.. _format:

===========
Style guide
===========

This document describes the syntax and best practices for docstrings used with
the numpydoc extension for Sphinx_.

.. Note::

   For an accompanying example, see :ref:`example.py <example>`.

   Some features described in this document require a recent version of
   ``numpydoc``. For example, the :ref:`Yields <yields>` section was added in
   ``numpydoc`` 0.6.

Overview
--------
We mostly follow the standard Python style conventions as described here:
 * `Style Guide for C Code <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0007/>`_
 * `Style Guide for Python Code <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/>`_
 * `Docstring Conventions <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0257/>`_

Additional PEPs of interest regarding documentation of code:
 * `Docstring Processing Framework <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0256/>`_
 * `Docutils Design Specification <https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0258/>`_

Use a code checker:
 * pylint_: a Python static code analysis tool.
 * pyflakes_: a tool to check Python code for errors by parsing
   the source file instead of importing it.
 * pycodestyle_: (formerly ``pep8``) a tool to check Python code against
   some of the style conventions in :pep:`8`.
 * flake8_: a tool that glues together ``pycodestyle``, ``pyflakes``,
   ``mccabe`` to check the style and quality of Python code.
 * vim-flake8_: a ``flake8`` plugin for Vim.

Import conventions
------------------

The following import conventions are used throughout the NumPy source
and documentation::

   import numpy as np
   import matplotlib as mpl
   import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

Do not abbreviate ``scipy``. There is no motivating use case to
abbreviate it in the real world, so we avoid it in the documentation
to avoid confusion.

Docstring Standard
------------------

A documentation string (docstring) is a string that describes a module,
function, class, or method definition.  The docstring is a special attribute
of the object (``object.__doc__``) and, for consistency, is surrounded by
triple double quotes, i.e.::

   """This is the form of a docstring.

   It can be spread over several lines.

   """

NumPy, SciPy_, and the scikits follow a common convention for
docstrings that provides for consistency, while also allowing our
toolchain to produce well-formatted reference guides.  This document
describes the current community consensus for such a standard.  If you
have suggestions for improvements, post them on the `numpy-discussion
list`_.

Our docstring standard uses `re-structured text (reST)
<http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html>`_ syntax and is rendered
using Sphinx_ (a pre-processor that understands the particular
documentation style we are using).  While a rich set of
markup is available, we limit ourselves to a very basic subset, in
order to provide docstrings that are easy to read on text-only
terminals.

A guiding principle is that human readers of the text are given
precedence over contorting docstrings so our tools produce nice
output.  Rather than sacrificing the readability of the docstrings, we
have written pre-processors to assist Sphinx_ in its task.

The length of docstring lines should be kept to 75 characters to
facilitate reading the docstrings in text terminals.

Sections
--------

The docstring consists of a number of sections separated by headings (except
for the deprecation warning). Each heading should be underlined in hyphens, and
the section ordering should be consistent with the description below.

The sections of a function's docstring are:

1. Short summary
````````````````

A one-line summary that does not use variable names or the function
name, e.g.

::

  def add(a, b):
     """The sum of two numbers.

     """

The function signature is normally found by introspection and
displayed by the help function.  For some functions (notably those
written in C) the signature is not available, so we have to specify
it as the first line of the docstring::

  """
  add(a, b)

  The sum of two numbers.

  """

.. highlight:: rst

2. Deprecation warning
``````````````````````

A section (use if applicable) to warn users that the object is deprecated.
Section contents should include:

* In what NumPy version the object was deprecated, and when it will be
  removed.

* Reason for deprecation if this is useful information (e.g., object
  is superseded, duplicates functionality found elsewhere, etc.).

* New recommended way of obtaining the same functionality.

This section should use the ``deprecated`` Sphinx directive instead of an
underlined section header.

::

  .. deprecated:: 1.6.0
            `ndobj_old` will be removed in NumPy 2.0.0, it is replaced by
            `ndobj_new` because the latter works also with array subclasses.

.. _extended_summary:

3. Extended Summary
```````````````````

A few sentences giving an extended description.  This section
should be used to clarify *functionality*, not to discuss
implementation detail or background theory, which should rather be
explored in the :ref:`Notes <notes>` section below.  You may refer to the
parameters and the function name, but parameter descriptions still
belong in the :ref:`Parameters <params>` section.

.. _params:

4. Parameters
`````````````

Description of the function arguments, keywords and their
respective types.

::

  Parameters
  ----------
  x : type
      Description of parameter `x`.
  y
      Description of parameter `y` (with type not specified).

The colon must be preceded by a space, or omitted if the type is absent.
When referring to a parameter anywhere within the docstring, enclose its
name in single backticks.

For the parameter types, be as precise as possible.  Below are a
few examples of parameters and their types.

::

  Parameters
  ----------
  filename : str
  copy : bool
  dtype : data-type
  iterable : iterable object
  shape : int or tuple of int
  files : list of str

If it is not necessary to specify a keyword argument, use
``optional``::

  x : int, optional

Optional keyword parameters have default values, which are
displayed as part of the function signature.  They can also be
detailed in the description::

  Description of parameter `x` (the default is -1, which implies summation
  over all axes).

or as part of the type, instead of ``optional``. If the default value would not be
used as a value, ``optional`` is preferred. These are all equivalent::

  copy : bool, default True
  copy : bool, default=True
  copy : bool, default: True

When a parameter can only assume one of a fixed set of values,
those values can be listed in braces, with the default appearing first::

  order : {'C', 'F', 'A'}
      Description of `order`.

When two or more input parameters have exactly the same type, shape and
description, they can be combined::

  x1, x2 : array_like
      Input arrays, description of `x1`, `x2`.

When documenting variable length positional, or keyword arguments, leave the
leading star(s) in front of the name and do not specify a type::

  *args
      Additional arguments should be passed as keyword arguments
  **kwargs
      Extra arguments to `metric`: refer to each metric documentation for a
      list of all possible arguments.

..
   above example is from scipy.spatial.distance.pdist

.. _returns:

5. Returns
``````````

Explanation of the returned values and their types. Similar to the
:ref:`Parameters <params>` section, except the name of each return value is
optional.
The type of each return value is always required::

  Returns
  -------
  int
      Description of anonymous integer return value.

If both the name and type are specified, the :ref:`Returns <returns>` section
takes the same form as the :ref:`Parameters <params>` section::

  Returns
  -------
  err_code : int
      Non-zero value indicates error code, or zero on success.
  err_msg : str or None
      Human readable error message, or None on success.

.. _yields:

6. Yields
`````````

Explanation of the yielded values and their types. This is relevant to
generators only. Similar to the :ref:`Returns <returns>` section in that the
name of each value is optional, but the type of each value is always required::

  Yields
  ------
  int
      Description of the anonymous integer return value.

If both the name and type are specified, the :ref:`Yields <yields>` section
takes the same form as the :ref:`Returns <returns>` section::

  Yields
  ------
  err_code : int
      Non-zero value indicates error code, or zero on success.
  err_msg : str or None
      Human readable error message, or None on success.

Support for the :ref:`Yields <yields>` section was added in `numpydoc
<https://github.com/numpy/numpydoc>`_ version 0.6.

.. _receives:

7. Receives
```````````

Explanation of parameters passed to a generator's ``.send()`` method,
formatted as for :ref:`Parameters <params>`, above.  Since, like for
:ref:`Yields <yields>` and :ref:`Returns <returns>`, a single object is
always passed to the method, this may describe either the single parameter,
or positional arguments passed as a tuple.  If a docstring
includes :ref:`Receives <receives>` it must also include
:ref:`Yields <yields>`.

8. Other Parameters
```````````````````

An optional section used to describe infrequently used parameters.
It should only be used if a function has a large number of keyword
parameters, to prevent cluttering the :ref:`Parameters <params>` section.

.. _raises:

9. Raises
`````````

An optional section detailing which errors get raised and under
what conditions::

  Raises
  ------
  LinAlgException
      If the matrix is not numerically invertible.

This section should be used judiciously, i.e., only for errors
that are non-obvious or have a large chance of getting raised.

10. Warns
`````````

An optional section detailing which warnings get raised and
under what conditions, formatted similarly to :ref:`Raises <raises>`.

11. Warnings
````````````

An optional section with cautions to the user in free text/reST.

.. _seealso:

12. See Also
````````````

An optional section used to refer to related code.  This section
can be very useful, but should be used judiciously.  The goal is to
direct users to other functions they may not be aware of, or have
easy means of discovering (by looking at the module docstring, for
example).  Routines whose docstrings further explain parameters
used by this function are good candidates.

As an example, for ``numpy.mean`` we would have::

  See Also
  --------
  average : Weighted average.

When referring to functions in the same sub-module, no prefix is
needed, and the tree is searched upwards for a match.

Prefix functions from other sub-modules appropriately.  E.g.,
whilst documenting the ``random`` module, refer to a function in
``fft`` by

::

  fft.fft2 : 2-D fast discrete Fourier transform.

When referring to an entirely different module::

  scipy.random.norm : Random variates, PDFs, etc.

Functions may be listed without descriptions, and this is
preferable if the functionality is clear from the function name::

  See Also
  --------
  func_a : Function a with its description.
  func_b, func_c_, func_d
  func_e

If the combination of the function name and the description creates
a line that is too long, the entry may be written as two lines, with
the function name and colon on the first line, and the description
on the next line, indented four spaces::

  See Also
  --------
  package.module.submodule.func_a :
      A somewhat long description of the function.

.. _notes:

13. Notes
`````````

An optional section that provides additional information about the
code, possibly including a discussion of the algorithm. This
section may include mathematical equations, written in
`LaTeX <https://www.latex-project.org/>`_ format::

  Notes
  -----
  The FFT is a fast implementation of the discrete Fourier transform:

  .. math:: X(e^{j\omega } ) = x(n)e^{ - j\omega n}

Equations can also be typeset underneath the math directive::

  The discrete-time Fourier time-convolution property states that

  .. math::

       x(n) * y(n) \Leftrightarrow X(e^{j\omega } )Y(e^{j\omega } )\\
       another equation here

Math can furthermore be used inline, i.e.

::

  The value of :math:`\omega` is larger than 5.

Variable names are displayed in typewriter font, obtained by using
``\mathtt{var}``::

  We square the input parameter `alpha` to obtain
  :math:`\mathtt{alpha}^2`.

Note that LaTeX is not particularly easy to read, so use equations
sparingly.

Images are allowed, but should not be central to the explanation;
users viewing the docstring as text must be able to comprehend its
meaning without resorting to an image viewer.  These additional
illustrations are included using::

  .. image:: filename

where filename is a path relative to the reference guide source
directory.

14. References
``````````````

References cited in the :ref:`Notes <notes>` section may be listed here,
e.g. if you cited the article below using the text ``[1]_``,
include it as in the list as follows::

  .. [1] O. McNoleg, "The integration of GIS, remote sensing,
     expert systems and adaptive co-kriging for environmental habitat
     modelling of the Highland Haggis using object-oriented, fuzzy-logic
     and neural-network techniques," Computers & Geosciences, vol. 22,
     pp. 585-588, 1996.

which renders as [1]_:

.. [1] O. McNoleg, "The integration of GIS, remote sensing,
   expert systems and adaptive co-kriging for environmental habitat
   modelling of the Highland Haggis using object-oriented, fuzzy-logic
   and neural-network techniques," Computers & Geosciences, vol. 22,
   pp. 585-588, 1996.

Referencing sources of a temporary nature, like web pages, is
discouraged.  References are meant to augment the docstring, but
should not be required to understand it.  References are numbered, starting
from one, in the order in which they are cited.

.. warning:: **References will break tables**

    Where references like [1] appear in a tables within a numpydoc
    docstring, the table markup will be broken by numpydoc processing.  See
    `numpydoc issue #130 <https://github.com/numpy/numpydoc/issues/130>`_

.. highlight:: pycon

15. Examples
````````````

An optional section for examples, using the `doctest
<http://docs.python.org/library/doctest.html>`_ format.
This section is meant to illustrate usage, not to provide a
testing framework -- for that, use the ``tests/`` directory.
While optional, this section is very strongly encouraged.

When multiple examples are provided, they should be separated by
blank lines. Comments explaining the examples should have blank
lines both above and below them::

  Examples
  --------
  >>> np.add(1, 2)
  3

  Comment explaining the second example.

  >>> np.add([1, 2], [3, 4])
  array([4, 6])

The example code may be split across multiple lines, with each line after
the first starting with '... '::

  >>> np.add([[1, 2], [3, 4]],
  ...        [[5, 6], [7, 8]])
  array([[ 6,  8],
         [10, 12]])

For tests with a result that is random or platform-dependent, mark the
output as such::

  >>> import numpy.random
  >>> np.random.rand(2)
  array([ 0.35773152,  0.38568979])  #random

You can run examples as doctests using::

  >>> np.test(doctests=True)
  >>> np.linalg.test(doctests=True)  # for a single module

In IPython it is also possible to run individual examples simply by
copy-pasting them in doctest mode::

  In [1]: %doctest_mode
  Exception reporting mode: Plain
  Doctest mode is: ON
  >>> %paste
   import numpy.random
   np.random.rand(2)
  ## -- End pasted text --
  array([ 0.8519522 ,  0.15492887])


It is not necessary to use the doctest markup ``<BLANKLINE>`` to
indicate empty lines in the output. Note that the option to run
the examples through ``numpy.test`` is provided for checking if the
examples work, not for making the examples part of the testing framework.

The examples may assume that ``import numpy as np`` is executed before
the example code in *numpy*. Additional examples may make use of
*matplotlib* for plotting, but should import it explicitly, e.g.,
``import matplotlib.pyplot as plt``. All other imports, including the
demonstrated function, must be explicit.

When matplotlib is imported in the example, the Example code will be
wrapped in `matplotlib's Sphinx \`plot\` directive
<http://matplotlib.org/sampledoc/extensions.html>`_.  When matplotlib is
not explicitly imported, `.. plot::` can be used directly if
`matplotlib.sphinxext.plot_directive` is loaded as a Sphinx extension in
``conf.py``.

.. highlight:: rst

Documenting classes
-------------------

.. _classdoc:

Class docstring
```````````````
Use the same sections as outlined above (all except :ref:`Returns <returns>`
are applicable).  The constructor (``__init__``) should also be documented
here, the :ref:`Parameters <params>` section of the docstring details the
constructor's parameters. While repetition is unnecessary, a docstring for
the class constructor (``__init__``) can, optionally, be added to provide
detailed initialization documentation.

An **Attributes** section, located below the :ref:`Parameters <params>`
section, may be used to describe non-method attributes of the class::

  Attributes
  ----------
  x : float
      Description of attribute `x`.
  y : float
      Description of attribute `y`.

When referring to an attribute anywhere within the docstring, enclose its
name in single backticks.
Attributes that are properties and have their own docstrings can be
simply listed by name::

  Attributes
  ----------
  real
  imag
  x : float
      The X coordinate.
  y : float
      The Y coordinate.

In general, it is not necessary to list class methods.  Those that are
not part of the public API have names that start with an underscore.
In some cases, however, a class may have a great many methods, of
which only a few are relevant (e.g., subclasses of ndarray).  Then, it
becomes useful to have an additional **Methods** section:

.. code-block:: python

  class Photo(ndarray):
      """
      Array with associated photographic information.

      ...

      Attributes
      ----------
      exposure : float
          Exposure in seconds.

      Methods
      -------
      colorspace(c='rgb')
          Represent the photo in the given colorspace.
      gamma(n=1.0)
          Change the photo's gamma exposure.

      """

When referring to a method anywhere within the docstring, enclose its
name in single backticks.
If it is necessary to explain a private method (use with care!), it can
be referred to in the :ref:`Extended Summary <extended_summary>` or the
:ref:`Notes <notes>` section.
Do not list private methods in the **Methods** section.

Note that `self` is *not* listed as the first parameter of methods.

Method docstrings
`````````````````
Document these as you would any other function.  Do not include
``self`` in the list of parameters.  If a method has an equivalent function
(which is the case for many ndarray methods for example), the function
docstring should contain the detailed documentation, and the method docstring
should refer to it.  Only put brief summary and :ref:`See Also <seealso>`
sections in the method docstring. The method should use a
:ref:`Returns <returns>` or :ref:`Yields <yields>` section, as appropriate.


Documenting class instances
---------------------------
Instances of classes that are part of the NumPy API (for example `np.r_`
`np.c_`, `np.index_exp`, etc.) may require some care. To give these
instances a useful docstring, we do the following:

* Single instance: If only a single instance of a class is exposed,
  document the class. Examples can use the instance name.

* Multiple instances: If multiple instances are exposed, docstrings
  for each instance are written and assigned to the instances'
  ``__doc__`` attributes at run time. The class is documented as usual, and
  the exposed instances can be mentioned in the :ref:`Notes <notes>` and
  :ref:`See Also <seealso>` sections.


Documenting generators
----------------------
Generators should be documented just as functions are documented. The
only difference is that one should use the :ref:`Yields <yields>` section
instead of the :ref:`Returns <returns>` section.
Support for the :ref:`Yields <yields>` section was added in
`numpydoc <https://github.com/numpy/numpydoc>`_ version 0.6.


Documenting constants
---------------------
Use the same sections as outlined for functions where applicable::

   1. summary
   2. extended summary (optional)
   3. see also (optional)
   4. references (optional)
   5. examples (optional)

Docstrings for constants will not be visible in text terminals
(constants are of immutable type, so docstrings can not be assigned
to them like for for class instances), but will appear in the
documentation built with Sphinx.


Documenting modules
-------------------
Each module should have a docstring with at least a summary line. Other
sections are optional, and should be used in the same order as for documenting
functions when they are appropriate::

    1. summary
    2. extended summary
    3. routine listings
    4. see also
    5. notes
    6. references
    7. examples

Routine listings are encouraged, especially for large modules, for which it is
hard to get a good overview of all functionality provided by looking at the
source file(s) or the ``__all__`` dict.

Note that license and author info, while often included in source files, do not
belong in docstrings.


Other points to keep in mind
----------------------------
* Equations : as discussed in the :ref:`Notes <notes>` section above, LaTeX
  formatting should be kept to a minimum.  Often it's possible to show
  equations as Python code or pseudo-code instead, which is much more readable
  in a terminal.  For inline display of code, use double backticks
  like ````y = np.sin(x)````. For display with blank lines above and below,
  use a double colon and indent the code, like::

    end of previous sentence::

        y = np.sin(x)

* Notes and Warnings : If there are points in the docstring that deserve
  special emphasis, the reST directives for a note or warning can be used
  in the vicinity of the context of the warning (inside a section). Syntax::

    .. warning:: Warning text.

    .. note:: Note text.

  Use these sparingly, as they do not look very good in text terminals
  and are not often necessary. One situation in which a warning can
  be useful is for marking a known bug that is not yet fixed.

* array_like : For functions that take arguments which can have not only
  a type `ndarray`, but also types that can be converted to an ndarray
  (i.e. scalar types, sequence types), those arguments can be documented
  with type `array_like`.

* Links : Depending on project settings, hyperlinks to documentation of
  modules, classes, functions, methods, and attributes should automatically
  be created if a recognized name is included within single backticks (e.g.
  ```numpy``` renders as :any:`numpy`). If you need to include other
  hyperlinks, note that some docstring sections are not parsed as standard
  reST, and in these sections, numpydoc may become confused by hyperlink
  targets such as::

      .. _Example: http://www.example.com

  If the Sphinx build issues a warning of the form
  ``WARNING: Unknown target name: "example"``, then that is what is happening.
  To avoid this problem, use the inline hyperlink form::

      `Example <http://www.example.com>`_

Common reST concepts
--------------------
For paragraphs, indentation is significant and indicates indentation in the
output. New paragraphs are marked with a blank line.

Use ``*italics*``, ``**bold**`` if needed in any explanations.

Use of backticks in reST is a common point of confusion because it is different
from markdown. In most flavors of markdown, single backticks are used for
monospaced font; in reST, *double* backticks are for ``monospaced font``,
whereas the behavior of single backticks is defined by the default role. This
leads to the following style recommendations:

- Module, class, function, method, and attribute names should render as
  hyperlinks in monospaced font (e.g. :any:`numpy`); depending on project
  settings, this may be accomplished simply be enclosing them in single
  backticks. If the hyperlink does not render as intended, explicitly
  include the appropriate role and/or namespace.
- This guide continues to recommended that parameter names be enclosed within
  single backticks. Currently, this may cause parameter names to render
  improperly and cause warnings, but numpydoc will soon release a feature
  that causes them to render as monospaced hyperlinks to the parameter
  documentation.
- All other text that is intended to render in ``monospaced`` font should be
  enclosed within ````double backticks````.

A more extensive example of reST markup can be found in `this example
document <https://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/demo.rst>`_;
the `quick reference
<https://docutils.sourceforge.net/docs/user/rst/quickref.html>`_ is
useful while editing.

Line spacing and indentation are significant and should be carefully
followed.

Conclusion
----------

This document itself was written in ReStructuredText.
:ref:`An example <example>` of the format shown here is available.

.. _Sphinx: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/
.. _pylint: https://pypi.org/project/pylint/
.. _pyflakes: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyflakes/
.. _pycodestyle: https://pypi.org/project/pycodestyle/
.. _flake8: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/flake8/
.. _vim-flake8: https://github.com/nvie/vim-flake8
.. _SciPy: https://www.scipy.org
.. _numpy-discussion list: https://mail.python.org/mailman3/lists/numpy-discussion.python.org/