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<div class="subsection" id="Searching-in-Strings">
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<p>
Next: <a href="Searching-and-Replacing-in-Strings.html" accesskey="n" rel="next">Searching and Replacing in Strings</a>, Previous: <a href="Splitting-and-Joining-Strings.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Splitting and Joining Strings</a>, Up: <a href="String-Operations.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">String Operations</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<hr>
<span id="Searching-in-Strings-1"></span><h4 class="subsection">5.3.4 Searching in Strings</h4>
<p>Since a string is a character array, comparisons between strings work
element by element as the following example shows:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">GNU = "GNU's Not UNIX";
spaces = (GNU == " ")
⇒ spaces =
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
</pre></div>
<p>To determine if two strings are identical it is necessary to use the
<code>strcmp</code> function. It compares complete strings and is case
sensitive. <code>strncmp</code> compares only the first <code>N</code> characters (with
<code>N</code> given as a parameter). <code>strcmpi</code> and <code>strncmpi</code> are the
corresponding functions for case-insensitive comparison.
</p>
<span id="XREFstrcmp"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strcmp"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>strcmp</strong> <em>(<var>s1</var>, <var>s2</var>)</em><a href='#index-strcmp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return 1 if the character strings <var>s1</var> and <var>s2</var> are the same,
and 0 otherwise.
</p>
<p>If either <var>s1</var> or <var>s2</var> is a cell array of strings, then an array
of the same size is returned, containing the values described above for
every member of the cell array. The other argument may also be a cell
array of strings (of the same size or with only one element), char matrix
or character string.
</p>
<p><strong>Caution:</strong> For compatibility with <small>MATLAB</small>, Octave’s strcmp
function returns 1 if the character strings are equal, and 0 otherwise.
This is just the opposite of the corresponding C library function.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFstrcmpi">strcmpi</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmp">strncmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmpi">strncmpi</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFstrncmp"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strncmp"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>strncmp</strong> <em>(<var>s1</var>, <var>s2</var>, <var>n</var>)</em><a href='#index-strncmp' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return 1 if the first <var>n</var> characters of strings <var>s1</var> and <var>s2</var>
are the same, and 0 otherwise.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">strncmp ("abce", "abcd", 3)
⇒ 1
</pre></div>
<p>If either <var>s1</var> or <var>s2</var> is a cell array of strings, then an array
of the same size is returned, containing the values described above for
every member of the cell array. The other argument may also be a cell
array of strings (of the same size or with only one element), char matrix
or character string.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">strncmp ("abce", {"abcd", "bca", "abc"}, 3)
⇒ [1, 0, 1]
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Caution:</strong> For compatibility with <small>MATLAB</small>, Octave’s strncmp
function returns 1 if the character strings are equal, and 0 otherwise.
This is just the opposite of the corresponding C library function.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFstrncmpi">strncmpi</a>, <a href="#XREFstrcmp">strcmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrcmpi">strcmpi</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFstrcmpi"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strcmpi"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>strcmpi</strong> <em>(<var>s1</var>, <var>s2</var>)</em><a href='#index-strcmpi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return 1 if the character strings <var>s1</var> and <var>s2</var> are the same,
disregarding case of alphabetic characters, and 0 otherwise.
</p>
<p>If either <var>s1</var> or <var>s2</var> is a cell array of strings, then an array
of the same size is returned, containing the values described above for
every member of the cell array. The other argument may also be a cell
array of strings (of the same size or with only one element), char matrix
or character string.
</p>
<p><strong>Caution:</strong> For compatibility with <small>MATLAB</small>, Octave’s strcmp
function returns 1 if the character strings are equal, and 0 otherwise.
This is just the opposite of the corresponding C library function.
</p>
<p><strong>Caution:</strong> National alphabets are not supported.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFstrcmp">strcmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmp">strncmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmpi">strncmpi</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFstrncmpi"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strncmpi"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>strncmpi</strong> <em>(<var>s1</var>, <var>s2</var>, <var>n</var>)</em><a href='#index-strncmpi' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return 1 if the first <var>n</var> character of <var>s1</var> and <var>s2</var> are the
same, disregarding case of alphabetic characters, and 0 otherwise.
</p>
<p>If either <var>s1</var> or <var>s2</var> is a cell array of strings, then an array
of the same size is returned, containing the values described above for
every member of the cell array. The other argument may also be a cell
array of strings (of the same size or with only one element), char matrix
or character string.
</p>
<p><strong>Caution:</strong> For compatibility with <small>MATLAB</small>, Octave’s strncmpi
function returns 1 if the character strings are equal, and 0 otherwise.
This is just the opposite of the corresponding C library function.
</p>
<p><strong>Caution:</strong> National alphabets are not supported.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFstrncmp">strncmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrcmp">strcmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrcmpi">strcmpi</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>Despite those comparison functions, there are more specialized function to
find the index position of a search pattern within a string.
</p>
<span id="XREFstartsWith"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-startsWith"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>retval</var> =</em> <strong>startsWith</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>, <var>pattern</var>)</em><a href='#index-startsWith' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-startsWith-1"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>retval</var> =</em> <strong>startsWith</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>, <var>pattern</var>, "IgnoreCase", <var>ignore_case</var>)</em><a href='#index-startsWith-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Check whether string(s) start with pattern(s).
</p>
<p>Return an array of logical values that indicates which string(s) in the
input <var>str</var> (a single string or cell array of strings) begin with
the input <var>pattern</var> (a single string or cell array of strings).
</p>
<p>If the value of the parameter <code>"IgnoreCase"</code> is true, then the
function will ignore the letter case of <var>str</var> and <var>pattern</var>. By
default, the comparison is case sensitive.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">## one string and one pattern while considering case
startsWith ("hello", "he")
⇒ 1
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">## one string and one pattern while ignoring case
startsWith ("hello", "HE", "IgnoreCase", true)
⇒ 1
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">## multiple strings and multiple patterns while considering case
startsWith ({"lab work.pptx", "data.txt", "foundations.ppt"},
{"lab", "data"})
⇒ 1 1 0
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">## multiple strings and one pattern while considering case
startsWith ({"DATASHEET.ods", "data.txt", "foundations.ppt"},
"data", "IgnoreCase", false)
⇒ 0 1 0
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">## multiple strings and one pattern while ignoring case
startsWith ({"DATASHEET.ods", "data.txt", "foundations.ppt"},
"data", "IgnoreCase", true)
⇒ 1 1 0
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFendsWith">endsWith</a>, <a href="Searching-and-Replacing-in-Strings.html#XREFregexp">regexp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmp">strncmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmpi">strncmpi</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFendsWith"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-endsWith"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>retval</var> =</em> <strong>endsWith</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>, <var>pattern</var>)</em><a href='#index-endsWith' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-endsWith-1"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>retval</var> =</em> <strong>endsWith</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>, <var>pattern</var>, "IgnoreCase", <var>ignore_case</var>)</em><a href='#index-endsWith-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Check whether string(s) end with pattern(s).
</p>
<p>Return an array of logical values that indicates which string(s) in the
input <var>str</var> (a single string or cell array of strings) end with
the input <var>pattern</var> (a single string or cell array of strings).
</p>
<p>If the value of the parameter <code>"IgnoreCase"</code> is true, then the
function will ignore the letter case of <var>str</var> and <var>pattern</var>. By
default, the comparison is case sensitive.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">## one string and one pattern while considering case
endsWith ("hello", "lo")
⇒ 1
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">## one string and one pattern while ignoring case
endsWith ("hello", "LO", "IgnoreCase", true)
⇒ 1
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">## multiple strings and multiple patterns while considering case
endsWith ({"tests.txt", "mydoc.odt", "myFunc.m", "results.pptx"},
{".docx", ".odt", ".txt"})
⇒ 1 1 0 0
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">## multiple strings and one pattern while considering case
endsWith ({"TESTS.TXT", "mydoc.odt", "result.txt", "myFunc.m"},
".txt", "IgnoreCase", false)
⇒ 0 0 1 0
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">## multiple strings and one pattern while ignoring case
endsWith ({"TESTS.TXT", "mydoc.odt", "result.txt", "myFunc.m"},
".txt", "IgnoreCase", true)
⇒ 1 0 1 0
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFstartsWith">startsWith</a>, <a href="Searching-and-Replacing-in-Strings.html#XREFregexp">regexp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmp">strncmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmpi">strncmpi</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFfindstr"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-findstr"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>findstr</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>, <var>t</var>)</em><a href='#index-findstr' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-findstr-1"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>findstr</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>, <var>t</var>, <var>overlap</var>)</em><a href='#index-findstr-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is obsolete. Use <code>strfind</code> instead.
</p>
<p>Return the vector of all positions in the longer of the two strings <var>s</var>
and <var>t</var> where an occurrence of the shorter of the two starts.
</p>
<p>If the optional argument <var>overlap</var> is true (default), the returned
vector can include overlapping positions. For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">findstr ("ababab", "a")
⇒ [1, 3, 5];
findstr ("abababa", "aba", 0)
⇒ [1, 5]
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Caution:</strong> <code>findstr</code> is obsolete. Use <code>strfind</code> in all new
code.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFstrfind">strfind</a>, <a href="#XREFstrmatch">strmatch</a>, <a href="#XREFstrcmp">strcmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmp">strncmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrcmpi">strcmpi</a>, <a href="#XREFstrncmpi">strncmpi</a>, <a href="Finding-Elements-and-Checking-Conditions.html#XREFfind">find</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFstrchr"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strchr"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>idx</var> =</em> <strong>strchr</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>, <var>chars</var>)</em><a href='#index-strchr' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-strchr-1"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>idx</var> =</em> <strong>strchr</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>, <var>chars</var>, <var>n</var>)</em><a href='#index-strchr-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-strchr-2"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>idx</var> =</em> <strong>strchr</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>, <var>chars</var>, <var>n</var>, <var>direction</var>)</em><a href='#index-strchr-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-strchr-3"><span class="category">: </span><span><em>[<var>i</var>, <var>j</var>] =</em> <strong>strchr</strong> <em>(…)</em><a href='#index-strchr-3' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search through the string <var>str</var> for occurrences of characters from the
set <var>chars</var>.
</p>
<p>The return value(s), as well as the <var>n</var> and <var>direction</var> arguments
behave identically as in <code>find</code>.
</p>
<p>This will be faster than using <code>regexp</code> in most cases.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="Finding-Elements-and-Checking-Conditions.html#XREFfind">find</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFindex"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-index"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>index</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>, <var>t</var>)</em><a href='#index-index' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-index-1"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>index</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>, <var>t</var>, <var>direction</var>)</em><a href='#index-index-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return the position of the first occurrence of the string <var>t</var> in the
string <var>s</var>, or 0 if no occurrence is found.
</p>
<p><var>s</var> may also be a string array or cell array of strings.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">index ("Teststring", "t")
⇒ 4
</pre></div>
<p>If <var>direction</var> is <code>"first"</code>, return the first element found.
If <var>direction</var> is <code>"last"</code>, return the last element found.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="Finding-Elements-and-Checking-Conditions.html#XREFfind">find</a>, <a href="#XREFrindex">rindex</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFrindex"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-rindex"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>rindex</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>, <var>t</var>)</em><a href='#index-rindex' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return the position of the last occurrence of the character string
<var>t</var> in the character string <var>s</var>, or 0 if no occurrence is
found.
</p>
<p><var>s</var> may also be a string array or cell array of strings.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">rindex ("Teststring", "t")
⇒ 6
</pre></div>
<p>The <code>rindex</code> function is equivalent to <code>index</code> with
<var>direction</var> set to <code>"last"</code>.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="Finding-Elements-and-Checking-Conditions.html#XREFfind">find</a>, <a href="#XREFindex">index</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFunicode_005fidx"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-unicode_005fidx"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>idx</var> =</em> <strong>unicode_idx</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>)</em><a href='#index-unicode_005fidx' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Return an array with the indices for each UTF-8 encoded character in <var>str</var>.
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">unicode_idx ("aäbc")
⇒ [1, 2, 2, 3, 4]
</pre></div>
</dd></dl>
<span id="XREFstrfind"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strfind"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>idx</var> =</em> <strong>strfind</strong> <em>(<var>str</var>, <var>pattern</var>)</em><a href='#index-strfind' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-strfind-1"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>idx</var> =</em> <strong>strfind</strong> <em>(<var>cellstr</var>, <var>pattern</var>)</em><a href='#index-strfind-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-strfind-2"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>idx</var> =</em> <strong>strfind</strong> <em>(…, "overlaps", <var>val</var>)</em><a href='#index-strfind-2' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-strfind-3"><span class="category">: </span><span><em><var>idx</var> =</em> <strong>strfind</strong> <em>(…, "forcecelloutput", <var>val</var>)</em><a href='#index-strfind-3' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><p>Search for <var>pattern</var> in the string <var>str</var> and return the starting
index of every such occurrence in the vector <var>idx</var>.
</p>
<p>If there is no such occurrence, or if <var>pattern</var> is longer than
<var>str</var>, or if <var>pattern</var> itself is empty, then <var>idx</var> is the empty
array <code>[]</code>.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <code>"overlaps"</code> determines whether the pattern
can match at every position in <var>str</var> (true), or only for unique
occurrences of the complete pattern (false). The default is true.
</p>
<p>If a cell array of strings <var>cellstr</var> is specified then <var>idx</var> is a
cell array of vectors, as specified above.
</p>
<p>The optional argument <code>"forcecelloutput"</code> forces <var>idx</var> to be
returned as a cell array of vectors. The default is false.
</p>
<p>Examples:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">strfind ("abababa", "aba")
⇒ [1, 3, 5]
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">strfind ("abababa", "aba", "overlaps", false)
⇒ [1, 5]
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">strfind ({"abababa", "bebebe", "ab"}, "aba")
⇒
{
[1,1] =
1 3 5
[1,2] = [](1x0)
[1,3] = [](1x0)
}
</pre><pre class="example">
</pre><pre class="example">strfind ("abababa", "aba", "forcecelloutput", true)
⇒
{
[1,1] =
1 3 5
}
</pre></div>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="Searching-and-Replacing-in-Strings.html#XREFregexp">regexp</a>, <a href="Searching-and-Replacing-in-Strings.html#XREFregexpi">regexpi</a>, <a href="Finding-Elements-and-Checking-Conditions.html#XREFfind">find</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
<span id="XREFstrmatch"></span><dl class="def">
<dt id="index-strmatch"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>strmatch</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>, <var>A</var>)</em><a href='#index-strmatch' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dt id="index-strmatch-1"><span class="category">: </span><span><em></em> <strong>strmatch</strong> <em>(<var>s</var>, <var>A</var>, "exact")</em><a href='#index-strmatch-1' class='copiable-anchor'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>This function is obsolete. <strong>Use an alternative</strong> such as
<code>strncmp</code> or <code>strcmp</code> instead.
</p>
<p>Return indices of entries of <var>A</var> which begin with the string <var>s</var>.
</p>
<p>The second argument <var>A</var> must be a string, character matrix, or a cell
array of strings.
</p>
<p>If the third argument <code>"exact"</code> is not given, then <var>s</var> only
needs to match <var>A</var> up to the length of <var>s</var>. Trailing spaces and
nulls in <var>s</var> and <var>A</var> are ignored when matching.
</p>
<p>For example:
</p>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">strmatch ("apple", "apple juice")
⇒ 1
strmatch ("apple", ["apple "; "apple juice"; "an apple"])
⇒ [1; 2]
strmatch ("apple", ["apple "; "apple juice"; "an apple"], "exact")
⇒ [1]
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Caution:</strong> <code>strmatch</code> is obsolete (and can produce incorrect
results in <small>MATLAB</small> when used with cell arrays of strings. Use
<code>strncmp</code> (normal case) or <code>strcmp</code> (<code>"exact"</code> case) in all
new code. Other replacement possibilities, depending on application,
include <code>regexp</code> or <code>validatestring</code>.
</p>
<p><strong>See also:</strong> <a href="#XREFstrncmp">strncmp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrcmp">strcmp</a>, <a href="Searching-and-Replacing-in-Strings.html#XREFregexp">regexp</a>, <a href="#XREFstrfind">strfind</a>, <a href="Validating-the-type-of-Arguments.html#XREFvalidatestring">validatestring</a>.
</p></dd></dl>
</div>
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