tag = cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">getAuthTag</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Now transmit { ciphertext, nonce, tag }.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDecipheriv</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-ccm'</span>, key, nonce, {
<span class="hljs-attr">authTagLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">16</span>,
});
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">setAuthTag</span>(tag);
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">setAAD</span>(aad, {
<span class="hljs-attr">plaintextLength</span>: ciphertext.<span class="hljs-property">length</span>,
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> receivedPlaintext = decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(ciphertext, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">final</span>();
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Authentication failed!'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">cause</span>: err });
}
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(receivedPlaintext);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:buffer'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> {
createCipheriv,
createDecipheriv,
randomBytes,
} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:crypto'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> key = <span class="hljs-string">'keykeykeykeykeykeykeykey'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> nonce = <span class="hljs-title function_">randomBytes</span>(<span class="hljs-number">12</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> aad = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'0123456789'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'hex'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createCipheriv</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-ccm'</span>, key, nonce, {
<span class="hljs-attr">authTagLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">16</span>,
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> plaintext = <span class="hljs-string">'Hello world'</span>;
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">setAAD</span>(aad, {
<span class="hljs-attr">plaintextLength</span>: <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">byteLength</span>(plaintext),
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> ciphertext = cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(plaintext, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">final</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> tag = cipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">getAuthTag</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Now transmit { ciphertext, nonce, tag }.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decipher = <span class="hljs-title function_">createDecipheriv</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'aes-192-ccm'</span>, key, nonce, {
<span class="hljs-attr">authTagLength</span>: <span class="hljs-number">16</span>,
});
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">setAuthTag</span>(tag);
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">setAAD</span>(aad, {
<span class="hljs-attr">plaintextLength</span>: ciphertext.<span class="hljs-property">length</span>,
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> receivedPlaintext = decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">update</span>(ciphertext, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
decipher.<span class="hljs-title function_">final</span>();
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Authentication failed!'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">cause</span>: err });
}
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(receivedPlaintext);</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4>FIPS mode<span><a class="mark" href="#fips-mode" id="fips-mode">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_fips_mode"></a></h4>
<p>When using OpenSSL 3, Node.js supports FIPS 140-2 when used with an appropriate
OpenSSL 3 provider, such as the <a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man7/crypto.html#FIPS-provider">FIPS provider from OpenSSL 3</a> which can be
installed by following the instructions in <a href="https://github.com/openssl/openssl/blob/openssl-3.0/README-FIPS.md">OpenSSL's FIPS README file</a>.</p>
<p>For FIPS support in Node.js you will need:</p>
<ul>
<li>A correctly installed OpenSSL 3 FIPS provider.</li>
<li>An OpenSSL 3 <a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man5/fips_config.html">FIPS module configuration file</a>.</li>
<li>An OpenSSL 3 configuration file that references the FIPS module
configuration file.</li>
</ul>
<p>Node.js will need to be configured with an OpenSSL configuration file that
points to the FIPS provider. An example configuration file looks like this:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">nodejs_conf = nodejs_init
.include /<absolute path>/fipsmodule.cnf
[nodejs_init]
providers = provider_sect
[provider_sect]
default = default_sect
# The fips section name should match the section name inside the
# included fipsmodule.cnf.
fips = fips_sect
[default_sect]
activate = 1</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>where <code>fipsmodule.cnf</code> is the FIPS module configuration file generated from the
FIPS provider installation step:</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">openssl fipsinstall</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Set the <code>OPENSSL_CONF</code> environment variable to point to
your configuration file and <code>OPENSSL_MODULES</code> to the location of the FIPS
provider dynamic library. e.g.</p>
<pre><code class="language-bash"><span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> OPENSSL_CONF=/<path to configuration file>/nodejs.cnf
<span class="hljs-built_in">export</span> OPENSSL_MODULES=/<path to openssl lib>/ossl-modules</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>FIPS mode can then be enabled in Node.js either by:</p>
<ul>
<li>Starting Node.js with <code>--enable-fips</code> or <code>--force-fips</code> command line flags.</li>
<li>Programmatically calling <code>crypto.setFips(true)</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Optionally FIPS mode can be enabled in Node.js via the OpenSSL configuration
file. e.g.</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">nodejs_conf = nodejs_init
.include /<absolute path>/fipsmodule.cnf
[nodejs_init]
providers = provider_sect
alg_section = algorithm_sect
[provider_sect]
default = default_sect
# The fips section name should match the section name inside the
# included fipsmodule.cnf.
fips = fips_sect
[default_sect]
activate = 1
[algorithm_sect]
default_properties = fips=yes</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
</section><section><h3>Crypto constants<span><a class="mark" href="#crypto-constants" id="crypto-constants">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_crypto_constants_1"></a></h3>
<p>The following constants exported by <code>crypto.constants</code> apply to various uses of
the <code>node:crypto</code>, <code>node:tls</code>, and <code>node:https</code> modules and are generally
specific to OpenSSL.</p>
<h4>OpenSSL options<span><a class="mark" href="#openssl-options" id="openssl-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_openssl_options"></a></h4>
<p>See the <a href="https://wiki.openssl.org/index.php/List_of_SSL_OP_Flags#Table_of_Options">list of SSL OP Flags</a> for details.</p>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_ALL</code></td>
<td>Applies multiple bug workarounds within OpenSSL. See
<a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/SSL_CTX_set_options.html">https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/SSL_CTX_set_options.html</a>
for detail.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_ALLOW_NO_DHE_KEX</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to allow a non-[EC]DHE-based key exchange mode
for TLS v1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_ALLOW_UNSAFE_LEGACY_RENEGOTIATION</code></td>
<td>Allows legacy insecure renegotiation between OpenSSL and unpatched
clients or servers. See
<a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/SSL_CTX_set_options.html">https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/SSL_CTX_set_options.html</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE</code></td>
<td>Attempts to use the server's preferences instead of the client's when
selecting a cipher. Behavior depends on protocol version. See
<a href="https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/SSL_CTX_set_options.html">https://www.openssl.org/docs/man3.0/man3/SSL_CTX_set_options.html</a>.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_CISCO_ANYCONNECT</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to use Cisco's version identifier of DTLS_BAD_VER.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_COOKIE_EXCHANGE</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to turn on cookie exchange.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_CRYPTOPRO_TLSEXT_BUG</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to add server-hello extension from an early version
of the cryptopro draft.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to disable a SSL 3.0/TLS 1.0 vulnerability
workaround added in OpenSSL 0.9.6d.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_LEGACY_SERVER_CONNECT</code></td>
<td>Allows initial connection to servers that do not support RI.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_COMPRESSION</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to disable support for SSL/TLS compression.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_ENCRYPT_THEN_MAC</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to disable encrypt-then-MAC.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_QUERY_MTU</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_RENEGOTIATION</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to disable renegotiation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_SESSION_RESUMPTION_ON_RENEGOTIATION</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to always start a new session when performing
renegotiation.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to turn off SSL v2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_SSLv3</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to turn off SSL v3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_TICKET</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to disable use of RFC4507bis tickets.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to turn off TLS v1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_1</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to turn off TLS v1.1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_2</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to turn off TLS v1.2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_3</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to turn off TLS v1.3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_PRIORITIZE_CHACHA</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL server to prioritize ChaCha20-Poly1305
when the client does.
This option has no effect if
<code>SSL_OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE</code>
is not enabled.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>SSL_OP_TLS_ROLLBACK_BUG</code></td>
<td>Instructs OpenSSL to disable version rollback attack detection.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4>OpenSSL engine constants<span><a class="mark" href="#openssl-engine-constants" id="openssl-engine-constants">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_openssl_engine_constants"></a></h4>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_RSA</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to RSA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_DSA</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to DSA</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_DH</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to DH</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_RAND</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to RAND</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_EC</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to EC</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_CIPHERS</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to CIPHERS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_DIGESTS</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to DIGESTS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_PKEY_METHS</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to PKEY_METHS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_PKEY_ASN1_METHS</code></td>
<td>Limit engine usage to PKEY_ASN1_METHS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_ALL</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>ENGINE_METHOD_NONE</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4>Other OpenSSL constants<span><a class="mark" href="#other-openssl-constants" id="other-openssl-constants">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_other_openssl_constants"></a></h4>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>DH_CHECK_P_NOT_SAFE_PRIME</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>DH_CHECK_P_NOT_PRIME</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>DH_UNABLE_TO_CHECK_GENERATOR</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>DH_NOT_SUITABLE_GENERATOR</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_PKCS1_PADDING</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_SSLV23_PADDING</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_NO_PADDING</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_PKCS1_OAEP_PADDING</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_X931_PADDING</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_DIGEST</code></td>
<td>Sets the salt length for <code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code> to the
digest size when signing or verifying.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_MAX_SIGN</code></td>
<td>Sets the salt length for <code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code> to the
maximum permissible value when signing data.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>RSA_PSS_SALTLEN_AUTO</code></td>
<td>Causes the salt length for <code>RSA_PKCS1_PSS_PADDING</code> to be
determined automatically when verifying a signature.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>POINT_CONVERSION_COMPRESSED</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>POINT_CONVERSION_UNCOMPRESSED</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>POINT_CONVERSION_HYBRID</code></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4>Node.js crypto constants<span><a class="mark" href="#nodejs-crypto-constants" id="nodejs-crypto-constants">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="crypto_node_js_crypto_constants"></a></h4>
<table>
<tbody><tr>
<th>Constant</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>defaultCoreCipherList</code></td>
<td>Specifies the built-in default cipher list used by Node.js.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>defaultCipherList</code></td>
<td>Specifies the active default cipher list used by the current Node.js
process.</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></section>
<!-- API END -->
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