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<p>
Next: <a href="Displaying-Images.html#Displaying-Images" accesskey="n" rel="next">Displaying Images</a>, Up: <a href="Image-Processing.html#Image-Processing" accesskey="u" rel="up">Image Processing</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<hr>
<a name="Loading-and-Saving-Images-1"></a>
<h3 class="section">32.1 Loading and Saving Images</h3>
<p>The first step in most image processing tasks is to load an image
into Octave which is done with the <code>imread</code> function.
The <code>imwrite</code> function is the corresponding function
for writing images to the disk.
</p>
<p>In summary, most image processing code will follow the structure of this code
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">I = imread ("my_input_image.img");
J = process_my_image (I);
imwrite (J, "my_output_image.img");
</pre></div>
<a name="XREFimread"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-imread"></a>Function File: <em>[<var>img</var>, <var>map</var>, <var>alpha</var>] =</em> <strong>imread</strong> <em>(<var>filename</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imread-1"></a>Function File: <em>[…] =</em> <strong>imread</strong> <em>(<var>filename</var>, <var>ext</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imread-2"></a>Function File: <em>[…] =</em> <strong>imread</strong> <em>(<var>url</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imread-3"></a>Function File: <em>[…] =</em> <strong>imread</strong> <em>(…, <var>idx</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imread-4"></a>Function File: <em>[…] =</em> <strong>imread</strong> <em>(…, <var>param1</var>, <var>val1</var>, …)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Read images from various file formats.
</p>
<p>Reads an image as a matrix from the file <var>filename</var>. If there is
no file <var>filename</var>, and <var>ext</var> was specified, it will look for
a file named <var>filename</var> and extension <var>ext</var>, i.e., a file named
<var>filename</var>.<var>ext</var>.
</p>
<p>The size and class of the output depends on the
format of the image. A color image is returned as an
MxNx3 matrix. Gray-level and black-and-white images are
of size MxN. Multipage images will have an additional 4th
dimension.
</p>
<p>The bit depth of the image determines the
class of the output: <code>"uint8"</code>, <code>"uint16"</code> or <code>"single"</code>
for gray and color, and <code>"logical"</code> for black and white.
Note that indexed images always return the indexes for a colormap,
independent if <var>map</var> is a requested output. To obtain the actual
RGB image, use <code>ind2rgb</code>. When more than one indexed image is being
read, <var>map</var> is obtained from the first. In some rare cases this
may be incorrect and <code>imfinfo</code> can be used to obtain the colormap of
each image.
</p>
<p>See the Octave manual for more information in representing images.
</p>
<p>Some file formats, such as TIFF and GIF, are able to store multiple
images in a single file. <var>idx</var> can be a scalar or vector
specifying the index of the images to read. By default, Octave
will only read the first page.
</p>
<p>Depending on the file format, it is possible to configure the reading
of images with <var>param</var>, <var>val</var> pairs. The following options
are supported:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp><code>"Frames"</code> or <code>"Index"</code></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>This is an alternative method to specify <var>idx</var>. When specifying it
in this way, its value can also be the string <code>"all"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp><code>"Info"</code></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>This option exists for <small>MATLAB</small> compatibility and has no effect. For
maximum performance while reading multiple images from a single file,
use the Index option.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp><code>"PixelRegion"</code></samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Controls the image region that is read. Takes as value a cell array
with two arrays of 3 elements <code>{<var>rows</var> <var>cols</var>}</code>. The
elements in the array are the start, increment and end pixel to be
read. If the increment value is omitted, defaults to 1.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFimwrite">imwrite</a>, <a href="#XREFimfinfo">imfinfo</a>, <a href="#XREFimformats">imformats</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="XREFimwrite"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-imwrite"></a>Function File: <em></em> <strong>imwrite</strong> <em>(<var>img</var>, <var>filename</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imwrite-1"></a>Function File: <em></em> <strong>imwrite</strong> <em>(<var>img</var>, <var>filename</var>, <var>ext</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imwrite-2"></a>Function File: <em></em> <strong>imwrite</strong> <em>(<var>img</var>, <var>map</var>, <var>filename</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imwrite-3"></a>Function File: <em></em> <strong>imwrite</strong> <em>(…, <var>param1</var>, <var>val1</var>, …)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Write images in various file formats.
</p>
<p>The image <var>img</var> can be a binary, grayscale, RGB, or multi-dimensional
image. The size and class of <var>img</var> should be the same as what should
be expected when reading it with <code>imread</code>: the 3rd and 4th dimensions
reserved for color space, and multiple pages respectively. If it’s an
indexed image, the colormap <var>map</var> must also be specified.
</p>
<p>If <var>ext</var> is not supplied, the file extension of <var>filename</var> is used
to determine the format. The actual supported formats are dependent on
options made during the build of Octave. Use <code>imformats</code> to check
the support of the different image formats.
</p>
<p>Depending on the file format, it is possible to configure the writing
of images with <var>param</var>, <var>val</var> pairs. The following options
are supported:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>Alpha</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Alpha (transparency) channel for the image. This must be a matrix with
same class, and number of rows and columns of <var>img</var>. In case of a
multipage image, the size of the 4th dimension must also match and the third
dimension must be a singleton. By default, image will be completely
opaque.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>DelayTime</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>For formats that accept animations (such as GIF), controls for how long a
frame is displayed until it moves to the next one. The value must be scalar
(which will applied to all frames in <var>img</var>), or a vector of length
equal to the number of frames in <var>im</var>. The value is in seconds, must
be between 0 and 655.35, and defaults to 0.5.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>DisposalMethod</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>For formats that accept animations (such as GIF), controls what happens
to a frame before drawing the next one. Its value can be one of the
following strings: "doNotSpecify" (default); "leaveInPlace"; "restoreBG";
and "restorePrevious", or a cell array of those string with length equal
to the number of frames in <var>img</var>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>LoopCount</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>For formats that accept animations (such as GIF), controls how many times
the sequence is repeated. A value of Inf means an infinite loop (default),
a value of 0 or 1 that the sequence is played only once (loops zero times),
while a value of 2 or above loops that number of times (looping twice means
it plays the complete sequence 3 times). This option is ignored when there
is only a single image at the end of writing the file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Quality</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Set the quality of the compression. The value should be an
integer between 0 and 100, with larger values indicating higher visual
quality and lower compression. Defaults to 75.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>WriteMode</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Some file formats, such as TIFF and GIF, are able to store multiple
images in a single file. This option specifies if <var>img</var> should be
appended to the file (if it exists) or if a new file should be created
for it (possibly overwriting an existing file). The value should be
the string <code>"Overwrite"</code> (default), or <code>"Append"</code>.
</p>
<p>Despite this option, the most efficient method of writing a multipage
image is to pass a 4 dimensional <var>img</var> to <code>imwrite</code>, the
same matrix that could be expected when using <code>imread</code> with the
option <code>"Index"</code> set to <code>"all"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFimread">imread</a>, <a href="#XREFimfinfo">imfinfo</a>, <a href="#XREFimformats">imformats</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<a name="XREFIMAGE_005fPATH"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-IMAGE_005fPATH"></a>Built-in Function: <em><var>val</var> =</em> <strong>IMAGE_PATH</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-IMAGE_005fPATH-1"></a>Built-in Function: <em><var>old_val</var> =</em> <strong>IMAGE_PATH</strong> <em>(<var>new_val</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-IMAGE_005fPATH-2"></a>Built-in Function: <em></em> <strong>IMAGE_PATH</strong> <em>(<var>new_val</var>, "local")</em></dt>
<dd><p>Query or set the internal variable that specifies a colon separated
list of directories in which to search for image files.
</p>
<p>When called from inside a function with the <code>"local"</code> option, the
variable is changed locally for the function and any subroutines it calls.
The original variable value is restored when exiting the function.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="Controlling-Subprocesses.html#XREFEXEC_005fPATH">EXEC_PATH</a>, <a href="System-Information.html#XREFOCTAVE_005fHOME">OCTAVE_HOME</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>It is possible to get information about an image file on disk, without actually
reading it into Octave. This is done using the <code>imfinfo</code> function which
provides read access to many of the parameters stored in the header of the image
file.
</p>
<a name="XREFimfinfo"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-imfinfo"></a>Function File: <em><var>info</var> =</em> <strong>imfinfo</strong> <em>(<var>filename</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imfinfo-1"></a>Function File: <em><var>info</var> =</em> <strong>imfinfo</strong> <em>(<var>filename</var>, <var>ext</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imfinfo-2"></a>Function File: <em><var>info</var> =</em> <strong>imfinfo</strong> <em>(<var>url</var>)</em></dt>
<dd><p>Read image information from a file.
</p>
<p><code>imfinfo</code> returns a structure containing information about the image
stored in the file <var>filename</var>. If there is no file <var>filename</var>,
and <var>ext</var> was specified, it will look for a file named <var>filename</var>
and extension <var>ext</var>, i.e., a file named <var>filename</var>.<var>ext</var>.
</p>
<p>The output structure <var>info</var> contains the following fields:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>‘<samp>Filename</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>The full name of the image file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>FileModDate</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Date of last modification to the file.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>FileSize</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Number of bytes of the image on disk
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Format</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Image format (e.g., <code>"jpeg"</code>).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Height</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Image height in pixels.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Width</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Image Width in pixels.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>BitDepth</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Number of bits per channel per pixel.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ColorType</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Image type. Value is <code>"grayscale"</code>, <code>"indexed"</code>,
<code>"truecolor"</code>, <code>"CMYK"</code>, or <code>"undefined"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>XResolution</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>X resolution of the image.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>YResolution</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Y resolution of the image.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ResolutionUnit</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Units of image resolution. Value is <code>"Inch"</code>,
<code>"Centimeter"</code>, or <code>"undefined"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>DelayTime</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Time in 1/100ths of a second (0 to 65535) which must expire before displaying
the next image in an animated sequence.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>LoopCount</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Number of iterations to loop an animation.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ByteOrder</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Endian option for formats that support it. Value is <code>"little-endian"</code>,
<code>"big-endian"</code>, or <code>"undefined"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Gamma</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Gamma level of the image. The same color image displayed on two different
workstations may look different due to differences in the display monitor.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Quality</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level. Value is an integer in the range [0 100].
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>DisposalMethod</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Only valid for GIF images, control how successive frames are rendered (how
the preceding frame is disposed of) when creating a GIF animation. Values
can be <code>"doNotSpecify"</code>, <code>"leaveInPlace"</code>, <code>"restoreBG"</code>,
or <code>"restorePrevious"</code>. For non-GIF files, value is an empty string.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Chromaticities</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Value is a 1x8 Matrix with the x,y chromaticity values for white, red,
green, and blue points, in that order.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Comment</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Image comment.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Compression</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Compression type. Value can be <code>"none"</code>, <code>"bzip"</code>,
<code>"fax3"</code>, <code>"fax4"</code>, <code>"jpeg"</code>, <code>"lzw"</code>,
<code>"rle"</code>, <code>"deflate"</code>, <code>"lzma"</code>, <code>"jpeg2000"</code>,
<code>"jbig2"</code>, <code>"jbig2"</code>, or <code>"undefined"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Colormap</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Colormap for each image.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Orientation</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>The orientation of the image with respect to the rows and columns. Value
is an integer between 1 and 8 as defined in the TIFF 6 specifications, and
for <small>MATLAB</small> compatibility.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Software</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Name and version of the software or firmware of the camera or image input
device used to generate the image.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Make</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>The manufacturer of the recording equipment. This is the manufacture of the
DSC, scanner, video digitizer or other equipment that generated
the image.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Model</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>The model name or model number of the recording equipment as mentioned
on the field <code>"Make"</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>DateTime</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>The date and time of image creation as defined by the Exif standard, i.e.,
it is the date and time the file was changed.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>ImageDescription</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>The title of the image as defined by the Exif standard.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Artist</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Name of the camera owner, photographer or image creator.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>Copyright</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>Copyright notice of the person or organization claiming rights to the image.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>DigitalCamera</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>A struct with information retrieved from the Exif tag.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>‘<samp>GPSInfo</samp>’</dt>
<dd><p>A struct with geotagging information retrieved from the Exif tag.
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFimread">imread</a>, <a href="#XREFimwrite">imwrite</a>, <a href="Displaying-Images.html#XREFimshow">imshow</a>, <a href="#XREFimformats">imformats</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>By default, Octave’s image IO functions (<code>imread</code>, <code>imwrite</code>,
and <code>imfinfo</code>) use the <code>GraphicsMagick</code> library for their
operations. This means a vast number of image formats is supported
but considering the large amount of image formats in science and
its commonly closed nature, it is impossible to have a library
capable of reading them all. Because of this, the function
<code>imformats</code> keeps a configurable list of available formats,
their extensions, and what functions should the image IO functions
use. This allows to expand Octave’s image IO capabilities by
creating functions aimed at acting on specific file formats.
</p>
<p>While it would be possible to call the extra functions directly,
properly configuring Octave with <code>imformats</code> allows to keep a
consistent code that is abstracted from file formats.
</p>
<p>It is important to note that a file format is not actually defined by its
file extension and that <code>GraphicsMagick</code> is capable to read and write
more file formats than the ones listed by <code>imformats</code>. What this
means is that even with an incorrect or missing extension the image may
still be read correctly, and that even unlisted formats are not necessarily
unsupported.
</p>
<a name="XREFimformats"></a><dl>
<dt><a name="index-imformats"></a>Function File: <em></em> <strong>imformats</strong> <em>()</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imformats-1"></a>Function File: <em><var>formats</var> =</em> <strong>imformats</strong> <em>(<var>ext</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imformats-2"></a>Function File: <em><var>formats</var> =</em> <strong>imformats</strong> <em>(<var>format</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imformats-3"></a>Function File: <em><var>formats</var> =</em> <strong>imformats</strong> <em>("add", <var>format</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imformats-4"></a>Function File: <em><var>formats</var> =</em> <strong>imformats</strong> <em>("remove", <var>ext</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imformats-5"></a>Function File: <em><var>formats</var> =</em> <strong>imformats</strong> <em>("update", <var>ext</var>, <var>format</var>)</em></dt>
<dt><a name="index-imformats-6"></a>Function File: <em><var>formats</var> =</em> <strong>imformats</strong> <em>("factory")</em></dt>
<dd><p>Manage supported image formats.
</p>
<p><var>formats</var> is a structure with information about each supported file
format, or from a specific format <var>ext</var>, the value displayed on the
field <code>ext</code>. It contains the following fields:
</p>
<dl compact="compact">
<dt>ext</dt>
<dd><p>The name of the file format. This may match the file extension but Octave
will automatically detect the file format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>description</dt>
<dd><p>A long description of the file format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>isa</dt>
<dd><p>A function handle to confirm if a file is of the specified format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>write</dt>
<dd><p>A function handle to write if a file is of the specified format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>read</dt>
<dd><p>A function handle to open files the specified format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>info</dt>
<dd><p>A function handle to obtain image information of the specified format.
</p>
</dd>
<dt>alpha</dt>
<dd><p>Logical value if format supports alpha channel (transparency or matte).
</p>
</dd>
<dt>multipage</dt>
<dd><p>Logical value if format supports multipage (multiple images per file).
</p></dd>
</dl>
<p>It is possible to change the way Octave manages file formats with the options
<code>"add"</code>, <code>"remove"</code>, and <code>"update"</code>, and supplying a
structure <var>format</var> with the required fields. The option
<code>"factory"</code> resets the configuration to the default.
</p>
<p>This can be used by Octave packages to extend the image reading capabilities
Octave, through use of the PKG_ADD and PKG_DEL commands.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFimfinfo">imfinfo</a>, <a href="#XREFimread">imread</a>, <a href="#XREFimwrite">imwrite</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
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