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<details role="navigation" id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#webassembly-system-interface-wasi">WebAssembly System Interface (WASI)</a></span>
<ul>
<li><a href="#security">Security</a></li>
<li><a href="#class-wasi">Class: <code>WASI</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-wasioptions"><code>new WASI([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#wasigetimportobject"><code>wasi.getImportObject()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#wasistartinstance"><code>wasi.start(instance)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#wasiinitializeinstance"><code>wasi.initialize(instance)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#wasiwasiimport"><code>wasi.wasiImport</code></a></li>
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<h2>WebAssembly System Interface (WASI)<span><a class="mark" href="#webassembly-system-interface-wasi" id="webassembly-system-interface-wasi">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="wasi_webassembly_system_interface_wasi"></a></h2>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<p><strong class="critical">The <code>node:wasi</code> module does not currently provide the
comprehensive file system security properties provided by some WASI runtimes.
Full support for secure file system sandboxing may or may not be implemented in
future. In the mean time, do not rely on it to run untrusted code. </strong></p>
<p><strong>Source Code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/v22.14.0/lib/wasi.js">lib/wasi.js</a></p>
<p>The WASI API provides an implementation of the <a href="https://wasi.dev/">WebAssembly System Interface</a>
specification. WASI gives WebAssembly applications access to the underlying
operating system via a collection of POSIX-like functions.</p>
<pre class="with-49-chars"><input class="js-flavor-toggle" type="checkbox" checked aria-label="Show modern ES modules syntax"><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { readFile } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:fs/promises'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-variable constant_">WASI</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:wasi'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { argv, env } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> wasi = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">WASI</span>({
<span class="hljs-attr">version</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'preview1'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">args</span>: argv,
env,
<span class="hljs-attr">preopens</span>: {
<span class="hljs-string">'/local'</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'/some/real/path/that/wasm/can/access'</span>,
},
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> wasm = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">WebAssembly</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">compile</span>(
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">readFile</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">URL</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./demo.wasm'</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span>.<span class="hljs-property">meta</span>.<span class="hljs-property">url</span>)),
);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> instance = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">WebAssembly</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">instantiate</span>(wasm, wasi.<span class="hljs-title function_">getImportObject</span>());
wasi.<span class="hljs-title function_">start</span>(instance);</code><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-meta">'use strict'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { readFile } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:fs/promises'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-variable constant_">WASI</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:wasi'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { argv, env } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:process'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { join } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'node:path'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> wasi = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">WASI</span>({
<span class="hljs-attr">version</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'preview1'</span>,
<span class="hljs-attr">args</span>: argv,
env,
<span class="hljs-attr">preopens</span>: {
<span class="hljs-string">'/local'</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'/some/real/path/that/wasm/can/access'</span>,
},
});
(<span class="hljs-title function_">async</span> () => {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> wasm = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">WebAssembly</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">compile</span>(
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">readFile</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">join</span>(__dirname, <span class="hljs-string">'demo.wasm'</span>)),
);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> instance = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">WebAssembly</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">instantiate</span>(wasm, wasi.<span class="hljs-title function_">getImportObject</span>());
wasi.<span class="hljs-title function_">start</span>(instance);
})();</code><button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>To run the above example, create a new WebAssembly text format file named
<code>demo.wat</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-text">(module
;; Import the required fd_write WASI function which will write the given io vectors to stdout
;; The function signature for fd_write is:
;; (File Descriptor, *iovs, iovs_len, nwritten) -> Returns number of bytes written
(import "wasi_snapshot_preview1" "fd_write" (func $fd_write (param i32 i32 i32 i32) (result i32)))
(memory 1)
(export "memory" (memory 0))
;; Write 'hello world\n' to memory at an offset of 8 bytes
;; Note the trailing newline which is required for the text to appear
(data (i32.const 8) "hello world\n")
(func $main (export "_start")
;; Creating a new io vector within linear memory
(i32.store (i32.const 0) (i32.const 8)) ;; iov.iov_base - This is a pointer to the start of the 'hello world\n' string
(i32.store (i32.const 4) (i32.const 12)) ;; iov.iov_len - The length of the 'hello world\n' string
(call $fd_write
(i32.const 1) ;; file_descriptor - 1 for stdout
(i32.const 0) ;; *iovs - The pointer to the iov array, which is stored at memory location 0
(i32.const 1) ;; iovs_len - We're printing 1 string stored in an iov - so one.
(i32.const 20) ;; nwritten - A place in memory to store the number of bytes written
)
drop ;; Discard the number of bytes written from the top of the stack
)
)</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>Use <a href="https://github.com/WebAssembly/wabt">wabt</a> to compile <code>.wat</code> to <code>.wasm</code></p>
<pre><code class="language-bash">wat2wasm demo.wat</code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<section><h3>Security<span><a class="mark" href="#security" id="security">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="wasi_security"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v21.2.0, v20.11.0</td>
<td><p>Clarify WASI security properties.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v21.2.0, v20.11.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v21.2.0, v20.11.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p>WASI provides a capabilities-based model through which applications are provided
their own custom <code>env</code>, <code>preopens</code>, <code>stdin</code>, <code>stdout</code>, <code>stderr</code>, and <code>exit</code>
capabilities.</p>
<p><strong>The current Node.js threat model does not provide secure sandboxing as is
present in some WASI runtimes.</strong></p>
<p>While the capability features are supported, they do not form a security model
in Node.js. For example, the file system sandboxing can be escaped with various
techniques. The project is exploring whether these security guarantees could be
added in future.</p>
</section><section><h3>Class: <code>WASI</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-wasi" id="class-wasi">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="wasi_class_wasi"></a></h3>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v13.3.0, v12.16.0</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>WASI</code> class provides the WASI system call API and additional convenience
methods for working with WASI-based applications. Each <code>WASI</code> instance
represents a distinct environment.</p>
<h4><code>new WASI([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#new-wasioptions" id="new-wasioptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="wasi_new_wasi_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v20.1.0</td>
<td><p>default value of returnOnExit changed to true.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v20.0.0</td>
<td><p>The version option is now required and has no default value.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v19.8.0</td>
<td><p>version field added to options.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v13.3.0, v12.16.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v13.3.0, v12.16.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>args</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array" class="type"><Array></a> An array of strings that the WebAssembly application will
see as command-line arguments. The first argument is the virtual path to the
WASI command itself. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>[]</code>.</li>
<li><code>env</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> An object similar to <code>process.env</code> that the WebAssembly
application will see as its environment. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>{}</code>.</li>
<li><code>preopens</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> This object represents the WebAssembly application's
local directory structure. The string keys of <code>preopens</code> are treated as
directories within the file system. The corresponding values in <code>preopens</code>
are the real paths to those directories on the host machine.</li>
<li><code>returnOnExit</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> By default, when WASI applications call
<code>__wasi_proc_exit()</code> <code>wasi.start()</code> will return with the exit code
specified rather than terminating the process. Setting this option to
<code>false</code> will cause the Node.js process to exit with the specified
exit code instead. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>stdin</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> The file descriptor used as standard input in the
WebAssembly application. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>0</code>.</li>
<li><code>stdout</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> The file descriptor used as standard output in the
WebAssembly application. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>stderr</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a> The file descriptor used as standard error in the
WebAssembly application. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>2</code>.</li>
<li><code>version</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The version of WASI requested. Currently the only
supported versions are <code>unstable</code> and <code>preview1</code>. This option is
mandatory.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4><code>wasi.getImportObject()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#wasigetimportobject" id="wasigetimportobject">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="wasi_wasi_getimportobject"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v19.8.0</span>
</div>
<p>Return an import object that can be passed to <code>WebAssembly.instantiate()</code> if
no other WASM imports are needed beyond those provided by WASI.</p>
<p>If version <code>unstable</code> was passed into the constructor it will return:</p>
<pre><code class="language-json"><span class="hljs-punctuation">{</span> wasi_unstable<span class="hljs-punctuation">:</span> wasi.wasiImport <span class="hljs-punctuation">}</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<p>If version <code>preview1</code> was passed into the constructor or no version was
specified it will return:</p>
<pre><code class="language-json"><span class="hljs-punctuation">{</span> wasi_snapshot_preview1<span class="hljs-punctuation">:</span> wasi.wasiImport <span class="hljs-punctuation">}</span></code> <button class="copy-button">copy</button></pre>
<h4><code>wasi.start(instance)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#wasistartinstance" id="wasistartinstance">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="wasi_wasi_start_instance"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v13.3.0, v12.16.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>instance</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly/Instance" class="type"><WebAssembly.Instance></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Attempt to begin execution of <code>instance</code> as a WASI command by invoking its
<code>_start()</code> export. If <code>instance</code> does not contain a <code>_start()</code> export, or if
<code>instance</code> contains an <code>_initialize()</code> export, then an exception is thrown.</p>
<p><code>start()</code> requires that <code>instance</code> exports a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly/Memory"><code>WebAssembly.Memory</code></a> named
<code>memory</code>. If <code>instance</code> does not have a <code>memory</code> export an exception is thrown.</p>
<p>If <code>start()</code> is called more than once, an exception is thrown.</p>
<h4><code>wasi.initialize(instance)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#wasiinitializeinstance" id="wasiinitializeinstance">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="wasi_wasi_initialize_instance"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v14.6.0, v12.19.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>instance</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly/Instance" class="type"><WebAssembly.Instance></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Attempt to initialize <code>instance</code> as a WASI reactor by invoking its
<code>_initialize()</code> export, if it is present. If <code>instance</code> contains a <code>_start()</code>
export, then an exception is thrown.</p>
<p><code>initialize()</code> requires that <code>instance</code> exports a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly/Memory"><code>WebAssembly.Memory</code></a> named
<code>memory</code>. If <code>instance</code> does not have a <code>memory</code> export an exception is thrown.</p>
<p>If <code>initialize()</code> is called more than once, an exception is thrown.</p>
<h4><code>wasi.wasiImport</code><span><a class="mark" href="#wasiwasiimport" id="wasiwasiimport">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="wasi_wasi_wasiimport"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v13.3.0, v12.16.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li>
</ul>
<p><code>wasiImport</code> is an object that implements the WASI system call API. This object
should be passed as the <code>wasi_snapshot_preview1</code> import during the instantiation
of a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/WebAssembly/Instance"><code>WebAssembly.Instance</code></a>.</p></section>
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