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<div class="subsection" id="Common-String-Operations">
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="Concatenating-Strings.html" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concatenating Strings</a>, Up: <a href="String-Operations.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">String Operations</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<hr>
<span id="Common-String-Operations-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.1 Common String Operations</h4>
<p>The following functions are useful to perform common String operations.
</p>
<span id="XREFtolower"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-tolower"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>tolower</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>)</em><a href='#index-tolower' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-lower"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>lower</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>)</em><a href='#index-lower' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return a copy of the string or cell string <var>s</var>, with each uppercase
character replaced by the corresponding lowercase one; non-alphabetic
characters are left unchanged.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">tolower ("MiXeD cAsE 123")
⇒ "mixed case 123"
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFtoupper">toupper</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFtoupper"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-toupper"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>toupper</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>)</em><a href='#index-toupper' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-upper"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>upper</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>)</em><a href='#index-upper' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return a copy of the string or cell string <var>s</var>, with each lowercase
character replaced by the corresponding uppercase one; non-alphabetic
characters are left unchanged.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">toupper ("MiXeD cAsE 123")
⇒ "MIXED CASE 123"
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFtolower">tolower</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFdeblank"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-deblank"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>deblank</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>)</em><a href='#index-deblank' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove trailing whitespace and nulls from <var>s</var>.
</p>
<p>If <var>s</var> is a matrix, <var>deblank</var> trims each row to the length of
longest string. If <var>s</var> is a cell array of strings, operate
recursively on each string element.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">deblank (" abc ")
⇒ " abc"
deblank ([" abc "; " def "])
⇒ [" abc " ; " def"]
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFstrtrim">strtrim</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFstrtrim"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strtrim"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>strtrim</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>)</em><a href='#index-strtrim' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Remove leading and trailing whitespace from <var>s</var>.
</p>
<p>If <var>s</var> is a matrix, <var>strtrim</var> trims each row to the length of
longest string. If <var>s</var> is a cell array of strings, operate recursively
on each string element.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">strtrim (" abc ")
⇒ "abc"
strtrim ([" abc "; " def "])
⇒ ["abc " ; " def"]
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFdeblank">deblank</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFstrtrunc"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strtrunc"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>strtrunc</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>, <var>n</var>)</em><a href='#index-strtrunc' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Truncate the character string <var>s</var> to length <var>n</var>.
</p>
<p>If <var>s</var> is a character matrix, then the number of columns is adjusted.
</p>
<p>If <var>s</var> is a cell array of strings, then the operation is performed
on each cell element and the new cell array is returned.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFuntabify"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-untabify"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>untabify</strong> <em>(<var>t</var>)</em><a href='#index-untabify' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-untabify-1"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>untabify</strong> <em>(<var>t</var>, <var>tw</var>)</em><a href='#index-untabify-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-untabify-2"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>untabify</strong> <em>(<var>t</var>, <var>tw</var>, <var>deblank</var>)</em><a href='#index-untabify-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Replace TAB characters in <var>t</var> with spaces.
</p>
<p>The input, <var>t</var>, may be either a 2-D character array, or a cell array of
character strings. The output is the same class as the input.
</p>
<p>The tab width is specified by <var>tw</var>, and defaults to eight.
</p>
<p>If the optional argument <var>deblank</var> is true, then the spaces will be
removed from the end of the character data.
</p>
<p>The following example reads a file and writes an untabified version of the
same file with trailing spaces stripped.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">fid = fopen ("tabbed_script.m");
text = char (fread (fid, "uchar")');
fclose (fid);
fid = fopen ("untabified_script.m", "w");
text = untabify (strsplit (text, "\n"), 8, true);
fprintf (fid, "%s\n", text{:});
fclose (fid);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="Character-Arrays.html#XREFstrjust">strjust</a>, <a href="Splitting-and-Joining-Strings.html#XREFstrsplit">strsplit</a>, <a href="#XREFdeblank">deblank</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFdo_005fstring_005fescapes"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-do_005fstring_005fescapes"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>do_string_escapes</strong> <em>(<var>string</var>)</em><a href='#index-do_005fstring_005fescapes' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Convert escape sequences in <var>string</var> to the characters they represent.
</p>
<p>Escape sequences begin with a leading backslash
(<code>'\'</code>) followed by 1–3 characters
(.e.g., <code>"\n"</code> => newline).
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFundo_005fstring_005fescapes">undo_string_escapes</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFundo_005fstring_005fescapes"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-undo_005fstring_005fescapes"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>undo_string_escapes</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>)</em><a href='#index-undo_005fstring_005fescapes' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Convert special characters in strings back to their escaped forms.
</p>
<p>For example, the expression
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">bell = "\a";
</pre></div>
<p>assigns the value of the alert character (control-g, ASCII code 7) to the
string variable <code>bell</code>. If this string is printed, the system will
ring the terminal bell (if it is possible). This is normally the desired
outcome. However, sometimes it is useful to be able to print the original
representation of the string, with the special characters replaced by their
escape sequences. For example,
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">octave:13> undo_string_escapes (bell)
ans = \a
</pre></div>
<p>replaces the unprintable alert character with its printable representation.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFdo_005fstring_005fescapes">do_string_escapes</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
</div>
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<p>
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