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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<!-- This HTML file has been created by texi2html 1.51
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<TITLE>GNU Octave - Table of Contents</TITLE>
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<BODY>
<H1>GNU Octave</H1>
<H2>A high-level interactive language for numerical computations</H2>
<H2>Edition 3 for Octave version 2.0.13</H2>
<H2>February 1997</H2>
<ADDRESS>John W. Eaton</ADDRESS>
<P>
<P><HR><P>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC1" HREF="octave_1.html#SEC1">Preface</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC2" HREF="octave_1.html#SEC2">Acknowledgements</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC3" HREF="octave_1.html#SEC3">How You Can Contribute to Octave</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC4" HREF="octave_1.html#SEC4">Distribution</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC5" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC5">A Brief Introduction to Octave</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC6" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC6">Running Octave</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC7" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC7">Simple Examples</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC8" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC8">Creating a Matrix</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC9" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC9">Matrix Arithmetic</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC10" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC10">Solving Linear Equations</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC11" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC11">Integrating Differential Equations</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC12" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC12">Producing Graphical Output</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC13" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC13">Editing What You Have Typed</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC14" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC14">Getting Help</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC15" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC15">Conventions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC16" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC16">Fonts</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC17" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC17">Evaluation Notation</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC18" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC18">Printing Notation</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC19" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC19">Error Messages</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC20" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC20">Format of Descriptions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC21" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC21">A Sample Function Description</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC22" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC22">A Sample Command Description</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC23" HREF="octave_2.html#SEC23">A Sample Variable Description</A>
</UL>
</UL>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC24" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC24">Getting Started</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC25" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC25">Invoking Octave</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC26" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC26">Command Line Options</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC27" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC27">Startup Files</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC28" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC28">Quitting Octave</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC29" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC29">Commands for Getting Help</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC30" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC30">Command Line Editing</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC31" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC31">Cursor Motion</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC32" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC32">Killing and Yanking</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC33" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC33">Commands For Changing Text</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC34" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC34">Letting Readline Type For You</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC35" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC35">Commands For Manipulating The History</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC36" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC36">Customizing the Prompt</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC37" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC37">Diary and Echo Commands</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC38" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC38">How Octave Reports Errors</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC39" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC39">Executable Octave Programs</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC40" HREF="octave_3.html#SEC40">Comments in Octave Programs</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC41" HREF="octave_4.html#SEC41">Data Types</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC42" HREF="octave_4.html#SEC42">Built-in Data Types</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC43" HREF="octave_4.html#SEC43">Numeric Objects</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC44" HREF="octave_4.html#SEC44">String Objects</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC45" HREF="octave_4.html#SEC45">Data Structure Objects</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC46" HREF="octave_4.html#SEC46">User-defined Data Types</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC47" HREF="octave_4.html#SEC47">Object Sizes</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC48" HREF="octave_5.html#SEC48">Numeric Data Types</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC49" HREF="octave_5.html#SEC49">Matrices</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC50" HREF="octave_5.html#SEC50">Empty Matrices</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC51" HREF="octave_5.html#SEC51">Ranges</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC52" HREF="octave_5.html#SEC52">Predicates for Numeric Objects</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC53" HREF="octave_6.html#SEC53">Strings</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC54" HREF="octave_6.html#SEC54">Creating Strings</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC55" HREF="octave_6.html#SEC55">Searching and Replacing</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC56" HREF="octave_6.html#SEC56">String Conversions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC57" HREF="octave_6.html#SEC57">Character Class Functions</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC58" HREF="octave_7.html#SEC58">Data Structures</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC59" HREF="octave_8.html#SEC59">Variables</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC60" HREF="octave_8.html#SEC60">Global Variables</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC61" HREF="octave_8.html#SEC61">Status of Variables</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC62" HREF="octave_8.html#SEC62">Summary of Built-in Variables</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC63" HREF="octave_8.html#SEC63">Defaults from the Environment</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC64" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC64">Expressions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC65" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC65">Index Expressions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC66" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC66">Calling Functions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC67" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC67">Call by Value</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC68" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC68">Recursion</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC69" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC69">Arithmetic Operators</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC70" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC70">Comparison Operators</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC71" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC71">Boolean Expressions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC72" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC72">Element-by-element Boolean Operators</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC73" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC73">Short-circuit Boolean Operators</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC74" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC74">Assignment Expressions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC75" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC75">Increment Operators</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC76" HREF="octave_9.html#SEC76">Operator Precedence</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC77" HREF="octave_10.html#SEC77">Evaluation</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC78" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC78">Statements</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC79" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC79">The <CODE>if</CODE> Statement</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC80" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC80">The <CODE>switch</CODE> Statement</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC81" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC81">The <CODE>while</CODE> Statement</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC82" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC82">The <CODE>for</CODE> Statement</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC83" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC83">Looping Over Structure Elements</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC84" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC84">The <CODE>break</CODE> Statement</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC85" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC85">The <CODE>continue</CODE> Statement</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC86" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC86">The <CODE>unwind_protect</CODE> Statement</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC87" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC87">The <CODE>try</CODE> Statement</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC88" HREF="octave_11.html#SEC88">Continuation Lines</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC89" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC89">Functions and Script Files</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC90" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC90">Defining Functions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC91" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC91">Multiple Return Values</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC92" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC92">Variable-length Argument Lists</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC93" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC93">Variable-length Return Lists</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC94" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC94">Returning From a Function</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC95" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC95">Function Files</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC96" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC96">Script Files</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC97" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC97">Dynamically Linked Functions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC98" HREF="octave_12.html#SEC98">Organization of Functions Distributed with Octave</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC99" HREF="octave_13.html#SEC99">Error Handling</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC100" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC100">Input and Output</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC101" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC101">Basic Input and Output</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC102" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC102">Terminal Output</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC103" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC103">Terminal Input</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC104" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC104">Simple File I/O</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC105" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC105">C-Style I/O Functions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC106" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC106">Opening and Closing Files</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC107" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC107">Simple Output</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC108" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC108">Line-Oriented Input</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC109" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC109">Formatted Output</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC110" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC110">Output Conversion for Matrices</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC111" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC111">Output Conversion Syntax</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC112" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC112">Table of Output Conversions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC113" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC113">Integer Conversions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC114" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC114">Floating-Point Conversions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC115" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC115">Other Output Conversions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC116" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC116">Formatted Input</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC117" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC117">Input Conversion Syntax</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC118" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC118">Table of Input Conversions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC119" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC119">Numeric Input Conversions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC120" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC120">String Input Conversions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC121" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC121">Binary I/O</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC122" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC122">Temporary Files</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC123" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC123">End of File and Errors</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC124" HREF="octave_14.html#SEC124">File Positioning</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC125" HREF="octave_15.html#SEC125">Plotting</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC126" HREF="octave_15.html#SEC126">Two-Dimensional Plotting</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC127" HREF="octave_15.html#SEC127">Specialized Two-Dimensional Plots</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC128" HREF="octave_15.html#SEC128">Three-Dimensional Plotting</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC129" HREF="octave_15.html#SEC129">Plot Annotations</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC130" HREF="octave_15.html#SEC130">Multiple Plots on One Page</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC131" HREF="octave_16.html#SEC131">Matrix Manipulation</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC132" HREF="octave_16.html#SEC132">Finding Elements and Checking Conditions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC133" HREF="octave_16.html#SEC133">Rearranging Matrices</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC134" HREF="octave_16.html#SEC134">Special Utility Matrices</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC135" HREF="octave_16.html#SEC135">Famous Matrices</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC136" HREF="octave_17.html#SEC136">Arithmetic</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC137" HREF="octave_17.html#SEC137">Utility Functions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC138" HREF="octave_17.html#SEC138">Complex Arithmetic</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC139" HREF="octave_17.html#SEC139">Trigonometry</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC140" HREF="octave_17.html#SEC140">Sums and Products</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC141" HREF="octave_17.html#SEC141">Special Functions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC142" HREF="octave_17.html#SEC142">Mathematical Constants</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC143" HREF="octave_18.html#SEC143">Linear Algebra</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC144" HREF="octave_18.html#SEC144">Basic Matrix Functions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC145" HREF="octave_18.html#SEC145">Matrix Factorizations</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC146" HREF="octave_18.html#SEC146">Functions of a Matrix</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC147" HREF="octave_19.html#SEC147">Nonlinear Equations</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC148" HREF="octave_20.html#SEC148">Quadrature</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC149" HREF="octave_20.html#SEC149">Functions of One Variable</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC150" HREF="octave_20.html#SEC150">Orthogonal Collocation</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC151" HREF="octave_21.html#SEC151">Differential Equations</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC152" HREF="octave_21.html#SEC152">Ordinary Differential Equations</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC153" HREF="octave_21.html#SEC153">Differential-Algebraic Equations</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC154" HREF="octave_22.html#SEC154">Optimization</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC155" HREF="octave_22.html#SEC155">Quadratic Programming</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC156" HREF="octave_22.html#SEC156">Nonlinear Programming</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC157" HREF="octave_22.html#SEC157">Linear Least Squares</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC158" HREF="octave_23.html#SEC158">Statistics</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC159" HREF="octave_24.html#SEC159">Sets</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC160" HREF="octave_25.html#SEC160">Polynomial Manipulations</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC161" HREF="octave_26.html#SEC161">Control Theory</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC162" HREF="octave_27.html#SEC162">Signal Processing</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC163" HREF="octave_28.html#SEC163">Image Processing</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC164" HREF="octave_29.html#SEC164">Audio Processing</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC165" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC165">System Utilities</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC166" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC166">Timing Utilities</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC167" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC167">Filesystem Utilities</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC168" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC168">Controlling Subprocesses</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC169" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC169">Process, Group, and User IDs</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC170" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC170">Environment Variables</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC171" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC171">Current Working Directory</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC172" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC172">Password Database Functions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC173" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC173">Group Database Functions</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC174" HREF="octave_30.html#SEC174">System Information</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC175" HREF="octave_31.html#SEC175">Tips and Standards</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC176" HREF="octave_31.html#SEC176">Writing Clean Octave Programs</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC177" HREF="octave_31.html#SEC177">Tips for Making Code Run Faster.</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC178" HREF="octave_31.html#SEC178">Tips for Documentation Strings</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC179" HREF="octave_31.html#SEC179">Tips on Writing Comments</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC180" HREF="octave_31.html#SEC180">Conventional Headers for Octave Functions</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC181" HREF="octave_32.html#SEC181">Known Causes of Trouble</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC182" HREF="octave_32.html#SEC182">Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC183" HREF="octave_32.html#SEC183">Reporting Bugs</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC184" HREF="octave_32.html#SEC184">Have You Found a Bug?</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC185" HREF="octave_32.html#SEC185">Where to Report Bugs</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC186" HREF="octave_32.html#SEC186">How to Report Bugs</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC187" HREF="octave_32.html#SEC187">Sending Patches for Octave</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC188" HREF="octave_32.html#SEC188">How To Get Help with Octave</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC189" HREF="octave_33.html#SEC189">Installing Octave</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC190" HREF="octave_33.html#SEC190">Notes</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC191" HREF="octave_33.html#SEC191">Installation Problems</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC192" HREF="octave_33.html#SEC192">Binary Distributions</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC193" HREF="octave_33.html#SEC193">Installing Octave from a Binary Distribution</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC194" HREF="octave_33.html#SEC194">Creating a Binary Distribution</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC195" HREF="octave_34.html#SEC195">Emacs Octave Support</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC196" HREF="octave_34.html#SEC196">Installing EOS</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC197" HREF="octave_34.html#SEC197">Using Octave Mode</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC198" HREF="octave_34.html#SEC198">Running Octave From Within Emacs</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC199" HREF="octave_34.html#SEC199">Using the Emacs Info Reader for Octave</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC200" HREF="octave_35.html#SEC200">Grammar</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC201" HREF="octave_35.html#SEC201">Keywords</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC202" HREF="octave_36.html#SEC202">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</A>
<UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC203" HREF="octave_36.html#SEC203">Preamble</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC204" HREF="octave_36.html#SEC204">TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC205" HREF="octave_36.html#SEC205">Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs</A>
</UL>
<LI><A NAME="TOC206" HREF="octave_37.html#SEC206">Concept Index</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC207" HREF="octave_38.html#SEC207">Variable Index</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC208" HREF="octave_39.html#SEC208">Function Index</A>
<LI><A NAME="TOC209" HREF="octave_40.html#SEC209">Operator Index</A>
</UL>
<P><HR><P>
This document was generated on 9 October 1998 using the
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