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.. _new-or-different:
.. currentmodule:: numpy.random
What's New or Different
-----------------------
.. warning::
The Box-Muller method used to produce NumPy's normals is no longer available
in `Generator`. It is not possible to reproduce the exact random
values using ``Generator`` for the normal distribution or any other
distribution that relies on the normal such as the `Generator.gamma` or
`Generator.standard_t`. If you require bitwise backward compatible
streams, use `RandomState`, i.e., `RandomState.gamma` or
`RandomState.standard_t`.
Quick comparison of legacy :ref:`mtrand <legacy>` to the new `Generator`
================== ==================== =============
Feature Older Equivalent Notes
------------------ -------------------- -------------
`~.Generator` `~.RandomState` ``Generator`` requires a stream
source, called a `BitGenerator`
A number of these are provided.
``RandomState`` uses
the Mersenne Twister `~.MT19937` by
default, but can also be instantiated
with any BitGenerator.
------------------ -------------------- -------------
``random`` ``random_sample``, Access the values in a BitGenerator,
``rand`` convert them to ``float64`` in the
interval ``[0.0.,`` `` 1.0)``.
In addition to the ``size`` kwarg, now
supports ``dtype='d'`` or ``dtype='f'``,
and an ``out`` kwarg to fill a user-
supplied array.
Many other distributions are also
supported.
------------------ -------------------- -------------
``integers`` ``randint``, Use the ``endpoint`` kwarg to adjust
``random_integers`` the inclusion or exclusion of the
``high`` interval endpoint
================== ==================== =============
And in more detail:
* Simulate from the complex normal distribution
(`~.Generator.complex_normal`)
* The normal, exponential and gamma generators use 256-step Ziggurat
methods which are 2-10 times faster than NumPy's default implementation in
`~.Generator.standard_normal`, `~.Generator.standard_exponential` or
`~.Generator.standard_gamma`.
.. ipython:: python
from numpy.random import Generator, PCG64
import numpy.random
rng = Generator(PCG64())
%timeit -n 1 rng.standard_normal(100000)
%timeit -n 1 numpy.random.standard_normal(100000)
.. ipython:: python
%timeit -n 1 rng.standard_exponential(100000)
%timeit -n 1 numpy.random.standard_exponential(100000)
.. ipython:: python
%timeit -n 1 rng.standard_gamma(3.0, 100000)
%timeit -n 1 numpy.random.standard_gamma(3.0, 100000)
* `~.Generator.integers` is now the canonical way to generate integer
random numbers from a discrete uniform distribution. The ``rand`` and
``randn`` methods are only available through the legacy `~.RandomState`.
This replaces both ``randint`` and the deprecated ``random_integers``.
* The Box-Muller method used to produce NumPy's normals is no longer available.
* All bit generators can produce doubles, uint64s and
uint32s via CTypes (`~PCG64.ctypes`) and CFFI (`~PCG64.cffi`).
This allows these bit generators to be used in numba.
* The bit generators can be used in downstream projects via
Cython.
* Optional ``dtype`` argument that accepts ``np.float32`` or ``np.float64``
to produce either single or double precision uniform random variables for
select distributions
* Uniforms (`~.Generator.random` and `~.Generator.integers`)
* Normals (`~.Generator.standard_normal`)
* Standard Gammas (`~.Generator.standard_gamma`)
* Standard Exponentials (`~.Generator.standard_exponential`)
.. ipython:: python
rng = Generator(PCG64(0))
rng.random(3, dtype='d')
rng.random(3, dtype='f')
* Optional ``out`` argument that allows existing arrays to be filled for
select distributions
* Uniforms (`~.Generator.random`)
* Normals (`~.Generator.standard_normal`)
* Standard Gammas (`~.Generator.standard_gamma`)
* Standard Exponentials (`~.Generator.standard_exponential`)
This allows multithreading to fill large arrays in chunks using suitable
BitGenerators in parallel.
.. ipython:: python
existing = np.zeros(4)
rng.random(out=existing[:2])
print(existing)
* Optional ``axis`` argument for methods like `~.Generator.choice`,
`~.Generator.permutation` and `~.Generator.shuffle` that controls which
axis an operation is performed over for multi-dimensional arrays.
.. ipython:: python
rng = Generator(PCG64(123456789))
a = np.arange(12).reshape((3, 4))
a
rng.choice(a, axis=1, size=5)
rng.shuffle(a, axis=1) # Shuffle in-place
a
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