1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030
7031
7032
7033
7034
7035
7036
7037
7038
7039
7040
7041
7042
7043
7044
7045
7046
7047
7048
7049
7050
7051
7052
7053
7054
7055
7056
7057
7058
7059
7060
7061
7062
7063
7064
7065
7066
7067
7068
7069
7070
7071
7072
7073
7074
7075
7076
7077
7078
7079
7080
7081
7082
7083
7084
7085
7086
7087
7088
7089
7090
7091
7092
7093
7094
7095
7096
7097
7098
7099
7100
7101
7102
7103
7104
7105
7106
7107
7108
7109
7110
7111
7112
7113
7114
7115
7116
7117
7118
7119
7120
7121
7122
7123
7124
7125
7126
7127
7128
7129
7130
7131
7132
7133
7134
7135
7136
7137
7138
7139
7140
7141
7142
7143
7144
7145
7146
7147
7148
7149
7150
7151
7152
7153
7154
7155
7156
7157
7158
7159
7160
7161
7162
7163
7164
7165
7166
7167
7168
7169
7170
7171
7172
7173
7174
7175
7176
7177
7178
7179
7180
7181
7182
7183
7184
7185
7186
7187
7188
7189
7190
7191
7192
7193
7194
7195
7196
7197
7198
7199
7200
7201
7202
7203
7204
7205
7206
7207
7208
7209
7210
7211
7212
7213
7214
7215
7216
7217
7218
7219
7220
7221
7222
7223
7224
7225
7226
7227
7228
7229
7230
7231
7232
7233
7234
7235
7236
7237
7238
7239
7240
7241
7242
7243
7244
7245
7246
7247
7248
7249
7250
7251
7252
7253
7254
7255
7256
7257
7258
7259
7260
7261
7262
7263
7264
7265
7266
7267
7268
7269
7270
7271
7272
7273
7274
7275
7276
7277
7278
7279
7280
7281
7282
7283
7284
7285
7286
7287
7288
7289
7290
7291
7292
7293
7294
7295
7296
7297
7298
7299
7300
7301
7302
7303
7304
7305
7306
7307
7308
7309
7310
7311
7312
7313
7314
7315
7316
7317
7318
7319
7320
7321
7322
7323
7324
7325
7326
7327
7328
7329
7330
7331
7332
7333
7334
7335
7336
7337
7338
7339
7340
7341
7342
7343
7344
7345
7346
7347
7348
7349
7350
7351
7352
7353
7354
7355
7356
7357
7358
7359
7360
7361
7362
7363
7364
7365
7366
7367
7368
7369
7370
7371
7372
7373
7374
7375
7376
7377
7378
7379
7380
7381
7382
7383
7384
7385
7386
7387
7388
7389
7390
7391
7392
7393
7394
7395
7396
7397
7398
7399
7400
7401
7402
7403
7404
7405
7406
7407
7408
7409
7410
7411
7412
7413
7414
7415
7416
7417
7418
7419
7420
7421
7422
7423
7424
7425
7426
7427
7428
7429
7430
7431
7432
7433
7434
7435
7436
7437
7438
7439
7440
7441
7442
7443
7444
7445
7446
7447
7448
7449
7450
7451
7452
7453
7454
7455
7456
7457
7458
7459
7460
7461
7462
7463
7464
7465
7466
7467
7468
7469
7470
7471
7472
7473
7474
7475
7476
7477
7478
7479
7480
7481
7482
7483
7484
7485
7486
7487
7488
7489
7490
7491
7492
7493
7494
7495
7496
7497
7498
7499
7500
7501
7502
7503
7504
7505
7506
7507
7508
7509
7510
7511
7512
7513
7514
7515
7516
7517
7518
7519
7520
7521
7522
7523
7524
7525
7526
7527
7528
7529
7530
7531
7532
7533
7534
7535
7536
7537
7538
7539
7540
7541
7542
7543
7544
7545
7546
7547
7548
7549
7550
7551
7552
7553
7554
7555
7556
7557
7558
7559
7560
7561
7562
7563
7564
7565
7566
7567
7568
7569
7570
7571
7572
7573
7574
7575
7576
7577
7578
7579
7580
7581
7582
7583
7584
7585
7586
7587
7588
7589
7590
7591
7592
7593
7594
7595
7596
7597
7598
7599
7600
7601
7602
7603
7604
7605
7606
7607
7608
7609
7610
7611
7612
7613
7614
7615
7616
7617
7618
7619
7620
7621
7622
7623
7624
7625
7626
7627
7628
7629
7630
7631
7632
7633
7634
7635
7636
7637
7638
7639
7640
7641
7642
7643
7644
7645
7646
7647
7648
7649
7650
7651
7652
7653
7654
7655
7656
7657
7658
7659
7660
7661
7662
7663
7664
7665
7666
7667
7668
7669
7670
7671
7672
7673
7674
7675
7676
7677
7678
7679
7680
7681
7682
7683
7684
7685
7686
7687
7688
7689
7690
7691
7692
7693
7694
7695
7696
7697
7698
7699
7700
7701
7702
7703
7704
7705
7706
7707
7708
7709
7710
7711
7712
7713
7714
7715
7716
7717
7718
7719
7720
7721
7722
7723
7724
7725
7726
7727
7728
7729
7730
7731
7732
7733
7734
7735
7736
7737
7738
7739
7740
7741
7742
7743
7744
7745
7746
7747
7748
7749
7750
7751
7752
7753
7754
7755
7756
7757
7758
7759
7760
7761
7762
7763
7764
7765
7766
7767
7768
7769
7770
7771
7772
7773
7774
7775
7776
7777
7778
7779
7780
7781
7782
7783
7784
7785
7786
7787
7788
7789
7790
7791
7792
7793
7794
7795
7796
7797
7798
7799
7800
7801
7802
7803
7804
7805
7806
7807
7808
7809
7810
7811
7812
7813
7814
7815
7816
7817
7818
7819
7820
7821
7822
7823
7824
7825
7826
7827
7828
7829
7830
7831
7832
7833
7834
7835
7836
7837
7838
7839
7840
7841
7842
7843
7844
7845
7846
7847
7848
7849
7850
7851
7852
7853
7854
7855
7856
7857
7858
7859
7860
7861
7862
7863
7864
7865
7866
7867
7868
7869
7870
7871
7872
7873
7874
7875
7876
7877
7878
7879
7880
7881
7882
7883
7884
7885
7886
7887
7888
7889
7890
7891
7892
7893
7894
7895
7896
7897
7898
7899
7900
7901
7902
7903
7904
7905
7906
7907
7908
7909
7910
7911
7912
7913
7914
7915
7916
7917
7918
7919
7920
7921
7922
7923
7924
7925
7926
7927
7928
7929
7930
7931
7932
7933
7934
7935
7936
7937
7938
7939
7940
7941
7942
7943
7944
7945
7946
7947
7948
7949
7950
7951
7952
7953
7954
7955
7956
7957
7958
7959
7960
7961
7962
7963
7964
7965
7966
7967
7968
7969
7970
7971
7972
7973
7974
7975
7976
7977
7978
7979
7980
7981
7982
7983
7984
7985
7986
7987
7988
7989
7990
7991
7992
7993
7994
7995
7996
7997
7998
7999
8000
8001
8002
8003
8004
8005
8006
8007
8008
8009
8010
8011
8012
8013
8014
8015
8016
8017
8018
8019
8020
8021
8022
8023
8024
8025
8026
8027
8028
8029
8030
8031
8032
8033
8034
8035
8036
8037
8038
8039
8040
8041
8042
8043
8044
8045
8046
8047
8048
8049
8050
8051
8052
8053
8054
8055
8056
8057
8058
8059
8060
8061
8062
8063
8064
8065
8066
8067
8068
8069
8070
8071
8072
8073
8074
8075
8076
8077
8078
8079
8080
8081
8082
8083
8084
8085
8086
8087
8088
8089
8090
8091
8092
8093
8094
8095
8096
8097
8098
8099
8100
8101
8102
8103
8104
8105
8106
8107
8108
8109
8110
8111
8112
8113
8114
8115
8116
8117
8118
8119
8120
8121
8122
8123
8124
8125
8126
8127
8128
8129
8130
8131
8132
8133
8134
8135
8136
8137
8138
8139
8140
8141
8142
8143
8144
8145
8146
8147
8148
8149
8150
8151
8152
8153
8154
8155
8156
8157
8158
8159
8160
8161
8162
8163
8164
8165
8166
8167
8168
8169
8170
8171
8172
8173
8174
8175
8176
8177
8178
8179
8180
8181
8182
8183
8184
8185
8186
8187
8188
8189
8190
8191
8192
8193
8194
8195
8196
8197
8198
8199
8200
8201
8202
8203
8204
8205
8206
8207
8208
8209
8210
8211
8212
8213
8214
8215
8216
8217
8218
8219
8220
8221
8222
8223
8224
8225
8226
8227
8228
8229
8230
8231
8232
8233
8234
8235
8236
8237
8238
8239
8240
8241
8242
8243
8244
8245
8246
8247
8248
8249
8250
8251
8252
8253
8254
8255
8256
8257
8258
8259
8260
8261
8262
8263
8264
8265
8266
8267
8268
8269
8270
8271
8272
8273
8274
8275
8276
8277
8278
8279
8280
8281
8282
8283
8284
8285
8286
8287
8288
8289
8290
8291
8292
8293
8294
8295
8296
8297
8298
8299
8300
8301
8302
8303
8304
8305
8306
8307
8308
8309
8310
8311
8312
8313
8314
8315
8316
8317
8318
8319
8320
8321
8322
8323
8324
8325
8326
8327
8328
8329
8330
8331
8332
8333
8334
8335
8336
8337
8338
8339
8340
8341
8342
8343
8344
8345
8346
8347
8348
8349
8350
8351
8352
8353
8354
8355
8356
8357
8358
8359
8360
8361
8362
8363
8364
8365
8366
8367
8368
8369
8370
8371
8372
8373
8374
8375
8376
8377
8378
8379
8380
8381
8382
8383
8384
8385
8386
8387
8388
8389
8390
8391
8392
8393
8394
8395
8396
8397
8398
8399
8400
8401
8402
8403
8404
8405
8406
8407
8408
8409
8410
8411
8412
8413
8414
8415
8416
8417
8418
8419
8420
8421
8422
8423
8424
8425
8426
8427
8428
8429
8430
8431
8432
8433
8434
8435
8436
8437
8438
8439
8440
8441
8442
8443
8444
8445
8446
8447
8448
8449
8450
8451
8452
8453
8454
8455
8456
8457
8458
8459
8460
8461
8462
8463
8464
8465
8466
8467
8468
8469
8470
8471
8472
8473
8474
8475
8476
8477
8478
8479
8480
8481
8482
8483
8484
8485
8486
8487
8488
8489
8490
8491
8492
8493
8494
8495
8496
8497
8498
8499
8500
8501
8502
8503
8504
8505
8506
8507
8508
8509
8510
8511
8512
8513
8514
8515
8516
8517
8518
8519
8520
8521
8522
8523
8524
8525
8526
8527
8528
8529
8530
8531
8532
8533
8534
8535
8536
8537
8538
8539
8540
8541
8542
8543
8544
8545
8546
8547
8548
8549
8550
8551
8552
8553
8554
8555
8556
8557
8558
8559
8560
8561
8562
8563
8564
8565
8566
8567
8568
8569
8570
8571
8572
8573
8574
8575
8576
8577
8578
8579
8580
8581
8582
8583
8584
8585
8586
8587
8588
8589
8590
8591
8592
8593
8594
8595
8596
8597
8598
8599
8600
8601
8602
8603
8604
8605
8606
8607
8608
8609
8610
8611
8612
8613
8614
8615
8616
8617
8618
8619
8620
8621
8622
8623
8624
8625
8626
8627
8628
8629
8630
8631
8632
8633
8634
8635
8636
8637
8638
8639
8640
8641
8642
8643
8644
8645
8646
8647
8648
8649
8650
8651
8652
8653
8654
8655
8656
8657
8658
8659
8660
8661
8662
8663
8664
8665
8666
8667
8668
8669
8670
8671
8672
8673
8674
8675
8676
8677
8678
8679
8680
8681
8682
8683
8684
8685
8686
8687
8688
8689
8690
8691
8692
8693
8694
8695
8696
8697
8698
8699
8700
8701
8702
8703
8704
8705
8706
8707
8708
8709
8710
8711
8712
8713
8714
8715
8716
8717
8718
8719
8720
8721
8722
8723
8724
8725
8726
8727
8728
8729
8730
8731
8732
8733
8734
8735
8736
8737
8738
8739
8740
8741
8742
8743
8744
8745
8746
8747
8748
8749
8750
8751
8752
8753
8754
8755
8756
8757
8758
8759
8760
8761
8762
8763
8764
8765
8766
8767
8768
8769
8770
8771
8772
8773
8774
8775
8776
8777
8778
8779
8780
8781
8782
8783
8784
8785
8786
8787
8788
8789
8790
8791
8792
8793
8794
8795
8796
8797
8798
8799
8800
8801
8802
8803
8804
8805
8806
8807
8808
8809
8810
8811
8812
8813
8814
8815
8816
8817
8818
8819
8820
8821
8822
8823
8824
8825
8826
8827
8828
8829
8830
8831
8832
8833
8834
8835
8836
8837
8838
8839
8840
8841
8842
8843
8844
8845
8846
8847
8848
8849
8850
8851
8852
8853
8854
8855
8856
8857
8858
8859
8860
8861
8862
8863
8864
8865
8866
8867
8868
8869
8870
8871
8872
8873
8874
8875
8876
8877
8878
8879
8880
8881
8882
8883
8884
8885
8886
8887
8888
8889
8890
8891
8892
8893
8894
8895
8896
8897
8898
8899
8900
8901
8902
8903
8904
8905
8906
8907
8908
8909
8910
8911
8912
8913
8914
8915
8916
8917
8918
8919
8920
8921
8922
8923
8924
8925
8926
8927
8928
8929
8930
8931
8932
8933
8934
8935
8936
8937
8938
8939
8940
8941
8942
8943
8944
8945
8946
8947
8948
8949
8950
8951
8952
8953
8954
8955
8956
8957
8958
8959
8960
8961
8962
8963
8964
8965
8966
8967
8968
8969
8970
8971
8972
8973
8974
8975
8976
8977
8978
8979
8980
8981
8982
8983
8984
8985
8986
8987
8988
8989
8990
8991
8992
8993
8994
8995
8996
8997
8998
8999
9000
9001
9002
9003
9004
9005
9006
9007
9008
9009
9010
9011
9012
9013
9014
9015
9016
9017
9018
9019
9020
9021
9022
9023
9024
9025
9026
9027
9028
9029
9030
9031
9032
9033
9034
9035
9036
9037
9038
9039
9040
9041
9042
9043
9044
9045
9046
9047
9048
9049
9050
9051
9052
9053
9054
9055
9056
9057
9058
9059
9060
9061
9062
9063
9064
9065
9066
9067
9068
9069
9070
9071
9072
9073
9074
9075
9076
9077
9078
9079
9080
9081
9082
9083
9084
9085
9086
9087
9088
9089
9090
9091
9092
9093
9094
9095
9096
9097
9098
9099
9100
9101
9102
9103
9104
9105
9106
9107
9108
9109
9110
9111
9112
9113
9114
9115
9116
9117
9118
9119
9120
9121
9122
9123
9124
9125
9126
9127
9128
9129
9130
9131
9132
9133
9134
9135
9136
9137
9138
9139
9140
9141
9142
9143
9144
9145
9146
9147
9148
9149
9150
9151
9152
9153
9154
9155
9156
9157
9158
9159
9160
9161
9162
9163
9164
9165
9166
9167
9168
9169
9170
9171
9172
9173
9174
9175
9176
9177
9178
9179
9180
9181
9182
9183
9184
9185
9186
9187
9188
9189
9190
9191
9192
9193
9194
9195
9196
9197
9198
9199
9200
9201
9202
9203
9204
9205
9206
9207
9208
9209
9210
9211
9212
9213
9214
9215
9216
9217
9218
9219
9220
9221
9222
9223
9224
9225
9226
9227
9228
9229
9230
9231
9232
9233
9234
9235
9236
9237
9238
9239
9240
9241
9242
9243
9244
9245
9246
9247
9248
|
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Untitled</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html">
<meta name="description" content="Untitled">
<meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.8">
<link title="Top" rel="top" href="#Top">
<link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css">
<style type="text/css"><!--
pre.display { font-family:inherit }
pre.format { font-family:inherit }
pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller }
pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller }
pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller }
span.sc { font-variant:small-caps }
span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; }
span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; }
--></style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a name="toc_TOC0" href="#TOC0">1 Description</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC1" href="#TOC1">2 Additional Features in Nex/Nvi</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC2" href="#TOC2">3 Startup Information</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC3" href="#TOC3">4 Recovery</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC4" href="#TOC4">5 Sizing the Screen</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC5" href="#TOC5">6 Character Display</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC6" href="#TOC6">7 Multiple Screens</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC7" href="#TOC7">8 Tags, Tag Stacks, and Cscope</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC8" href="#TOC8">9 Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC9" href="#TOC9">10 Scripting Languages</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC10" href="#TOC10">11 General Editor Description</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC11" href="#TOC11">12 Vi Description</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC12" href="#TOC12">13 Vi Commands</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC13" href="#TOC13">14 Vi Text Input Commands</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC14" href="#TOC14">15 Ex Addressing</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC15" href="#TOC15">16 Ex Description</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC16" href="#TOC16">17 Ex Commands</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC17" href="#TOC17">18 Set Options</a>
<li><a name="toc_TOC18" href="#TOC18">19 Index</a>
</li></ul>
</div>
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC0"></a>1 Description</h2>
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
is a screen oriented text editor.
<strong>Ex</strong>
is a line-oriented text editor.
<strong>Ex</strong>
and
<strong>vi</strong>
are different interfaces to the same program,
and it is possible to switch back and forth during an edit session.
<strong>View</strong>
is the equivalent of using the
<strong>-R</strong>
(read-only) option of
<strong>vi</strong> .
<p>This reference manual is the one provided with the
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
versions of the
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
text editors.
<strong>Nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
are intended as bug-for-bug compatible replacements for the original
Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution (4BSD)
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
programs.
This reference manual is accompanied by a traditional-style manual page.
That manual page describes the functionality found in
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
in far less detail than the description here.
In addition, it describes the system interface to
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>,
e.g. command line options, session recovery, signals,
environmental variables, and similar things.
<p>This reference is intended for users already familiar with
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>.
Anyone else should almost certainly read a good tutorial on the
editor first.
If you are in an unfamiliar environment,
and you absolutely have to get work done immediately,
see the section entitled
“<strong>Fast Startup</strong>”
in the manual page.
It is probably enough to get you started.
<p>There are a few features in
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
that are not found in historic versions of
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>.
Some of the more interesting of those features are briefly described
in the next section, entitled
“<strong>Additional Features</strong>” .
For the rest of this document,
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
is used only when it is necessary to distinguish it from the historic
implementations of
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>.
<p>Future versions of this software will be periodically made available
by anonymous ftp, and can be retrieved from
<code>ftp.cs.berkeley.edu</code>,
in the directory
<code>ucb/4bsd</code>.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC1"></a>2 Additional Features in Nex/Nvi</h2>
<p>There are a few features in
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
that are not found in historic versions of
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>.
Some of the more interesting of these are as follows:
<ul>
<li><strong>8-bit clean data, large lines, files</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {8-bit clean data, large lines, files} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
will edit any format file.
Line lengths are limited by available memory,
and file sizes are limited by available disk space.
The
<strong>vi</strong>
text input mode command
<strong><control-X></strong>
can insert any possible character value into the text.
<li><strong>Background and foreground screens</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Background and foreground screens} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>bg</strong>
command backgrounds the current screen, and the
<strong>fg</strong>
command foregrounds backgrounded screens.
The
<strong>display</strong>
command can be used to list the background screens.
<li><strong>Command Editing</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Command Editing} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>You can enter a normal editing window on the collected commands that
you've entered on the
<strong>vi</strong>
colon command-line,
and then modify and/or execute the commands.
See the
<code>cedit</code>
edit option for more information.
<li><strong>Displays</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Displays} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>display</strong>
command can be used to display the current buffers, the backgrounded
screens, and the tags stack.
<li><strong>Extended Regular Expressions</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Extended Regular Expressions} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>extended</strong>
option causes Regular Expressions to be interpreted as as Extended
Regular Expressions, (i.e. <samp><span class="command">egrep</span></samp>(1) style Regular Expressions).
<li><strong>File Name Completion</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {File Name Completion} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>It is possible to do file name completion and file name displays when
entering commands on the
<strong>vi</strong>
colon command-line.
See the
<code>filec</code>
option for more information.
<li><strong>Infinite undo</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Infinite undo} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Changes made during an edit session may be rolled backward and forward.
A
<strong>.</strong>
command immediately after a
<strong>u</strong>
command continues either forward or backward depending on whether the
<strong>u</strong>
command was an undo or a redo.
<li><strong>Left-right scrolling</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Left-right scrolling} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>leftright</strong>
option causes
<strong>nvi</strong>
to do left-right screen scrolling, instead of the traditional
<strong>vi</strong>
line wrapping.
<li><strong>Message Catalogs</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Message Catalogs} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>It is possible to display informational and error messages in different
languages by providing a catalog of messages.
See the
<code>msgcat</code>
option and the file
<code>catalog/README</code>for more information.
<li><strong>Incrementing numbers</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Incrementing numbers} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>#</strong>
command increments or decrements the number referenced by the cursor.
<li><strong>Previous file</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Previous file} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>previous</strong>
command edits the previous file from the argument list.
<li><strong>Scripting languages</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Scripting languages} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>:pe[rl] cmd</strong>,
<strong>:perld[o] cmd</strong>
and
<strong>:tc[l] cmd</strong>
commands execute Perl and Tcl/Tk commands, respectively,
on lines from the edit buffer.
See the
“<strong>Scripting Languages</strong>”
section and the specific commands for more information.
<!-- @IP{Shell screens} -->
<!-- The -->
<!-- @CO{:sc[ript] [file ...]} -->
<!-- command runs a shell in the screen. -->
<!-- Editing is unchanged, with the exception that a \fC<carriage-return>\fP -->
<!-- enters the current line (stripped of any prompt) as input to the -->
<!-- shell. -->
<li><strong>Split screens</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Split screens} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>Edit</strong> ,
<strong>Ex</strong> ,
<strong>Next</strong> ,
<strong>Previous</strong> ,
<strong>Tag</strong>
and
<strong>Visual</strong>
(in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode) commands divide the screen into multiple editing regions and
then perform their normal function in a new screen area.
The
<strong><control-W></strong>
command rotates between the foreground screens.
The
<strong>resize</strong>
command can be used to grow or shrink a particular screen.
<li><strong>Tag stacks</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Tag stacks} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Tags are now maintained in a stack.
The
<strong><control-T></strong>
command returns to the previous tag location.
The
<strong>tagpop</strong>
command returns to the most recent tag location by default, or,
optionally to a specific tag number in the tag stack,
or the most recent tag from a specified file.
The
<strong>display</strong>
command can be used to list the tags stack.
The
<strong>tagtop</strong>
command returns to the top of the tag stack.
<li><strong>Usage information</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Usage information} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>exusage</strong>
and
<strong>viusage</strong>
commands provide usage information for all of the
<strong>ex</strong>
and
<strong>vi</strong>
commands by default, or, optionally, for a specific command or key.
<li><strong>Word search</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {Word search} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong><control-A></strong>
command searches for the word referenced by the cursor.
</ul>
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC2"></a>3 Startup Information</h2>
<p><strong>Ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
interprets one of two possible environmental variables and reads up to
three of five possible files during startup.
The variables and files are expected to contain
<strong>ex</strong>
commands, not
<strong>vi</strong>
commands.
In addition, they are interpreted
<em>before</em>
the file to be edited is read, and therefore many
<strong>ex</strong>
commands may not be used.
Generally, any command that requires output to the screen or that
needs a file upon which to operate, will cause an error if included
in a startup file or environmental variable.
<p>Because the
<strong>ex</strong>
command set supported by
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
is a superset of the command set supported by historical implementations of
<strong>ex</strong> ,
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
can use the startup files created for the historical implementations,
but the converse may not be true.
<p>If the
<strong>-s</strong>
(the historic - option)
is specified, or if standard input is redirected from a file,
all environmental variables and startup files are ignored.
<p>Otherwise, startup files and environmental variables are handled
in the following order:
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>The file
<code>/etc/vi.exrc</code>is read,
as long as it is owned by root or the effective user ID of the user.
<li>The environmental variable
<code>NEXINIT</code>(or the variable
<code>EXINIT</code>,
if
<code>NEXINIT</code>is not set) is interpreted.
<li>If neither
<code>NEXINIT</code>or
<code>EXINIT</code>was set, and the
<code>HOME</code>environmental variable is set, the file
<code>$HOME/.nexrc</code>(or the file
<code>$HOME/.exrc</code>,
if
<code>$HOME/.nexrc</code>does not exist) is read,
as long as the effective user ID of the user is root or is the same as
the owner of the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
When the $HOME directory is being used for both
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
and an historic implementation of
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>,
a possible solution is to put
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
specific commands in the
<code>.nexrc</code>file, along with a
<strong>:source $HOME/.exrc</strong>
command to read in the commands common to both implementations.
<li>If the
<code>exrc</code>
option was turned on by one of the previous startup information
sources, the file
<code>.nexrc</code>(or the file
<code>.exrc</code>,
if
<code>.nexrc</code>does not exist) is read, as long as the effective user ID of the user
is the same as the owner of the file.
</ol>
<p>No startup file is read if it is writable by anyone other than its owner.
<p>It is not an error for any of the startup environmental variables or files
not to exist.
<p>Once all environmental variables are interpreted,
and all startup files are read,
the first file to be edited is read in (or a temporary file is created).
Then, any commands specified using the
<strong>-c</strong>
option are executed, in the context of that file.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC3"></a>4 Recovery</h2>
<p>There is no recovery program for
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>,
nor does
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
run setuid.
Recovery files are created readable and writable by the owner only.
Users may recover any file which they can read,
and the superuser may recover any edit session.
<p>Edit sessions are backed by files in the directory named by the
<code>recdir</code>
option (the directory
<code>/var/tmp/vi.recover</code>by default), and are named
“<strong>vi.XXXXXX</strong>”,
where
“<strong>XXXXXX</strong>”
is a number related to the process ID.
When a file is first modified,
a second recovery file containing an email message for the user is created,
and is named
“<strong>recover.XXXXXX</strong>”,
where, again,
“<strong>XXXXXX</strong>”
is associated with the process ID.
Both files are removed at the end of a normal edit session,
but will remain if the edit session is abnormally terminated
or the user runs the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>preserve</strong>
command.
<p>The
<code>recdir</code>
option may be set in either the user's or system's startup information,
changing the recovery directory.
(Note, however, that if a memory based file system is used as the backup
directory, each system reboot will delete all of the recovery files!
The same caution applies to directories such as
<code>/tmp</code>which are cleared of their contents by a system reboot, or
<code>/usr/tmp</code>which is periodically cleared of old files on many systems.)
<p>The recovery directory should be owned by root, or at least by a pseudo-user.
In addition, if directory
“sticky-bit”
semantics are available, the directory should have the sticky-bit
set so that files may only be removed by their owners.
The recovery directory must be read, write, and executable by any user,
i.e. mode 1777.
<p>If the recovery directory does not exist,
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
will attempt to create it.
This can result in the recovery directory being owned by a normal user,
which means that that user will be able to remove other user's recovery
and backup files.
This is annoying, but is not a security issue as the user cannot
otherwise access or modify the files.
<p>The recovery file has all of the necessary information in it to enable the
user to recover the edit session.
In addition, it has all of the necessary email headers for
<samp><span class="command">sendmail</span></samp>(8).
When the system is rebooted, all of the files in
<code>/var/tmp/vi.recover</code>named
“<strong>recover.XXXXXX</strong>”
should be sent to their owners, by email, using the
<strong>-t</strong>
option of
<strong>sendmail</strong>
(or a similar mechanism in other mailers).
If
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
receives a hangup (SIGHUP) signal, or the user executes the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>preserve</strong>
command,
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
will automatically email the recovery information to the user.
<p>If your system does not have the
<strong>sendmail</strong>
utility (or a mailer program which supports its interface)
the source file
<code>nvi/common/recover.c</code>will have to be modified to use your local mail delivery programs.
Note, if
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
is changed to use another mailer,
it is important to remember that the owner of the file given to
the mailer is the
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
user, so nothing in the file should be trusted as it may have been
modified in an effort to compromise the system.
<p>Finally, the owner execute bit is set on backup files when they are
created, and unset when they are first modified, e.g. backup files
that have no associated email recovery file will have this bit set.
(There is also a small window where empty files can be created and
not yet have this bit set.
This is due to the method in which the files are created.)
Such files should be deleted when the system reboots.
<p>A simple way to do this cleanup is to run the Bourne shell script
<strong>recover</strong> ,
from your
<code>/etc/rc.local</code>(or other system startup) file.
The script should work with the historic Bourne shell,
a POSIX 1003.2 shell or the Korn shell.
The
<strong>recover</strong>
script is installed as part of the
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
installation process.
<p>Consult the manual page for details on recovering preserved or
aborted editing sessions.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC4"></a>5 Sizing the Screen</h2>
<p>The size of the screen can be set in a number of ways.
<strong>Ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
takes the following steps until values are obtained for both the
number of rows and number of columns in the screen.
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>If the environmental variable
<code>LINES</code>exists,
it is used to specify the number of rows in the screen.
<li>If the environmental variable
<code>COLUMNS</code>exists,
it is used to specify the number of columns in the screen.
<li>The TIOCGWINSZ
<samp><span class="command">ioctl</span></samp>(2)
is attempted on the standard error file descriptor.
<li>The termcap entry (or terminfo entry on System V machines)
is checked for the
“li”
entry (rows) and the
“co”
entry (columns).
<li>The number of rows is set to 24, and the number of columns is set to 80.
</ol>
<p>If a window change size signal (SIGWINCH) is received,
the new window size is retrieved using the TIOCGWINSZ
<samp><span class="command">ioctl</span></samp>(2)
call, and all other information is ignored.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC5"></a>6 Character Display</h2>
<p>In both
<strong>ex</strong>
and
<strong>vi</strong>
printable characters as defined by
<samp><span class="command">isprint</span></samp>(3)
are displayed using the local character set.
<p>Non-printable characters, for which
<samp><span class="command">iscntrl</span></samp>(3)
returns true, and which are less than octal \e040,
are displayed as the string
“<code>^<character></code>”,
where
<code><character></code>is the character that is the original character's value offset from the
“<code>@</code>”
character.
For example, the octal character \e001 is displayed as
“<code>^A</code>”.
If
<samp><span class="command">iscntrl</span></samp>(3)
returns true for the octal character \e177,
it is displayed as the string
“<code>^?</code>”.
All other characters are displayed as either hexadecimal values,
in the form
“<code>0x<high-halfbyte> ... 0x<low-halfbyte></code>”,
or as octal values, in the form
“<code>e<high-one-or-two-bits> ... e<low-three-bits></code>”.
The display of unknown characters is based on the value of the
<code>octal</code>
option.
<p>In
<strong>vi</strong>
command mode, the cursor is always positioned on the last column of
characters which take up more than one column on the screen.
In
<strong>vi</strong>
text input mode, the cursor is positioned on the first column of
characters which take up more than one column on the screen.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC6"></a>7 Multiple Screens</h2>
<p><strong>Nvi</strong>
supports multiple screens by dividing the window into regions.
It also supports stacks of screens by permitting the user to change
the set of screens that are currently displayed.
<p>The
<strong>Edit</strong> ,
<strong>Ex</strong> ,
<strong>Fg</strong> ,
<strong>Next</strong> ,
<strong>Previous</strong> ,
<strong>Tag</strong>
and
<strong>Visual</strong>
(in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode)
commands divide the current screen into two regions of approximately
equal size and then perform their usual action in a new screen area.
If the cursor is in the lower half of the screen, the screen will split
up, i.e. the new screen will be above the old one.
If the cursor is in the upper half of the screen, the new screen will be
below the old one.
<p>When more than one screen is editing a file, changes in any screen are
reflected in all other screens editing the same file.
Exiting a screen without saving any changes (or explicitly discarding
them) is permitted until the last screen editing the file is exited,
at which time the changes must be saved or discarded.
<p>The
<strong>resize</strong>
command permits resizing of individual screens.
Screens may be grown, shrunk or set to an absolute number of rows.
<p>The
<strong>^W</strong>
command is used to switch between screens.
Each
<strong>^W</strong>
moves to the next lower screen in the window, or to the first screen
in the window if there are no lower screens.
<p>The
<strong>bg</strong>
command
“backgrounds”
the current screen.
The screen disappears from the window,
and the rows it occupied are taken over by a neighboring screen.
It is an error to attempt to background the only screen in the window.
<p>The
<strong>display screens</strong>
command displays the names of the files associated with the current
backgrounded screens in the window.
<p>The
<strong>fg [file]</strong>
command moves the specified screen from the list of backgrounded screens
to the foreground.
If no file argument is specified, the first screen on the list is
foregrounded.
By default,
foregrounding consists of backgrounding the current screen,
and replacing its space in the window with the foregrounded screen.
<p>Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
<strong>Fg</strong> ,
will foreground the backgrounded screen in a new screen instead of
swapping it with the current screen.
<p>If the last foregrounded screen in the window is exited,
and there are backgrounded screens,
the first screen on the list of backgrounded screens takes over the window.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC7"></a>8 Tags, Tag Stacks, and Cscope</h2>
<p><strong>Nvi</strong>
supports the historic
<strong>vi</strong>
tag command
<strong><control-]></strong> ,
and the historic
<strong>ex</strong>
tag command
<strong>tag</strong> .
These commands change the current file context to a new location,
based on information found in the
<code>tags</code>files.
If you are unfamiliar with these commands,
you should review their description in the
<strong>ex</strong>
and
<strong>vi</strong>
commands section of this manual.
For additional information on tags files,
see the discussion of the
<code>tags</code>
edit option and the system
<samp><span class="command">ctags</span></samp>(1)
manual page.
<p>In addition,
<strong>nvi</strong>
supports the notion of
“tags stacks”,
using the
<strong><control-T></strong>
command.
The
<strong><control-T></strong>
command returns the user to the previous context, i.e.,
the last place from which a
<strong><control-]></strong>
or
<strong>tag</strong>
command was entered.
These three commands provide the basic functionality which allows you
to use
<strong>vi</strong>
to review source code in a structured manner.
<p><strong>Nvi</strong>
also provides two other basic
<strong>ex</strong>
commands for tag support:
<strong>tagpop</strong>
and
<strong>tagtop</strong> .
The
<strong>tagpop</strong>
command is identical to the
<strong><control-T></strong>
command,
with the additional functionality that you may specify that modifications
to the current file are to be discarded.
This cannot be done using the
<strong><control-T></strong>
command.
The
<strong>tagtop</strong>
command discards all of the contexts that have been pushed onto the tag
stack, returning to the context from which the first
<strong><control-]></strong>
or
<strong>tag</strong>
command was entered.
<p>The historic
<samp><span class="command">ctags</span></samp>(1)
tags file format supports only a single location per tag,
normally the function declaration or structure or string definition.
More sophisticated source code tools often provide multiple locations
per tag, e.g.,
a list of the places from which a function is called or a string
definition is used.
An example of this functionality is the System V source code tool,
<strong>cscope</strong> .
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<strong>Cscope</strong>
creates a database of information on source code files,
and supports a query language for that information as described in the
<samp><span class="command">cscope</span></samp>(1)
manual page.
<strong>Nvi</strong>
contains an interface to the
<strong>cscope</strong>
query language which permits you to query
<strong>cscope</strong>
and then sequentially step through the locations in the sources files which
<strong>cscope</strong>
returns.
There are two
<strong>nvi</strong>
commands which support this ability to step through multiple locations.
They are the
<strong>ex</strong>
commands
<strong>tagnext</strong>
and
<strong>tagprev</strong> .
The
<strong>tagnext</strong>
command moves to the next location for the current tag.
The
<strong>tagprev</strong>
command moves to the previous location for the current tag.
(See the
<strong>tagnext</strong>
and
<strong>tagprev</strong>
command discussion in the
<strong>ex</strong>
commands section of this manual for more information.)
At any time during this sequential walk,
you may use the
<strong><control-]></strong> ,
<strong>tag</strong>
or
<strong>cscope</strong>
commands to move to a new tag context, and then use the
<strong><control-T></strong>
or
<strong>tagpop</strong>
commands to return and continue stepping through the locations for this
tag.
This is similar to the previous model of a simple tag stack,
except that each entry in the tag stack may have more than one file context
that is of interest.
<p>Although there is no widely distributed version of
<samp><span class="command">ctags</span></samp>(1)
that creates tags files with multiple locations per tag,
<strong>nvi</strong>
has been written to understand the obvious extension to the historic
tags file format, i.e., more than a single line in the tags file with
the same initial tag name.
If you wish to extend your
<strong>ctags</strong>
implementation or other tool with which you build tags files,
this extension should be simple and will require no changes to
<strong>nvi</strong> .
<p>The
<strong>nvi</strong>
and
<strong>cscope</strong>
interface is based on the new
<strong>ex</strong>
command
<strong>cscope</strong> ,
which has five subcommands:
<strong>add</strong> ,
<strong>find</strong> ,
<strong>help</strong> ,
<strong>kill</strong>
and
<strong>reset</strong> .
The subcommand
<strong>find</strong>
itself has eight subcommands:
<strong>c</strong> ,
<strong>d</strong> ,
<strong>e</strong> ,
<strong>f</strong> ,
<strong>g</strong> ,
<strong>i</strong> ,
<strong>s</strong>
and
<strong>t</strong> .
<ul>
<li><strong>cs[cope] a[dd] file</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {cs[cope] a[dd] file} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>add</strong>
command attaches to the specified
<strong>cscope</strong>
database.
The file name is expanded using the standard filename expansions.
If
<strong>file</strong>
is a directory, the file
“cscope.out”
in that directory is used as the database.
<p>After
<strong>nvi</strong>
attaches to a new database,
all subsequent
<strong>cscope</strong>
queries will be asked of that database.
The result of any single query is the collection of response to the query
from all of the attached databases.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the
“CSCOPE_DIRS”
environmental variable is set when
<strong>nvi</strong>
is run,
it is expected to be a <colon> or <blank>-separated list of
<strong>cscope</strong>
databases or directories containing
<strong>cscope</strong>
databases, to which the user wishes to attach.
<li><strong>:cs[cope] f[ind] c|d|e|f|g|i|s|t buffer|pattern</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {:cs[cope] f[ind] c|d|e|f|g|i|s|t buffer|pattern} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<strong>find</strong>
command is the
<strong>cscope</strong>
query command for
<strong>nvi</strong> .
For this command,
<strong>nvi</strong>
queries all attached
<strong>cscope</strong>
databases for the pattern.
If the pattern is a double-quote character followed by a valid buffer
name (e.g.,
"<character>" ),
then the contents of the named buffer are used as the pattern.
Otherwise, the pattern is a Regular Expression.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>find</strong>
command pushes the current location onto the tags stack,
and switches to the first location resulting from the query,
if the query returned at least one result.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
File names returned by the
<strong>cscope</strong>
query, if not absolute paths, are searched for relative to the directory
where the
<strong>cscope</strong>
database is located.
In addition, if the file
“cscope.tpath”
appears in the same directory as the
<strong>cscope</strong>
database,
it is expected to contain a colon-separated list of directory names
where files referenced by its associated
<strong>cscope</strong>
database may be found.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>find</strong>
subcommand is one of the following:
<dl>
<dt>c<dd>Find callers of the name.
<br><dt>d<dd>Find all function calls made from name.
<br><dt>e<dd>Find pattern.
<br><dt>f<dd>Find files with name as substring.
<br><dt>g<dd>Find definition of name.
<br><dt>i<dd>Find files #including name.
<br><dt>s<dd>Find all uses of name.
<br><dt>t<dd>Find assignments to name.
</dl>
<li><strong>:cs[cope] h[elp] [command]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {:cs[cope] h[elp] [command]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>List the
<strong>cscope</strong>
commands,
or optionally list usage help for any single
<strong>cscope</strong>
command.
<li><strong>:display c[onnections]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {:display c[onnections]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Display the list of
<strong>cscope</strong>
databases to which
<strong>nvi</strong>
is currently connected.
<li><strong>:cs[cope] k[ill] #</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {:cs[cope] k[ill] #} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Disconnect from a specific
<strong>cscope</strong>
database.
The connection number is the one displayed by the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>display connections</strong>
command.
<li><strong>:cs[cope] r[eset]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {:cs[cope] r[eset]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Disconnect from all attached
<strong>cscope</strong>
databases.
</ul>
<p>Cscope is not freely redistributable software,
but is fairly inexpensive and easily available.
To purchase a copy of
<strong>cscope</strong> ,
see http://www.att.com/ssg/products/toolchest.html.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC8"></a>9 Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings</h2>
<p>Regular expressions are used in line addresses,
as the first part of the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>substitute</strong> ,
<strong>global</strong> ,
and
<strong>v</strong>
commands, and in search patterns.
<p>The regular expressions supported by
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
are, by default, the Basic Regular Expressions (BRE's) described in the
IEEE POSIX Standard 1003.2.
The
<code>extended</code>
option causes all regular expressions to be interpreted as the Extended
Regular Expressions (ERE's) described by the same standard.
(See
<samp><span class="command">re_format</span></samp>(7)
for more information.)
Generally speaking, BRE's are the Regular Expressions found in
<samp><span class="command">ed</span></samp>(1)
and
<samp><span class="command">grep</span></samp>(1),
and ERE's are the Regular Expressions found in
<samp><span class="command">egrep</span></samp>(1).
<p>The following is not intended to provide a description of Regular
Expressions.
The information here only describes strings and characters which
have special meanings in the
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
version of RE's,
or options which change the meanings of characters that normally
have special meanings in RE's.
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>An empty RE (e.g.
“<code>//</code>”
or
“<code>??</code>”
is equivalent to the last RE used.
<li>The construct
“<code>e<</code>”
matches the beginning of a word.
<li>The construct
“<code>e></code>”
matches the end of a word.
<li>The character
“<code>~</code>”
matches the replacement part of the last
<strong>substitute</strong>
command.
</ol>
<p>When the
<code>magic</code>
option is
<em>not</em>
set, the only characters with special meanings are a
“<code>^</code>”
character at the beginning of an RE, a
“<code>$</code>”
character at the end of an RE, and the escaping character
“<code>e</code>”.
The characters
“<code>.</code>”,
“<code>*</code>”,
“<code>[</code>”
and
“<code>~</code>”
are treated as ordinary characters unless preceded by a
“<code>e</code>”;
when preceded by a
“<code>e</code>”
they regain their special meaning.
<p>Replacement strings are the second part of a
<strong>substitute</strong>
command.
<p>The character
“<code>&</code>”
(or
“<code>e&</code>”
if the
<code>magic</code>
option is
<em>not</em>
set) in the replacement string stands for the text matched by the RE
that is being replaced.
The character
“<code>~</code>”
(or
“<code>e~</code>”
if the
<code>magic</code>
option is
<em>not</em>
set) stands for the replacement part of the previous
<strong>substitute</strong>
command.
It is only valid after a
<strong>substitute</strong>
command has been performed.
<p>The string
“<code>e#</code>”,
where
“<code>#</code>”
is an integer value from 1 to 9, stands for the text matched by
the portion of the RE enclosed in the
“<code>#</code>”'th
set of escaped parentheses, e.g.
“<code>e(</code>”
and
“<code>e)</code>”.
For example,
“<code>s/abce(.*e)def/e1/</code>”
deletes the strings
“<code>abc</code>”
and
“<code>def</code>”
from the matched pattern.
<p>The strings
“<code>el</code>”,
“<code>eu</code>”,
“<code>eL</code>”
and
“<code>eU</code>”
can be used to modify the case of elements in the replacement string.
The string
“<code>el</code>”
causes the next character to be converted to lowercase;
the string
“<code>eu</code>”
behaves similarly, but converts to uppercase
(e.g.
<code>s/abc/eU&/</code>replaces the string
<code>abc</code>with
<code>ABC</code>).
The string
“<code>eL</code>”
causes characters up to the end of the string or the next occurrence
of the strings
“<code>ee</code>”
or
“<code>eE</code>”
to be converted to lowercase;
the string
“<code>eU</code>”
behaves similarly, but converts to uppercase.
<p>If the entire replacement pattern is
“<code>%</code>”,
then the last replacement pattern is used again.
<p>In
<strong>vi</strong> ,
inserting a
<code><control-M></code>into the replacement string will cause
the matched line to be split into two lines at that point.
(The
<code><control-M></code>will be discarded.)
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC9"></a>10 Scripting Languages</h2>
<p>The
<strong>nvi</strong>
editor currently supports two scripting languages, Tcl/Tk and Perl.
(Note that Perl4 isn't sufficient, and that the Perl5 used must be
version 5.002 or later.
See the
“<strong>Building Nvi</strong>”
section for more information.
<p>The scripting language interface is still being worked on,
therefore the following information is probably incomplete,
probably wrong in cases, and likely to change.
See the
<code>perl_api</code>and
<code>tcl_api</code>source directories for more information.
As a quick reference, the following function calls are provided for
both the Perl and Tcl interfaces.
The Perl interface uses a slightly different naming convention,
e.g. “viFindScreen” is named “VI::FindScreen”.
<ul>
<li><strong>viFindScreen file</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viFindScreen file} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Return the
<code>screenId</code>associated with
<code>file</code>.
<li><strong>viAppendLine screenId lineNumber text</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viAppendLine screenId lineNumber text} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Append
<code>text</code>as a new line after line number
<code>lineNumber</code>,
in the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viDelLine screenId lineNum</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viDelLine screenId lineNum} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Delete the line
<code>lineNumber</code>from the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viGetLine screenId lineNumber</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viGetLine screenId lineNumber} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Return the line
<code>lineNumber</code>from the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viInsertLine screenId lineNumber text</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viInsertLine screenId lineNumber text} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Insert
<code>text</code>as a new line before line number
<code>lineNumber</code>in the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viLastLine screenId</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viLastLine screenId} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Return the line number of the last line in the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viSetLine screenId lineNumber text</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viSetLine screenId lineNumber text} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Change the line
<code>lineNumber</code>in the screen
<code>screenId</code>to match the specified
<code>text</code>.
<li><strong>viGetMark screenId mark</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viGetMark screenId mark} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Return the current line and column for the specified
<code>mark</code>from the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viSetMark screenId mark line column</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viSetMark screenId mark line column} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Set the specified
<code>mark</code>to be at line
<code>line</code>,
column
<code>column</code>,
in the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viGetCursor screenId</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viGetCursor screenId} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Return the current line and column for the cursor in the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viSetCursor screenId line column</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viSetCursor screenId line column} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Set the cursor in the screen
<code>screenId</code>to the specified
<code>line</code>and
<code>column</code>.
<li><strong>viMsg screenId text</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viMsg screenId text} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Display the specified
<code>text</code>as a vi message in the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viNewScreen screenId [file]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viNewScreen screenId [file]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Create a new screen.
<li><strong>viEndScreen screenId</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viEndScreen screenId} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Exit the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viSwitchScreen screenId screenId</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viSwitchScreen screenId screenId} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Switch from the screen
<code>screenId</code>to the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viMapKey screenId key tclproc</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viMapKey screenId key tclproc} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Map the specified
<code>key</code>in the screen
<code>screenId</code>to the Tcl procedure
<code>tclproc</code>.
<li><strong>viUnmMapKey screenId key</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viUnmMapKey screenId key} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Unmap the specified
<code>key</code>in the screen
<code>screenId</code><li><strong>viGetOpt screenId option</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viGetOpt screenId option} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Return the value of the specified
<code>option</code>from the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
<li><strong>viSetOpt screenId command</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {viSetOpt screenId command} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Set one or more options in the screen
<code>screenId</code>.
</ul>
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC10"></a>11 General Editor Description</h2>
<p>When
<strong>ex</strong>
or
<strong>vi</strong>
are executed,
the text of a file is read (or a temporary file is created),
and then all editing changes happen within the context of the
copy of the file.
<em>No changes affect the actual file until the file is written out</em>,
either using a write command or another command which is affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
option.
<p>All files are locked (using the
<samp><span class="command">flock</span></samp>(2)
or
<samp><span class="command">fcntl</span></samp>(2)
interfaces) during the edit session,
to avoid inadvertently making modifications to multiple copies of the file.
If a lock cannot be obtained for a file because it is locked by another
process, the edit session is read-only (as if the
<code>readonly</code>
option or the
<strong>-R</strong>
flag had been specified).
If a lock cannot be obtained for other reasons, the edit session will
continue, but the file status information
(see the
<strong><control-G></strong>
command) will reflect this fact.
<p>Both
<strong>ex</strong>
and
<strong>vi</strong>
are modeful editors, i.e. they have two modes,
“command”
mode and
“text input”
mode.
The former is intended to permit you to enter commands which modifies
already existing text.
The latter is intended to permit you to enter new text.
When
<strong>ex</strong>
first starts running, it is in command mode, and usually displays a prompt
(see the
<code>prompt</code>
option for more information).
The prompt is a single colon
“<code>:</code>”
character.
There are three commands that switch
<strong>ex</strong>
into text input mode:
<strong>append</strong> ,
<strong>change</strong>
and
<strong>insert</strong> .
Once in input mode, entering a line containing only a single period
“<code>.</code>”
ends text input mode and returns to command mode,
where the prompt is redisplayed.
<p>When
<strong>vi</strong>
first starts running, it is in command mode as well.
There are eleven commands that switch
<strong>vi</strong>
into text input mode:
<strong>A</strong> ,
<strong>a</strong> ,
<strong>C</strong> ,
<strong>c</strong> ,
<strong>I</strong> ,
<strong>i</strong> ,
<strong>O</strong> ,
<strong>o</strong> ,
<strong>R</strong> ,
<strong>S</strong>
and
<strong>s</strong> .
Once in input mode, entering an
<code><escape></code>character ends text input mode and returns to command mode.
<p><strong>Ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
present three different interfaces to editing a file.
<strong>Ex</strong>
presents a line oriented interface.
<strong>Vi</strong>
presents a full screen display oriented interface,
also known as
“visual mode”.
In addition, there is a third mode,
“open mode”,
which is line oriented,
but supports cursor movement and editing within the displayed line,
similarly to visual mode.
Open mode is not yet implemented in
<strong>nvi</strong> .
<p>The following words have special meanings in both the
<strong>ex</strong>
and
<strong>vi</strong>
command descriptions:
<a name="index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-1"></a>
<ul><li><strong><interrupt></strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {<interrupt>} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The interrupt character is used to interrupt the current operation.
Normally
<code><control-C></code>,
whatever character is set for the current terminal is used.
<a name="index-g_t_0022_003cliteral_002dnext_003e_0022-2"></a><li><strong><literal-next></strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {<literal-next>} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The literal next character is used to escape the subsequent character
from any special meaning.
This character is always
<code><control-V></code>.
If the terminal is not set up to do XON/XOFF flow control,
then
<code><control-Q></code>is used to mean literal next as well.
<a name="index-g_t_0022current-pathname_0022-3"></a><li><strong>current pathname</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {current pathname} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The pathname of the file currently being edited by vi.
When the percent character
“<code>%</code>”
appears in a file name entered as part of an
<strong>ex</strong>
command argument, it is replaced by the current pathname.
(The
“<code>%</code>”
character can be escaped by preceding it with a backslash.)
<a name="index-g_t_0022alternate-pathname_0022-4"></a><li><strong>alternate pathname</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {alternate pathname} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The name of the last file name mentioned in an
<strong>ex</strong>
command, or,
the previous current pathname if the last file mentioned
becomes the current file.
When the hash mark character
“<code>#</code>”
appears in a file name entered as part of an
<strong>ex</strong>
command argument, it is replaced by the alternate pathname.
(The
“<code>#</code>”
character can be escaped by preceding it with a backslash.)
<a name="index-buffer-5"></a><li><strong>buffer</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {buffer} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>One of a number of named areas for saving copies of text.
Commands that change or delete text can save the changed or deleted
text into a specific buffer, for later use, if the command allows
it (i.e. the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>change</strong>
command cannot save the changed text in a named buffer).
Buffers are named with a single character, preceded by a double quote,
e.g.
"<character>"
in
<strong>vi</strong>
and
without the double quote, e.g.
<code><character></code>,
in
<strong>ex</strong> .
(The double quote isn't necessary for
<strong>ex</strong>
because buffers names are denoted by their position in the command line.)
Historic implementations of
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
limited
<code><character></code>to the alphanumeric characters;
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
permits the use of any character without another meaning in the position
where a buffer name is expected.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Buffers named by uppercase characters are the same as buffers
named by lowercase characters, e.g. the buffer named by the
English character
“<code>A</code>”
is the same as the buffer named by the character
“<code>a</code>”,
with the exception that, if the buffer contents are being changed (as
with a text deletion or
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong>change</strong>
command), the text is
<em>appended</em>
to the buffer, instead of replacing the current contents.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The buffers named by the numeric characters (in English,
“<code>1</code>”
through
“<code>9</code>”),
are special.
If a region of text including characters from more than one line,
or a single line of text specified by using a line-oriented motion,
is changed or deleted in the file using the
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong>change</strong>
or
<strong>delete</strong>
commands, a copy of the text is placed into the numeric buffer
“<code>1</code>”,
regardless of the user specifying another buffer in which to save it.
In addition, there are a few commands which, when used as a
<code>motion</code>with the
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong>change</strong>
and
<strong>delete</strong>
commands,
<em>always</em>
copy the specified region of text into the numeric buffers regardless
of the region including characters from more than one line.
These commands are:
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong><control-A></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>%</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>(</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>)</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>`<character></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>/</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>?</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>N</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>n</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>{</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>}</strong>
<br></td></tr></table>
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Before this copy is done, the previous contents of buffer
“<code>1</code>”
are moved into buffer
“<code>2</code>”,
“<code>2</code>”
into buffer
“<code>3</code>”,
and so on.
The contents of buffer
“<code>9</code>”
are discarded.
In
<strong>vi</strong> ,
text may be explicitly stored into the numeric buffers.
In this case, the buffer rotation described above occurs before the
replacement of the buffer's contents.
The numeric buffers are only available in
<code>visual</code>and
<code>open</code>modes,
and are not accessible by
<strong>ex</strong>
in any way, although changed and deleted text is still stored there
while in
<strong>ex</strong>
mode.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
When a
<strong>vi</strong>
command synopsis shows both a
<code>[buffer]</code>and a
<code>[count]</code>,
they may be presented in any order.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Finally, all buffers are either
“line”
or
“character”
oriented.
All
<strong>ex</strong>
commands which store text into buffers are line oriented.
Some
<strong>vi</strong>
commands which store text into buffers are line oriented,
and some are character oriented; the description for each applicable
<strong>vi</strong>
command notes whether text copied into buffers using the command
is line or character oriented.
In addition, the
<strong>vi</strong>
command
<strong>display buffers</strong>
displays the current orientation for each buffer.
Generally, the only importance attached to this orientation is that
if the buffer is subsequently inserted into the text, line oriented
buffers create new lines for each of the lines they contain, and
character oriented buffers create new lines for any lines
<em>other</em>
than the first and last lines they contain.
The first and last lines are inserted into the text at the current
cursor position, becoming part of the current line.
If there is more than one line in the buffer, however, the current
line itself will be split.
<a name="index-g_t_0022unnamed-buffer_0022-6"></a><li><strong>unnamed buffer</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {unnamed buffer} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The unnamed buffer is a text storage area which is used by commands
that use or operate on a buffer when no buffer is specified by the user.
If the command stores text into a buffer,
the text is stored into the unnamed buffer even if a buffer is also
specified by the user.
It is not possible to append text to the unnamed buffer.
If text is appended to a named buffer,
the named buffer contains both the old and new text,
while the unnamed buffer contains only the new text.
There is no way to explicitly reference the unnamed buffer.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically, the contents of the unnamed buffer were discarded by many
different commands, even ones that didn't store text into it.
<strong>Nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
never discards the contents of the unnamed buffer until new text
replaces them.
<a name="index-whitespace-7"></a><li><strong>whitespace</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {whitespace} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The characters <tab> and <space>.
<a name="index-g_t_0022_003ccarriage_002dreturn_003e_0022-8"></a><li><strong><carriage-return></strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {<carriage-return>} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The character represented by an ASCII
<code><control-M></code>.
This character is almost always treated identically to a
<code><newline></code>character, but differs in that it can be escaped into the file text or
into a command.
<a name="index-g_t_003cnewline_003e-9"></a><li><strong><newline></strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {<newline>} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The character represented by an ASCII
<code><control-J></code>.
This character is almost always treated identically to a
<code><control-M></code>character, but differs in that it cannot be escaped into the file text or
into a command.
</ul>
<!-- .oh 'Vi/Ex Reference (Vi Commands)''USD:13-%' -->
<!-- .eh 'USD:13-%''Vi/Ex Reference (Vi Commands)' -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 1994 -->
<!-- The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 1994, 1995, 1996 -->
<!-- Keith Bostic. All rights reserved. -->
<!-- See the LICENSE file for redistribution information. -->
<!-- $Id: vi.cmd.texi,v 8.1 2001/08/18 20:43:49 skimo Exp $ (Berkeley) $Date: 2001/08/18 20:43:49 $ -->
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC11"></a>12 Vi Description</h2>
<p><strong>Vi</strong> takes up the entire screen to display the edited file,
except for the bottom line of the screen.
The bottom line of the screen is used to enter
<strong>exp</strong>
commands, and for
<strong>vi</strong>
error and informational messages.
If no other information is being displayed,
the default display can show the current cursor row and cursor column,
an indication of whether the file has been modified,
and the current mode of the editor.
See the
<code>ruler</code>
and
<code>showmode</code>
options for more information.
<p>Empty lines do not have any special representation on the screen,
but lines on the screen that would logically come after the end of
the file are displayed as a single tilde
“<code>~</code>”
character.
To differentiate between empty lines and lines consisting of only
whitespace characters, use the
<code>list</code>
option.
Historically, implementations of
<strong>vi</strong>
have also displayed some lines as single asterisk
“<code>@</code>”
characters.
These were lines that were not correctly displayed, i.e. lines on the
screen that did not correspond to lines in the file, or lines that did
not fit on the current screen.
<strong>Nvi</strong>
never displays lines in this fashion.
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
is a modeful editor, i.e. it has two modes,
“command”
mode and
“text input”
mode.
When
<strong>vi</strong>
first starts, it is in command mode.
There are several commands that change
<strong>vi</strong>
into text input mode.
The
<code><escape></code>character is used to resolve the text input into the file,
and exit back into command mode.
In
<strong>vi</strong>
command mode, the cursor is always positioned on the last column of
characters which take up more than one column on the screen.
In
<strong>vi</strong>
text insert mode, the cursor is positioned on the first column of
characters which take up more than one column on the screen.
<p>When positioning the cursor to a new line and column,
the type of movement is defined by the distance to the new cursor position.
If the new position is close,
the screen is scrolled to the new location.
If the new position is far away,
the screen is repainted so that the new position is on the screen.
If the screen is scrolled,
it is moved a minimal amount,
and the cursor line will usually appear at the top or bottom of the screen.
If the screen is repainted,
the cursor line will appear in the center of the screen,
unless the cursor is sufficiently close to the beginning or end of the file
that this isn't possible.
If the
<code>leftright</code>
option is set, the screen may be scrolled or repainted in a horizontal
direction as well as in a vertical one.
<p>A major difference between the historical
<strong>vi</strong>
presentation and
<strong>nvi</strong>
is in the scrolling and screen oriented position commands,
<strong><control-B></strong>,
<strong><control-D></strong>,
<strong><control-E></strong>,
<strong><control-F></strong>,
<strong><control-U></strong>,
<strong><control-Y></strong>,
<strong>H</strong>,
<strong>L</strong>
and
<strong>M</strong>.
In historical implementations of
<strong>vi</strong>,
these commands acted on physical (as opposed to logical, or screen)
lines.
For lines that were sufficiently long in relation to the size of the
screen, this meant that single line scroll commands might repaint the
entire screen, scrolling or screen positioning commands might not change
the screen or move the cursor at all, and some lines simply could not
be displayed, even though
<strong>vi</strong>
would edit the file that contained them.
In
<strong>nvi</strong>,
these commands act on logical, i.e. screen lines.
You are unlikely to notice any difference unless you are editing files
with lines significantly longer than a screen width.
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
keeps track of the currently
“most attractive”
cursor position.
Each command description (for commands that alter the current cursor
position),
specifies if the cursor is set to a specific location in the line,
or if it is moved to the
“most attractive cursor position”.
The latter means that the cursor is moved to the cursor position that
is horizontally as close as possible to the current cursor position.
If the current line is shorter than the cursor position
<strong>vi</strong>
would select, the cursor is positioned on the last character in the line.
(If the line is empty, the cursor is positioned on the first column
of the line.)
If a command moves the cursor to the most attractive position,
it does not alter the current cursor position, and a subsequent
movement will again attempt to move the cursor to that position.
Therefore, although a movement to a line shorter than the currently
most attractive position will cause the cursor to move to the end of
that line, a subsequent movement to a longer line will cause the
cursor to move back to the most attractive position.
<p>In addition, the
<strong>$</strong>
command makes the end of each line the most attractive cursor position
rather than a specific column.
<p>Each
<strong>vi</strong>
command described below notes where the cursor ends up after it is
executed.
This position is described in terms of characters on the line, i.e.
“the previous character”,
or,
“the last character in the line”.
This is to avoid needing to continually refer to on what part of the
character the cursor rests.
<p>The following words have special meaning for
<strong>vi</strong>
commands.
<a name="index-g_t_0022previous-context_0022-10"></a>
<ul><li><strong>previous context</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {previous context} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The position of the cursor before the command which caused the
last absolute movement was executed.
Each
<strong>vi</strong>
command described in the next section that is considered an
absolute movement is so noted.
In addition, specifying
<em>any</em>
address to an
<strong>ex</strong>
command is considered an absolute movement.
<a name="index-g_t_0022motion_0022-11"></a><li><strong>motion</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {motion} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>A second
<strong>vi</strong>
command can be used as an optional trailing argument to the
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong><</strong>,
<strong>></strong>,
<strong>!</strong>,
<strong>c</strong>,
<strong>d</strong>,
<strong>y</strong>,
and (depending on the
<code>tildeop</code>
option)
<strong>~</strong>
commands.
This command indicates the end of the region of text that's affected by
the command.
The motion command may be either the command character repeated (in
which case it means the current line) or a cursor movement command.
In the latter case, the region affected by the command is from the
starting or stopping cursor position which comes first in the file,
to immediately before the starting or stopping cursor position which
comes later in the file.
Commands that operate on lines instead of using beginning and ending
cursor positions operate on all of the lines that are wholly or
partially in the region.
In addition, some other commands become line oriented depending on
where in the text they are used.
The command descriptions below note these special cases.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The following commands may all be used as motion components for
<strong>vi</strong>
commands:
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong><control-A></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong><control-H></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong><control-J></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong><control-M></strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong><control-N></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong><control-P></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong><space></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>$</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>%</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>'<character></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>(</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>)</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>+</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>,</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>-</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>/</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>0</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>;</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>?</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>B</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>E</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>F</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>G</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>H</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>L</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>M</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>N</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>T</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>W</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>[[</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>]]</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>^</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>_</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>`<character></strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>b</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>e</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>f</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>h</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>j</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>k</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>l</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>n</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>t</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>w</strong>
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top"><strong>{</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>|</strong> </td><td valign="top"><strong>}</strong>
<br></td></tr></table>
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The optional count prefix available for some of the
<strong>vi</strong>
commands that take motion commands,
or the count prefix available for the
<strong>vi</strong>
commands that are used as motion components,
may be included and is
<em>always</em>
considered part of the motion argument.
For example, the commands
“<code>c2w</code>”
and
“<code>2cw</code>”
are equivalent, and the region affected by the
<strong>c</strong>
command is two words of text.
In addition,
if the optional count prefix is specified for both the
<strong>vi</strong>
command and its motion component,
the effect is multiplicative and is considered part of the motion argument.
For example, the commands
“<code>4cw</code>”
and
“<code>2c2w</code>”
are equivalent, and the region affected by the
<strong>c</strong>
command is four words of text.
<a name="index-g_t_0022count_0022-12"></a><li><strong>count</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {count} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>A positive number used as an optional argument to most commands,
either to give a size or a position (for display or movement commands),
or as a repeat count (for commands that modify text).
The count argument is always optional and defaults to 1 unless otherwise
noted in the command description.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
When a
<strong>vi</strong>
command synopsis shows both a
<code>[buffer]</code>and
<code>[count]</code>,
they may be presented in any order.
<a name="index-word-13"></a><li><strong>word</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {word} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Generally, in languages where it is applicable,
<strong>vi</strong>
recognizes two kinds of words.
First, a sequence of letters, digits and underscores,
delimited at both ends by:
characters other than letters, digits, or underscores,
the beginning or end of a line, and the beginning or end of the file.
Second, a sequence of characters other than letters, digits, underscores,
or whitespace characters, delimited at both ends by: a letter, digit,
underscore, or whitespace character,
the beginning or end of a line, and the beginning or end of the file.
For example, the characters
“<code>!@#abc$%^ </code>”
contain three words:
“<code>!@#</code>”,
“<code>abc</code>”
and
“<code>$%^</code>”.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whitespace characters)
are treated as a single word.
<a name="index-g_t_0022bigword_0022-14"></a><li><strong>bigword</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {bigword} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>A set of non-whitespace characters preceded and followed by whitespace
characters or the beginning or end of the file or line.
For example, the characters
“<code>!@#abc$%^ </code>”
contain one bigword:
“<code>!@#abc$%^</code>”.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whitespace characters)
are treated as a single bigword.
<a name="index-g_t_0022paragraph_0022-15"></a><li><strong>paragraph</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {paragraph} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>An area of text that begins with either the beginning of a file,
an empty line, or a section boundary, and continues until either
an empty line, section boundary, or the end of the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whitespace characters)
are treated as a single paragraph.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Additional paragraph boundaries can be defined using the
<code>paragraphs</code>
option.
<a name="index-g_t_0022section_0022-16"></a><li><strong>section</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {section} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>An area of text that starts with the beginning of the file or a line
whose first character is an open brace
<!-- PQ -->
“<code>{</code>”
and continues until the next section or the end of the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Additional section boundaries can be defined using the
<code>sections</code>
option.
<a name="index-g_t_0022sentence_0022-17"></a><li><strong>sentence</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {sentence} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>An area of text that begins with either the beginning of the file or the
first nonblank character following the previous sentence, paragraph, or
section boundary and continues until the end of the file or a period
“<code>.</code>”
exclamation point
“<code>!</code>”
or question mark
“<code>?</code>”
character,
followed by either an end-of-line or two whitespace characters.
Any number of closing parentheses
“<code>)</code>”,
brackets
“<code>]</code>”,
double-quote
“<code>"</code>”
or single quote
“<code>'</code>”
characters can appear between the period, exclamation point,
or question mark and the whitespace characters or end-of-line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whitespace characters)
are treated as a single sentence.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC12"></a>13 Vi Commands</h2>
</ul>
<p>The following section describes the commands available in the command
mode of the
<strong>vi</strong>
editor.
In each entry below, the tag line is a usage synopsis for the command
character.
In addition, the final line and column the cursor rests upon,
and any options which affect the command are noted.
<p><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dA_003e-18"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-A></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dA_003e-19"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Search forward
<code>count</code>times for the current word.
The current word begins at the first non-whitespace character on or
after the current cursor position,
and extends up to the next non-word character or the end of the line.
The search is literal, i.e. no characters in the word have any special
meaning in terms of Regular Expressions.
It is an error if no matching pattern is found between the starting position
and the end of the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong><control-A></strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong><control-A></strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line where the word is found.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first character of the word.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>ignorecase</code>
and
<code>wrapscan</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dB_003e-20"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-B></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dB_003e-21"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Page backward
<code>count</code>screens.
Two lines of overlap are maintained, if possible,
by displaying the window starting at line
<code>(top_line - count * window_size) + 2</code>,
where
<code>window_size</code>is the value of the
<code>window</code>
option.
(In the case of split screens, this size is corrected to the
current screen size.)
It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line of text displayed on the screen.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>window</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-22"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-D></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-23"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Scroll forward
<code>count</code>lines.
If
<code>count</code>is not specified, scroll forward the number of lines specified by the last
<strong><control-D></strong>
or
<strong><control-U></strong>
command.
If this is the first
<strong><control-D></strong>
or
<strong><control-U></strong>
command,
scroll forward half the number of lines in the screen.
(In the case of split screens, the default scrolling distance is
corrected to half the current screen size.)
It is an error if the movement is past the end of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line plus the number of lines scrolled.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dE_003e-24"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-E></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dE_003e-25"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Scroll forward
<code>count</code>lines, leaving the cursor on the current line and column, if possible.
It is an error if the movement is past the end of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged unless the current line scrolls off the screen,
in which case it is set to the first line on the screen.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged unless the current line scrolls off the screen,
in which case it is set to the most attractive cursor position.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dF_003e-26"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-F></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dF_003e-27"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Page forward
<code>count</code>screens.
Two lines of overlap are maintained, if possible,
by displaying the window starting at line
<code>top_line + count * window_size - 2</code>,
where
<code>window_size</code>is the value of the
<code>window</code>
option.
(In the case of split screens, this size is corrected to the
current screen size.)
It is an error if the movement is past the end of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the first line on the screen.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the current line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>window</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dG_003e-28"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><control-G></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dG_003e-29"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display the file information.
The information includes the current pathname, the current line,
the number of total lines in the file, the current line as a percentage
of the total lines in the file, if the file has been modified,
was able to be locked, if the file's name has been changed,
and if the edit session is read-only.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dH_003e-30"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-H></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dH_003e-31"></a></var><br>
— Command: [count] <b>h</b><var><a name="index-h-32"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Move the cursor back
<code>count</code>characters in the current line.
It is an error if the cursor is on the first character in the line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong><control-H></strong>
and
<strong>h</strong>
commands may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands,
in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the
<code>current - count</code>character, or, the first character in the line if
<code>count</code>is greater than or equal to the number of characters in the line
before the cursor.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dJ_003e-33"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-J></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dJ_003e-34"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dN_003e-35"></a>
— Command: [count] <b><control-N></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dN_003e-36"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p><a name="index-j-37"></a>
— Command: [count] <b>j</b><var><a name="index-j-38"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Move the cursor down
<code>count</code>lines without changing the current column.
It is an error if the movement is past the end of the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong><control-J></strong>,
<strong><control-N></strong>
and
<strong>j</strong>
commands may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line plus
<code>count</code>.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>The most attractive cursor position.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dL_003e-39"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><control-L></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dL_003e-40"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dR_003e-41"></a>
— Command: <b><control-R></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dR_003e-42"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Repaint the screen.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dM_003e-43"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-M></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dM_003e-44"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_002b-45"></a>
— Command: [count] <b>+</b><var><a name="index-g_t_002b-46"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Move the cursor down
<code>count</code>lines to the first nonblank character of that line.
It is an error if the movement is past the end of the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong><control-M></strong>
and
<strong>+</strong>
commands may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line plus
<code>count</code>.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dP_003e-47"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-P></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dP_003e-48"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-k-49"></a>
— Command: [count] <b>k</b><var><a name="index-k-50"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Move the cursor up
<code>count</code>lines, without changing the current column.
It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong><control-P></strong>
and
<strong>k</strong>
commands may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line minus
<code>count</code>.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>The most attractive cursor position.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dT_003e-51"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><control-T></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dT_003e-52"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Return to the most recent tag context.
The
<strong><control-T></strong>
command is an absolute movement.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the context of the previous tag command.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the context of the previous tag command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dU_003e-53"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-U></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dU_003e-54"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Scroll backward
<code>count</code>lines.
If
<code>count</code>is not specified, scroll backward the number of lines specified by the
last
<strong><control-D></strong>
or
<strong><control-U></strong>
command.
If this is the first
<strong><control-D></strong>
or
<strong><control-U></strong>
command,
scroll backward half the number of lines in the screen.
(In the case of split screens, the default scrolling distance is
corrected to half the current screen size.)
It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line minus the amount scrolled.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dW_003e-55"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><control-W></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dW_003e-56"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Switch to the next lower screen in the window, or, to the first
screen if there are no lower screens in the window.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the previous cursor position in the window.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the previous cursor position in the window.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dY_003e-57"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><control-Y></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dY_003e-58"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Scroll backward
<code>count</code>lines, leaving the current line and column as is, if possible.
It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged unless the current line scrolls off the screen,
in which case it is set to the last line of text displayed
on the screen.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged unless the current line scrolls off the screen,
in which case it is the most attractive cursor position.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dZ_003e-59"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><control-Z></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dZ_003e-60"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Suspend the current editor session.
If the file has been modified since it was last completely written,
and the
<code>autowrite</code>
option is set, the file is written before the editor session is
suspended.
If this write fails, the editor session is not suspended.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003cescape_003e-61"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><escape></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cescape_003e-62"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Execute
<strong>ex</strong>
commands or cancel partial commands.
If an
<strong>ex</strong>
command is being entered (e.g.
<strong>/</strong>,
<strong>?</strong>,
<strong>:</strong>
or
<strong>!</strong>),
the command is executed.
If a partial command has been entered, e.g.
“<code>[0-9]*</code>”,
or
“<code>[0-9]*[!<>cdy]</code>”,
the command is cancelled.
Otherwise, it is an error.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>When an
<strong>ex</strong>
command is being executed, the current line is set as described for
that command.
Otherwise, unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>When an
<strong>ex</strong>
command is being executed, the current column is set as described for
that command.
Otherwise, unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002d_005d_003e-63"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><control-]></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002d_005d_003e-64"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Push a tag reference onto the tag stack.
The tags files (see the
<code>tags</code>
option for more information) are searched for a tag matching the
current word.
The current word begins at the first non-whitespace character on or
after the current cursor position,
and extends up to the next non-word character or the end of the line.
If a matching tag is found, the current file is discarded and the
file containing the tag reference is edited.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the current file has been modified since it was last completely
written, the command will fail.
The
<strong><control-]></strong>
command is an absolute movement.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the matching tag string.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the start of the matching tag string.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>tags</code>
and
<code>taglength</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002d_005e_003e-65"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><control-^></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002d_005e_003e-66"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Switch to the most recently edited file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the file has been modified since it was last completely written,
and the
<code>autowrite</code>
option is set, the file is written out.
If this write fails, the command will fail.
Otherwise, if the current file has been modified since it was last
completely written, the command will fail.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line the cursor was on when the file was last edited.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the column the cursor was on when the file was last edited.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003cspace_003e-67"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b><space></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cspace_003e-68"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-l-69"></a>
— Command: [count] <b>l</b><var><a name="index-l-70"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Move the cursor forward
<code>count</code>characters without changing the current line.
It is an error if the cursor is on the last character in the line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong><space></strong>
and
<strong>l</strong>
commands may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
In addition, these commands may be used as the motion components
of other commands when the cursor is on the last character in the
line, without error.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the current character plus the next
<code>count</code>characters, or to the last character on the line if
<code>count</code>is greater than the number of characters in the line after the
current character.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0021-71"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>!</b><var> motion shell-argument(s)<carriage-return><a name="index-g_t_0021-72"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Replace text with results from a shell command.
Pass the lines specified by the
<code>count</code>and
<code>motion</code>arguments as standard input to the program named by the
<code>shell</code>
option, and replace those lines with the output (both
standard error and standard output) of that command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
After the motion is entered,
<strong>vi</strong>
prompts for arguments to the shell command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Within those arguments,
“<code>%</code>”
and
“<code>#</code>”
characters are expanded to the current and alternate pathnames,
respectively.
The
“<code>!</code>”
character is expanded with the command text of the previous
<strong>!</strong>
or
<strong>:!</strong>
commands.
(Therefore, the command
<strong>!<motion>!</strong>
repeats the previous
<strong>!</strong>
command.)
The special meanings of
“<code>%</code>”,
“<code>#</code>”
and
“<code>!</code>”
can be overridden by escaping them with a backslash.
If no
<strong>!</strong>
or
<strong>:!</strong>
command has yet been executed,
it is an error to use an unescaped
“<code>!</code>”
character as a shell argument.
The
<strong>!</strong>
command does
<em>not</em>
do shell expansion on the strings provided as arguments.
If any of the above expansions change the arguments the user entered,
the command is redisplayed at the bottom of the screen.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<strong>Vi</strong>
then executes the program named by the
<code>shell</code>
option, with a
<strong>-c</strong>
flag followed by the arguments (which are bundled into a single argument).
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>!</strong>
command is permitted in an empty file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the file has been modified since it was last completely written,
the
<strong>!</strong>
command will warn you.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>The first line of the replaced text.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>The first column of the replaced text.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>shell</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0023-73"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>#</b><var> #|+|-<a name="index-g_t_0023-74"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Increment or decrement the number referenced by the cursor.
If the trailing character is a
<code>+</code>or
<code>#</code>,
the number is incremented by
<code>count</code>.
If the trailing character is a
<code>-</code>,
the number is decremented by
<code>count</code>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
A leading
“<code>0X</code>”
or
“<code>0x</code>”
causes the number to be interpreted as a hexadecimal number.
Otherwise, a leading
“<code>0</code>”
causes the number to be interpreted as an octal number, unless a non-octal
digit is found as part of the number.
Otherwise, the number is interpreted as a decimal number, and may
have a leading
<code>+</code>or
<code>-</code>sign.
The current number begins at the first non-blank character at or after
the current cursor position, and extends up to the end of the line or
the first character that isn't a possible character for the numeric type.
The format of the number (e.g. leading 0's, signs) is retained unless
the new value cannot be represented in the previous format.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Octal and hexadecimal numbers, and the result of the operation, must fit
into an
“<code>unsigned long</code>”.
Similarly, decimal numbers and their result must fit into a
“<code>signed long</code>”.
It is an error to use this command when the cursor is not positioned at
a number.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first character in the cursor number.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0024-75"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>$</b><var><a name="index-g_t_0024-76"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move the cursor to the end of a line.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the cursor moves down
<code>count - 1</code>lines.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is not an error to use the
<strong>$</strong>
command when the cursor is on the last character in the line or
when the line is empty.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>$</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented, unless the cursor is at, or before the first
nonblank character in the line, in which case it is line oriented.
It is not an error to use the
<strong>$</strong>
command as a motion component when the cursor is on the last character
in the line, although it is an error when the line is empty.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line plus
<code>count</code>minus 1.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0025-77"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>%</b><var><a name="index-g_t_0025-78"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to the matching character.
The cursor moves to the parenthesis or curly brace which
<em>matches</em>
the parenthesis or curly brace found at the current cursor position
or which is the closest one to the right of the cursor on the line.
It is an error to execute the
<strong>%</strong>
command on a line without a parenthesis or curly brace.
Historically, any
<code>count</code>specified to the
<strong>%</strong>
command was ignored.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>%</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>%</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented, unless the starting point of the region is at
or before the first nonblank character on its line, and the ending
point is at or after the last nonblank character on its line, in
which case it is line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the matching character.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the matching character.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0026-79"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>&</b><var><a name="index-g_t_0026-80"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Repeat the previous substitution command on the current line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically, any
<code>count</code>specified to the
<strong>&</strong>
command was ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged if the cursor was on the last character in the line,
otherwise, set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>edcompatible</code>,
<code>extended</code>,
<code>ignorecase</code>
and
<code>magic</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-SQUOTE_003ccharacter_003e-81"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>'<character></b><var><a name="index-g_t_0027_003ccharacter_003e-82"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0060_003ccharacter_003e-83"></a>
— Command: <b>`<character></b><var><a name="index-g_t_0060_003ccharacter_003e-84"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Return to a context marked by the character
<code><character></code>.
If
<code><character></code>is the
“<code>'</code>”
or
“<code>`</code>”
character, return to the previous context.
If
<code><character></code>is any other character,
return to the context marked by that character (see the
<strong>m</strong>
command for more information).
If the command is the
<strong>'</strong>
command, only the line value is restored,
and the cursor is placed on the first nonblank character of that line.
If the command is the
<strong>`</strong>
command, both the line and column values are restored.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is an error if the context no longer exists because of
line deletion.
(Contexts follow lines that are moved, or which are deleted
and then restored.)
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>'</strong>
and
<strong>`</strong>
commands are both absolute movements.
They may be used as a motion component for other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands.
For the
<strong>'</strong>
command, any text copied into a buffer is line oriented.
For the
<strong>`</strong>
command,
any text copied into a buffer is character oriented,
unless it both starts and stops at the first character in the line,
in which case it is line oriented.
In addition, when using the
<strong>`</strong>
command as a motion component,
commands which move backward and started at the first character in the line,
or move forward and ended at the first character in the line,
are corrected to the last character of the line preceding the starting and
ending lines, respectively.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line from the context.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line, for the
<strong>'</strong>
command, and set to the context's column for the
<strong>`</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0028-85"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>[count] (</b><var><a name="index-g_t_005bcount_005d-_0028-86"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Back up
<code>count</code>sentences.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>(</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>(</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands,
in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented,
unless the starting and stopping points of the region are the first
character in the line,
in which case it is line oriented.
If it is line oriented,
the starting point of the region is adjusted to be the end of the line
immediately before the starting cursor position.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the beginning of the sentence.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the sentence.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>lisp</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0029-87"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>)</b><var><a name="index-g_t_0029-88"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move forward
<code>count</code>sentences.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>)</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>)</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented, unless the starting point of the region is the
first character in the line, in which case it is line oriented.
In the latter case, if the stopping point of the region is also
the first character in the line, it is adjusted to be the end of the
line immediately before it.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the beginning of the sentence.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the sentence.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>lisp</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_002c-89"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>,</b><var><a name="index-g_t_002c-90"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Reverse find character
<code>count</code>times.
Reverse the last
<strong>F</strong>,
<strong>f</strong>,
<strong>T</strong>
or
<strong>t</strong>
command, searching the other way in the line,
<code>count</code>times.
It is an error if a
<strong>F</strong>,
<strong>f</strong>,
<strong>T</strong>
or
<strong>t</strong>
command has not been performed yet.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>,</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the searched-for character for the
<strong>F</strong>
and
<strong>f</strong>
commands,
before the character for the
<strong>t</strong>
command
and after the character for the
<strong>T</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-MINUSSIGN-91"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>-</b><var><a name="index-g_t_002d-92"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to the first nonblank of the previous line,
<code>count</code>times.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>-</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line minus
<code>count</code>.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_002e-93"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>.</b><var><a name="index-g_t_002e-94"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Repeat the last
<strong>vi</strong>
command that modified text.
The repeated command may be a command and motion component combination.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, it replaces
<em>both</em>
the count specified for the repeated command, and, if applicable, for
the repeated motion component.
If
<code>count</code>is not specified, the counts originally specified to the command being
repeated are used again.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
As a special case, if the
<strong>.</strong>
command is executed immediately after the
<strong>u</strong>
command, the change log is rolled forward or backward, depending on
the action of the
<strong>u</strong>
command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set as described for the repeated command.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set as described for the repeated command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_002fRE_002f-95"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>/RE<carriage-return></b><var><a name="index-g_t_002fRE_003ccarriage_002dreturn_003e-96"></a></var><br>
— Command: <b>/RE/</b> [<var><a name="index-g_t_002fRE_002f-97"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p><a name="index-g_t_003fRE_003f-98"></a>
— Command: <b>?RE<carriage-return></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003fRE_003ccarriage_002dreturn_003e-99"></a></var><br>
— Command: <b>?RE?</b> [<var><a name="index-g_t_003fRE_003f-100"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p><a name="index-N-101"></a>
— Command: <b>N</b><var><a name="index-N-102"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p><a name="index-n-103"></a>
— Command: <b>n</b><var><a name="index-n-104"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Search forward or backward for a regular expression.
The commands beginning with a slash
“<code>/</code>”
character are forward searches, the commands beginning with a
question mark
“<code>?</code>”
are backward searches.
<strong>Vi</strong>
prompts with the leading character on the last line of the screen
for a string.
It then searches forward or backward in the file for the next
occurrence of the string, which is interpreted as a Basic Regular
Expression.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>/</strong>
and
<strong>?</strong>
commands are absolute movements.
They may be used as the motion components of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented, unless the search started and ended on
the first column of a line, in which case it is line oriented.
In addition, forward searches ending at the first character of a line,
and backward searches beginning at the first character in the line,
are corrected to begin or end at the last character of the previous line.
(Note, forward and backward searches can occur for both
<strong>/</strong>
and
<strong>?</strong>
commands, if the
<code>wrapscan</code>
option is set.)
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If an offset from the matched line is specified (i.e. a trailing
“<code>/</code>”
or
“<code>?</code>”
character is followed by a signed offset), the buffer will always
be line oriented (e.g.
“<code>/string/+0</code>”
will always guarantee a line orientation).
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>N</strong>
command repeats the previous search, but in the reverse direction.
The
<strong>n</strong>
command repeats the previous search.
If either the
<strong>N</strong>
or
<strong>n</strong>
commands are used as motion components for the
<strong>!</strong>
command, you will not be prompted for the text of the bang command,
instead the previous bang command will be executed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Missing RE's (e.g.
“<code>//<carriage-return></code>”,
“<code>/<carriage-return></code>”,
“<code>??<carriage-return></code>”,
or
“<code>?<carriage-return></code>”
search for the last search RE, in the indicated direction.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Searches may be interrupted using the
<code><interrupt></code>character.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Multiple search patterns may be grouped together by delimiting
them with semicolons and zero or more whitespace characters, e.g.
<code>/foo/ ; ?bar?</code>searches forward for
<code>foo</code>and then, from that location, backwards for
<code>bar</code>.
When search patterns are grouped together in this manner,
the search patterns are evaluated left to right with the
final cursor position determined by the last search pattern.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is also permissible to append a
<strong>z</strong>
command to the search strings, e.g.
<code>/foo/ z.</code>searches forward for the next occurrence of
<code>foo</code>,
and then positions that line in the middle of screen.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line in which the match occurred.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first character of the matched string.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>edcompatible</code>,
<code>extended</code>,
<code>ignorecase</code>,
<code>magic</code>,
and
<code>wrapscan</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t0-105"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>0</b><var><a name="index-g_t0-106"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to the first character in the current line.
It is not an error to use the
<strong>0</strong>
command when the cursor is on the first character in the line,
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>0</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands,
in which case it is an error if the cursor is on the first character
in the line,
and any text copied into a buffer is character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003a-107"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>:</b><var><a name="index-g_t_003a-108"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Execute an
<strong>ex</strong>
command.
<strong>Vi</strong>
prompts for an
<strong>ex</strong>
command on the last line of the screen, using a colon
“<code>:</code>”
character.
The command is terminated by a
<code><carriage-return></code>,
<code><newline></code>or
<code><escape></code>character; all of these characters may be escaped by using a
<code><literal-next></code>character.
The command is then executed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the
<strong>ex</strong>
command writes to the screen,
<strong>vi</strong>
will prompt the user for a
<code><carriage-return></code>before continuing
when the
<strong>ex</strong>
command finishes.
Large amounts of output from the
<strong>ex</strong>
command will be paged for the user, and the user prompted for a
<code><carriage-return></code>or
<code><space></code>key to continue.
In some cases, a quit (normally a
“q”
character) or
<code><interrupt></code>may be entered to interrupt the
<strong>ex</strong>
command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
When the
<strong>ex</strong>
command finishes, and the user is prompted to resume visual mode,
it is also possible to enter another
“<code>:</code>”
character followed by another
<strong>ex</strong>
command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>The current line is set as described for the
<strong>ex</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>The current column is set as described for the
<strong>ex</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected as described for the
<strong>ex</strong>
command.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003b-109"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>;</b><var><a name="index-g_t_003b-110"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Repeat the last character find
<code>count</code>times.
The last character find is one of the
<strong>F</strong>,
<strong>f</strong>,
<strong>T</strong>
or
<strong>t</strong>
commands.
It is an error if a
<strong>F</strong>,
<strong>f</strong>,
<strong>T</strong>
or
<strong>t</strong>
command has not been performed yet.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>;</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the searched-for character for the
<strong>F</strong>
and
<strong>f</strong>
commands,
before the character for the
<strong>t</strong>
command
and after the character for the
<strong>T</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003c-111"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>< motion</b><var><a name="index-g_t_003c-motion-112"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003e-113"></a>
— Command: [count] <b>></b><var> motion<a name="index-g_t_003e-114"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Shift lines left or right.
Shift the number of lines in the region specified by the
<code>count</code>and
<code>motion</code>left (for the
<strong><</strong>
command) or right (for the
<strong>></strong>
command) by the number of columns specified by the
<code>shiftwidth</code>
option.
Only whitespace characters are deleted when shifting left.
Once the first character in the line no longer contains a whitespace
character, the command will succeed,
but the line will not be modified.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>shiftwidth</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0040_0040-115"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>@</b><var> buffer<a name="index-g_t_0040_0040-116"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Execute a named buffer.
Execute the named buffer as
<strong>vi</strong>
commands.
The buffer may include
<strong>ex</strong>
commands, too, but they must be expressed as a
<strong>:</strong>
command.
If the buffer is line oriented,
<code><newline></code>characters are logically appended to each line of the buffer.
If the buffer is character oriented,
<code><newline></code>characters are logically appended to all but the last line in the buffer.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the buffer name is
“<code>@</code>”,
or
“<code>*</code>”,
then the last buffer executed shall be used.
It is an error to specify
“<code>@@</code>”
or
“<code>@*</code>”
if there were no previous buffer executions.
The text of a buffer may contain a
<strong>@</strong>
command,
and it is possible to create infinite loops in this manner.
(The
<code><interrupt></code>character may be used to interrupt the loop.)
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>The current line is set as described for the command(s).
<br><dt>Column:<dd>The current column is set as described for the command(s).
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-A-117"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>A</b><var><a name="index-A-118"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Enter input mode, appending the text after the end of the line.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the text is repeatedly input
<code>count - 1</code>more times after input mode is exited.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-B-119"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>B</b><var><a name="index-B-120"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move backward
<code>count</code>bigwords.
Move the cursor backward to the beginning of a bigword by repeating the
following algorithm: if the current position is at the beginning of a
bigword or the character at the current position cannot be part of a bigword,
move to the first character of the preceding bigword.
Otherwise, move to the first character of the bigword at the current position.
If no preceding bigword exists on the current line, move to the first
character of the last bigword on the first preceding line that contains a
bigword.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>B</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the word selected.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first character of the word selected.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-C-121"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] <b>[count] C</b><var><a name="index-g_t_005bcount_005d-C-122"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Change text from the current position to the end-of-line.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the input text replaces from the current position to
the end-of-line, plus
<code>count - 1</code>subsequent lines.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-D-123"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] <b>D</b><var><a name="index-D-124"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Delete text from the current position to the end-of-line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is not an error to execute the
<strong>D</strong>
command on an empty line.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the character before the current character, or, column 1 if
the cursor was on column 1.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-E-125"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>E</b><var><a name="index-E-126"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move forward
<code>count</code>end-of-bigwords.
Move the cursor forward to the end of a bigword by repeating the
following algorithm: if the current position is the end of a
bigword or the character at that position cannot be part of a bigword,
move to the last character of the following bigword.
Otherwise, move to the last character of the bigword at the current
position.
If no succeeding bigword exists on the current line,
move to the last character of the first bigword on the next following
line that contains a bigword.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>E</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the word selected.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character of the word selected.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-F-127"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>F</b><var> <character><a name="index-F-128"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Search
<code>count</code>times backward through the current line for
<code><character></code>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>F</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the searched-for character.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-G-129"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>G</b><var><a name="index-G-130"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to line
<code>count</code>,
or the last line of the file if
<code>count</code>not specified.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>G</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>G</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to
<code>count</code>,
if specified, otherwise, the last line.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-H-131"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>H</b><var><a name="index-H-132"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to the screen line
<code>count - 1</code>lines below the top of the screen.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>H</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>H</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line
<code>count - 1</code>lines below the top of the screen.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the
<em>screen</em>
line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-I-133"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>I</b><var><a name="index-I-134"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Enter input mode, inserting the text at the beginning of the line.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the text input is repeatedly input
<code>count - 1</code>more times.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-J-135"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>J</b><var><a name="index-J-136"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Join lines.
If
<code>count</code>is specified,
<code>count</code>lines are joined; a minimum of two lines are always joined,
regardless of the value of
<code>count</code>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the current line ends with a whitespace character, all whitespace
is stripped from the next line.
Otherwise, if the next line starts with a open parenthesis
“<code>(</code>”
do nothing.
Otherwise, if the current line ends with a question mark
“<code>?</code>”,
period
“<code>.</code>”
or exclamation point
“<code>!</code>”,
insert two spaces.
Otherwise, insert a single space.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is not an error to join lines past the end of the file,
i.e. lines that do not exist.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the character after the last character of the next-to-last
joined line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-L-137"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>L</b><var><a name="index-L-138"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to the screen line
<code>count - 1</code>lines above the bottom of the screen.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>L</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>L</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line
<code>count - 1</code>lines above the bottom of the screen.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the
<em>screen</em>
line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-M-139"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>M</b><var><a name="index-M-140"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to the screen line in the middle of the screen.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>M</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>M</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically, any
<code>count</code>specified to the
<strong>M</strong>
command was ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line in the middle of the screen.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the
<em>screen</em>
line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-O-141"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>O</b><var><a name="index-O-142"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Enter input mode, appending text in a new line above the current line.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the text input is repeatedly input
<code>count - 1</code>more times.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically, any
<code>count</code>specified to the
<strong>O</strong>
command was ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-P-143"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] <b>P</b><var><a name="index-P-144"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Insert text from a buffer.
Text from the buffer (the unnamed buffer by default) is inserted
before the current column or, if the buffer is line oriented,
before the current line.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the lowest numbered line insert,
if the buffer is line oriented, otherwise unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the appended text,
if the buffer is line oriented, otherwise, the last character
of the appended text.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-Q-145"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>Q</b><var><a name="index-Q-146"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Exit
<strong>vi</strong>
(or visual) mode and switch to
<strong>ex</strong>
mode.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>No longer relevant.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-R-147"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>R</b><var><a name="index-R-148"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Enter input mode, replacing the characters in the current line.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the text input is repeatedly input
<code>count - 1</code>more times.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the end of the current line is reached, no more characters are
replaced and any further characters input are appended to the line.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-S-149"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] [count] <b>S</b><var><a name="index-S-150"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Substitute
<code>count</code>lines.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-T-151"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>T</b><var> <character><a name="index-T-152"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Search backward,
<code>count</code>times,
through the current line for the character
<em>after</em>
the specified
<code><character></code>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>T</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the character
<em>after</em>
the searched-for character.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-U-153"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>U</b><var><a name="index-U-154"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Restore the current line to its state before the cursor last
moved to it.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>The first character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-W-155"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>W</b><var><a name="index-W-156"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move forward
<code>count</code>bigwords.
Move the cursor forward to the beginning of a bigword by repeating the
following algorithm: if the current position is within a bigword or the
character at that position cannot be part of a bigword, move to the first
character of the next bigword.
If no subsequent bigword exists on the current line,
move to the first character of the first bigword on the first following
line that contains a bigword.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>W</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>The line containing the word selected.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>The first character of the word selected.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-X-157"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] [count] <b>X</b><var><a name="index-X-158"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Delete
<code>count</code>characters before the cursor.
If the number of characters to be deleted is greater than or equal to
the number of characters to the beginning of the line, all of the
characters before the current cursor position, to the beginning of the
line, are deleted.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the current character minus
<code>count</code>,
or the first character if count is greater than the number of
characters in the line before the cursor.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-Y-159"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] [count] <b>Y</b><var><a name="index-Y-160"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Copy (or
“yank”)
<code>count</code>lines into the specified buffer.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-ZZ-161"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>ZZ</b><var><a name="index-ZZ-162"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Write the file and exit
<strong>vi</strong>.
The file is only written if it has been modified since the last
complete write of the file to any file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>ZZ</strong>
command will exit the editor after writing the file,
if there are no further files to edit.
Entering two
“quit”
commands (i.e.
<strong>wq</strong>,
<strong>quit</strong>,
<strong>xit</strong>
or
<strong>ZZ</strong>)
in a row will override this check and the editor will exit,
ignoring any files that have not yet been edited.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_005b_005b-163"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>[[</b><var><a name="index-g_t_005b_005b-164"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Back up
<code>count</code>section boundaries.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>[[</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>[[</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented, unless the starting position is column 0,
in which case it is line oriented.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the previous line that is
<code>count</code>section boundaries back,
or the first line of the file if no more section boundaries exist
preceding the current line.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>sections</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_005d_005d-165"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>]]</b><var><a name="index-g_t_005d_005d-166"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move forward
<code>count</code>section boundaries.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>]]</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>]]</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented, unless the starting position is column 0,
in which case it is line oriented.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is an error if the movement is past the end of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line that is
<code>count</code>section boundaries forward,
or to the last line of the file if no more section
boundaries exist following the current line.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>sections</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_005e-167"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>^</b><var><a name="index-g_t_005e-168"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to first nonblank character on the current line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>^</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the current line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_005f-169"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>_</b><var><a name="index-g_t_005f-170"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move down
<code>count - 1</code>lines, to the first nonblank character.
The
<strong>_</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
line oriented.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is not an error to execute the
<strong>_</strong>
command when the cursor is on the first character in the line.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>The current line plus
<code>count - 1</code>.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>The first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-a-171"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>a</b><var><a name="index-a-172"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Enter input mode, appending the text after the cursor.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the text input is repeatedly input
<code>count - 1</code>more times.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-b-173"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>b</b><var><a name="index-b-174"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move backward
<code>count</code>words.
Move the cursor backward to the beginning of a word by repeating the
following algorithm: if the current position is at the beginning of a word,
move to the first character of the preceding word.
Otherwise, the current position moves to the first character of the word
at the current position.
If no preceding word exists on the current line, move to the first
character of the last word on the first preceding line that contains
a word.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>b</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the word selected.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first character of the word selected.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-c-175"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] [count] <b>c</b><var> motion<a name="index-c-176"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Change the region of text specified by the
<code>count</code>and
<code>motion</code>.
If only part of a single line is affected, then the last character
being changed is marked with a
“<code>$</code>”.
Otherwise, the region of text is deleted, and input mode is entered.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-d-177"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] [count] <b>d</b><var> motion<a name="index-d-178"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Delete the region of text specified by the
<code>count</code>and
<code>motion</code>.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line where the region starts.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first character in the line after the last character in the
region.
If no such character exists, set to the last character before the region.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-e-179"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>e</b><var><a name="index-e-180"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move forward
<code>count</code>end-of-words.
Move the cursor forward to the end of a word by repeating the following
algorithm: if the current position is the end of a word,
move to the last character of the following word.
Otherwise, move to the last character of the word at the current position.
If no succeeding word exists on the current line, move to the last character
of the first word on the next following line that contains a word.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>e</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the word selected.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character of the word selected.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-f-181"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>f</b><var> <character><a name="index-f-182"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Search forward,
<code>count</code>times, through the rest of the current line for
<code><character></code>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>f</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the searched-for character.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-i-183"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>i</b><var><a name="index-i-184"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Enter input mode, inserting the text before the cursor.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the text input is repeatedly input
<code>count - 1</code>more times.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-m-185"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>m</b><var> <character><a name="index-m-186"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Save the current context (line and column) as
<code><character></code>.
The exact position is referred to by
“<code>`<character></code>”.
The line is referred to by
“<code>'<character></code>”.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically,
<code><character></code>was restricted to lower-case letters.
<strong>Nvi</strong>
permits the use of any character.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-o-187"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>o</b><var><a name="index-o-188"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Enter input mode, appending text in a new line under the current line.
If
<code>count</code>is specified, the text input is repeatedly input
<code>count - 1</code>more times.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically, any
<code>count</code>specified to the
<strong>o</strong>
command was ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-p-189"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] <b>p</b><var><a name="index-p-190"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Append text from a buffer.
Text from the buffer (the unnamed buffer by default) is appended
after the current column or, if the buffer is line oriented,
after the current line.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the first line appended, if the buffer is line oriented,
otherwise unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character of the appended text if the buffer
is line oriented, otherwise, the last character of the appended text.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-r-191"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>r</b><var> <character><a name="index-r-192"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Replace characters.
The next
<code>count</code>characters in the line are replaced with
<code><character></code>.
Replacing characters with
<code><newline></code>characters results in creating new, empty lines into the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If
<code><character></code>is
<code><escape></code>,
the command is cancelled.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged unless the replacement character is a
<code><newline></code>,
in which case it is set to the current line plus
<code>count - 1</code>.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character replaced,
unless the replacement character is a
<code><newline></code>,
in which case the cursor is in column 1 of the last line inserted.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-s-193"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] [count] <b>s</b><var><a name="index-s-194"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Substitute
<code>count</code>characters in the current line starting with the current character.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which characters were entered.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the last character entered.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>altwerase</code>,
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>beautify</code>,
<code>showmatch</code>,
<code>ttywerase</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-t-195"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>t</b><var> <character><a name="index-t-196"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Search forward,
<code>count</code>times, through the current line for the character immediately
<em>before</em>
<code><character></code>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>t</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the character
<em>before</em>
the searched-for character.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-u-197"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>u</b><var><a name="index-u-198"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Undo the last change made to the file.
If repeated, the
<strong>u</strong>
command alternates between these two states, and is its own inverse.
When used after an insert that inserted text on more than one line,
the lines are saved in the numeric buffers.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>.</strong>
command, when used immediately after the
<strong>u</strong>
command, causes the change log to be rolled forward or backward,
depending on the action of the
<strong>u</strong>
command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the position of the first line changed, if the reversal affects
only one line or represents an addition or change; otherwise, the line
preceding the deleted text.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the cursor position before the change was made.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-w-199"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>w</b><var><a name="index-w-200"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move forward
<code>count</code>words.
Move the cursor forward to the beginning of a word by repeating the
following algorithm: if the current position is at the
beginning of a word, move to the first character of the next word.
If no subsequent word exists on the current line, move to the first
character of the first word on the first following line that contains
a word.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>w</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the word selected.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first character of the word selected.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-x-201"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] [count] <b>x</b><var><a name="index-x-202"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Delete
<code>count</code>characters.
The deletion is at the current character position.
If the number of characters to be deleted is greater than or equal to
the number of characters to the end of the line, all of the characters
from the current cursor position to the end of the line are deleted.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged unless the last character in the line is deleted and the cursor
is not already on the first character in the line, in which case it is
set to the previous character.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-y-203"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [buffer] [count] <b>y</b><var> motion<a name="index-y-204"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Copy (or
“yank”)
the text region specified by the
<code>count</code>and
<code>motion</code>,
into a buffer.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged, unless the region covers more than a single line,
in which case it is set to the line where the region starts.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Unchanged, unless the region covers more than a single line,
in which case it is set to the character were the region starts.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-z-205"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count1] <b>z</b> [<var><a name="index-z-206"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Redraw the screen with a window
<code>count2</code>lines long, with line
<code>count1</code>placed as specified by the
<code>type</code>character.
If
<code>count1</code>is not specified, it defaults to the current line.
If
<code>count2</code>is not specified, it defaults to the current window size.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The following
<code>type</code>characters may be used:
<dl>
<dt>+<dd>If
<code>count1</code>is specified, place the line
<code>count1</code>at the top of the screen.
Otherwise, display the screen after the current screen, similarly to the
<strong><control-F></strong>
command.
<br><dt><carriage-return><dd>Place the line
<code>count1</code>at the top of the screen.
<br><dt>.<dd>Place the line
<code>count1</code>in the center of the screen.
<br><dt>-<dd>Place the line
<code>count1</code>at the bottom of the screen.
<br><dt>^<dd>If
<code>count1</code>is specified, place the line that is at the top of the screen
when
<code>count1</code>is at the bottom of the screen, at the bottom of the screen,
i.e. display the screen before the screen before
<code>count1</code>.
Otherwise, display the screen before the current screen, similarly to the
<strong><control-B></strong>
command.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to
<code>count1</code>unless
<code>count1</code>is not specified and the
<code>type</code>character was either
“<code>^</code>”
or
“<code>+</code>”,
in which case it is set to the line before the first line on the
previous screen or the line after the last line on the previous
screen, respectively.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0040_007b-207"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>{</b><var><a name="index-g_t_0040_007b-208"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move backward
<code>count</code>paragraphs.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>{</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>{</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented, unless the starting character is the first
character on its line, in which case it is line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the beginning of the previous paragraph.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>paragraph</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_007c-209"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>|</b><var><a name="index-g_t_007c-210"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move to a specific
<em>column</em>
position on the current line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>|</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented.
It is an error to use the
<strong>|</strong>
command as a motion component and for the cursor not to move.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the character occupying the column position identified by
<code>count</code>,
if the position exists in the line.
If the column length of the current line is less than
<code>count</code>,
the cursor is moved to the last character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0040_007d-211"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>}</b><var><a name="index-g_t_0040_007d-212"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move forward
<code>count</code>paragraphs.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>}</strong>
command is an absolute movement.
The
<strong>}</strong>
command may be used as the motion component of other
<strong>vi</strong>
commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is
character oriented, unless the starting character is at or
before any nonblank characters in its line,
in which case it is line oriented.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line containing the beginning of the next paragraph.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the first nonblank character in the line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>paragraph</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_007e-213"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>~</b><var><a name="index-g_t_007e-214"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Reverse the case of the next
<code>count</code>character(s).
This is the historic semantic for the
<strong>~</strong>
command and it is only in effect if the
<code>tildeop</code>
option is not set.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Lowercase alphabetic characters are changed to uppercase,
and uppercase characters are changed to lowercase.
No other characters are affected.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically, the
<strong>~</strong>
command did not take an associated count, nor did it move past the
end of the current line.
As it had no associated motion it was difficult to change the case
of large blocks of text.
In
<strong>nvi</strong>,
if the cursor is on the last character of a line, and there are
more lines in the file, the cursor moves to the next line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
It is not an error to specify a count larger than the number of
characters between the cursor and the end of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line of the character after
<code>count</code>characters, or, end of file.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the character after
<code>count</code>characters, or, end-of-file.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>tildeop</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_007e-215"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [count] <b>~</b><var> motion<a name="index-g_t_007e-216"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Reverse the case of the characters in a text region specified by the
<code>count</code>and
<code>motion</code>.
Only in effect if the
<code>tildeop</code>
option is set.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Lowercase characters are changed to uppercase,
and uppercase characters are changed to lowercase.
No other characters are affected.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line of the character after the last character in the region.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Set to the character after the last character in the region.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>tildeop</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-217"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><interrupt></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-218"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Interrupt the current operation.
Many of the potentially long-running
<strong>vi</strong>
commands may be interrupted using the terminal interrupt character.
These operations include searches, file reading and writing, filter
operations and map character expansion.
Interrupts are also enabled when running commands outside of
<strong>vi</strong>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the
<code><interrupt></code>character is used to interrupt while entering an
<strong>ex</strong>
command, the command is aborted, the cursor returns to its previous
position, and
<strong>vi</strong>
remains in command mode.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Generally, if the
<code><interrupt></code>character is used to interrupt any
operation, any changes made before the interrupt are left in place.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Dependent on the operation being interrupted.
<br><dt>Column:<dd>Dependent on the operation being interrupted.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC13"></a>14 Vi Text Input Commands</h2>
<p>The following section describes the commands available in the text
input mode of the
<strong>vi</strong>
editor.
<p>Historically,
<strong>vi</strong>
implementations only permitted the characters inserted on the current
line to be erased.
In addition, only the
<code><control-D></code>erase character and the
“<code>0<control-D></code>”
and
“<code>^<control-D></code>”
erase strings could erase autoindent characters.
(Autoindent characters include both the characters inserted automatically
at the beginning of an input line as well as characters inserted using the
<code><control-T></code>command.)
This implementation permits erasure to continue past the beginning
of the current line, and back to where text input mode was entered.
In addition, autoindent characters may be erased using the standard
erase characters.
For the line and word erase characters, reaching the autoindent
characters forms a
“soft”
boundary, denoting the end of the current word or line erase.
Repeating the word or line erase key will erase the autoindent characters.
<p>Historically,
<strong>vi</strong>
always used
<code><control-H></code>and
<code><control-W></code>as character and word erase characters, respectively, regardless of
the current terminal settings.
This implementation accepts, in addition to these two characters,
the current terminal characters for those operations.
<a name="index-g_t_003cnul_003e-219"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><nul></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cnul_003e-220"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>If the first character of the input is a
<code><nul></code>,
the previous input is replayed, as if just entered.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-221"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><control-D></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-222"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>If the previous character on the line was an autoindent character,
erase characters to move the cursor back to the column immediately
after the previous (1-based) column which is a multiple of the
<code>shiftwidth</code>
edit option.
This may result in any number of
<code><tab></code>and
<code><space></code>characters preceding the cursor being changed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Otherwise, if the
<code>autoindent</code>
option is set and the user is entering the first character in the line,
<code><control-D></code>is ignored.
Otherwise, a literal
<code><control-D></code>character is entered.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_005e_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-223"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b>^<control-D></b><var><a name="index-g_t_005e_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-224"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>If the previous character on the line was an autoindent character,
erase all of the autoindent characters on the line.
In addition, the autoindent level is reset to 0.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t0_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-225"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b>0<control-D></b><var><a name="index-g_t0_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-226"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>If the previous character on the line was an autoindent character,
erase all of the autoindent characters on the line.
The autoindent level is not altered.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dT_003e-227"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><control-T></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dT_003e-228"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Insert sufficient
<code><tab></code>and
<code><space></code>characters to move the cursor forward to the column immediately
after the next (1-based) column which is a multiple of the
<code>shiftwidth</code>
edit option.
This may result in any number of
<code><tab></code>and
<code><space></code>characters preceding the cursor being changed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically,
<strong>vi</strong>
did not permit the
<code><control-T></code>command to be used unless the cursor was at the first column of a new
line or it was preceded only by autoindent characters.
<strong>Nvi</strong>
permits it to be used at any time during insert mode.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003cerase_003e-229"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><erase></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cerase_003e-230"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dH_003e-231"></a>
— Input: <b><control-H></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dH_003e-232"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Erase the last character.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0022_003cliteral_002dnext_003e_0022-233"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><literal-next></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cliteral_002dnext_003e-234"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Quote the next character.
The next character will not be mapped (see the
<strong>map</strong>
command for more information)
or interpreted specially.
A carat
“<code>^</code>”
character will be displayed immediately as a placeholder,
but will be replaced by the next character.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003cescape_003e-235"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><escape></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cescape_003e-236"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>If on the colon command line, and the
<code>filec</code>
edit option is set, behave as described for that option.
Otherwise, if on the colon command line,
execute the command.
Otherwise, if not on the colon command line,
resolve all text input into the file, and return to command mode.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0022_003cline-erase_003e_0022-237"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><line erase></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cline-erase_003e-238"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Erase the current line.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0022_003ccontrol_002dW_003e_0022-239"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><control-W></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dW_003e-240"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0022_003cword-erase_003e_0022-241"></a>
— Input: <b><word erase></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cword-erase_003e-242"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Erase the last word.
The definition of word is dependent on the
<code>altwerase</code>
and
<code>ttywerase</code>
options.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0022_003ccontrol_002dX_003e_0022-243"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><control-X>[0-9A-Fa-f]+</b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dX_003e_005b0_002d9A_002dFa_002df_005d_002b-244"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Insert a character with the specified hexadecimal value into the text.
The value is delimited by any non-hexadecimal character or the input
of the maximum number of characters that can be translated into a single
character value.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-245"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Input: <b><interrupt></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-246"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Interrupt text input mode, returning to command mode.
If the
<code><interrupt></code>character is used to interrupt inserting text into the file,
it is as if the
<code><escape></code>character was used; all text input up to the interruption is
resolved into the file.
</p></blockquote></div>
<!-- .oh 'Vi/Ex Reference''USD:13-%' -->
<!-- .eh 'USD:13-%''Vi/Ex Reference' -->
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC14"></a>15 Ex Addressing</h2>
<p>Addressing in
<strong>ex</strong>
(and when
<strong>ex</strong>
commands are executed from
<strong>vi</strong> )
relates to the current line.
In general, the current line is the last line affected by a command.
The exact effect on the current line is discussed under the description
of each command.
When the file contains no lines, the current line is zero.
<p>Addresses are constructed by one or more of the following methods:
<ol type=1 start=1>
<li>The address
“<code>.</code>”
refers to the current line.
<li>The address
“<code>$</code>”
refers to the last line of the file.
<li>The address
“<code>N</code>”,
where
<code>N</code>is a positive number, refers to the N-th line of the file.
<li>The address
“<code>'<character></code>”
or
“<code>`<character></code>”
refers to the line marked with the name
<code><character></code>.
(See the
<strong>k</strong>
or
<strong>m</strong>
commands for more information on how to mark lines.)
<li>A regular expression (RE) enclosed by slashes
“<code>/</code>”
is an address,
and it refers to the first line found by searching forward from the line
<em>after</em>
the current line toward the end of the file, and stopping at the
first line containing a string matching the RE.
(The trailing slash can be omitted at the end of the command line.)
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is
“<code>//</code>”,
the last RE used in any command is used in the search.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the
<code>extended</code>
option is set, the RE is handled as an extended RE, not a basic RE.
If the
<code>wrapscan</code>
option is set, the search wraps around to the beginning of the file
and continues up to and including the current line, so that the entire
file is searched.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The form
“<code>e/</code>”
is accepted for historic reasons,
and is identical to
“<code>//</code>”.
<li>An RE enclosed in question marks
“<code>?</code>”
addresses the first line found by searching backward from the line
<em>preceding</em>
the current line, toward the beginning of the file and stopping at the
first line containing a string matching the RE.
(The trailing question mark can be omitted at the end of a command line.)
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is
“<code>??</code>”,
the last RE used in any command is used in the search.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the
<code>extended</code>
option is set, the RE is handled as an extended RE, not a basic RE.
If the
<code>wrapscan</code>
option is set, the search wraps around from the beginning of the file to
the end of the file and continues up to and including the current line,
so that the entire file is searched.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The form
“<code>e?</code>”
is accepted for historic reasons, and is identical to
“<code>??</code>”.
<li>An address followed by a plus sign
“<code>+</code>”
or a minus sign
“<code>-</code>”
followed by a number is an offset address and refers to the address
plus (or minus) the indicated number of lines.
If the address is omitted, the addition or subtraction is done with
respect to the current line.
<li>An address of
“<code>+</code>”
or
“<code>-</code>”
followed by a number is an offset from the current line.
For example,
“<code>-5</code>”
is the same as
“<code>.-5</code>”.
<li>An address ending with
“<code>+</code>”
or
“<code>-</code>”
has 1 added to or subtracted from the address, respectively.
As a consequence of this rule and of the previous rule, the address
“<code>-</code>”
refers to the line preceding the current line.
Moreover, trailing
“<code>+</code>”
and
“<code>-</code>”
characters have a cumulative effect.
For example,
“<code>++-++</code>”
refers to the current line plus 3.
<li>A percent sign
“<code>%</code>”
is equivalent to the address range
“<code>1,$</code>”.
</ol>
<p><strong>Ex</strong>
commands require zero, one, or two addresses.
It is an error to specify an address to a command which requires zero
addresses.
<p>If the user provides more than the expected number of addresses to any
<strong>ex</strong>
command, the first addresses specified are discarded.
For example,
“<code>1,2,3,5</code>”print
prints lines 3 through 5, because the
<strong>print</strong>
command only takes two addresses.
<p>The addresses in a range are separated from each other by a comma
“<code>,</code>”
or a semicolon
“<code>;</code>”.
In the latter case, the current line
“<code>.</code>”
is set to the first address, and only then is the second address calculated.
This feature can be used to determine the starting line for forward and
backward searches (see rules (5) and (6) above).
The second address of any two-address sequence corresponds to a line that
follows, in the file, the line corresponding to the first address.
The first address must be less than or equal to the second address.
The first address must be greater than or equal to the first line of the
file, and the last address must be less than or equal to the last line
of the file.
<!-- .oh 'Vi/Ex Reference (Ex Commands)''USD:13-%' -->
<!-- .eh 'USD:13-%''Vi/Ex Reference (Ex Commands)' -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 1994 -->
<!-- The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 1994, 1995, 1996 -->
<!-- Keith Bostic. All rights reserved. -->
<!-- See the LICENSE file for redistribution information. -->
<!-- $Id: ex.cmd.texi,v 8.2 2001/08/20 16:05:50 skimo Exp $ (Berkeley) $Date: 2001/08/20 16:05:50 $ -->
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC15"></a>16 Ex Description</h2>
<p>The following words have special meanings for
<strong>ex</strong>
commands.
<a name="index-g_t_0022_003cend_002dof_002dfile_003e_0022-247"></a>
<ul><li><strong><end-of-file></strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {<end-of-file>} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The end-of-file character is used to scroll the screen in the
<strong>ex</strong>
editor.
This character is normally
<code><control-D></code>.
However, whatever character is set for the current terminal is supported
as well as
<code><control-D></code>.
<a name="index-g_t_0022line_0022-248"></a><li><strong>line</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {line} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>A single-line address, given in any of the forms described in the
section entitled
“<strong>Ex Addressing</strong>” .
The default for
<code>line</code>is the current line.
<a name="index-g_t_0022range_0022-249"></a><li><strong>range</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {range} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>A line, or a pair of line addresses, separated by a comma or semicolon.
(See the section entitled
“<strong>Ex Addressing</strong>”
for more information.)
The default for range is the current line
<em>only</em>,
i.e.
“<code>.,.</code>”.
A percent sign
“<code>%</code>”
stands for the range
“<code>1,$</code>”.
The starting address must be less than, or equal to, the ending address.
<a name="index-g_t_0022count_0022-250"></a><li><strong>count</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {count} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>A positive integer, specifying the number of lines to be affected by
the command; the default is 1.
Generally, a count past the end-of-file may be specified, e.g. the
command
“<code>p 3000</code>”
in a 10 line file is acceptable, and will print from the current line
through the last line in the file.
<a name="index-g_t_0022flags_0022-251"></a><li><strong>flags</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {flags} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>One or more of the characters
“#”,
“p”,
and
“l”.
When a command that accepts these flags completes, the addressed line(s)
are written out as if by the corresponding
<strong>#</strong>,
<strong>l</strong>
or
<strong>p</strong>
commands.
In addition, any number of
“<code>+</code>”
or
“<code>-</code>”
characters can be specified before, after, or during the flags, in which
case the line written is not necessarily the one affected by the command,
but rather the line addressed by the offset address specified.
The default for
<code>flags</code>is none.
<a name="index-g_t_0022file_0022-252"></a><li><strong>file</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {file} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>A pattern used to derive a pathname; the default is the current file.
File names are subjected to normal
<samp><span class="command">sh</span></samp>(1)
word expansions.
</ul>
<p>Anywhere a file name is specified, it is also possible to use
the special string
“<code>/tmp</code>”.
This will be replaced with a temporary file name which can be used
for temporary work, e.g.
“<code>:e /tmp</code>”
creates and edits a new file.
<p>If both a count and a range are specified for commands that use either,
the starting line for the command is the
<em>last</em>
line addressed by the range, and
<code>count</code>- 1
subsequent lines are affected by the command, e.g. the command
“<code>2,3p4</code>”
prints out lines 3, 4, 5 and 6.
<p>When only a line or range is specified, with no command, the implied
command is either a
<strong>list</strong>,
<strong>number</strong>
or
<strong>print</strong>
command.
The command used is the most recent of the three commands to have been
used (including any use as a flag).
If none of these commands have been used before, the
<strong>print</strong>
command is the implied command.
When no range or count is specified and the command line is a blank line,
the current line is incremented by 1 and then the current line is displayed.
<p>Zero or more whitespace characters may precede or follow the addresses,
count, flags, or command name.
Any object following a command name (such as buffer, file, etc.),
that begins with an alphabetic character,
should be separated from the command name by at least one whitespace
character.
<p>Any character, including
<code><carriage-return></code>,
“<code>%</code>”
and
“<code>#</code>”
retain their literal value when preceded by a backslash.
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC16"></a>17 Ex Commands</h2>
<p>The following section describes the commands available in the
<strong>ex</strong>
editor.
In each entry below, the tag line is a usage synopsis for the command.
<p>Each command can be entered as the abbreviation
(those characters in the synopsis command word preceding the
“[”
character),
the full command (all characters shown for the command word,
omitting the
“[”
and
“]”
characters),
or any leading subset of the full command down to the abbreviation.
For example, the args command (shown as
“<code>ar[gs]</code>”
in the synopsis)
can be entered as
“<code>ar</code>”,
“<code>arg</code>”
or
“<code>args</code>”.
<p>Each
<strong>ex</strong>
command described below notes the new current line after it
is executed, as well as any options that affect the command.
<a name="index-DOUBLEQUOTE-253"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>"</b><var><a name="index-g_t_0022-254"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>A comment.
Command lines beginning with the double-quote character
“<code>"</code>”
are ignored.
This permits comments in editor scripts and startup files.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0022_003ccontrol_002dD_003e_0022-255"></a><a name="index-g_t_0022_003cend_002dof_002dfile_003e_0022-256"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b><control-D></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-257"></a></var><br>
— Command: <b><end-of-file></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003cend_002dof_002dfile_003e-258"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Scroll the screen.
Write the next N lines, where N is the value of the
<code>scroll</code>
option.
The command is the end-of-file terminal character, which may be
different on different terminals.
Traditionally, it is the
<code><control-D></code>key.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically, the
<strong>eof</strong>
command ignored any preceding count, and the
<code><end-of-file></code>character was ignored unless it was entered as the first character
of the command.
This implementation treats it as a command
<em>only</em>
if entered as the first character of the command line, and otherwise
treats it as any other character.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line written.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>scroll</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0022_0021_0022-259"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>!</b><var> argument(s)<a name="index-g_t_0021-260"></a></var><br>
— Command: <b>[range]!</b><var> argument(s)<a name="index-g_t_005brange_005d_0021-261"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Execute a shell command, or filter lines through a shell command.
In the first synopsis, the remainder of the line after the
“<code>!</code>”
character is passed to the program named by the
<code>shell</code>
option, as a single argument.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Within the rest of the line,
“<code>%</code>”
and
“<code>#</code>”
are expanded into the current and alternate pathnames, respectively.
The character
“<code>!</code>”
is expanded with the command text of the previous
<strong>!</strong>
command.
(Therefore, the command
<strong>!!</strong>
repeats the previous
<strong>!</strong>
command.)
The special meanings of
“<code>%</code>”,
“<code>#</code>”,
and
“<code>!</code>”
can be overridden by escaping them with a backslash.
If no
<strong>!</strong>
or
<strong>:!</strong>
command has yet been executed, it is an error to use an unescaped
“<code>!</code>”
character.
The
<strong>!</strong>
command does
<em>not</em>
do shell expansion on the strings provided as arguments.
If any of the above expansions change the command the user entered,
the command is redisplayed at the bottom of the screen.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<strong>Ex</strong>
then executes the program named by the
<code>shell</code>
option, with a
<strong>-c</strong>
flag followed by the arguments (which are bundled into a single argument).
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>!</strong>
command is permitted in an empty file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the file has been modified since it was last completely written,
the
<strong>!</strong>
command will warn you.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
A single
“<code>!</code>”
character is displayed when the command completes.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
In the second form of the
<strong>!</strong>
command, the remainder of the line after the
“<code>!</code>”
is passed to the program named by the
<code>shell</code>
option, as described above.
The specified lines are passed to the program as standard input,
and the standard and standard error output of the program replace
the original lines.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged if no range was specified, otherwise set to the first
line of the range.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>shell</code>
and
<code>warn</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0022_0023_0022-262"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>#</b> [<var><a name="index-g_t_0023-263"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0022number_0022-264"></a>
— Command: [range] <b>nu[mber]</b> [<var><a name="index-nu_005bmber_005d-265"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Display the selected lines, each preceded with its line number.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The line number format is
“%6d”,
followed by two spaces.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line displayed.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>list</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_0022_0040_0040_0022-266"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: @ <b>buffer</b><var><a name="index-buffer-267"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0022_002a_0022-268"></a>
— Command: <b>*</b><var> buffer<a name="index-g_t_002a-269"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Execute a buffer.
Each line in the named buffer is executed as an
<strong>ex</strong>
command.
If no buffer is specified, or if the specified buffer is
“<code>@</code>”
or
“<code>*</code>”,
the last buffer executed is used.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003c-270"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b><[< ...]</b> [<var><a name="index-g_t_003c_005b_003c-_002e_002e_002e_005d-271"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Shift lines left or right.
The specified lines are shifted to the left (for the
<strong><</strong>
command) or right (for the
<strong>></strong>
command), by the number of columns specified by the
<code>shiftwidth</code>
option.
Only leading whitespace characters are deleted when shifting left;
once the first column of the line contains a nonblank character,
the
<strong>shift</strong>
command will succeed, but the line will not be modified.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the command character
<strong><</strong>
or
<strong>></strong>
is repeated more than once, the command is repeated once for each
additional command character.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>If the current line is set to one of the lines that are affected
by the command, it is unchanged.
Otherwise, it is set to the first nonblank character of the lowest
numbered line shifted.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>shiftwidth</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003d-272"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>=</b> [<var><a name="index-g_t_003d-273"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display the line number of
<code>line</code>(which defaults to the last line in the file).
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-g_t_003e-274"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>>[> ...]</b> [<var><a name="index-g_t_003e_005b_003e-_002e_002e_002e_005d-275"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Shift right.
The specified lines are shifted to the right by the number of columns
specified by the
<code>shiftwidth</code>
option, by inserting tab and space characters.
Empty lines are not changed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the command character
“<code>></code>”
is repeated more than once, the command is repeated once for each
additional command character.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line modified by the command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>shiftwidth</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-abbrev-276"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>ab[brev]</b><var> lhs rhs<a name="index-ab_005bbrev_005d-277"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Add an abbreviation to the current abbreviation list.
When inserting text in
<strong>vi</strong>,
each time a non-word character is entered after a word character,
a set of characters ending at the word character are checked for
a match with
<code>lhs</code>.
If a match is found, they are replaced with
<code>rhs</code>.
The set of characters that are checked for a match are defined as follows,
for inexplicable historical reasons.
If only one or two characters were entered before the non-word character
that triggered the check,
and after the beginning of the insertion,
or the beginning of the line or the file,
or the last
<code><blank></code>character that was entered,
then the one or the both characters are checked for a match.
Otherwise, the set includes both characters,
as well as the characters that precede them that are the same word
class (i.e. word or non-word) as the
<strong>second</strong>
to last character entered before the non-word character that triggered
the check,
back to the first
<code><blank></code>character,
the beginning of the insertion,
or the beginning of the line or the file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
For example, the abbreviations:
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><td valign="top">:abbreviate </td><td valign="top">abc </td><td valign="top">ABC
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">:abbreviate </td><td valign="top">#i </td><td valign="top">#include
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">:abbreviate </td><td valign="top">/*#i </td><td valign="top">/*#include
<br></td></tr></table>
will all work, while the abbreviations:
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<p><table summary=""><tr align="left"><td valign="top">:abbreviate </td><td valign="top">a#i </td><td valign="top">A#include
<br></td></tr><tr align="left"><td valign="top">:abbreviate </td><td valign="top">/* </td><td valign="top">/********************
<br></td></tr></table>
will not work, and are not permitted by
<strong>nvi</strong>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
To keep the abbreviation expansion from happening,
the character immediately following the
<code>lhs</code>characters should be quoted with a
<code><literal-next></code>character.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The replacement
<code>rhs</code>is itself subject to both further abbreviation expansion and further
map expansion.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-append-278"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>a[ppend][!]</b><var><a name="index-a_005bppend_005d_005b_0021_005d-279"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>The input text is appended to the specified line.
If line 0 is specified, the text is inserted at the beginning of the file.
Set to the last line input.
If no lines are input, then set to
<code>line</code>,
or to the first line of the file if a
<code>line</code>of 0 was specified.
Following the command name with a
“<code>!</code>”
character causes the
<code>autoindent</code>
option to be toggled for the duration of the command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autoindent</code>
and
<code>number</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-args-280"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>ar[gs]</b><var><a name="index-ar_005bgs_005d-281"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display the argument list.
The current argument is displayed inside of
“<code>[</code>”
and
“<code>]</code>”
characters.
The argument list is the list of operands specified on startup,
which can be replaced using the
<strong>next</strong>
command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-bg-282"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>bg</b><var><a name="index-bg-283"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
mode only.
Background the current screen.
The screen is unchanged,
but is no longer accessible and disappears from the display.
Use the
<strong>fg</strong>
command to bring the screen back to the display foreground.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line when the screen was last edited.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-change-284"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>c[hange][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-c_005bhange_005d_005b_0021_005d-285"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Replace the lines with input text.
Following the command name with a
“<code>!</code>”
character causes the
<code>autoindent</code>
option to be toggled for the duration of the command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line input, or, if no lines were input,
set to the line before the target line, or to the first
line of the file if there are no lines preceding the target line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autoindent</code>
and
<code>number</code>
options.
</dl>
<a name="index-cd-286"></a></p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-chdir-287"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>chd[ir][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-chd_005bir_005d_005b_0021_005d-288"></a></var><br>
— Command: <b>cd[!]</b> [<var><a name="index-cd_005b_0021_005d-289"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Change the current working directory.
The
<code>directory</code>argument is subjected to
<samp><span class="command">sh</span></samp>(1)
word expansions.
When invoked with no directory argument and the
<code>HOME</code>environment variable is set, the directory named by the
<code>HOME</code>environment variable becomes the new current directory.
Otherwise, the new current directory becomes the directory returned
by the
<samp><span class="command">getpwent</span></samp>(3)
routine.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>chdir</strong>
command will fail if the file has been modified since the last complete
write of the file.
You can override this check by appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>cdpath</code>
option.
</dl>
<a name="index-copy-290"></a></p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-t-291"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>co[py]</b><var> line [flags]<a name="index-co_005bpy_005d-292"></a></var><br>
— Command: [range] <b>t</b><var> line [flags]<a name="index-t-293"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Copy the specified lines (range) after the destination line.
Line 0 may be specified to insert the lines at the beginning of
the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-cscope-294"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>cs[cope]</b><var> command [args]<a name="index-cs_005bcope_005d-295"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Execute a
<strong>cscope</strong>
command.
For more information, see the section of the reference manual entitled
“<strong>Tags, Tag Stacks, and Cscope</strong>” .
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-delete-296"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>d[elete]</b> [<var><a name="index-d_005belete_005d-297"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Delete the lines from the file.
The deleted text is saved in the specified buffer, or, if no buffer
is specified, in the unnamed buffer.
If the command name is followed by a letter that could be interpreted
as either a buffer name or a flag value (because neither a
<code>count</code>or
<code>flags</code>values were given),
<strong>ex</strong>
treats the letter as a
<code>flags</code>value if the letter immediately follows the command name,
without any whitespace separation.
If the letter is preceded by whitespace characters,
it treats it as a buffer name.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line following the deleted lines,
or to the last line if the deleted lines were at the end.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-display-298"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>di[splay]</b><var> b[uffers] | c[onnections] | s[creens] | t[ags]<a name="index-di_005bsplay_005d-299"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display buffers,
<strong>cscope</strong>
connections, screens or tags.
The
<strong>display</strong>
command takes one of three additional arguments, which are as follows:
<dl>
<dt>b[uffers]<dd>Display all buffers (including named, unnamed, and numeric)
that contain text.
<br><dt>c[onnections]<dd>Display the source directories for all attached
<strong>cscope</strong>
databases.
<br><dt>s[creens]<dd>Display the file names of all background screens.
<br><dt>t[ags]<dd>Display the tags stack.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-edit-300"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>e[dit][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-e_005bdit_005d_005b_0021_005d-301"></a></var><br>
— Command: <b>ex[!]</b> [<var><a name="index-ex_005b_0021_005d-302"></a></var><br>
— Command: <b>vs[plit][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-vs_005bplit_005d_005b_0021_005d-303"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Edit a different file.
If the current buffer has been modified since the last complete write,
the command will fail.
You can override this by appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the
“<code>+cmd</code>”
option is specified, that
<strong>ex</strong>
command will be executed in the new file.
Any
<strong>ex</strong>
command may be used, although the most common use of this feature is
to specify a line number or search pattern to set the initial location
in the new file.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.,
<strong>Edit</strong>
or
<strong>Ex</strong>,
while in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode, will edit the file in a new screen.
In this case, any modifications to the current file are ignored.
<a name="index-vertical-split-304"></a><a name="index-splitting_002c-vertically-305"></a><strong>vsplit</strong> is similar, but the screen will be split vertically
to produce the new screen, rather than horizontally.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>If you have previously edited the file, the current line will be set
to your last position in the file.
If that position does not exist, or you have not previously edited the
file, the current line will be set to the first line of the file if
you are in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode, and the last line of the file if you are in
<strong>ex</strong>.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-exusage-306"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>exu[sage]</b> [<var><a name="index-exu_005bsage_005d-307"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display usage for an
<strong>ex</strong>
command.
If
<code>command</code>is specified, a usage statement for that command is displayed.
Otherwise, usage statements for all
<strong>ex</strong>
commands are displayed.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-file-308"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>f[ile]</b> [<var><a name="index-f_005bile_005d-309"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display and optionally change the file name.
If a file name is specified, the current pathname is changed to the
specified name.
The current pathname, the number of lines, and the current position
in the file are displayed.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-fg-310"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>fg</b> [<var><a name="index-fg-311"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
mode only.
Foreground the specified screen.
If the argument name doesn't exactly match the name of a file displayed
by a background screen,
it is compared against the last component of each of the file names.
If no background screen is specified,
the first background screen is foregrounded.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
By default,
foregrounding causes the current screen to be swapped with the backgrounded
screen.
Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
<strong>Fg</strong>,
will foreground the backgrounded screen in a new screen instead of
swapping it with the current screen.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the current line when the screen was last edited.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-global-312"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>g[lobal]</b><var> /pattern/ [commands]<a name="index-g_005blobal_005d-313"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-v-314"></a>
— Command: [range] <b>v</b><var> /pattern/ [commands]<a name="index-v-315"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Apply commands to lines matching (or not matching) a pattern.
The lines within the given range that match
“<code>g[lobal]</code>”,
or do not match
“<code>v</code>”
the given pattern are selected.
Then, the specified
<strong>ex</strong>
command(s) are executed with the current line
“<code>.</code>”
set to each selected line.
If no range is specified, the entire file is searched for matching,
or not matching, lines.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Multiple commands can be specified, one per line, by escaping each
<code><newline></code>character with a backslash, or by separating commands with a
“<code>|</code>”
character.
If no commands are specified, the command defaults to the
<strong>print</strong>
command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
For the
<strong>append</strong>,
<strong>change</strong>
and
<strong>insert</strong>
commands, the input text must be part of the global command line.
In this case, the terminating period can be omitted if it ends the commands.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>visual</strong>
command may also be specified as one of the
<strong>ex</strong>
commands.
In this mode, input is taken from the terminal.
Entering a
<strong>Q</strong>
command in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode causes the next line matching the pattern to be selected and
<strong>vi</strong>
to be reentered, until the list is exhausted.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>global</strong>,
<strong>v</strong>
and
<strong>undo</strong>
commands cannot be used as part of these commands.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The editor options
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>autoprint</code>
and
<code>report</code>
are turned off for the duration of the
<strong>global</strong>
and
<strong>v</strong>
commands.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>The last line modified.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>ignorecase</code>
and
<code>magic</code>
options.
Turns off the
<code>autoindent</code>,
<code>autoprint</code>
and
<code>report</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-help-316"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>he[lp]</b><var><a name="index-he_005blp_005d-317"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display a help message.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-insert-318"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>i[nsert][!]</b><var><a name="index-i_005bnsert_005d_005b_0021_005d-319"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>The input text is inserted before the specified line.
Following the command name with a
“<code>!</code>”
character causes the
<code>autoindent</code>
option setting to be toggled for the duration of this command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line input; if no lines were input,
set to the line before the target line, or to the first line
of the file if there are no lines preceding the target line.
Affected by the
<code>autoindent</code>
and
<code>number</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-join-320"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>j[oin][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-j_005boin_005d_005b_0021_005d-321"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Join lines of text together.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
A
<code>count</code>specified to the
<strong>join</strong>
command specifies that the last line of the
<code>range</code>plus
<code>count</code>subsequent lines will be joined.
(Note, this differs by one from the general rule where only
<code>count</code>- 1
subsequent lines are affected.)
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the current line ends with a whitespace character, all whitespace
is stripped from the next line.
Otherwise, if the next line starts with a open parenthesis
“<code>(</code>”,
do nothing.
Otherwise, if the current line ends with a question mark
“<code>?</code>”,
period
“<code>.</code>”
or exclamation point
“<code>!</code>”,
insert two spaces.
Otherwise, insert a single space.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name causes a simpler join with no
white-space processing.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-list-322"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>l[ist]</b> [<var><a name="index-l_005bist_005d-323"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display the lines unambiguously.
Tabs are displayed as
“<code>^I</code>”,
and the end of the line is marked with a
“<code>$</code>”
character.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line displayed.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>number</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-map-324"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>map[!]</b> [<var><a name="index-map_005b_0021_005d-325"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Define or display maps (for
<strong>vi</strong>
only).
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If
“<code>lhs</code>”
and
“<code>rhs</code>”
are not specified, the current set of command mode maps are displayed.
If a
“<code>!</code>”
character is appended to to the command,
the text input mode maps are displayed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Otherwise, when the
“<code>lhs</code>”
character sequence is entered in
<strong>vi</strong>,
the action is as if the corresponding
“<code>rhs</code>”
had been entered.
If a
“<code>!</code>”
character is appended to the command name,
the mapping is effective during text input mode,
otherwise, it is effective during command mode.
This allows
“<code>lhs</code>”
to have two different macro definitions at the same time: one for command
mode and one for input mode.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Whitespace characters require escaping with a
<code><literal-next></code>character to be entered in the
<code>lhs</code>string in visual mode.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Normally, keys in the
<code>rhs</code>string are remapped (see the
<code>remap</code>
option),
and it is possible to create infinite loops.
However, keys which map to themselves are not further remapped,
regardless of the setting of the
<code>remap</code>
option.
For example, the command
“<code>:map n nz.</code>”
maps the
“<code>n</code>”
key to the
<strong>n</strong>
and
<strong>z</strong>
commands.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
To exit an infinitely looping map, use the terminal
<code><interrupt></code>character.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>remap</code>
option.
</dl>
<a name="index-mark-326"></a></p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-k-327"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>ma[rk]</b><var> <character><a name="index-ma_005brk_005d-328"></a></var><br>
— Command: [line] <b>k</b><var> <character><a name="index-k-329"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Mark the line with the mark
<code><character></code>.
The expressions
“<code>'<character></code>”
and
“<code>`<character></code>”
can then be used as an address in any command that uses one.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-move-330"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>m[ove]</b><var> line<a name="index-m_005bove_005d-331"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Move the specified lines after the target line.
A target line of 0 places the lines at the beginning of the file.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the first of the moved lines.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-mkexrc-332"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>mk[exrc][!]</b><var> file<a name="index-mk_005bexrc_005d_005b_0021_005d-333"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Write the abbreviations, editor options and maps to the specified
file.
Information is written in a form which can later be read back in
using the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>source</strong>
command.
If
<code>file</code>already exists, the
<strong>mkexrc</strong>
command will fail.
This check can be overridden by appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-next-334"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>n[ext][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-n_005bext_005d_005b_0021_005d-335"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Edit the next file from the argument list.
The
<strong>next</strong>
command will fail if the file has been modified since the last complete
write.
This check can be overridden by appending the
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name.
The argument list can optionally be replaced by specifying a new one
as arguments to this command.
In this case, editing starts with the first file on the new list.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
<strong>Next</strong>,
while in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode, will set the argument list and edit the file in a new screen.
In this case, any modifications to the current file are ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set as described for the
<strong>edit</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the options
<code>autowrite</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-open-336"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>o[pen]</b><var> /pattern/ [flags]<a name="index-o_005bpen_005d-337"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Enter open mode.
Open mode is the same as being in
<strong>vi</strong>,
but with a one-line window.
All the standard
<strong>vi</strong>
commands are available.
If a match is found for the optional RE argument,
the cursor is set to the start of the matching pattern.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<em>This command is not yet implemented.</em>
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged, unless the optional RE is specified, in which case it is
set to the line where the matching pattern is found.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>open</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-preserve-338"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>pre[serve]</b><var><a name="index-pre_005bserve_005d-339"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Save the file in a form that can later be recovered using the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>-r</strong>
option.
When the file is preserved, an email message is sent to the user.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-previous-340"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>prev[ious][!]</b><var><a name="index-prev_005bious_005d_005b_0021_005d-341"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Edit the previous file from the argument list.
The
<strong>previous</strong>
command will fail if the file has been modified since the last complete
write.
This check can be overridden by appending the
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
<strong>Previous</strong>,
while in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode, will edit the file in a new screen.
In this case, any modifications to the current file are ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set as described for the
<strong>edit</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the options
<code>autowrite</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>.
None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-print-342"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>p[rint]</b> [<var><a name="index-p_005brint_005d-343"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display the specified lines.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line displayed.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>list</code>
and
<code>number</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-put-344"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>pu[t]</b> [<var><a name="index-pu_005bt_005d-345"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Append buffer contents to the current line.
If a buffer is specified, its contents are appended to the line,
otherwise, the contents of the unnamed buffer are used.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line after the current line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-quit-346"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>q[uit][!]</b><var><a name="index-q_005buit_005d_005b_0021_005d-347"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>End the editing session.
If the file has been modified since the last complete write, the
<strong>quit</strong>
command will fail.
This check may be overridden by appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If there are more files to edit, the
<strong>quit</strong>
command will fail.
Appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name or entering two
<strong>quit</strong>
commands (i.e.
<strong>wq</strong>,
<strong>quit</strong>,
<strong>xit</strong>
or
<strong>ZZ</strong>)
in a row) will override this check and the editor will exit.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-read-348"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>r[ead][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-r_005bead_005d_005b_0021_005d-349"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Read a file.
A copy of the specified file is appended to the line.
If
<code>line</code>is 0, the copy is inserted at the beginning of the file.
If no file is specified, the current file is read; if there is no
current file, then
<code>file</code>becomes the current file.
If there is no current file and no
<code>file</code>is specified, then the
<strong>read</strong>
command will fail.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If
<code>file</code>is preceded by a
“<code>!</code>”
character,
<code>file</code>is treated as if it were a shell command, and passed to the program
named by the
<code>shell</code>
edit option.
The standard and standard error outputs of that command are read into
the file after the specified line.
The special meaning of the
“<code>!</code>”
character can be overridden by escaping it with a backslash
“<code>e</code>”
character.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>When executed from
<strong>ex</strong>,
the current line is set to the last line read.
When executed from
<strong>vi</strong>,
the current line is set to the first line read.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-recover-350"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>rec[over]</b><var> file<a name="index-rec_005bover_005d-351"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Recover
<code>file</code>if it was previously saved.
If no saved file by that name exists, the
<strong>recover</strong>
command behaves equivalently to the
<strong>edit</strong>
command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set as described for the
<strong>edit</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-resize-352"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>res[ize]</b> [<var><a name="index-res_005bize_005d-353"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
mode only.
Grow or shrink the current screen.
If
<code>size</code>is a positive, signed number, the current screen is grown by that many lines.
If
<code>size</code>is a negative, signed number, the current screen is shrunk by that many lines.
If
<code>size</code>is not signed, the current screen is set to the specified
<code>size</code>.
Applicable only to split screens.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-rewind-354"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>rew[ind][!]</b><var><a name="index-rew_005bind_005d_005b_0021_005d-355"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Rewind the argument list.
If the current file has been modified since the last complete write,
the
<strong>rewind</strong>
command will fail.
This check may be overridden by appending the
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Otherwise, the current file is set to the first file in the argument
list.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set as described for the
<strong>edit</strong>
command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-set-356"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>se[t]</b> [<var><a name="index-se_005bt_005d-357"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display or set editor options.
When no arguments are specified, the editor option
<code>term</code>,
and any editor options whose values have been changed from the
default settings are displayed.
If the argument
<code>all</code>is specified, the values of all of editor options are displayed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Specifying an option name followed by the character
“<code>?</code>”
causes the current value of that option to be displayed.
The
“<code>?</code>”
can be separated from the option name by whitespace characters.
The
“<code>?</code>”
is necessary only for Boolean valued options.
Boolean options can be given values by the form
“<code>set option</code>”
to turn them on, or
“<code>set nooption</code>”
to turn them off.
String and numeric options can be assigned by the form
“<code>set option=value</code>”.
Any whitespace characters in strings can be included literally by preceding
each with a backslash.
More than one option can be set or listed by a single set command,
by specifying multiple arguments, each separated from the next by
whitespace characters.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-shell-358"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>sh[ell]</b><var><a name="index-sh_005bell_005d-359"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Run the shell program.
The program named by the
<code>shell</code>
option is run with a
<strong>-i</strong>
(for interactive) flag.
Editing is resumed when that program exits.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>shell</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-source-360"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>so[urce]</b><var> file<a name="index-so_005burce_005d-361"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Read and execute
<strong>ex</strong>
commands from a file.
<strong>Source</strong>
commands may be nested.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-substitute-362"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>s[ubstitute]</b> [<var><a name="index-s_005bubstitute_005d-363"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-g_t_0026-364"></a>
— Command: [range] <b>&</b> [<var><a name="index-g_t_0026-365"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p><a name="index-g_t_007e-366"></a>
— Command: [range] <b>~</b> [<var><a name="index-g_t_007e-367"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Make substitutions.
Replace the first instance of
<code>pattern</code>with the string
<code>replace</code>on the specified line(s).
If the
“<code>/pattern/repl/</code>”
argument is not specified, the
“<code>/pattern/repl/</code>”
from the previous
<strong>substitute</strong>
command is used.
Any character other than an alphabetic, numeric, <blank> or backslash
character may be used as the delimiter.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If
<code>options</code>includes the letter
“<code>c</code>”
(confirm), you will be prompted for confirmation before each replacement
is done.
An affirmative response (in English, a
“<code>y</code>”
character) causes the replacement to be made.
A quit response (in English, a
“<code>q</code>”
character) causes the
<strong>substitute</strong>
command to be terminated.
Any other response causes the replacement not to be made, and the
<strong>substitute</strong>
command continues.
If
<code>options</code>includes the letter
“<code>g</code>”
(global), all nonoverlapping instances of
<code>pattern</code>in the line are replaced.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>&</strong>
version of the command is the same as not specifying a pattern
or replacement string to the
<strong>substitute</strong>
command, and the
“<code>&</code>”
is replaced by the pattern and replacement information from the
previous substitute command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>~</strong>
version of the command is the same as
<strong>&</strong>
and
<strong>s</strong>,
except that the search pattern used is the last RE used in
<em>any</em>
command, not necessarily the one used in the last
<strong>substitute</strong>
command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
For example, in the sequence
<pre class="example"> s/red/blue/
/green
~
</pre>
<p>the
“<code>~</code>”
is equivalent to
“<code>s/green/blue/</code>”.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>substitute</strong>
command may be interrupted, using the terminal interrupt character.
All substitutions completed before the interrupt are retained.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line upon which a substitution was made.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>ignorecase</code>
and
<code>magic</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-suspend-368"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>su[spend][!]</b><var><a name="index-su_005bspend_005d_005b_0021_005d-369"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><a name="index-stop-370"></a>
— Command: <b>st[op][!]</b><var><a name="index-st_005bop_005d_005b_0021_005d-371"></a></var><br>
— Comamnd: <b><control-Z></b><var><a name="index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dZ_003e-372"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Suspend the edit session.
Appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to these commands turns off the
<code>autowrite</code>
option for the command.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-tag-373"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>ta[g][!]</b><var> tagstring<a name="index-ta_005bg_005d_005b_0021_005d-374"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Edit the file containing the specified tag.
If the tag is in a different file, then the new file is edited.
If the current file has been modified since the last complete write,
the
<strong>tag</strong>
command will fail.
This check can be overridden by appending the
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>tag</strong>
command searches for
<code>tagstring</code>in the tags file(s) specified by the
<code>tags</code>
option.
(See
<samp><span class="command">ctags</span></samp>(1)
for more information on tags files.)
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
<strong>Tag</strong>,
while in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode, will edit the file in a new screen.
In this case, any modifications to the current file are ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line indicated by the tag.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>,
<code>taglength</code>,
<code>tags</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-tagnext-375"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>tagn[ext][!]</b><var><a name="index-tagn_005bext_005d_005b_0021_005d-376"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Edit the file containing the next context for the current tag.
If the context is in a different file, then the new file is edited.
If the current file has been modified since the last complete write,
the
<strong>tagnext</strong>
command will fail.
This check can be overridden by appending the
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
<strong>Tagnext</strong>,
while in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode, will edit the file in a new screen.
In this case, any modifications to the current file are ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line indicated by the tag.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-tagpop-377"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>tagp[op][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-tagp_005bop_005d_005b_0021_005d-378"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Pop to the specified tag in the tags stack.
If neither
<code>file</code>or
<code>number</code>is specified, the
<strong>tagpop</strong>
command pops to the most recent entry on the tags stack.
If
<code>file</code>or
<code>number</code>is specified, the
<strong>tagpop</strong>
command pops to the most recent entry in the tags stack for that file,
or numbered entry in the tags stack, respectively.
(See the
<strong>display</strong>
command for information on displaying the tags stack.)
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the file has been modified since the last complete write, the
<strong>tagpop</strong>
command will fail.
This check may be overridden by appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line indicated by the tag.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-tagprev-379"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>tagp[rev][!]</b><var><a name="index-tagp_005brev_005d_005b_0021_005d-380"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Edit the file containing the previous context for the current tag.
If the context is in a different file, then the new file is edited.
If the current file has been modified since the last complete write,
the
<strong>tagprev</strong>
command will fail.
This check can be overridden by appending the
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
<strong>Tagprev</strong>,
while in
<strong>vi</strong>
mode, will edit the file in a new screen.
In this case, any modifications to the current file are ignored.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line indicated by the tag.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-tagtop-381"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>tagt[op][!]</b><var><a name="index-tagt_005bop_005d_005b_0021_005d-382"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Pop to the least recent tag on the tags stack, clearing the tags stack.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the file has been modified since the last complete write, the
<strong>tagtop</strong>
command will fail.
This check may be overridden by appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the line indicated by the tag.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-unabbrev-383"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>una[bbrev]</b><var> lhs<a name="index-una_005bbbrev_005d-384"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Delete an abbreviation.
Delete
<code>lhs</code>from the current list of abbreviations.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-undo-385"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>u[ndo]</b><var><a name="index-u_005bndo_005d-386"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Undo the last change made to the file.
Changes made by
<strong>global</strong>,
<strong>v</strong>,
<strong>visual</strong>
and map sequences are considered a single command.
If repeated, the
<strong>u</strong>
command alternates between these two states, and is its own inverse.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line modified by the command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-unmap-387"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>unm[ap][!]</b><var> lhs<a name="index-unm_005bap_005d_005b_0021_005d-388"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Unmap a mapped string.
Delete the command mode map definition for
<code>lhs</code>.
If a
“<code>!</code>”
character is appended to the command name, delete the text input mode
map definition instead.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-version-389"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>ve[rsion]</b><var><a name="index-ve_005brsion_005d-390"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display the version of the
<strong>ex/vi</strong>
editor.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-visual-391"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>vi[sual]</b> [<var><a name="index-vi_005bsual_005d-392"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Ex</strong>
mode only.
Enter
<strong>vi</strong>.
The
<code>type</code>is optional, and can be
“<code>-</code>”,
“<code>+</code>”
or
“<code>^</code>”,
as in the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>z</strong>
command, to specify the position of the specified line in the screen
window.
(The default is to place the line at the top of the screen window.)
A
<code>count</code>specifies the number of lines that will initially be displayed.
(The default is the value of the
<code>window</code>
editor option.)
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged unless
<code>line</code>is specified, in which case it is set to that line.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-visual-393"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>vi[sual][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-vi_005bsual_005d_005b_0021_005d-394"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
mode only.
Edit a new file.
Identical to the
“<code>edit[!] [+cmd] [file]</code>”
command.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Capitalizing the first letter of the command, i.e.
<strong>Visual</strong>,
will edit the file in a new screen.
In this case, any modifications to the current file are ignored.
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-viusage-395"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: <b>viu[sage]</b> [<var><a name="index-viu_005bsage_005d-396"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Display usage for a
<strong>vi</strong>
command.
If
<code>command</code>is specified, a usage statement for that command is displayed.
Otherwise, usage statements for all
<strong>vi</strong>
commands are displayed.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-write-397"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>w[rite][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-w_005brite_005d_005b_0021_005d-398"></a></var><br>
— Command: [range] <b>w[rite]</b> [<var><a name="index-w_005brite_005d-399"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p><a name="index-wn-400"></a>
— Command: [range] <b>wn[!]</b> [<var><a name="index-wn_005b_0021_005d-401"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p><a name="index-wq-402"></a>
— Command: [range] <b>wq[!]</b> [<var><a name="index-wq_005b_0021_005d-403"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Write the file.
The specified lines (the entire file, if no range is given) is written
to
<code>file</code>.
If
<code>file</code>is not specified, the current pathname is used.
If
<code>file</code>is specified, and it exists, or if the current pathname was set using the
<strong>file</strong>
command, and the file already exists, these commands will fail.
Appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name will override this check and the write
will be attempted, regardless.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Specifying the optional
“<code>>></code>”
string will cause the write to be appended to the file, in which case
no tests are made for the file already existing.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the file is preceded by a
“<code>!</code>”
character, the program named by the shell edit option is
invoked with file as its second argument, and the specified
lines are passed as standard input to that command.
The
“<code>!</code>”
in this usage must be separated from command name by at least one
whitespace character.
The special meaning of the
“<code>!</code>”
may be overridden by escaping it with a backslash
“<code>e</code>”
character.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>wq</strong>
version of the write command will exit the editor after writing the file,
if there are no further files to edit.
Appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name or entering two
“quit”
commands (i.e.
<strong>wq</strong>,
<strong>quit</strong>,
<strong>xit</strong>
or
<strong>ZZ</strong>)
in a row) will override this check and the editor will exit,
ignoring any files that have not yet been edited.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>wn</strong>
version of the write command will move to the next file after writing
the file, unless the write fails.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>readonly</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-xit-404"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>x[it][!]</b> [<var><a name="index-x_005bit_005d_005b_0021_005d-405"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Write the file if it has been modified.
The specified lines are written to
<code>file</code>,
if the file has been modified since the last complete write to any
file.
If no
<code>range</code>is specified, the entire file is written.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<strong>xit</strong>
command will exit the editor after writing the file,
if there are no further files to edit.
Appending a
“<code>!</code>”
character to the command name or entering two
“quit”
commands (i.e.
<strong>wq</strong>,
<strong>quit</strong>,
<strong>xit</strong>
or
<strong>ZZ</strong>)
in a row) will override this check and the editor will exit,
ignoring any files that have not yet been edited.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>readonly</code>
and
<code>writeany</code>
options.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-yank-406"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [range] <b>ya[nk]</b> [<var><a name="index-ya_005bnk_005d-407"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Copy the specified lines to a buffer.
If no buffer is specified, the unnamed buffer is used.
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Unchanged.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>None.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<a name="index-z-408"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Command: [line] <b>z</b> [<var><a name="index-z-409"></a></var><br>
<blockquote>
<p>Adjust the window.
If no
<code>type</code>is specified, then
<code>count</code>lines following the specified line are displayed.
The default
<code>count</code>is the value of the
<code>window</code>
option.
The
<code>type</code>argument changes the position at which
<code>line</code>is displayed on the screen by changing the number of lines
displayed before and after
<code>line</code>.
The following
<code>type</code>characters may be used:
<dl>
<dt>-<dd>Place the line at the bottom of the screen.
<br><dt>+<dd>Place the line at the top of the screen.
<br><dt>.<dd>Place the line in the middle of the screen.
<br><dt>^<dd>Write out count lines starting
<code>count * 2</code>lines before
<code>line</code>;
the net effect of this is that a
“<code>z^</code>”
command following a
<strong>z</strong>
command writes the previous page.
<br><dt>=<dd>Center
<code>line</code>on the screen with a line of hyphens displayed immediately before and
after it.
The number of preceding and following lines of text displayed are
reduced to account for those lines.
</dl>
<dl>
<dt>Line:<dd>Set to the last line displayed, with the exception of the
“<code>=</code>”
<code>type</code>,
where the current line is set to the line specified by the command.
<br><dt>Options:<dd>Affected by the
<code>scroll</code>
option.
</dl>
</p></blockquote></div>
<!-- .oh 'Vi/Ex Reference (Options)''USD:13-%' -->
<!-- .eh 'USD:13-%''Vi/Ex Reference (Options)' -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 1994 -->
<!-- The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -->
<!-- Copyright (c) 1994, 1995, 1996 -->
<!-- Keith Bostic. All rights reserved. -->
<!-- See the LICENSE file for redistribution information. -->
<!-- $Id: set.opt.texi,v 8.1 2001/08/18 20:43:48 skimo Exp $ (Berkeley) $Date: 2001/08/18 20:43:48 $ -->
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC17"></a>18 Set Options</h2>
<p>There are a large number of options that may be set (or unset) to
change the editor's behavior.
This section describes the options, their abbreviations and their
default values.
<p>In each entry below, the first part of the tag line is the full name
of the option, followed by any equivalent abbreviations.
(Regardless of the abbreviations, it is only necessary to use the
minimum number of characters necessary to distinguish an abbreviation
from all other commands for it to be accepted, in
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>.
Historically, only the full name and the official abbreviations
were accepted by
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>.
Using full names in your startup files and environmental variables will
probably make them more portable.)
The part in square brackets is the default value of the option.
Most of the options are boolean, i.e. they are either on or off,
and do not have an associated value.
<p>Options apply to both
<strong>ex</strong>
and
<strong>vi</strong>
modes, unless otherwise specified.
<p>With a few exceptions,
all options are settable per screen, i.e. the
<code>tags</code>
option can be set differently in each screen.
The exceptions are the
<code>columns</code>,
<code>lines</code>,
<code>secure</code>
and
<code>term</code>
options.
Changing these options modifies the respective information for all screens.
<p>For information on modifying the options or to display the options and
their current values, see the
“set”
command in the section entitled
“<strong>Ex Commands</strong>” .
<a name="index-altwerase-410"></a>
<ul><li><strong>altwerase [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {altwerase [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Change how
<strong>vi</strong>
does word erase during text input.
When this option is set, text is broken up into three classes:
alphabetic, numeric and underscore characters, other nonblank
characters, and blank characters.
Changing from one class to another marks the end of a word.
In addition, the class of the first character erased is ignored
(which is exactly what you want when erasing pathname components).
<a name="index-autoindent-411"></a><li><strong>autoindent, ai [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {autoindent, ai [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is set, whenever you create a new line (using the
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong>A</strong>,
<strong>a</strong>,
<strong>C</strong>,
<strong>c</strong>,
<strong>I</strong>,
<strong>i</strong>,
<strong>O</strong>,
<strong>o</strong>,
<strong>R</strong>,
<strong>r</strong>,
<strong>S</strong>,
and
<strong>s</strong>
commands, or the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>append</strong>,
<strong>change</strong>,
and
<strong>insert</strong>
commands) the new line is automatically indented to align the cursor with
the first nonblank character of the line from which you created it.
Lines are indented using tab characters to the extent possible (based on
the value of the
<code>tabstop</code>
option) and then using space characters as necessary.
For commands inserting text into the middle of a line, any blank characters
to the right of the cursor are discarded, and the first nonblank character
to the right of the cursor is aligned as described above.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The indent characters are themselves somewhat special.
If you do not enter more characters on the new line before moving to
another line, or entering
<code><escape></code>,
the indent character will be deleted and the line will be empty.
For example, if you enter
<code><carriage-return></code>twice in succession,
the line created by the first
<code><carriage-return></code>will not have any characters in it,
regardless of the indentation of the previous or subsequent line.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Indent characters also require that you enter additional erase characters
to delete them.
For example,
if you have an indented line, containing only blanks, the first
<code><word-erase></code>character you enter will erase up to end of the indent characters,
and the second will erase back to the beginning of the line.
(Historically, only the
<code><control-D></code>key would erase the indent characters.
Both the
<code><control-D></code>key and the usual erase keys work in
<strong>nvi</strong>.)
In addition, if the cursor is positioned at the end of the indent
characters, the keys
“<code>0<control-D></code>”
will erase all of the indent characters for the current line,
resetting the indentation level to 0.
Similarly, the keys
“<code>^<control-D></code>”
will erase all of the indent characters for the current line,
leaving the indentation level for future created lines unaffected.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Finally, if the
<code>autoindent</code>
option is set, the
<strong>S</strong>
and
<strong>cc</strong>
commands change from the first nonblank of the line to the end of the
line, instead of from the beginning of the line to the end of the line.
<a name="index-autoprint-412"></a><li><strong>autoprint, ap [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {autoprint, ap [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Ex</strong>
only.
Cause the current line to be automatically displayed after the
<strong>ex</strong>
commands
<strong><</strong>,
<strong>></strong>,
<strong>copy</strong>,
<strong>delete</strong>,
<strong>join</strong>,
<strong>move</strong>,
<strong>put</strong>,
<strong>t</strong>,
<strong>Undo</strong>,
and
<strong>undo</strong>.
This automatic display is suppressed during
<strong>global</strong>
and
<strong>v</strong>
commands, and for any command where optional flags are used to explicitly
display the line.
<a name="index-autowrite-413"></a><li><strong>autowrite, aw [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {autowrite, aw [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is set, the
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong>!</strong>,
<strong>^^</strong>,
<strong>^]</strong>
and
<strong><control-Z></strong>
commands, and the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>edit</strong>,
<strong>next</strong>,
<strong>rewind</strong>,
<strong>stop</strong>,
<strong>suspend</strong>,
<strong>tag</strong>,
<strong>tagpop</strong>,
and
<strong>tagtop</strong>
commands automatically write the current file back to the current file name
if it has been modified since it was last written.
If the write fails, the command fails and goes no further.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Appending the optional force flag character
“<code>!</code>”
to the
<strong>ex</strong>
commands
<strong>next</strong>,
<strong>rewind</strong>,
<strong>stop</strong>,
<strong>suspend</strong>,
<strong>tag</strong>,
<strong>tagpop</strong>,
and
<strong>tagtop</strong>
stops the automatic write from being attempted.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
(Historically, the
<strong>next</strong>
command ignored the optional force flag.)
Note, the
<strong>ex</strong>
commands
<strong>edit</strong>,
<strong>quit</strong>,
<strong>shell</strong>,
and
<strong>xit</strong>
are
<em>not</em>
affected by the
<code>autowrite</code>
option.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<code>autowrite</code>
option is ignored if the file is considered read-only for any reason.
<!-- I cannot get a double quote to print between the square brackets -->
<!-- to save my life. The ONLY way I've been able to get this to work -->
<!-- is with the .tr command. -->
<a name="index-backup-414"></a><li><strong>backup [""]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {backup [""]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is set, it specifies a pathname used as a backup file,
and, whenever a file is written, the file's current contents are copied
to it.
The pathname is
“<code>#</code>”,
“<code>%</code>”
and
“<code>!</code>”
expanded.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the first character of the pathname is
“<code>N</code>”,
a version number is appended to the pathname (and the
“<code>N</code>”
character is then discarded).
Version numbers are always incremented, and each backup file will have
a version number one greater than the highest version number currently
found in the directory.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Backup files must be regular files, owned by the real user ID of the
user running the editor, and not accessible by any other user.
<a name="index-beautify-415"></a><li><strong>beautify, bf [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {beautify, bf [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is set, all control characters that are not currently being
specially interpreted, other than
<code><tab></code>,
<code><newline></code>,
and
<code><form-feed></code>,
are
discarded from commands read in by
<strong>ex</strong>
from command files, and from input text entered to
<strong>vi</strong>
(either into the file or to the colon command line).
Text files read by
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
are
<em>not</em>
affected by the
<code>beautify</code>
option.
<a name="index-cdpath-416"></a><li><strong>cdpath [environment variable CDPATH, or current directory]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {cdpath [environment variable CDPATH, or current directory]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option is used to specify a colon separated list of directories
which are used as path prefixes for any relative path names used as
arguments for the
<strong>cd</strong>
command.
The value of this option defaults to the value of the environmental
variable
<code>CDPATH</code>if it is set, otherwise to the current directory.
For compatibility with the POSIX 1003.2 shell, the
<strong>cd</strong>
command does
<em>not</em>
check the current directory as a path prefix for relative path names
unless it is explicitly specified.
It may be so specified by entering an empty string or a
“<code>.</code>”
character into the
<code>CDPATH</code>variable or the option value.
<a name="index-cedit-417"></a><li><strong>cedit [no default]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {cedit [no default]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option adds the ability to edit the colon command-line history.
This option is set to a string.
Whenever the first character of that string is entered on the colon
command line,
you will enter a normal editing window on the collected commands that
you've entered on the
<strong>vi</strong>
colon command-line.
You may then modify and/or execute the commands.
All normal text editing is available,
except that you cannot use
<strong><control-W></strong>
to switch to an alternate screen.
Entering a
<strong><carriage-return></strong>
will execute the current line of the screen window as an ex command in
the context of the screen from which you created the colon command-line
screen,
and you will then return to that screen.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Because of
<strong>vi</strong>'s
parsing rules, it can be difficult to set the colon command-line edit
character to the
<code><escape></code>character.
To set it to
<code><escape></code>,
use
“<code>set cedit=<literal-next><escape></code>”.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the
<code>cedit</code>
edit option is set to the same character as the
<code>filec</code>
edit option,
<strong>vi</strong>
will perform colon command-line editing if the character is entered as
the first character of the line,
otherwise,
<strong>vi</strong>
will perform file name expansion.
<a name="index-columns-418"></a><li><strong>columns, co [80]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {columns, co [80]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The number of columns in the screen.
Setting this option causes
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
to set (or reset) the environmental variable
<code>COLUMNS</code>.
See the section entitled
“<strong>Sizing the Screen</strong>”
more information.
<a name="index-comment-419"></a><li><strong>comment [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {comment [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
If the first non-empty line of the file begins with the string
“<code>#</code>”,
“<code>/*</code>”
or
“<code>//</code>”,
this option causes
<strong>vi</strong>
to skip to the end of that shell, C or C++ comment (probably a
terribly boring legal notice) before displaying the file.
<a name="index-directory-420"></a><li><strong>directory, dir [environment variable TMPDIR, or /tmp]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {directory, dir [environment variable TMPDIR, or /tmp]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The directory where temporary files are created.
The environmental variable
<code>TMPDIR</code>is used as the default value if it exists, otherwise
<code>/tmp</code>is used.
<a name="index-edcompatible-421"></a><li><strong>edcompatible, ed [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {edcompatible, ed [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Remember the values of the
“c”
and
“g”
suffixes to the
<strong>substitute</strong>
commands, instead of initializing them as unset for each new
command.
Specifying pattern and replacement strings to the
<strong>substitute</strong>
command unsets the
“c”
and
“g”
suffixes as well.
<a name="index-escapetime-422"></a><li><strong>escapetime [1]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {escapetime [1]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The 10th's of a second
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
waits for a subsequent key to complete an
<code><escape></code>key mapping.
<a name="index-errorbells-423"></a><li><strong>errorbells, eb [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {errorbells, eb [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Ex</strong>
only.
<strong>Ex</strong>
error messages are normally presented in inverse video.
If that is not possible for the terminal, setting this option causes
error messages to be announced by ringing the terminal bell.
<a name="index-exrc-424"></a><li><strong>exrc, ex [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {exrc, ex [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is turned on in the EXINIT environment variables,
or the system or $HOME startup files,
the local startup files are read,
unless they are the same as the system or $HOME startup files or
fail to pass the standard permission checks.
See the section entitled
“<strong>Startup Information</strong>”
for more information.
<a name="index-extended-425"></a><li><strong>extended [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {extended [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option causes all regular expressions to be treated as POSIX
1003.2 Extended Regular Expressions (which are similar to historic
<samp><span class="command">egrep</span></samp>(1)
style expressions).
<a name="index-filec-426"></a><li><strong>filec [no default]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {filec [no default]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option adds the ability to do shell expansion when entering input
on the colon command line.
This option is set to a string.
Whenever the first character of that string is entered on the colon
command line,
the <blank> delimited string immediately before the cursor is expanded
as if it were followed by a
<code>*</code>character, and file name expansion for the
<strong>ex</strong>
edit command was done.
If no match is found, the screen is flashed and text input resumed.
If a single match results, that match replaces the expanded text.
In addition, if the single match is for a directory, a
<code>/</code>character is appended and file completion is repeated.
If more than a single match results,
any unique prefix shared by the matches replaces the expanded text,
the matches are displayed,
and text input resumed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Because of
<strong>vi</strong>'s
parsing rules, it can be difficult to set the path completion character
to two command values,
<code><escape></code>and
<code><tab></code>.
To set it to
<code><escape></code>,
use
“<code>set filec=<literal-next><escape></code>”.
To set it to
<code><tab></code>,
use
“<code>set filec=e<tab></code>”.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the
<code>cedit</code>
edit option is set to the same character as the
<code>filec</code>
edit option,
<strong>vi</strong>
will perform colon command-line editing if the character is entered as
the first character of the line,
otherwise,
<strong>vi</strong>
will perform file name expansion.
<a name="index-flash-427"></a><li><strong>flash [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {flash [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option causes the screen to flash instead of beeping the keyboard,
on error, if the terminal has the capability.
<a name="index-hardtabs-428"></a><li><strong>hardtabs, ht [8]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {hardtabs, ht [8]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option defines the spacing between hardware tab settings, i.e.
the tab expansion done by the operating system and/or the terminal
itself.
As
<strong>nex</strong>/<strong>nvi</strong>
never writes
<code><tab></code>characters to the terminal, unlike historic versions of
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>,
this option does not currently have any affect.
<a name="index-iclower-429"></a><li><strong>iclower [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {iclower [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<code>iclower</code>
edit option makes all Regular Expressions case-insensitive,
as long as an upper-case letter does not appear in the search string.
<a name="index-ignorecase-430"></a><li><strong>ignorecase, ic [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {ignorecase, ic [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option causes regular expressions, both in
<strong>ex</strong>
commands and in searches,
to be evaluated in a case-insensitive manner.
<a name="index-keytime-431"></a><li><strong>keytime [6]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {keytime [6]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The 10th's of a second
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
waits for a subsequent key to complete a key mapping.
<a name="index-leftright-432"></a><li><strong>leftright [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {leftright [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
This option causes the screen to be scrolled left-right to view
lines longer than the screen, instead of the traditional
<strong>vi</strong>
screen interface which folds long lines at the right-hand margin
of the terminal.
<a name="index-lines-433"></a><li><strong>lines, li [24]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {lines, li [24]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
The number of lines in the screen.
Setting this option causes
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
to set (or reset) the environmental variable
<code>LINES</code>.
See the section entitled
“<strong>Sizing the Screen</strong>”
for more information.
<a name="index-lisp-434"></a><li><strong>lisp [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {lisp [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
This option changes the behavior of the
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong>(</strong>,
<strong>)</strong>,
<strong>{</strong>,
<strong>}</strong>,
<strong>[[</strong>
and
<strong>]]</strong>
commands to match the Lisp language.
Also, the
<code>autoindent</code>
option's behavior is changed to be appropriate for Lisp.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<em>This option is not yet implemented.</em>
<a name="index-list-435"></a><li><strong>list [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {list [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option causes lines to be displayed in an unambiguous fashion.
Specifically, tabs are displayed as control characters, i.e.
“<code>^I</code>”,
and the ends of lines are marked with a
“<code>$</code>”
character.
<a name="index-lock-436"></a><li><strong>lock [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {lock [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option causes the editor to attempt to get an exclusive lock on
any file being edited, read or written.
Reading or writing a file that cannot be locked produces a warning
message, but no other effect.
Editing a file that cannot be locked results in a read only edit session,
as if the
<code>readonly</code>
edit option were set.
<a name="index-magic-437"></a><li><strong>magic [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {magic [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option is on by default.
Turning the
<code>magic</code>
option off causes all regular expression characters except for
“<code>^</code>”
and
“<code>$</code>”,
to be treated as ordinary characters.
To re-enable characters individually, when the
<code>magic</code>
option is off,
precede them with a backslash
“<code>e</code>”
character.
See the section entitled
“<strong>Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings</strong>”
for more information.
<a name="index-matchtime-438"></a><li><strong>matchtime [7]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {matchtime [7]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
The 10th's of a second
<strong>vi</strong>
pauses on the matching character when the
<code>showmatch</code>
option is set.
<a name="index-mesg-439"></a><li><strong>mesg [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {mesg [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option allows other users to contact you using the
<samp><span class="command">talk</span></samp>(1)
and
<samp><span class="command">write</span></samp>(1)
utilities, while you are editing.
<strong>Ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
does not turn message on, i.e. if messages were turned off when the
editor was invoked, they will stay turned off.
This option only permits you to disallow messages for the edit session.
See the
<samp><span class="command">mesg</span></samp>(1)
utility for more information.
<a name="index-msgcat-440"></a><li><strong>msgcat [./]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {msgcat [./]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option selects a message catalog to be used to display error and
informational messages in a specified language.
If the value of this option ends with a '/', it is treated as the name
of a directory that contains a message catalog
“<code>vi_XXXX</code>”,
where
“<code>XXXX</code>”
is the value of the
<code>LANG</code>environmental variable, if it's set, or the value of the
<code>LC_MESSAGES</code>environmental variable if it's not.
If neither of those environmental variables are set,
or if the option doesn't end in a '/',
the option is treated as the full path name of the message catalog to use.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If any messages are missing from the catalog,
the backup text (English) is used instead.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
See the distribution file
<code>catalog/README</code>for additional information on building and installing message catalogs.
<a name="index-modelines-441"></a><li><strong>modelines, modeline [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {modelines, modeline [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If the
<code>modelines</code>
option is set,
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
has historically scanned the first and last five lines of each file as
it is read for editing, looking for any
<strong>ex</strong>
commands that have been placed in those lines.
After the startup information has been processed, and before the user
starts editing the file, any commands embedded in the file are executed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Commands were recognized by the letters
“e”
or
“v”
followed by
“x”
or
“i”,
at the beginning of a line or following a tab or space character,
and followed by a
“:”,
an
<strong>ex</strong>
command, and another
“:”.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
This option is a security problem of immense proportions,
and should not be used under any circumstances.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<em>This option will never be implemented.</em>
<!-- I cannot get a double quote to print between the square brackets -->
<!-- to save my life. The ONLY way I've been able to get this to work -->
<!-- is with the .tr command. -->
<a name="index-noprint-442"></a><li><strong>noprint [""]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {noprint [""]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Characters that are never handled as printable characters.
By default, the C library function
<samp><span class="command">isprint</span></samp>(3)
is used to determine if a character is printable or not.
This edit option overrides that decision.
<a name="index-number-443"></a><li><strong>number, nu [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {number, nu [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Precede each line displayed with its current line number.
<a name="index-octal-444"></a><li><strong>octal [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {octal [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Display unknown characters as octal numbers
“<code>"e###"</code>”,
instead of the default
hexadecimal
“<code>"ex##"</code>”.
<a name="index-open-445"></a><li><strong>open [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {open [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Ex</strong>
only.
If this option is not set, the
<strong>open</strong>
and
<strong>visual</strong>
commands are disallowed.
<a name="index-optimize-446"></a><li><strong>optimize, opt [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {optimize, opt [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Throughput of text is expedited by setting the terminal not to do automatic
carriage returns when printing more than one (logical) line of output,
greatly speeding output on terminals without addressable cursors when text
with leading white space is printed.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<em>This option is not yet implemented.</em>
<a name="index-paragraphs-447"></a><li><strong>paragraphs, para [IPLPPPQPP LIpplpipbp]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {paragraphs, para [IPLPPPQPP LIpplpipbp]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Define additional paragraph boundaries for the
<strong>{</strong>
and
<strong>}</strong>
commands.
The value of this option must be a character string consisting
of zero or more character pairs.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
In the text to be edited, the character string
<code><newline>.<char-pair></code>,
(where
<code><char-pair></code>is one of the character pairs in the option's value)
defines a paragraph boundary.
For example, if the option were set to
<code>LaA<space>##</code>,
then all of the following additional paragraph boundaries would be
recognized:
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<pre class="example"> <newline>.La
<newline>.A<space>
<newline>.##
</pre>
<p><a name="index-path-448"></a><li><strong>path []</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {path []} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The path option can be used to specify a <colon>-separated list of
paths, similar to the
<code>PATH</code>environment variable in the shells.
If this option is set,
the name of the file to be edited is not an absolute pathname,
the first component of the filename is not
“<code>.</code>”
or
“<code>..</code>”,
and the file to be edited doesn't exist in the current directory,
the elements of the
<code>path</code>
option are sequentially searched for a file of the specified name.
If such a file is found, it is edited.
<!-- I cannot get a double quote to print between the square brackets -->
<!-- to save my life. The ONLY way I've been able to get this to work -->
<!-- is with the .tr command. -->
<a name="index-print-449"></a><li><strong>print [""]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {print [""]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Characters that are always handled as printable characters.
By default, the C library function
<samp><span class="command">isprint</span></samp>(3)
is used to determine if a character is printable or not.
This edit option overrides that decision.
<a name="index-prompt-450"></a><li><strong>prompt [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {prompt [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Ex</strong>
only.
This option causes
<strong>ex</strong>
to prompt for command input with a
“<code>:</code>”
character; when it is not set, no prompt is displayed.
<a name="index-readonly-451"></a><li><strong>readonly, ro [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {readonly, ro [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option causes a force flag to be required to attempt to write the file.
Setting this option is equivalent to using the
<strong>-R</strong>
command line option,
or executing the
<strong>vi</strong>
program using the name
<strong>view</strong>.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
The
<code>readonly</code>
edit option is not usually persistent, like other edit options.
If the
<strong>-R</strong>
command line option is set,
<strong>vi</strong>
is executed as
<strong>view</strong>,
or the
<code>readonly</code>
edit option is explicitly set,
all files edited in the screen will be marked readonly,
and the force flag will be required to write them.
However, if none of these conditions are true,
or the
<code>readonly</code>
edit option is explicitly unset,
then the
<code>readonly</code>
edit option will toggle based on the write permissions of the file currently
being edited as of when it is loaded into the edit buffer.
In other words, the
<code>readonly</code>
edit option will be set if the current file lacks write permissions,
and will not be set if the user has write permissions for the file.
<a name="index-recdir-452"></a><li><strong>recdir [/var/tmp/vi.recover]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {recdir [/var/tmp/vi.recover]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The directory where recovery files are stored.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If you change the value of
<code>recdir</code>,
be careful to choose a directory whose contents are not regularly
deleted.
Bad choices include directories in memory based filesystems,
or
<code>/tmp</code>,
on most systems,
as their contents are removed when the machine is rebooted.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Public directories like
<code>/usr/tmp</code>and
<code>/var/tmp</code>are usually safe, although some sites periodically prune old files
from them.
There is no requirement that you use a public directory,
e.g. a sub-directory of your home directory will work fine.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Finally, if you change the value of
<code>recdir</code>,
you must modify the recovery script to operate in your chosen recovery
area.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
See the section entitled
“<strong>Recovery</strong>”
for further information.
<a name="index-redraw-453"></a><li><strong>redraw, re [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {redraw, re [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent
terminal on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in
<strong>vi</strong>
the characters to the right of the cursor are refreshed as each input
character is typed).
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<em>This option is not yet implemented.</em>
<a name="index-remap-454"></a><li><strong>remap [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {remap [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is set,
it is possible to define macros in terms of other macros.
Otherwise, each key is only remapped up to one time.
For example, if
“<code>A</code>”
is mapped to
“<code>B</code>”,
and
“<code>B</code>”
is mapped to
“<code>C</code>”,
The keystroke
“<code>A</code>”
will be mapped to
“<code>C</code>”
if the
<code>remap</code>
option is set, and to
“<code>B</code>”
if it is not set.
<a name="index-report-455"></a><li><strong>report [5]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {report [5]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Set the threshold of the number of lines that need to be changed or
yanked before a message will be displayed to the user.
For everything but the yank command, the value is the largest value
about which the editor is silent, i.e. by default, 6 lines must be
deleted before the user is notified.
However, if the number of lines yanked is greater than
<em>or equal to</em>
the set value, it is reported to the user.
<a name="index-ruler-456"></a><li><strong>ruler [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {ruler [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Display a row/column ruler on the colon command line.
<a name="index-scroll-457"></a><li><strong>scroll, scr [(environment variable LINES - 1) / 2]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {scroll, scr [(environment variable LINES - 1) / 2]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Set the number of lines scrolled by the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong><control-D></strong>
and
<strong><end-of-file></strong>
commands.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Historically, the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>z</strong>
command, when specified without a count, used two times the size of the
scroll value; the POSIX 1003.2 standard specified the window size, which
is a better choice.
<a name="index-searchincr-458"></a><li><strong>searchincr [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {searchincr [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<code>searchincr</code>
edit option makes the search commands
<strong>/</strong>
and
<strong>?</strong>
incremental, i.e. the screen is updated and the cursor moves to the matching
text as the search pattern is entered.
If the search pattern is not found,
the screen is beeped and the cursor remains on the colon-command line.
Erasing characters from the search pattern backs the cursor up to the
previous matching text.
<a name="index-sections-459"></a><li><strong>sections, sect [NHSHH HUnhsh]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {sections, sect [NHSHH HUnhsh]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Define additional section boundaries for the
<strong>[[</strong>
and
<strong>]]</strong>
commands.
The
<code>sections</code>
option should be set to a character string consisting of zero or
more character pairs.
In the text to be edited, the character string
<code><newline>.<char-pair></code>,
(where
<code><char-pair></code>is one of the character pairs in the option's value),
defines a section boundary in the same manner that
<code>paragraphs</code>
option boundaries are defined.
<a name="index-secure-460"></a><li><strong>secure [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {secure [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>The
<code>secure</code>
edit option turns off all access to external programs.
This means that the versions of the
<strong>read</strong>
and
<strong>write</strong>
commands that filter text through other programs,
the
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong>!</strong>
and
<strong><control-Z></strong>
commands,
the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>!</strong>,
<strong>script</strong>,
<strong>shell</strong>,
<strong>stop</strong>
and
<strong>suspend</strong>
commands and file name expansion will not be permitted.
Once set,
the
<code>secure</code>
edit option may not be unset.
<a name="index-shell-461"></a><li><strong>shell, sh [environment variable SHELL, or /bin/sh]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {shell, sh [environment variable SHELL, or /bin/sh]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Select the shell used by the editor.
The specified path is the pathname of the shell invoked by the
<strong>vi</strong>
<strong>!</strong>
shell escape command and by the
<strong>ex</strong>
<strong>shell</strong>
command.
This program is also used to resolve any shell meta-characters in
<strong>ex</strong>
commands.
<!-- I cannot get a double quote to print between the square brackets -->
<!-- to save my life. The ONLY way I've been able to get this to work -->
<!-- is with the .tr command. -->
<a name="index-shellmeta-462"></a><!-- @IP{shellmeta [~@{[*?@$`'"\e]} -->
<li><strong>shellmeta [~{[*?$`'"\]</strong>
<p>The set of characters that
<strong>ex</strong>
checks for when doing file name expansion.
If any of the specified characters are found in the file name arguments
to the
<strong>ex</strong>
commands,
the arguments are expanded using the program defined by the
<code>shell</code>
option.
The default set of characters is a union of meta characters
from the Version 7 and the Berkeley C shell.
<a name="index-shiftwidth-463"></a><li><strong>shiftwidth, sw [8]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {shiftwidth, sw [8]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Set the autoindent and shift command indentation width.
This width is used by the
<code>autoindent</code>
option and by the
<strong><</strong>,
<strong>></strong>,
and
<strong>shift</strong>
commands.
<a name="index-showmatch-464"></a><li><strong>showmatch, sm [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {showmatch, sm [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
This option causes
<strong>vi</strong>,
when a
<!-- QT -->
“<code>}</code>”
or
“<code>)</code>”
is entered, to briefly move the cursor the matching
<!-- QT -->
“<code>{</code>”
or
“<code>(</code>”.
See the
<code>matchtime</code>
option for more information.
<a name="index-showmode-465"></a><li><strong>showmode, smd [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {showmode, smd [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
This option causes
<strong>vi</strong>
to display a string identifying the current editor mode on the colon
command line.
The string is preceded by an asterisk (“*”) if the file has been
modified since it was last completely written,
<a name="index-sidescroll-466"></a><li><strong>sidescroll [16]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {sidescroll [16]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Sets the number of columns that are shifted to the left or right,
when
<strong>vi</strong>
is doing left-right scrolling and the left or right margin is
crossed.
See the
<code>leftright</code>
option for more information.
<a name="index-slowopen-467"></a><li><strong>slowopen, slow [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {slowopen, slow [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option affects the display algorithm used by
<strong>vi</strong>,
holding off display updating during input of new text to improve
throughput when the terminal in use is slow and unintelligent.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<em>This option is not yet implemented.</em>
<a name="index-sourceany-468"></a><li><strong>sourceany [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {sourceany [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is turned on,
<strong>vi</strong>
historically read startup files that were owned by someone other than
the editor user.
See the section entitled
“<strong>Startup Information</strong>”
for more information.
This option is a security problem of immense proportions,
and should not be used under any circumstances.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
<em>This option will never be implemented.</em>
<a name="index-tabstop-469"></a><li><strong>tabstop, ts [8]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {tabstop, ts [8]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option sets tab widths for the editor display.
<a name="index-taglength-470"></a><li><strong>taglength, tl [0]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {taglength, tl [0]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option sets the maximum number of characters that are considered
significant in a tag name.
Setting the value to 0 makes all of the characters in the tag name
significant.
<a name="index-tags-471"></a><li><strong>tags, tag [tags /var/db/libc.tags /sys/kern/tags]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {tags, tag [tags /var/db/libc.tags /sys/kern/tags]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Sets the list of tags files, in search order,
which are used when the editor searches for a tag.
<a name="index-term-472"></a><li><strong>term, ttytype, tty [environment variable TERM]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {term, ttytype, tty [environment variable TERM]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Set the terminal type.
Setting this option causes
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
to set (or reset) the environmental variable
<code>TERM</code>.
<a name="index-terse-473"></a><li><strong>terse [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {terse [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option has historically made editor messages less verbose.
It has no effect in this implementation.
See the
<code>verbose</code>
option for more information.
<a name="index-tildeop-474"></a><li><strong>tildeop [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {tildeop [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>Modify the
<strong>~</strong>
command to take an associated motion.
<a name="index-timeout-475"></a><li><strong>timeout, to [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {timeout, to [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is set,
<strong>ex</strong>/<strong>vi</strong>
waits for a specific period for a subsequent key to complete a key
mapping (see the
<code>keytime</code>
option).
If the option is not set, the editor waits until enough keys are
entered to resolve the ambiguity, regardless of how long it takes.
<a name="index-ttywerase-476"></a><li><strong>ttywerase [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {ttywerase [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
This option changes how
<strong>vi</strong>
does word erase during text input.
If this option is set, text is broken up into two classes,
blank characters and nonblank characters.
Changing from one class to another marks the end of a word.
<a name="index-verbose-477"></a><li><strong>verbose [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {verbose [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
<strong>Vi</strong>
historically bells the terminal for many obvious mistakes, e.g. trying
to move past the left-hand margin, or past the end of the file.
If this option is set, an error message is displayed for all errors.
<a name="index-w300-478"></a><li><strong>w300 [no default]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {w300 [no default]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Set the window size if the baud rate is less than 1200 baud.
See the
<code>window</code>
option for more information.
<a name="index-w1200-479"></a><li><strong>w1200 [no default]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {w1200 [no default]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Set the window size if the baud rate is equal to 1200 baud.
See the
<code>window</code>
option for more information.
<a name="index-w9600-480"></a><li><strong>w9600 [no default]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {w9600 [no default]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
Set the window size if the baud rate is greater than 1200 baud.
See the
<code>window</code>
option for more information.
<a name="index-warn-481"></a><li><strong>warn [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {warn [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Ex</strong>
only.
This option causes a warning message to the terminal if the file has
been modified, since it was last written, before a
<strong>!</strong>
command.
<a name="index-window-482"></a><li><strong>window, w, wi [environment variable LINES - 1]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {window, w, wi [environment variable LINES - 1]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option determines the default number of lines in a screenful,
as displayed by the
<strong>z</strong>
command.
It also determines the number of lines scrolled by the
<strong>vi</strong>
commands
<strong><control-B></strong>
and
<strong><control-F></strong>,
and the default number of lines scrolled by the
<strong>vi</strong>
commands
<strong><control-D></strong>
and
<strong><control-U></strong>.
The value of window can be unrelated to the real screen size,
although it starts out as the number of lines on the screen.
See the section entitled
“<strong>Sizing the Screen</strong>”
for more information.
Setting the value of the
<code>window</code>
option is the same as using the
<strong>-w</strong>
command line option.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If the value of the
<code>window</code>
option (as set by the
<code>window</code>,
<code>w300</code>,
<code>w1200</code>
or
<code>w9600</code>
options) is smaller than the actual size of the screen,
large screen movements will result in displaying only that smaller
number of lines on the screen.
(Further movements in that same area will result in the screen being
filled.)
This can provide a performance improvement when viewing different
places in one or more files over a slow link.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Resetting the window size does not reset the default number of lines
scrolled by the
<strong><control-D></strong>
and
<strong><control-U></strong>
commands.
<a name="index-windowname-483"></a><li><strong>windowname [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {windowname [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
changes the name of the editor's icon/window to the current file name
when it's possible and not destructive, i.e.,
when the editor can restore it to its original value on exit or when
the icon/window will be discarded as the editor exits.
If the
<code>windowname</code>
edit option is set,
<strong>vi</strong>
will change the icon/window name even when it's destructive and the
icon/window name will remain after the editor exits.
(This is the case for
<samp><span class="command">xterm</span></samp>(1)).
<a name="index-wraplen-484"></a><li><strong>wraplen, wl [0]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {wraplen, wl [0]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option is identical to the
<code>wrapmargin</code>
option, with the exception that it specifies the number of columns
from the
<em>left</em>
margin before the line splits, not the right margin.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If both
<code>wraplen</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
are set, the
<code>wrapmargin</code>
value is used.
<a name="index-wrapmargin-485"></a><li><strong>wrapmargin, wm [0]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {wrapmargin, wm [0]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p><strong>Vi</strong>
only.
If the value of the
<code>wrapmargin</code>
option is non-zero,
<strong>vi</strong>
will split lines so that they end at least that number of columns
before the right-hand margin of the screen.
(Note, the value of
<code>wrapmargin</code>
is
<em>not</em>
a text length.
In a screen that is 80 columns wide, the command
“<code>:set wrapmargin=8</code>”
attempts to keep the lines less than or equal to 72 columns wide.)
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
Lines are split at the previous whitespace character closest to the
number.
Any trailing whitespace characters before that character are deleted.
If the line is split because of an inserted
<code><space></code>or
<code><tab></code>character, and you then enter another
<code><space></code>character, it is discarded.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If wrapmargin is set to 0,
or if there is no blank character upon which to split the line,
the line is not broken.
<pre class="sp">
</pre>
If both
<code>wraplen</code>
and
<code>wrapmargin</code>
are set, the
<code>wrapmargin</code>
value is used.
<a name="index-wrapscan-486"></a><li><strong>wrapscan, ws [on]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {wrapscan, ws [on]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>This option causes searches to wrap around the end or the beginning
of the file, and back to the starting point.
Otherwise, the end or beginning of the file terminates the search.
<a name="index-writeany-487"></a><li><strong>writeany, wa [off]</strong>
<!-- @deffn {Command} {writeany, wa [off]} -->
<!-- @end deffn -->
<p>If this option is set, file-overwriting checks that would usually be
made before the
<strong>write</strong>
and
<strong>xit</strong>
commands, or before an automatic write (see the
<code>autowrite</code>
option), are not made.
This allows a write to any file, provided the file permissions allow it.
</ul>
<!-- .oh 'Vi/Ex Reference''USD:13-%' -->
<!-- .eh 'USD:13-%''Vi/Ex Reference' -->
<h2 class="chapter"><a name="TOC18"></a>19 Index</h2>
<ul class="index-cp" compact>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0021-260"><code>!</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0021-72"><code>!</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0021-71">!</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022-254"><code>"</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_0021_0022-259">"!"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_0023_0022-262">"#"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_002a_0022-268">"*"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003ccarriage_002dreturn_003e_0022-8">"<carriage-return>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003ccontrol_002dD_003e_0022-255">"<control-D>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003ccontrol_002dW_003e_0022-239">"<control-W>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003ccontrol_002dX_003e_0022-243">"<control-X>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003cend_002dof_002dfile_003e_0022-256">"<end-of-file>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003cend_002dof_002dfile_003e_0022-247">"<end-of-file>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003cline-erase_003e_0022-237">"<line erase>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003cliteral_002dnext_003e_0022-233">"<literal-next>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003cliteral_002dnext_003e_0022-2">"<literal-next>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_003cword-erase_003e_0022-241">"<word erase>"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022_0040_0040_0022-266">"@"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022alternate-pathname_0022-4">"alternate pathname"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022bigword_0022-14">"bigword"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022count_0022-250">"count"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022count_0022-12">"count"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022current-pathname_0022-3">"current pathname"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022file_0022-252">"file"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022flags_0022-251">"flags"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022line_0022-248">"line"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022motion_0022-11">"motion"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022number_0022-264">"number"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022paragraph_0022-15">"paragraph"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022previous-context_0022-10">"previous context"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022range_0022-249">"range"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022section_0022-16">"section"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022sentence_0022-17">"sentence"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0022unnamed-buffer_0022-6">"unnamed buffer"</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0023-263"><code>#</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0023-74"><code>#</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0023-73">#</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0024-76"><code>$</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0024-75">$</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0025-78"><code>%</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0025-77">%</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0026-365"><code>&</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0026-364">&</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0026-80"><code>&</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0026-79">&</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0027_003ccharacter_003e-82"><code>'<character></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0028-85">(</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0029-88"><code>)</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0029-87">)</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002a-269"><code>*</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002b-46"><code>+</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002b-45">+</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002c-90"><code>,</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002c-89">,</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002d-92"><code>-</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e-94"><code>.</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002e-93">.</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002fRE_002f-97"><code>/RE/</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002fRE_002f-95">/RE/</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_002fRE_003ccarriage_002dreturn_003e-96"><code>/RE<carriage-return></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t0-106"><code>0</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t0-105">0</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t0_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-226"><code>0<control-D></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t0_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-225">0<control-D></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003a-108"><code>:</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003a-107">:</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003b-110"><code>;</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003b-109">;</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003c-270"><</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003c-111"><</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003c-motion-112"><code>< motion</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003c_005b_003c-_002e_002e_002e_005d-271"><code><[< ...]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002d_005d_003e-64"><code><control-]></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002d_005d_003e-63"><control-]></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002d_005e_003e-66"><code><control-^></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002d_005e_003e-65"><control-^></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dA_003e-19"><code><control-A></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dA_003e-18"><control-A></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dB_003e-21"><code><control-B></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dB_003e-20"><control-B></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-257"><code><control-D></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-222"><code><control-D></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-221"><control-D></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-23"><code><control-D></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-22"><control-D></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dE_003e-25"><code><control-E></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dE_003e-24"><control-E></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dF_003e-27"><code><control-F></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dF_003e-26"><control-F></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dG_003e-29"><code><control-G></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dG_003e-28"><control-G></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dH_003e-232"><code><control-H></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dH_003e-231"><control-H></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dH_003e-31"><code><control-H></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dH_003e-30"><control-H></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dJ_003e-34"><code><control-J></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dJ_003e-33"><control-J></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dL_003e-40"><code><control-L></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dL_003e-39"><control-L></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dM_003e-44"><code><control-M></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dM_003e-43"><control-M></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dN_003e-36"><code><control-N></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dN_003e-35"><control-N></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dP_003e-48"><code><control-P></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dP_003e-47"><control-P></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dR_003e-42"><code><control-R></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dR_003e-41"><control-R></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dT_003e-228"><code><control-T></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dT_003e-227"><control-T></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dT_003e-52"><code><control-T></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dT_003e-51"><control-T></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dU_003e-54"><code><control-U></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dU_003e-53"><control-U></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dW_003e-240"><code><control-W></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dW_003e-56"><code><control-W></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dW_003e-55"><control-W></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dX_003e_005b0_002d9A_002dFa_002df_005d_002b-244"><code><control-X>[0-9A-Fa-f]+</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dY_003e-58"><code><control-Y></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dY_003e-57"><control-Y></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dZ_003e-372"><code><control-Z></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dZ_003e-60"><code><control-Z></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003ccontrol_002dZ_003e-59"><control-Z></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cend_002dof_002dfile_003e-258"><code><end-of-file></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cerase_003e-230"><code><erase></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cerase_003e-229"><erase></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cescape_003e-236"><code><escape></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cescape_003e-235"><escape></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cescape_003e-62"><code><escape></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cescape_003e-61"><escape></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-246"><code><interrupt></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-245"><interrupt></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-218"><code><interrupt></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-217"><interrupt></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cinterrupt_003e-1"><interrupt></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cline-erase_003e-238"><code><line erase></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cliteral_002dnext_003e-234"><code><literal-next></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cnewline_003e-9"><newline></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cnul_003e-220"><code><nul></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cnul_003e-219"><nul></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cspace_003e-68"><code><space></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cspace_003e-67"><space></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003cword-erase_003e-242"><code><word erase></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003d-273"><code>=</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003d-272">=</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003e-274">></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003e-114"><code>></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003e-113">></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003e_005b_003e-_002e_002e_002e_005d-275"><code>>[> ...]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003fRE_003ccarriage_002dreturn_003e-99"><code>?RE<carriage-return></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003fRE_003f-100"><code>?RE?</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_003fRE_003f-98">?RE?</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_0040-116"><code>@</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_0040-115">@</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005b_005b-164"><code>[[</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005b_005b-163">[[</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005bcount_005d-_0028-86"><code>[count] (</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005bcount_005d-C-122"><code>[count] C</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005brange_005d_0021-261"><code>[range]!</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005d_005d-166"><code>]]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005d_005d-165">]]</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e-168"><code>^</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e-167">^</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-224"><code>^<control-D></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005e_003ccontrol_002dD_003e-223">^<control-D></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005f-170"><code>_</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_005f-169">_</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0060_003ccharacter_003e-84"><code>`<character></code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0060_003ccharacter_003e-83">`<character></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-a-172"><code>a</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-a-171">a</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-A-118"><code>A</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-A-117">A</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-a_005bppend_005d_005b_0021_005d-279"><code>a[ppend][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ab_005bbrev_005d-277"><code>ab[brev]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-abbrev-276">abbrev</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-altwerase-410">altwerase</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-append-278">append</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ar_005bgs_005d-281"><code>ar[gs]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-args-280">args</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-autoindent-411">autoindent</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-autoprint-412">autoprint</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-autowrite-413">autowrite</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-b-174"><code>b</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-b-173">b</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-B-120"><code>B</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-B-119">B</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-backup-414">backup</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-beautify-415">beautify</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bg-283"><code>bg</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-bg-282">bg</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-buffer-267"><code>buffer</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-buffer-5">buffer</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-c-176"><code>c</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-c-175">c</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-C-121">C</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-c_005bhange_005d_005b_0021_005d-285"><code>c[hange][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cd-286">cd</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cd_005b_0021_005d-289"><code>cd[!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cdpath-416">cdpath</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cedit-417">cedit</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-change-284">change</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-chd_005bir_005d_005b_0021_005d-288"><code>chd[ir][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-chdir-287">chdir</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-co_005bpy_005d-292"><code>co[py]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-columns-418">columns</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-comment-419">comment</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-copy-290">copy</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cs_005bcope_005d-295"><code>cs[cope]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-cscope-294">cscope</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-d-178"><code>d</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-d-177">d</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-D-124"><code>D</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-D-123">D</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-d_005belete_005d-297"><code>d[elete]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-delete-296">delete</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-di_005bsplay_005d-299"><code>di[splay]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-directory-420">directory</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-display-298">display</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-DOUBLEQUOTE-253">DOUBLEQUOTE</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e-180"><code>e</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e-179">e</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-E-126"><code>E</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-E-125">E</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-e_005bdit_005d_005b_0021_005d-301"><code>e[dit][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-edcompatible-421">edcompatible</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-edit-300">edit</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-errorbells-423">errorbells</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-escapetime-422">escapetime</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ex_005b_0021_005d-302"><code>ex[!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-exrc-424">exrc</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-extended-425">extended</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-exu_005bsage_005d-307"><code>exu[sage]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-exusage-306">exusage</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-f-182"><code>f</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-f-181">f</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-F-128"><code>F</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-F-127">F</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-f_005bile_005d-309"><code>f[ile]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fg-311"><code>fg</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-fg-310">fg</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-file-308">file</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-filec-426">filec</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-flash-427">flash</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-G-130"><code>G</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-G-129">G</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_005blobal_005d-313"><code>g[lobal]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-global-312">global</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-H-132"><code>H</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-H-131">H</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-h-32"><code>h</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-hardtabs-428">hardtabs</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-he_005blp_005d-317"><code>he[lp]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-help-316">help</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-i-184"><code>i</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-i-183">i</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-I-134"><code>I</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-I-133">I</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-i_005bnsert_005d_005b_0021_005d-319"><code>i[nsert][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-iclower-429">iclower</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ignorecase-430">ignorecase</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-insert-318">insert</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-J-136"><code>J</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-J-135">J</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-j-38"><code>j</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-j-37">j</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-j_005boin_005d_005b_0021_005d-321"><code>j[oin][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-join-320">join</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-k-329"><code>k</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-k-327">k</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-k-50"><code>k</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-k-49">k</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-keytime-431">keytime</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-L-138"><code>L</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-L-137">L</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-l-70"><code>l</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-l-69">l</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-l_005bist_005d-323"><code>l[ist]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-leftright-432">leftright</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lines-433">lines</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lisp-434">lisp</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-list-435">list</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-list-322">list</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-lock-436">lock</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-m-186"><code>m</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-m-185">m</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M-140"><code>M</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-M-139">M</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-m_005bove_005d-331"><code>m[ove]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ma_005brk_005d-328"><code>ma[rk]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-magic-437">magic</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-map-324">map</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-map_005b_0021_005d-325"><code>map[!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mark-326">mark</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-matchtime-438">matchtime</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mesg-439">mesg</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-MINUSSIGN-91">MINUSSIGN</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mk_005bexrc_005d_005b_0021_005d-333"><code>mk[exrc][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-mkexrc-332">mkexrc</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-modelines-441">modelines</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-move-330">move</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-msgcat-440">msgcat</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-n-104"><code>n</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-n-103">n</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-N-102"><code>N</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-N-101">N</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-n_005bext_005d_005b_0021_005d-335"><code>n[ext][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-next-334">next</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-noprint-442">noprint</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-nu_005bmber_005d-265"><code>nu[mber]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-number-443">number</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-o-188"><code>o</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-o-187">o</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-O-142"><code>O</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-O-141">O</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-o_005bpen_005d-337"><code>o[pen]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-octal-444">octal</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-open-445">open</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-open-336">open</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-optimize-446">optimize</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-p-190"><code>p</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-p-189">p</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-P-144"><code>P</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-P-143">P</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-p_005brint_005d-343"><code>p[rint]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-paragraphs-447">paragraphs</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-path-448">path</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pre_005bserve_005d-339"><code>pre[serve]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-preserve-338">preserve</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prev_005bious_005d_005b_0021_005d-341"><code>prev[ious][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-previous-340">previous</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-print-449">print</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-print-342">print</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-prompt-450">prompt</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-pu_005bt_005d-345"><code>pu[t]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-put-344">put</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Q-146"><code>Q</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Q-145">Q</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-q_005buit_005d_005b_0021_005d-347"><code>q[uit][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-quit-346">quit</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-r-192"><code>r</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-r-191">r</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-R-148"><code>R</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-R-147">R</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-r_005bead_005d_005b_0021_005d-349"><code>r[ead][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-read-348">read</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-readonly-451">readonly</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-rec_005bover_005d-351"><code>rec[over]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-recdir-452">recdir</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-recover-350">recover</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-redraw-453">redraw</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-remap-454">remap</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-report-455">report</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-res_005bize_005d-353"><code>res[ize]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-resize-352">resize</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-rew_005bind_005d_005b_0021_005d-355"><code>rew[ind][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-rewind-354">rewind</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ruler-456">ruler</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-s-194"><code>s</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-s-193">s</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-S-150"><code>S</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-S-149">S</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-s_005bubstitute_005d-363"><code>s[ubstitute]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-scroll-457">scroll</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-se_005bt_005d-357"><code>se[t]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-searchincr-458">searchincr</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sections-459">sections</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-secure-460">secure</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-set-356">set</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sh_005bell_005d-359"><code>sh[ell]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell-461">shell</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shell-358">shell</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shellmeta-462">shellmeta</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-shiftwidth-463">shiftwidth</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-showmatch-464">showmatch</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-showmode-465">showmode</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sidescroll-466">sidescroll</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-slowopen-467">slowopen</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-so_005burce_005d-361"><code>so[urce]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-source-360">source</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-sourceany-468">sourceany</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-splitting_002c-vertically-305">splitting, vertically</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-SQUOTE_003ccharacter_003e-81">SQUOTE<character></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-st_005bop_005d_005b_0021_005d-371"><code>st[op][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-stop-370">stop</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-su_005bspend_005d_005b_0021_005d-369"><code>su[spend][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-substitute-362">substitute</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-suspend-368">suspend</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-t-293"><code>t</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-t-291">t</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-t-196"><code>t</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-t-195">t</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-T-152"><code>T</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-T-151">T</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ta_005bg_005d_005b_0021_005d-374"><code>ta[g][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tabstop-469">tabstop</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tag-373">tag</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-taglength-470">taglength</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tagn_005bext_005d_005b_0021_005d-376"><code>tagn[ext][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tagnext-375">tagnext</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tagp_005bop_005d_005b_0021_005d-378"><code>tagp[op][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tagp_005brev_005d_005b_0021_005d-380"><code>tagp[rev][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tagpop-377">tagpop</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tagprev-379">tagprev</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tags-471">tags</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tagt_005bop_005d_005b_0021_005d-382"><code>tagt[op][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tagtop-381">tagtop</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-term-472">term</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-terse-473">terse</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-tildeop-474">tildeop</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-timeout-475">timeout</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ttywerase-476">ttywerase</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-u-198"><code>u</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-u-197">u</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-U-154"><code>U</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-U-153">U</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-u_005bndo_005d-386"><code>u[ndo]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-una_005bbbrev_005d-384"><code>una[bbrev]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unabbrev-383">unabbrev</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-undo-385">undo</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unm_005bap_005d_005b_0021_005d-388"><code>unm[ap][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-unmap-387">unmap</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-v-315"><code>v</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-v-314">v</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ve_005brsion_005d-390"><code>ve[rsion]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-verbose-477">verbose</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-version-389">version</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vertical-split-304">vertical split</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vi_005bsual_005d-392"><code>vi[sual]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vi_005bsual_005d_005b_0021_005d-394"><code>vi[sual][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-visual-393">visual</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-visual-391">visual</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-viu_005bsage_005d-396"><code>viu[sage]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-viusage-395">viusage</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-vs_005bplit_005d_005b_0021_005d-303"><code>vs[plit][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-w-200"><code>w</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-w-199">w</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-W-156"><code>W</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-W-155">W</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-w1200-479">w1200</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-w300-478">w300</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-w9600-480">w9600</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-w_005brite_005d-399"><code>w[rite]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-w_005brite_005d_005b_0021_005d-398"><code>w[rite][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-warn-481">warn</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-whitespace-7">whitespace</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-window-482">window</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-windowname-483">windowname</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wn-400">wn</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wn_005b_0021_005d-401"><code>wn[!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-word-13">word</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wq-402">wq</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wq_005b_0021_005d-403"><code>wq[!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wraplen-484">wraplen</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wrapmargin-485">wrapmargin</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-wrapscan-486">wrapscan</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-write-397">write</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-writeany-487">writeany</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-x-202"><code>x</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-x-201">x</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-158"><code>X</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-X-157">X</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-x_005bit_005d_005b_0021_005d-405"><code>x[it][!]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-xit-404">xit</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-y-204"><code>y</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-y-203">y</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Y-160"><code>Y</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-Y-159">Y</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ya_005bnk_005d-407"><code>ya[nk]</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-yank-406">yank</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-z-409"><code>z</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-z-408">z</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-z-206"><code>z</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-z-205">z</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ZZ-162"><code>ZZ</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-ZZ-161">ZZ</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_007b-208"><code>{</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_007b-207">{</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007c-210"><code>|</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007c-209">|</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_007d-212"><code>}</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_0040_007d-211">}</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-367"><code>~</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-366">~</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-216"><code>~</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-215">~</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-214"><code>~</code></a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
<li><a href="#index-g_t_007e-213">~</a>: <a href="#TOC0">1 Description</a></li>
</ul><!-- Force the TOC to an odd page, in case it's a duplex printer. -->
</body></html>
|
