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<title>omniidl --- The omniORB IDL Compiler
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<body >
<!--HEVEA command line is: hevea omniidl.tex -->
<!--CUT STYLE article--><!--CUT DEF section 1 --><table class="title"><tr><td style="padding:1ex"><h1 class="titlemain"><span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> — The omniORB IDL Compiler</h1><h3 class="titlerest">Duncan Grisby<br>
AT&T Laboratories Cambridge<br>
</h3><h3 class="titlerest">June 2000</h3></td></tr>
</table>
<!--TOC section id="sec1" Introduction-->
<h2 id="sec1" class="section">1  Introduction</h2><!--SEC END --><p>This manual describes <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span>, the omniORB IDL compiler. It is
intended for developers who wish to write their own IDL compiler
back-ends, or to modify existing ones.</p><p>If you just wish to use <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> to create stubs for C++ or Python,
you should read the omniORB or omniORBpy manuals instead of this one.</p>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec2" Requirements-->
<h3 id="sec2" class="subsection">1.1  Requirements</h3><!--SEC END --><p>Back-ends for <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> are written in Python, so to use it you must
have an up-to-date Python interpreter. You must also understand Python
to be able to follow this manual and write back-ends. You can download
Python and associated documentation from
<a href="http://www.python.org/"><span style="font-family:monospace">http://www.python.org/</span></a>.</p><p>The front-end scanner and parser are written using flex and bison; the
rest of the front-end is written in C++. The code intentionally avoids
using any advanced (and useful) features of C++, such as templates, so
as to make it as portable as possible.</p>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec3" Running <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span>-->
<h3 id="sec3" class="subsection">1.2  Running <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span></h3><!--SEC END --><p>On all platforms, there is a command named <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span>. On Unix
platforms, <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> is a Python script which runs Python via the
<code>#!</code> mechanism. On Windows NT, there is an executable named
<span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.exe</span>.</p><p>The <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> command line has the form:</p><blockquote class="quote"> <span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl </span>[<span style="font-style:italic">options</span>]<span style="font-family:monospace"> -b</span><<span style="font-style:italic">back-end</span>><span style="font-family:monospace"> </span>[<span style="font-style:italic">back-end options</span>]<span style="font-family:monospace"> </span><<span style="font-style:italic">file 1</span>><span style="font-family:monospace"> </span><<span style="font-style:italic">file 2</span>><span style="font-family:monospace"> </span>…</blockquote><p>The supported flags are:</p><table style="border:0;border-spacing:0" class="cellpadding0"><tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" ></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-D</span><span style="font-style:italic">name</span>[<span style="font-family:monospace">=</span><span style="font-style:italic">value</span>]
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Define <span style="font-style:italic">name</span> for the preprocessor.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-U</span><span style="font-style:italic">name</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Undefine <span style="font-style:italic">name</span> for the preprocessor.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-I</span><span style="font-style:italic">dir</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Include <span style="font-style:italic">dir</span> in the preprocessor search path.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-E</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Only run the preprocessor, sending its output to stdout.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-Y</span><span style="font-style:italic">cmd</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Use <span style="font-style:italic">cmd</span> as the preprocessor, rather than the normal C
preprocessor.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-N</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Do not run the preprocessor.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-T</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Use a temporary file, not a pipe, for preprocessor output.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-Wp</span><span style="font-style:italic">arg</span>[,<span style="font-style:italic">arg</span>…]
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Send arguments to the preprocessor.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-b</span><span style="font-style:italic">back-end</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Run the specified back-end. For the C++ ORB, use <span style="font-family:monospace">-bcxx</span>.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-Wb</span><span style="font-style:italic">arg</span>[,<span style="font-style:italic">arg</span>…]
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Send arguments to the back-end.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-nf</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Do not warn about unresolved forward declarations.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-k</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Keep comments after declarations, to be used by some back-ends.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-K</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Keep comments before declarations, to be used by some back-ends.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-C</span><span style="font-style:italic">dir</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Change directory to <span style="font-style:italic">dir</span> before writing output files.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-i</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Run the front end and back-ends, then enter the interactive loop.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-d</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Dump the parsed IDL then exit, without running a back-end.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-p</span><span style="font-style:italic">dir</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Use <span style="font-style:italic">dir</span> as a path to find omniidl back-ends.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-V</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Print version information then exit.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-u</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Print usage information.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
<span style="font-family:monospace">-v</span>
</td><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >Verbose: trace compilation stages.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left;white-space:nowrap" >
</td></tr>
</table><p>If you do not specify any back-ends (with the <span style="font-family:monospace">-b</span> flag),
<span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> just runs the compiler front-end, checking that the IDL is
valid. If you specify more than one back-end, the back-ends are run in
turn on the abstract syntax tree of each file. This permits you to
generate stubs for more than one language in a single run. It also
permits you to write back-ends which annotate or modify the abstract
syntax tree to be used by later back-ends.</p><p>For example, the command:</p><blockquote class="quote">
<span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl -bdump -bpython foo.idl bar.idl</span>
</blockquote><p>first reads and parses <span style="font-family:monospace">foo.idl</span>, and runs the
<span style="font-family:monospace">dump</span> and <span style="font-family:monospace">python</span> back-ends on it in turn. Then it reads
and parses <span style="font-family:monospace">bar.idl</span> and runs the two back-ends on that.</p>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec4" Preprocessor interactions-->
<h3 id="sec4" class="subsection">1.3  Preprocessor interactions</h3><!--SEC END --><p>IDL is processed by the C preprocessor before <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> parses it.
<span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> always uses the GNU C preprocessor (which it builds with the
name omnicpp). The <span style="font-family:monospace">-D</span>, <span style="font-family:monospace">-U</span>, and <span style="font-family:monospace">-I</span>
options are just sent to the preprocessor. Note that the current
directory is not on the include search path by default—use
‘<span style="font-family:monospace">-I.</span>’ for that. The <span style="font-family:monospace">-Y</span> option can be used to
specify a different preprocessor to omnicpp. Beware that line
directives inserted by other preprocessors are likely to confuse
<span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span>.</p>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec5" Forward-declared interfaces-->
<h3 id="sec5" class="subsection">1.4  Forward-declared interfaces</h3><!--SEC END --><p>If you have an IDL file like:</p><div class="lstlisting"><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">interface</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">I</span><span style="font-size:small">;</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">interface</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">J</span><span style="font-size:small"> {</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">attribute</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">I</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">the_I</span><span style="font-size:small">;</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small">};</span></div><p>then <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> will normally issue a warning:</p><pre class="verbatim"><span style="font-size:small"> test.idl:1: Warning: Forward declared interface `::I' was never
fully defined
</span></pre><p>It is illegal to declare such IDL in isolation, but it
<em>is</em> valid to define interface <span style="font-family:monospace">I</span> in a separate file. If
you have a lot of IDL with this sort of construct, you will drown
under the warning messages. Use the <span style="font-family:monospace">-nf</span> option to suppress
them.</p>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec6" Comments-->
<h3 id="sec6" class="subsection">1.5  Comments</h3><!--SEC END --><p>
<a id="sec:comments"></a></p><p>By default, <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> discards comments in the input IDL. However,
with the <span style="font-family:monospace">-k</span> and <span style="font-family:monospace">-K</span> options, it preserves the
comments for use by the back-ends.</p><p>The two different options relate to how comments are attached to
declarations within the IDL. Given IDL like:</p><div class="lstlisting"><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">interface</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">I</span><span style="font-size:small"> {</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">void</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">op1</span><span style="font-size:small">();</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-style:italic"><span style="font-size:small">// A comment</span></span></span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">void</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">op2</span><span style="font-size:small">();</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small">};</span></div><p>the <span style="font-family:monospace">-k</span> flag will attach the comment to <span style="font-family:monospace">op1()</span>;
the <span style="font-family:monospace">-K</span> flag will attach it to <span style="font-family:monospace">op2()</span>.</p>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec7" Interactive loop-->
<h3 id="sec7" class="subsection">1.6  Interactive loop</h3><!--SEC END --><p>When <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> is given the <span style="font-family:monospace">-i</span> option, it runs the compiler
front-end and any back-ends specified, and then drops into Python’s
interactive command loop. Within the interactive loop, you can
<span style="font-family:monospace">import omniidl</span>. The parsed AST is then available as
<span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.tree</span>. This mode is useful for investigating the
parsed tree.</p>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec8" Copyright-->
<h3 id="sec8" class="subsection">1.7  Copyright</h3><!--SEC END --><p>All parts of <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> are licensed under the GNU General Public
License, available in the file <span style="font-family:monospace">COPYING</span>.</p><p>As a special exception to the terms of the GPL, we do not consider
back-ends to be derived works of <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span>. This means that you may
distribute back-ends you write under any terms you like. The back-ends
we distribute are licensed under the GPL, so you must abide by its
terms if you distribute or modify our back-ends.</p><p>As another exception, we do not consider the output of the back-ends
we distribute to be derived works of those back-ends. You may
therefore use generated stubs with no restrictions.</p>
<!--TOC section id="sec9" Back-end interface-->
<h2 id="sec9" class="section">2  Back-end interface</h2><!--SEC END --><p>
<a id="sec:backend"></a></p><p>There are three elements to the back-end interface: requirements on
the back-end modules themselves, a set of output and utility
functions, and the interface to the parsed IDL.</p>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec10" Back-end modules-->
<h3 id="sec10" class="subsection">2.1  Back-end modules</h3><!--SEC END --><p>
<a id="sec:bemodules"></a></p><p><span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> back-ends are just normal Python modules. When you specify a
back-end with <span style="font-family:monospace">-bfoo</span>, <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> first tries to open the
Python module named <span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl_be.foo</span>. If that fails, it tries to
open the module just named <span style="font-family:monospace">foo</span>, using the normal
<span style="font-family:monospace">PYTHONPATH</span> mechanism. As with any Python module, the module
<span style="font-family:monospace">foo</span> can either be implemented as a single file named
<span style="font-family:monospace">foo.py</span>, or as a directory <span style="font-family:monospace">foo</span> containing a file named
<span style="font-family:monospace">__init__.py</span>.</p><p>The only requirement on back-end modules is that they contain a
function with the signature <span style="font-family:monospace">run(tree, args)</span>, where <span style="font-family:monospace">tree</span>
is an <span style="font-family:monospace">AST</span> object as described in section <a href="#sec%3Aastclass">2.3.3</a>,
and <span style="font-family:monospace">args</span> is a list of argument strings passed to the back-end.</p><p>Back-ends may also optionally provide a variable named <span style="font-family:monospace">cpp_args</span>
which contains a list of strings containing arguments to be given to
the C preprocessor. For example, the Python back-end contains the
line:</p><div class="lstlisting"><span style="font-size:small">cpp_args</span><span style="font-size:small"> = [</span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-size:small">"-D__OMNIIDL_PYTHON__"</span></span><span style="font-size:small">]</span></div>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec11" Output and utility functions-->
<h3 id="sec11" class="subsection">2.2  Output and utility functions</h3><!--SEC END --><p>The purpose of most back-ends is to output source code in some
language. It is often the case that much of the output is independent
of the specifics of the IDL input. The output for an IDL interface,
for example, might be an extensive class definition containing
configuration and initialisation code which is largely independent of
the specifics of the interface. At various places throughout the class
definition, there would be items which <em>were</em> dependent on the
interface definition.</p><p><span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> supports this with <em>template</em> based output functions.
Templates are simply strings containing the code to be output,
including expressions surrounded by ‘<span style="font-family:monospace">@</span>’ characters. When the
templates are output, the keys inside the ‘<span style="font-family:monospace">@</span>’ expressions are
replaced with values according to the output arguments. An
‘<span style="font-family:monospace">@</span>’ symbol can be output by putting ‘<span style="font-family:monospace">@@</span>’ in the
template.</p><p>The output facilities are provided in the <span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.output</span> module
by the <span style="font-family:monospace">Stream</span> class. The primary method of <span style="font-family:monospace">Stream</span>
objects is <span style="font-family:monospace">out()</span>, which takes arguments of a template string
and a set of key/value pairs to be used in <span style="font-family:monospace">@</span> substitutions.
For example, if <span style="font-family:monospace">st</span> is a <span style="font-family:monospace">Stream</span> object, then the code:</p><div class="lstlisting"><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">template</span><span style="font-size:small"> = </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-size:small">""</span></span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-size:small">"\</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> class @id@ {</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> public:</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> @id@(@type@ a) : a_(a) {}</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> private:</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> @type@ a_;</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> };"</span></span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-size:small">""</span></span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">st</span><span style="font-size:small">.</span><span style="font-size:small">out</span><span style="font-size:small">(</span><span style="font-size:small">template</span><span style="font-size:small">, </span><span style="font-size:small">id</span><span style="font-size:small">=</span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-size:small">"foo"</span></span><span style="font-size:small">, </span><span style="font-size:small">type</span><span style="font-size:small">=</span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-size:small">"int"</span></span><span style="font-size:small">)</span></div><p>would result in output:</p><div class="lstlisting"><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">class</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">foo</span><span style="font-size:small"> {</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">public</span></span><span style="font-size:small">:</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">foo</span><span style="font-size:small">(</span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">int</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">a</span><span style="font-size:small">) : </span><span style="font-size:small">a_</span><span style="font-size:small">(</span><span style="font-size:small">a</span><span style="font-size:small">) {}</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">private</span></span><span style="font-size:small">:</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-weight:bold">int</span></span><span style="font-size:small"> </span><span style="font-size:small">a_</span><span style="font-size:small">;</span><span style="font-size:small">
</span><span style="font-size:small"> };</span></div><p>When <span style="font-family:monospace">@</span> expressions are substituted, the expression is
actually <em>evaluated</em>, not just textually replaced. This means
that you can write templates containing strings like
‘<span style="font-family:monospace">@obj.name()@</span>’. Expressions must evaluate to strings. This
feature should not be over-used—it is very easy to write
incomprehensible template expressions. The vast majority of templates
should only use simple string substitutions.</p><p>Commonly, it is necessary to nest definitions which are output inside
other definitions. <span style="font-family:monospace">Stream</span> objects keep track of a current
indentation level to aid this. The methods <span style="font-family:monospace">inc_indent()</span> and
<span style="font-family:monospace">dec_indent()</span> increment and decrement the current indent level
respectively. The number of spaces corresponding to a single indent
level is configured when the <span style="font-family:monospace">Stream</span> is created. Occasionally,
you may need to output code which ignores the current indent level
(preprocessor directives in C, for example). The <span style="font-family:monospace">niout()</span> method
is identical to <span style="font-family:monospace">out()</span> except that it performs no indentation.</p><p>The <span style="font-family:monospace">Stream</span> constructor takes two arguments, a file opened for
writing, and an integer specifying how many spaces to use for each
indent level.</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.output.Stream</span></span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">Stream(file,indent_size)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Initialise a <span style="font-family:monospace">Stream</span> with the given output file and indent
size.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">inc_indent()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Increment the indent level.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">dec_indent()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Decrement the indent level.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">out(template,key=val,…)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Output the template string <span style="font-family:monospace">template</span> with key/value
substitution and indenting.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">niout(template,key=val,…)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
As <span style="font-family:monospace">out()</span>, but with no indenting.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec12" Utility functions-->
<h4 id="sec12" class="subsubsection">2.2.1  Utility functions</h4><!--SEC END --><p>The <span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlutil</span> module contains a number of useful
functions:</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlutil</span></span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">escapifyString(str)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Convert any non-printable characters in string <span style="font-family:monospace">str</span> into octal
escape sequences.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">pruneScope(target,from)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Given two scoped names represented as lists of strings, return
<span style="font-family:monospace">target</span> with any prefix it shares with <span style="font-family:monospace">from</span> removed. For
example:
<pre class="verbatim"> >>> pruneScope(['A','B','C','D'],['A','B','D'])
['C','D']
</pre></dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">relativeScope(from,dest)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Given two globally-scoped name lists, return a minimal scoped name
list which identifies the destination scope, without clashing with
another identifier. If the only valid result is a globally-scoped
name, the result list is prefixed with <span style="font-family:monospace">None</span>.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">slashName(sn,from)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description">
</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">dotName(sn,from)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description">
</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">ccolonName(sn,from)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Prune scoped name list <span style="font-family:monospace">sn</span> with <span style="font-family:monospace">pruneScope(sn,from)</span>,
then convert into a string with name components separated by
‘<span style="font-family:monospace">/</span>’, ‘<span style="font-family:monospace">.</span>’ or ‘<span style="font-family:monospace">::</span>’.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec13" Abstract Syntax Tree-->
<h3 id="sec13" class="subsection">2.3  Abstract Syntax Tree</h3><!--SEC END --><p>
<a id="sec:ast"></a></p><p>The main meat of the back-end interface is in the
<span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast</span> and <span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idltype</span> modules. When the
compiler parses an IDL file, it creates a tree of objects representing
the IDL declarations. The classes for these declarations are defined
in the <span style="font-family:monospace">idlast</span> module. The way an IDL declaration is split into
objects closely follows the terms within the IDL grammar presented in
chapter 3 of the CORBA 2.3 specification.</p>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec14" Visitor pattern-->
<h4 id="sec14" class="subsubsection">2.3.1  Visitor pattern</h4><!--SEC END --><p>All objects within the back-end interface support the <em>visitor</em>
pattern. They have an <span style="font-family:monospace">accept(visitor)</span> method which acts on a
visitor adhering to the interfaces in the <span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlvisitor</span>
module. Note that Python’s dynamic type system means that visitor
objects need not actually derive from the classes defined in
<span style="font-family:monospace">idlvisitor</span><sup><a id="text1" href="#note1">1</a></sup>. Also note that you do not have to use the
visitor pattern if you do not wish to.</p>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec15" Pragmas and comments-->
<h4 id="sec15" class="subsubsection">2.3.2  Pragmas and comments</h4><!--SEC END --><p>Any unknown <span style="font-family:monospace">#pragma</span>s encountered in the IDL are attached to
nodes within the AST. Similarly, comments are attached if <span style="font-family:sans-serif">omniidl</span> is
run with the <span style="font-family:monospace">-k</span> or <span style="font-family:monospace">-K</span> fields.</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Pragma</span></span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">text()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Text of the pragma.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">__str__()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Same as <span style="font-family:monospace">text()</span>.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">file()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
File containing the pragma.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">line()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Line within the file.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Comment</span></span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">text()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Text of the comment.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">__str__()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Same as <span style="font-family:monospace">text()</span>.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">file()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
File containing the comment.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">line()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Line within the file.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec16" The root of the tree-->
<h4 id="sec16" class="subsubsection">2.3.3  The root of the tree</h4><!--SEC END --><p>
<a id="sec:astclass"></a></p><p>The back-end’s <span style="font-family:monospace">run()</span> function (described in
section <a href="#sec%3Abemodules">2.1</a>) is passed an object of class <span style="font-family:monospace">AST</span>.</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.AST</span></span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">file()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
The file name of the main IDL file being compiled.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarations()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> objects corresponding to declarations at file
scope.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">pragmas()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Pragma</span> objects containing <span style="font-family:monospace">#pragma</span>s which
occurred before any declarations. Later <span style="font-family:monospace">#pragma</span>s are
attached to <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> objects.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">comments()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Comment</span> objects containing comments which were not
attached to declarations (see section <a href="#sec%3Acomments">1.5</a>).</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">accept(visitor)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Visitor pattern accept.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec17" Base declaration-->
<h4 id="sec17" class="subsubsection">2.3.4  Base declaration</h4><!--SEC END --><p>All declarations in the tree are derived from the <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> class:</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Decl</span></span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">file()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
The name of the file in which this declaration was made.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">line()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
The line number within the file.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">mainFile()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the declaration is in the main IDL file; false if
it is in an included file.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">pragmas()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Pragma</span> objects containing <span style="font-family:monospace">#pragma</span>s which
occurred after this declaration, but before any others.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">comments()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Comment</span> objects containing comments attached to this
declaration (see section <a href="#sec%3Acomments">1.5</a>).</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">accept(visitor)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Visitor pattern accept.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec18" Declarations with a repository identifier-->
<h4 id="sec18" class="subsubsection">2.3.5  Declarations with a repository identifier</h4><!--SEC END --><p>Some classes of declaration object also inherit from the
<span style="font-family:monospace">DeclRepoId</span> mixin class:</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.DeclRepoId</span></span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">identifier()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Name of the declaration as a string.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">scopedName()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of strings forming the fully-scoped name of the declaration.
e.g. <span style="font-family:monospace">::foo::bar::baz</span> is represented as
<span style="font-family:monospace">[’foo’,’bar’,’baz’]</span>.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">repoId()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Repository identifier of the declaration.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec19" Declaration classes-->
<h4 id="sec19" class="subsubsection">2.3.6  Declaration classes</h4><!--SEC END --><p>The declaration objects making up the tree have the following classes:</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Module (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Module declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">definitions()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> objects declared within this module, in the
order they were declared.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">continuations()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List containing <span style="font-family:monospace">Module</span> objects which are continuations of
this module. When modules are re-opened, multiple <span style="font-family:monospace">Module</span>
objects with the same name appear in the enclosing <span style="font-family:monospace">Module</span> or
<span style="font-family:monospace">AST</span> object. In case it’s useful, the first <span style="font-family:monospace">Module</span>
object for a particular module has a list containing continuations
of that module. You will probably not have any use for this.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Interface (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Interface declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">abstract()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the interface is declared abstract.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">inherits()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of interfaces from which this one inherits. Each list member is
either an <span style="font-family:monospace">Interface</span> object, or a <span style="font-family:monospace">Declarator</span> object
belonging to a typedef to an interface.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">contents()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> objects for all items declared within this
interface.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarations()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Subset of <span style="font-family:monospace">contents()</span> containing types, constants and
exceptions.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">callables()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Subset of <span style="font-family:monospace">contents()</span> containing <span style="font-family:monospace">Operation</span>s and
<span style="font-family:monospace">Attribute</span>s.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Forward (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Forward-declared interface</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">abstract()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the interface is declared abstract.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">fullDecl()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">Interface</span> object corresponding to the full interface
declaration or <span style="font-family:monospace">None</span> if there is no full declaration.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Const (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Constant declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">constType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object of the constant. Aliases not stripped.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">constKind()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
TypeCode kind of the constant with aliases stripped. So for a
constant declared with:
<pre class="verbatim"> typedef long MyLong;
const MyLong foo = 123;
</pre>
<span style="font-family:monospace">constKind()</span> will return <span style="font-family:monospace">tk_long</span>, but
<span style="font-family:monospace">constType()</span> will return an <span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Declared</span> object
(see page <a href="#cls%3AtypeDeclared">??</a>) which refers to <span style="font-family:monospace">MyLong</span>’s
typedef <span style="font-family:monospace">Declarator</span> object.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">value()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Value of the constant. Either an integer or an <span style="font-family:monospace">Enumerator</span>
object.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Declarator (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Declarator used in typedefs, struct members, attributes, etc.</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">sizes()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of array sizes, or <span style="font-family:monospace">None</span> if it is a simple declarator.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">alias()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">Typedef</span> object that the declarator is part of, or <span style="font-family:monospace">None</span>
if the object is not a typedef declarator.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Typedef (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Typedef declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">aliasType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object that this is an alias to.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">constrType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the alias type was constructed within this typedef
declaration, like
<pre class="verbatim"> typedef struct foo { long l; } bar;
</pre></dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarators()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Declarator</span> objects.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Member (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Member of a struct or exception</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">memberType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object for the type of this member.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">constrType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the member type was constructed within the member
declaration. e.g.<pre class="verbatim"> struct S {
struct T {
long l;
} the_T;
};
</pre></dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarators()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Declarator</span> objects.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Struct (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Struct declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">members()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Member</span> objects for the struct contents.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">recursive()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the struct is recursive, e.g.<pre class="verbatim"> struct S {
long l;
sequence <S> ss;
};
</pre></dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Exception (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Exception declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">members()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Member</span> objects for the exception contents.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.CaseLabel (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">One label within a union</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">default()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if this is the default label.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">value()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Label value. Either an integer or an <span style="font-family:monospace">Enumerator</span> object. For
the default case, returns a value used by none of the other union
labels.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">labelKind()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
TypeCode kind of the label.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.UnionCase (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">One case within a union</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">labels()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">CaseLabel</span> objects.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">caseType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object for the case type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">constrType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the case type was constructed within the case.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarator()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">Declarator</span> object</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Union (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Union declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">switchType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object corresponding to the switch type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">constrType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the switch type was declared within the switch
statement. Only possible for Enums.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">cases()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">UnionCase</span> objects.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">recursive()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the union is recursive.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Enumerator (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Enumerator of an enum</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
No non-inherited functions.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Enum (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Enum declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">enumerators()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Enumerator</span> objects.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Attribute (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Attribute declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">readonly()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the attribute is read only.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">attrType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object for the attribute’s type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarators()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Declarator</span> objects for this attribute. All
declarators are guaranteed to be simple.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">identifiers()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Convenience function returning a list of strings containing the
attribute identifiers from the declarators. e.g. for the
declaration<pre class="verbatim"> attribute long a, b;
</pre><p><span style="font-family:monospace">identifiers()</span> will return <span style="font-family:monospace">[’a’,’b’]</span>.</p></dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Parameter (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Parameter of an operation</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">direction()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Integer: 0 == in, 1 == out, 2 == inout.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">is_in()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if in or inout.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">is_out()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if out or inout.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">paramType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object for the parameter type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">identifier()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
String containing the parameter identifier.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Operation (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Operation declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">oneway()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the operation is one way.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">returnType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object for the return type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">parameters()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Parameter</span> objects.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">raises()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Exception</span> objects which the operation can raise.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">contexts()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of strings declared as context for the operation.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Native (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Native declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Native should not be used in normal IDL.<p>No non-inherited functions.</p></dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.StateMember (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">State member of a concrete valuetype</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">memberAccess()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Integer: 0 == public, 1 == private.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">memberType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object for member type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">constrType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the member type is declared within the StateMember.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarators()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Declarator</span> objects.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Factory (Decl)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Factory method of a valuetype</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">identifier()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
String containing the factory identifier.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">parameters()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Parameter</span> objects.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.ValueForward (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Forward-declared valuetype</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">abstract()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if declared abstract.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">fullDecl()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">Value</span> or <span style="font-family:monospace">ValueAbs</span> object corresponding to the full
valuetype declaration or <span style="font-family:monospace">None</span> if there is no full declaration.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.ValueBox (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Boxed valuetype declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">boxedType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object for the boxed type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">constrType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if boxed type is declared inside the valuetype
declaration.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.ValueAbs (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Abstract valuetype declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">inherits()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">ValueAbs</span> objects from which this inherits.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">supports()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Interface</span> objects which this valuetype supports.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">contents()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> objects for all items defined within this
valuetype.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarations()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Subset of <span style="font-family:monospace">contents()</span> containing types, constants and
exceptions.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">callables()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Subset of contents() containing <span style="font-family:monospace">Operation</span>s and
<span style="font-family:monospace">Attribute</span>s.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Value (Decl,DeclRepoId)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Valuetype declaration</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">custom()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if declared custom.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">inherits()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of valuetypes from which this inherits. The first may be a
<span style="font-family:monospace">Value</span> object or a <span style="font-family:monospace">ValueAbs</span> object; any others will
be <span style="font-family:monospace">ValueAbs</span> objects.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">truncatable()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Boolean: true if the inherited <span style="font-family:monospace">Value</span> is declared
truncatable; false if not, or there is no inherited <span style="font-family:monospace">Value</span>.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">supports()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Interface</span> objects which this valuetype supports.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">contents()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
List of <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> objects for all items defined within this
valuetype.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">declarations()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Subset of <span style="font-family:monospace">contents()</span> containing types, constants and
exceptions.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">callables()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Subset of <span style="font-family:monospace">contents()</span> containing <span style="font-family:monospace">Operation</span>s,
<span style="font-family:monospace">Attribute</span>s, <span style="font-family:monospace">StateMember</span>s and <span style="font-family:monospace">Factory</span>s.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec20" Type objects-->
<h4 id="sec20" class="subsubsection">2.3.7  Type objects</h4><!--SEC END --><p>All type objects are derived from the base class <span style="font-family:monospace">Type</span>:</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idltype.Type</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Base class for types</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">kind()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
TypeCode kind of type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">unalias()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Return an equivalent <span style="font-family:monospace">Type</span> object with top-level aliases
stripped. Only has an effect with typedef types.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">accept(visitor)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Visitor pattern accept.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><p>The basic CORBA types (null, void, short, long, unsigned short,
unsigned long, float, double, boolean, char, octet, any, TypeCode,
Principal, long long, unsigned long long, long double, and wide char)
are represented by objects of type <span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idltype.Base</span>,
derived from <span style="font-family:monospace">Type</span>, with no extra methods.</p><p>The template types—string, wstring, sequence, and fixed—do not
have associated <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> objects since they are not explicitly
declared. They are always implicitly declared as part of another
declaration.</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idltype.String (Type)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">String type</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">bound()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Bound of a bounded string, or 0 for unbounded strings.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idltype.WString (Type)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Wide string type</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">bound()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Bound of a bounded wstring, or 0 for unbounded wstrings.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idltype.Sequence (Type)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Sequence type</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">seqType()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">idltype.Type</span> object representing what the sequence contains.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">bound()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Bound of a bounded sequence, or 0 for unbounded sequences.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idltype.Fixed (Type)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Fixed point type</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">digits()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Number of digits in number.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">scale()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Scale of number.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div><p>All other types (interface, struct, union, enum, typedef, exception,
valuetype) must be explicitly declared. They are represented with
<span style="font-family:monospace">Declared</span> objects:</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idltype.Declared (Type)</span></span></div><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-style:italic">Explicitly declared type</span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description">
<a id="cls:typeDeclared"></a><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">decl()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
<span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast.Decl</span> object which corresponds to this type.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">scopedName()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Fully scoped name of the type as a list of strings.</dd><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">name()</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Simple name of the type, i.e. the last element of the scoped name.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsubsection id="sec21" Finding a named <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span>-->
<h4 id="sec21" class="subsubsection">2.3.8  Finding a named <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span></h4><!--SEC END --><p>Normally, back-ends walk over the tree of <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> objects,
dealing with the declarations as they encounter them. Occasionally,
however, it may be useful to find a declaration by its scoped name.
Only <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span>s which inherit from <span style="font-family:monospace">DeclRepoId</span> can be found
in this way.</p><div class="minipage"><hr style="height:2"><br>
<div class="center"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">omniidl.idlast</span></span></div><dl class="description"><dt class="dt-description"><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-family:monospace">findDecl(scopedName)</span></span></dt><dd class="dd-description"><br>
Find the <span style="font-family:monospace">Decl</span> object which has the scoped name list
<span style="font-family:monospace">scopedName</span>. If a declaration with the specified name does not
exist, the <span style="font-family:monospace">DeclNotFound</span> exception is raised.</dd></dl><hr style="height:2"></div>
<!--TOC subsection id="sec22" An example back-end-->
<h3 id="sec22" class="subsection">2.4  An example back-end</h3><!--SEC END --><p>The following code is an extremely simple back-end which just prints
the names of all operations declared within an IDL file.
Unfortunately, it is so simple that it does not show many features of
the back-end interface. You should look at the <span style="font-family:monospace">dump.py</span> and
<span style="font-family:monospace">python.py</span> back-ends for a more extensive example.</p><pre class="verbatim">from omniidl import idlast, idlvisitor, idlutil
import string
class ExampleVisitor (idlvisitor.AstVisitor):
def visitAST(self, node):
for n in node.declarations():
n.accept(self)
def visitModule(self, node):
for n in node.definitions():
n.accept(self)
def visitInterface(self, node):
name = idlutil.ccolonName(node.scopedName())
if node.mainFile():
for c in node.callables():
if isinstance(c, idlast.Operation):
print(name + "::" +
c.identifier() + "()")
def run(tree, args):
visitor = ExampleVisitor()
tree.accept(visitor)
</pre><p>The visitor object simply recurses through the <span style="font-family:monospace">AST</span> and
<span style="font-family:monospace">Module</span> objects, and prints the operation names it finds in
<span style="font-family:monospace">Interface</span> objects.</p><p>Note that since <span style="font-family:monospace">AstVisitor</span> (and similarly <span style="font-family:monospace">TypeVisitor</span>
which is not used in the example) has all operations declared to be
no-ops, the <span style="font-family:monospace">ExampleVisitor</span> class does not have to declare
visit functions for all node types. This can be a disadvantage if your
back-end is supposed to perform some action for all node types, since
there will be no error if you accidentally miss a node type. In those
situations it is better to declare a visitor class which does not
derive from the visitor base classes.</p><!--BEGIN NOTES document-->
<hr class="footnoterule"><dl class="thefootnotes"><dt class="dt-thefootnotes">
<a id="note1" href="#text1">1</a></dt><dd class="dd-thefootnotes"><div class="footnotetext">It is even possible to use a Python module
as a visitor object.</div></dd></dl>
<!--END NOTES-->
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