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<p>
<a name="Basic-Usage-and-Examples"></a>
Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Structure-Arrays.html#Structure-Arrays">Structure Arrays</a>,
Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Data-Structures.html#Data-Structures">Data Structures</a>
<hr>
</div>
<h4 class="subsection">6.1.1 Basic Usage and Examples</h4>
<p>Here are some examples of using data structures in Octave.
<p>Elements of structures can be of any value type. For example, the three
expressions
<pre class="example"> x.a = 1;
x.b = [1, 2; 3, 4];
x.c = "string";
</pre>
<p class="noindent">create a structure with three elements. To print the value of the
structure, you can type its name, just as for any other variable:
<pre class="example"> x
x =
{
a = 1
b =
1 2
3 4
c = string
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent">Note that Octave may print the elements in any order.
<p>Structures may be copied just like any other variable:
<pre class="example"> y = x
y =
{
a = 1
b =
1 2
3 4
c = string
}
</pre>
<p>Since structures are themselves values, structure elements may reference
other structures. The following statements change the value of the
element <code>b</code> of the structure <code>x</code> to be a data structure
containing the single element <code>d</code>, which has a value of 3.
<pre class="example"> x.b.d = 3;
x.b
ans =
{
d = 3
}
x
x =
{
a = 1
b =
{
d = 3
}
c = string
}
</pre>
<p>Note that when Octave prints the value of a structure that contains
other structures, only a few levels are displayed. For example,
<pre class="example"> a.b.c.d.e = 1;
a
a =
{
b =
{
c =
{
1x1 struct array containing the fields:
d: 1x1 struct
}
}
}
</pre>
<p class="noindent">This prevents long and confusing output from large deeply nested
structures. The number of levels to print for nested structures can be
set with the function <code>struct_levels_to_print</code>:
<!-- pr-output.cc -->
<p><a name="doc_002dstruct_005flevels_005fto_005fprint"></a>
<div class="defun">
— Built-in Function: <var>val</var> = <b>struct_levels_to_print</b> ()<var><a name="index-struct_005flevels_005fto_005fprint-371"></a></var><br>
— Built-in Function: <var>old_val</var> = <b>struct_levels_to_print</b> (<var>new_val</var>)<var><a name="index-struct_005flevels_005fto_005fprint-372"></a></var><br>
<blockquote><p>Query or set the internal variable that specifies the number of
structure levels to display.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>Functions can return structures. For example, the following function
separates the real and complex parts of a matrix and stores them in two
elements of the same structure variable.
<pre class="example"> function y = f (x)
y.re = real (x);
y.im = imag (x);
endfunction
</pre>
<p>When called with a complex-valued argument, <code>f</code> returns the data
structure containing the real and imaginary parts of the original
function argument.
<pre class="example"> f (rand (2) + rand (2) * I)
ans =
{
im =
0.26475 0.14828
0.18436 0.83669
re =
0.040239 0.242160
0.238081 0.402523
}
</pre>
<p>Function return lists can include structure elements, and they may be
indexed like any other variable. For example,
<pre class="example"> [ x.u, x.s(2:3,2:3), x.v ] = svd ([1, 2; 3, 4]);
x
x =
{
u =
-0.40455 -0.91451
-0.91451 0.40455
s =
0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 5.46499 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000 0.36597
v =
-0.57605 0.81742
-0.81742 -0.57605
}
</pre>
<p>It is also possible to cycle through all the elements of a structure in
a loop, using a special form of the <code>for</code> statement
(see <a href="Looping-Over-Structure-Elements.html#Looping-Over-Structure-Elements">Looping Over Structure Elements</a>).
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