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<p>
Next: <a href="Zeros-Treatment.html" accesskey="n" rel="next">Differences in Treatment of Zero Elements</a>, Previous: <a href="Function-Support.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Functions That Are Aware of These Matrices</a>, Up: <a href="Diagonal-and-Permutation-Matrices.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">Diagonal and Permutation Matrices</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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<h3 class="section" id="Examples-of-Usage"><span>21.4 Examples of Usage<a class="copiable-link" href="#Examples-of-Usage"> ¶</a></span></h3>
<p>The following can be used to solve a linear system <code class="code">A*x = b</code>
using the pivoted LU factorization:
</p>
<div class="example">
<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted"> [L, U, P] = lu (A); ## now L*U = P*A
x = U \ (L \ P) * b;
</pre></div></div>
<p>This is one way to normalize columns of a matrix <var class="var">X</var> to unit norm:
</p>
<div class="example">
<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted"> s = norm (X, "columns");
X /= diag (s);
</pre></div></div>
<p>The same can also be accomplished with broadcasting (see <a class="pxref" href="Broadcasting.html">Broadcasting</a>):
</p>
<div class="example">
<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted"> s = norm (X, "columns");
X ./= s;
</pre></div></div>
<p>The following expression is a way to efficiently calculate the sign of a
permutation, given by a permutation vector <var class="var">p</var>. It will also work
in earlier versions of Octave, but slowly.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example-preformatted"> det (eye (length (p))(p, :))
</pre></div>
<p>Finally, here’s how to solve a linear system <code class="code">A*x = b</code>
with Tikhonov regularization (ridge regression) using SVD (a skeleton
only):
</p>
<div class="example">
<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted"> m = rows (A); n = columns (A);
[U, S, V] = svd (A);
## determine the regularization factor alpha
## alpha = ...
## transform to orthogonal basis
b = U'*b;
## Use the standard formula, replacing A with S.
## S is diagonal, so the following will be very fast and accurate.
x = (S'*S + alpha^2 * eye (n)) \ (S' * b);
## transform to solution basis
x = V*x;
</pre></div></div>
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