\documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}

\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage[scaled=0.9]{DejaVuSansMono}
\usepackage[scaled=0.9]{DejaVuSans}
\usepackage[scaled=0.9]{DejaVuSerif}
\linespread{1.05}

\pagestyle{headings}
\raggedbottom


% Semantic mark-up
\newcommand{\omniidl}{\textsf{omniidl}}
\newcommand{\func}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand{\sfunc}[1]{\texttt{\small{#1}}}
\newcommand{\var}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand{\class}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand{\intf}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand{\op}[1]{\texttt{#1()}}
\newcommand{\cmdline}[1]{\texttt{#1}}
\newcommand{\code}[1]{\texttt{#1}}

\newcommand{\dfunc}[1]{\item[\func{#1}]\mbox{}\\}
\newcommand{\cfunc}[1]{\item[\func{#1}]}

\newenvironment{funcdesc}[1]%
  {\vspace{\baselineskip}%
   \noindent\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}%
   \noindent\rule{\textwidth}{1.5pt}\\%
   \centerline{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}}%
   \vspace{-.5\baselineskip}%
   \begin{description}}
  {\vspace{-\baselineskip}\end{description}%
   \noindent\rule{\textwidth}{1.5pt}\end{minipage}}

\newenvironment{classdesc}[2]%
  {\vspace{\baselineskip}%
   \noindent\begin{minipage}{\textwidth}%
   \noindent\rule{\textwidth}{1.5pt}\\%
   \centerline{\textbf{\texttt{#1}}}\\%
   \centerline{\textit{#2}}%
   \vspace{-.5\baselineskip}%
   \begin{description}}
  {\vspace{-\baselineskip}\end{description}%
   \noindent\rule{\textwidth}{1.5pt}\end{minipage}}


% URL-like things:
\usepackage{omniURLDefs}

\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-0.2in}
\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-0.6in}
\addtolength{\textwidth}{0.5in}

%BEGIN LATEX
\newcommand{\dsc}{\discretionary{}{}{}}
%END LATEX
%HEVEA\newcommand{\dsc}{}

\usepackage{listings}

\makeatletter
\let\lst@ifdraft\iffalse
\makeatother

\lstdefinelanguage{idl}%
  {keywords={abstract,any,attribute,boolean,case,char,const,context,custom,default,double,enum,exception,factory,FALSE,fixed,float,in,inout,interface,local,long,module,native,Object,octet,oneway,out,private,public,raises,readonly,sequence,short,string,struct,supports,switch,TRUE,truncatable,typedef,unsigned,union,ValueBase,valuetype,void,wchar,wstring},%
  sensitive,%
  morecomment=[s]{/*}{*/},%
  morecomment=[l]//,%
  morestring=[b]",%
  morestring=[b]',%
  moredirectives={define,elif,else,endif,error,if,ifdef,ifndef,line,%
     include,pragma,undef,warning}%
 }[keywords,comments,strings,directives]%

\lstset{basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,
        keywordstyle=,
        commentstyle=\itshape,
        numberstyle=\tiny,
        showstringspaces=false,
        abovecaptionskip=0pt,
        belowcaptionskip=0pt,
        xleftmargin=\parindent,
        fontadjust}

\lstnewenvironment{idllisting}{\lstset{language=idl}}{}
\lstnewenvironment{cxxlisting}{\lstset{language=C++}}{}
\lstnewenvironment{makelisting}{\lstset{language=[gnu]make}}{}
\lstnewenvironment{pylisting}{\lstset{language=python}}{}
%END LATEX

% These things make up for HeVeA's lack of understanding:

%HEVEA\newcommand{\vfill}{}
%HEVEA\newcommand{\mainmatter}{}
%HEVEA\newcommand{\backmatter}{}

% Hyperref things for pdf and html:
\usepackage{hyperref}

\newif\ifpdf
\ifx\pdfoutput\undefined
  \pdffalse
\else
  \pdfoutput=1
  \pdftrue
\fi
\ifpdf
  \hypersetup{colorlinks,citecolor=red,urlcolor=blue}
\fi


\title{\omniidl\ --- The omniORB IDL Compiler}

\author{Duncan Grisby\\
AT\&T Laboratories Cambridge\\
}

\date{June 2000}

\begin{document}

\maketitle


\section{Introduction}

This manual describes \omniidl, the omniORB IDL compiler. It is
intended for developers who wish to write their own IDL compiler
back-ends, or to modify existing ones.

If you just wish to use \omniidl\ to create stubs for C++ or Python,
you should read the omniORB or omniORBpy manuals instead of this one.


\subsection{Requirements}

Back-ends for \omniidl\ are written in Python, so to use it you must
have an up-to-date Python interpreter. You must also understand Python
to be able to follow this manual and write back-ends. You can download
Python and associated documentation from
\weburl{http://www.python.org/}.

The front-end scanner and parser are written using flex and bison; the
rest of the front-end is written in C++. The code intentionally avoids
using any advanced (and useful) features of C++, such as templates, so
as to make it as portable as possible.


\subsection{Running \omniidl}

On all platforms, there is a command named \omniidl. On Unix
platforms, \omniidl\ is a Python script which runs Python via the
\verb|#!| mechanism. On Windows NT, there is an executable named
\file{omniidl.exe}.

The \omniidl\ command line has the form:

\begin{quote} % Not the clearest bit of mark-up ever... :-)
\cmdline{omniidl }[\textit{options}]\cmdline{ -b}%
<\textit{back-end}>\cmdline{ }[\textit{back-end options}]%
\cmdline{ }<\textit{file 1}>\cmdline{ }<\textit{file 2}>%
\cmdline{ }\dots
\end{quote}

The supported flags are:

\begin{tabbing}
\cmdline{-D}\textit{name}[\cmdline{=}\textit{value}]~~ \= \kill
%HEVEA\\

\cmdline{-D}\textit{name}[\cmdline{=}\textit{value}]
     \> Define \textit{name} for the preprocessor.\\

\cmdline{-U}\textit{name}
     \> Undefine \textit{name} for the preprocessor.\\

\cmdline{-I}\textit{dir}
     \> Include \textit{dir} in the preprocessor search path.\\

\cmdline{-E}
     \> Only run the preprocessor, sending its output to stdout.\\

\cmdline{-Y}\textit{cmd}
     \> Use \textit{cmd} as the preprocessor, rather than the normal C
        preprocessor.\\

\cmdline{-N}
     \> Do not run the preprocessor.\\

\cmdline{-T}
     \> Use a temporary file, not a pipe, for preprocessor output.\\

\cmdline{-Wp}\textit{arg}[,\textit{arg}\dots]
     \> Send arguments to the preprocessor.\\

\cmdline{-b}\textit{back-end}
     \> Run the specified back-end. For the C++ ORB, use \cmdline{-bcxx}.\\

\cmdline{-Wb}\textit{arg}[,\textit{arg}\dots]
     \> Send arguments to the back-end.\\

\cmdline{-nf}
     \> Do not warn about unresolved forward declarations.\\

\cmdline{-k}
     \> Keep comments after declarations, to be used by some back-ends.\\

\cmdline{-K}
     \> Keep comments before declarations, to be used by some back-ends.\\

\cmdline{-C}\textit{dir}
     \> Change directory to \textit{dir} before writing output files.\\

\cmdline{-i}
     \> Run the front end and back-ends, then enter the interactive loop.\\

\cmdline{-d}
     \> Dump the parsed IDL then exit, without running a back-end.\\

\cmdline{-p}\textit{dir}
     \> Use \textit{dir} as a path to find omniidl back-ends.\\

\cmdline{-V}
     \> Print version information then exit.\\

\cmdline{-u}
     \> Print usage information.\\

\cmdline{-v}
     \> Verbose: trace compilation stages.\\

\end{tabbing}


If you do not specify any back-ends (with the \cmdline{-b} flag),
\omniidl\ just runs the compiler front-end, checking that the IDL is
valid. If you specify more than one back-end, the back-ends are run in
turn on the abstract syntax tree of each file. This permits you to
generate stubs for more than one language in a single run. It also
permits you to write back-ends which annotate or modify the abstract
syntax tree to be used by later back-ends.

For example, the command:

\begin{quote}
\cmdline{omniidl -bdump -bpython foo.idl bar.idl}
\end{quote}

\noindent first reads and parses \file{foo.idl}, and runs the
\file{dump} and \file{python} back-ends on it in turn. Then it reads
and parses \file{bar.idl} and runs the two back-ends on that.


\subsection{Preprocessor interactions}

IDL is processed by the C preprocessor before \omniidl\ parses it.
\omniidl\ always uses the GNU C preprocessor (which it builds with the
name omnicpp). The \cmdline{-D}, \cmdline{-U}, and \cmdline{-I}
options are just sent to the preprocessor. Note that the current
directory is not on the include search path by default---use
`\cmdline{-I.}' for that. The \cmdline{-Y} option can be used to
specify a different preprocessor to omnicpp. Beware that line
directives inserted by other preprocessors are likely to confuse
\omniidl.


\subsection{Forward-declared interfaces}

If you have an IDL file like:

\begin{idllisting}
interface I;
interface J {
  attribute I the_I;
};
\end{idllisting}

\noindent then \omniidl\ will normally issue a warning:

{\small
\begin{verbatim}
  test.idl:1: Warning: Forward declared interface `::I' was never
  fully defined
\end{verbatim}
}

\noindent It is illegal to declare such IDL in isolation, but it
\emph{is} valid to define interface \intf{I} in a separate file. If
you have a lot of IDL with this sort of construct, you will drown
under the warning messages. Use the \cmdline{-nf} option to suppress
them.


\subsection{Comments}
\label{sec:comments}

By default, \omniidl\ discards comments in the input IDL. However,
with the \cmdline{-k} and \cmdline{-K} options, it preserves the
comments for use by the back-ends.

The two different options relate to how comments are attached to
declarations within the IDL. Given IDL like:

\begin{idllisting}
interface I {
  void op1();
  // A comment
  void op2();
};
\end{idllisting}

\noindent the \cmdline{-k} flag will attach the comment to \op{op1};
the \cmdline{-K} flag will attach it to \op{op2}.



\subsection{Interactive loop}

When \omniidl\ is given the \cmdline{-i} option, it runs the compiler
front-end and any back-ends specified, and then drops into Python's
interactive command loop. Within the interactive loop, you can
\code{import omniidl}. The parsed AST is then available as
\code{omniidl.idlast.tree}. This mode is useful for investigating the
parsed tree.


\subsection{Copyright}

All parts of \omniidl\ are licensed under the GNU General Public
License, available in the file \file{COPYING}.

As a special exception to the terms of the GPL, we do not consider
back-ends to be derived works of \omniidl. This means that you may
distribute back-ends you write under any terms you like. The back-ends
we distribute are licensed under the GPL, so you must abide by its
terms if you distribute or modify our back-ends.

As another exception, we do not consider the output of the back-ends
we distribute to be derived works of those back-ends. You may
therefore use generated stubs with no restrictions.


\section{Back-end interface}
\label{sec:backend}

There are three elements to the back-end interface: requirements on
the back-end modules themselves, a set of output and utility
functions, and the interface to the parsed IDL.

\subsection{Back-end modules}
\label{sec:bemodules}

\omniidl\ back-ends are just normal Python modules. When you specify a
back-end with \cmdline{-bfoo}, \omniidl\ first tries to open the
Python module named \file{omniidl_be.foo}. If that fails, it tries to
open the module just named \file{foo}, using the normal
\texttt{PYTHONPATH} mechanism. As with any Python module, the module
\file{foo} can either be implemented as a single file named
\file{foo.py}, or as a directory \file{foo} containing a file named
\file{__init__.py}.

The only requirement on back-end modules is that they contain a
function with the signature \func{run(tree, args)}, where \var{tree}
is an \class{AST} object as described in section~\ref{sec:astclass},
and \var{args} is a list of argument strings passed to the back-end.

Back-ends may also optionally provide a variable named \var{cpp\_args}
which contains a list of strings containing arguments to be given to
the C preprocessor. For example, the Python back-end contains the
line:

\begin{pylisting}
cpp_args = ["-D__OMNIIDL_PYTHON__"]
\end{pylisting}



\subsection{Output and utility functions}

The purpose of most back-ends is to output source code in some
language. It is often the case that much of the output is independent
of the specifics of the IDL input. The output for an IDL interface,
for example, might be an extensive class definition containing
configuration and initialisation code which is largely independent of
the specifics of the interface. At various places throughout the class
definition, there would be items which \emph{were} dependent on the
interface definition.

\omniidl\ supports this with \emph{template} based output functions.
Templates are simply strings containing the code to be output,
including expressions surrounded by `\texttt{@}' characters. When the
templates are output, the keys inside the `\texttt{@}' expressions are
replaced with values according to the output arguments. An
`\texttt{@}' symbol can be output by putting `\texttt{@@}' in the
template.

The output facilities are provided in the \file{omniidl.output} module
by the \class{Stream} class. The primary method of \class{Stream}
objects is \func{out()}, which takes arguments of a template string
and a set of key/value pairs to be used in \texttt{@} substitutions.
For example, if \var{st} is a \class{Stream} object, then the code:

\begin{pylisting}
    template = """\
  class @id@ {
  public:
    @id@(@type@ a) : a_(a) {}
  private:
    @type@ a_;
  };"""

    st.out(template, id="foo", type="int")
\end{pylisting}


\noindent would result in output:

\begin{cxxlisting}
  class foo {
  public:
    foo(int a) : a_(a) {}
  private:
    int a_;
  };
\end{cxxlisting}


When \texttt{@} expressions are substituted, the expression is
actually \emph{evaluated}, not just textually replaced. This means
that you can write templates containing strings like
`\texttt{@obj.name()@}'. Expressions must evaluate to strings. This
feature should not be over-used---it is very easy to write
incomprehensible template expressions. The vast majority of templates
should only use simple string substitutions.

Commonly, it is necessary to nest definitions which are output inside
other definitions. \class{Stream} objects keep track of a current
indentation level to aid this. The methods \func{inc\_indent()} and
\func{dec\_indent()} increment and decrement the current indent level
respectively. The number of spaces corresponding to a single indent
level is configured when the \class{Stream} is created. Occasionally,
you may need to output code which ignores the current indent level
(preprocessor directives in C, for example). The \func{niout()} method
is identical to \func{out()} except that it performs no indentation.

The \class{Stream} constructor takes two arguments, a file opened for
writing, and an integer specifying how many spaces to use for each
indent level.


\begin{funcdesc}{omniidl.output.Stream}

\dfunc{Stream(file,indent\_size)}
  Initialise a \class{Stream} with the given output file and indent
  size.

\dfunc{inc\_indent()}
  Increment the indent level.

\dfunc{dec\_indent()}
  Decrement the indent level.

\dfunc{out(template,key=val,\dots)}
  Output the template string \var{template} with key/value
  substitution and indenting.

\dfunc{niout(template,key=val,\dots)}
  As \func{out()}, but with no indenting.

\end{funcdesc}


\subsubsection{Utility functions}

The \file{omniidl.idlutil} module contains a number of useful
functions:


\begin{funcdesc}{omniidl.idlutil}

\dfunc{escapifyString(str)}
  Convert any non-printable characters in string \var{str} into octal
  escape sequences.

\dfunc{pruneScope(target,from)}
  Given two scoped names represented as lists of strings, return
  \var{target} with any prefix it shares with \var{from} removed. For
  example:
  %
\begin{verbatim}
  >>> pruneScope(['A','B','C','D'],['A','B','D'])
  ['C','D']
\end{verbatim}

\dfunc{relativeScope(from,dest)}
  Given two globally-scoped name lists, return a minimal scoped name
  list which identifies the destination scope, without clashing with
  another identifier. If the only valid result is a globally-scoped
  name, the result list is prefixed with \var{None}.

\cfunc{slashName(sn,from)}
\cfunc{dotName(sn,from)}
\dfunc{ccolonName(sn,from)}
  Prune scoped name list \var{sn} with \func{pruneScope(sn,from)},
  then convert into a string with name components separated by
  `\texttt{/}', `\texttt{.}'  or `\texttt{::}'.

\end{funcdesc}


\subsection{Abstract Syntax Tree}
\label{sec:ast}

The main meat of the back-end interface is in the
\file{omniidl.idlast} and \file{omniidl.idltype} modules. When the
compiler parses an IDL file, it creates a tree of objects representing
the IDL declarations. The classes for these declarations are defined
in the \file{idlast} module. The way an IDL declaration is split into
objects closely follows the terms within the IDL grammar presented in
chapter~3 of the CORBA 2.3 specification.


\subsubsection{Visitor pattern}

All objects within the back-end interface support the \emph{visitor}
pattern. They have an \func{accept(visitor)} method which acts on a
visitor adhering to the interfaces in the \file{omniidl.idlvisitor}
module. Note that Python's dynamic type system means that visitor
objects need not actually derive from the classes defined in
\file{idlvisitor}\footnote{It is even possible to use a Python module
as a visitor object.}. Also note that you do not have to use the
visitor pattern if you do not wish to.


\subsubsection{Pragmas and comments}

Any unknown \texttt{\#pragma}s encountered in the IDL are attached to
nodes within the AST. Similarly, comments are attached if \omniidl\ is
run with the \cmdline{-k} or \cmdline{-K} fields.

\begin{funcdesc}{omniidl.idlast.Pragma}

\dfunc{text()}
  Text of the pragma.

\dfunc{\_\_str\_\_()}
  Same as \op{text}.

\dfunc{file()}
  File containing the pragma.

\dfunc{line()}
  Line within the file.

\end{funcdesc}


\begin{funcdesc}{omniidl.idlast.Comment}

\dfunc{text()}
  Text of the comment.

\dfunc{\_\_str\_\_()}
  Same as \op{text}.

\dfunc{file()}
  File containing the comment.

\dfunc{line()}
  Line within the file.

\end{funcdesc}



\subsubsection{The root of the tree}
\label{sec:astclass}

The back-end's \func{run()} function (described in
section~\ref{sec:bemodules}) is passed an object of class \class{AST}.

\begin{funcdesc}{omniidl.idlast.AST}

\dfunc{file()}
  The file name of the main IDL file being compiled.

\dfunc{declarations()}
  List of \class{Decl} objects corresponding to declarations at file
  scope.

\dfunc{pragmas()}
  List of \class{Pragma} objects containing \texttt{\#pragma}s which
  occurred before any declarations. Later \texttt{\#pragma}s are
  attached to \class{Decl} objects.

\dfunc{comments()}
  List of \class{Comment} objects containing comments which were not
  attached to declarations (see section~\ref{sec:comments}).

\dfunc{accept(visitor)}
  Visitor pattern accept.

\end{funcdesc}


\subsubsection{Base declaration}

All declarations in the tree are derived from the \class{Decl} class:

\begin{funcdesc}{omniidl.idlast.Decl}

\dfunc{file()}
  The name of the file in which this declaration was made.

\dfunc{line()}
  The line number within the file.

\dfunc{mainFile()}
  Boolean: true if the declaration is in the main IDL file; false if
  it is in an included file.

\dfunc{pragmas()}
  List of \class{Pragma} objects containing \texttt{\#pragma}s which
  occurred after this declaration, but before any others.

\dfunc{comments()}
  List of \class{Comment} objects containing comments attached to this
  declaration (see section~\ref{sec:comments}).

\dfunc{accept(visitor)}
  Visitor pattern accept.

\end{funcdesc}


\subsubsection{Declarations with a repository identifier}

Some classes of declaration object also inherit from the
\class{DeclRepoId} mixin class:

\begin{funcdesc}{omniidl.idlast.DeclRepoId}

\dfunc{identifier()}
  Name of the declaration as a string.

\dfunc{scopedName()}
  List of strings forming the fully-scoped name of the declaration.
  e.g.\ \var{::foo::bar::baz} is represented as
  \texttt{['foo','bar','baz']}.

\dfunc{repoId()}
  Repository identifier of the declaration.

\end{funcdesc}


\subsubsection{Declaration classes}

The declaration objects making up the tree have the following classes:

\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Module (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Module declaration}

\dfunc{definitions()}
  List of \class{Decl} objects declared within this module, in the
  order they were declared.

\dfunc{continuations()}
  List containing \class{Module} objects which are continuations of
  this module.  When modules are re-opened, multiple \class{Module}
  objects with the same name appear in the enclosing \class{Module} or
  \class{AST} object. In case it's useful, the first \class{Module}
  object for a particular module has a list containing continuations
  of that module. You will probably not have any use for this.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Interface (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Interface declaration}

\dfunc{abstract()}
  Boolean: true if the interface is declared abstract.

\dfunc{inherits()}
  List of interfaces from which this one inherits. Each list member is
  either an \class{Interface} object, or a \class{Declarator} object
  belonging to a typedef to an interface.

\dfunc{contents()}
  List of \class{Decl} objects for all items declared within this
  interface.

\dfunc{declarations()}
  Subset of \func{contents()} containing types, constants and
  exceptions.

\dfunc{callables()}
  Subset of \func{contents()} containing \class{Operation}s and
  \class{Attribute}s.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Forward (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Forward-declared interface}

\dfunc{abstract()}
  Boolean: true if the interface is declared abstract.

\dfunc{fullDecl()}
  \class{Interface} object corresponding to the full interface
  declaration or \var{None} if there is no full declaration.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Const (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Constant declaration}

\dfunc{constType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object of the constant. Aliases not stripped.

\dfunc{constKind()}
  TypeCode kind of the constant with aliases stripped. So for a
  constant declared with:
  %
\begin{verbatim}
  typedef long MyLong;
  const MyLong foo = 123;
\end{verbatim}
  %
  \func{constKind()} will return \var{tk\_long}, but
  \func{constType()} will return an \class{idltype.Declared} object
  (see page~\pageref{cls:typeDeclared}) which refers to \var{MyLong}'s
  typedef \class{Declarator} object.

\dfunc{value()}
  Value of the constant. Either an integer or an \class{Enumerator}
  object.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Declarator (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Declarator used in typedefs, struct members, attributes, etc.}

\dfunc{sizes()}
  List of array sizes, or \var{None} if it is a simple declarator.

\dfunc{alias()}
  \class{Typedef} object that the declarator is part of, or \var{None}
  if the object is not a typedef declarator.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Typedef (Decl)}
  {Typedef declaration}

\dfunc{aliasType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object that this is an alias to.

\dfunc{constrType()}
  Boolean: true if the alias type was constructed within this typedef
  declaration, like
  %
\begin{verbatim}
  typedef struct foo { long l; } bar;
\end{verbatim}

\dfunc{declarators()}
  List of \class{Declarator} objects.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Member (Decl)}
  {Member of a struct or exception}

\dfunc{memberType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object for the type of this member.

\dfunc{constrType()}
  Boolean: true if the member type was constructed within the member
  declaration. e.g.

\begin{verbatim}
  struct S {
    struct T {
      long l;
    } the_T;
  };
\end{verbatim}

\dfunc{declarators()}
  List of \class{Declarator} objects.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Struct (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Struct declaration}

\dfunc{members()}
  List of \class{Member} objects for the struct contents.

\dfunc{recursive()}
  Boolean: true if the struct is recursive, e.g.

\begin{verbatim}
  struct S {
    long l;
    sequence <S> ss;
  };
\end{verbatim}

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Exception (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Exception declaration}

\dfunc{members()}
  List of \class{Member} objects for the exception contents.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.CaseLabel (Decl)}
  {One label within a union}

\dfunc{default()}
  Boolean: true if this is the default label.

\dfunc{value()}
  Label value. Either an integer or an \class{Enumerator} object. For
  the default case, returns a value used by none of the other union
  labels.

\dfunc{labelKind()}
  TypeCode kind of the label.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.UnionCase (Decl)}
  {One case within a union}

\dfunc{labels()}
  List of \class{CaseLabel} objects.

\dfunc{caseType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object for the case type.

\dfunc{constrType()}
  Boolean: true if the case type was constructed within the case.

\dfunc{declarator()}
  \class{Declarator} object

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Union (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Union declaration}

\dfunc{switchType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object corresponding to the switch type.

\dfunc{constrType()}
  Boolean: true if the switch type was declared within the switch
  statement. Only possible for Enums.

\dfunc{cases()}
  List of \class{UnionCase} objects.

\dfunc{recursive()}
  Boolean: true if the union is recursive.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Enumerator (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Enumerator of an enum}

\dfunc{}
No non-inherited functions.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Enum (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Enum declaration}

\dfunc{enumerators()}
  List of \class{Enumerator} objects.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Attribute (Decl)}
  {Attribute declaration}

\dfunc{readonly()}
  Boolean: true if the attribute is read only.

\dfunc{attrType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object for the attribute's type.

\dfunc{declarators()}
  List of \class{Declarator} objects for this attribute. All
  declarators are guaranteed to be simple.

\dfunc{identifiers()}
  Convenience function returning a list of strings containing the
  attribute identifiers from the declarators. e.g.\ for the
  declaration

\begin{verbatim}
  attribute long a, b;
\end{verbatim}

  \func{identifiers()} will return \texttt{['a','b']}.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Parameter (Decl)}
  {Parameter of an operation}

\dfunc{direction()}
  Integer: 0 == in, 1 == out, 2 == inout.

\dfunc{is\_in()}
  Boolean: true if in or inout.

\dfunc{is\_out()}
  Boolean: true if out or inout.

\dfunc{paramType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object for the parameter type.

\dfunc{identifier()}
  String containing the parameter identifier.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Operation (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Operation declaration}

\dfunc{oneway()}
  Boolean: true if the operation is one way.

\dfunc{returnType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object for the return type.

\dfunc{parameters()}
  List of \class{Parameter} objects.

\dfunc{raises()}
  List of \class{Exception} objects which the operation can raise.

\dfunc{contexts()}
  List of strings declared as context for the operation.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Native (Decl)}
  {Native declaration}

\dfunc{}
Native should not be used in normal IDL.

No non-inherited functions.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.StateMember (Decl)}
  {State member of a concrete valuetype}

\dfunc{memberAccess()}
  Integer: 0 == public, 1 == private.

\dfunc{memberType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object for member type.

\dfunc{constrType()}
  Boolean: true if the member type is declared within the StateMember.

\dfunc{declarators()}
  List of \class{Declarator} objects.

\end{classdesc}



\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Factory (Decl)}
  {Factory method of a valuetype}

\dfunc{identifier()}
  String containing the factory identifier.

\dfunc{parameters()}
  List of \class{Parameter} objects.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.ValueForward (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Forward-declared valuetype}

\dfunc{abstract()}
  Boolean: true if declared abstract.

\dfunc{fullDecl()}
  \class{Value} or \class{ValueAbs} object corresponding to the full
  valuetype declaration or \var{None} if there is no full declaration.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.ValueBox (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Boxed valuetype declaration}

\dfunc{boxedType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object for the boxed type.

\dfunc{constrType()}
  Boolean: true if boxed type is declared inside the valuetype
  declaration.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.ValueAbs (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Abstract valuetype declaration}

\dfunc{inherits()}
  List of \class{ValueAbs} objects from which this inherits.

\dfunc{supports()}
  List of \class{Interface} objects which this valuetype supports.

\dfunc{contents()}
  List of \class{Decl} objects for all items defined within this
  valuetype.

\dfunc{declarations()}
  Subset of \func{contents()} containing types, constants and
  exceptions.

\dfunc{callables()}
  Subset of contents() containing \class{Operation}s and
  \class{Attribute}s.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idlast.Value (Decl,DeclRepoId)}
  {Valuetype declaration}

\dfunc{custom()}
  Boolean: true if declared custom.

\dfunc{inherits()}
  List of valuetypes from which this inherits. The first may be a
  \class{Value} object or a \class{ValueAbs} object; any others will
  be \class{ValueAbs} objects.

\dfunc{truncatable()}
  Boolean: true if the inherited \class{Value} is declared
  truncatable; false if not, or there is no inherited \class{Value}.

\dfunc{supports()}
  List of \class{Interface} objects which this valuetype supports.

\dfunc{contents()}
  List of \class{Decl} objects for all items defined within this
  valuetype.

\dfunc{declarations()}
  Subset of \func{contents()} containing types, constants and
  exceptions.

\dfunc{callables()}
  Subset of \func{contents()} containing \class{Operation}s,
  \class{Attribute}s, \class{StateMember}s and \class{Factory}s.

\end{classdesc}



\subsubsection{Type objects}

All type objects are derived from the base class \class{Type}:

\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idltype.Type}
  {Base class for types}

\dfunc{kind()}
  TypeCode kind of type.

\dfunc{unalias()}
  Return an equivalent \class{Type} object with top-level aliases
  stripped. Only has an effect with typedef types.

\dfunc{accept(visitor)}
  Visitor pattern accept.

\end{classdesc}

\vspace{\baselineskip}

\noindent
The basic CORBA types (null, void, short, long, unsigned short,
unsigned long, float, double, boolean, char, octet, any, TypeCode,
Principal, long long, unsigned long long, long double, and wide char)
are represented by objects of type \class{omniidl.idltype.Base},
derived from \class{Type}, with no extra methods.

The template types---string, wstring, sequence, and fixed---do not
have associated \class{Decl} objects since they are not explicitly
declared. They are always implicitly declared as part of another
declaration.

\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idltype.String (Type)}
  {String type}

\dfunc{bound()}
  Bound of a bounded string, or 0 for unbounded strings.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idltype.WString (Type)}
  {Wide string type}

\dfunc{bound()}
  Bound of a bounded wstring, or 0 for unbounded wstrings.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idltype.Sequence (Type)}
  {Sequence type}

\dfunc{seqType()}
  \class{idltype.Type} object representing what the sequence contains.

\dfunc{bound()}
  Bound of a bounded sequence, or 0 for unbounded sequences.

\end{classdesc}


\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idltype.Fixed (Type)}
  {Fixed point type}

\dfunc{digits()}
  Number of digits in number.

\dfunc{scale()}
  Scale of number.

\end{classdesc}

\vspace{\baselineskip}

\noindent
All other types (interface, struct, union, enum, typedef, exception,
valuetype) must be explicitly declared. They are represented with
\class{Declared} objects:

\begin{classdesc}
  {omniidl.idltype.Declared (Type)}
  {Explicitly declared type}
  \label{cls:typeDeclared}

\dfunc{decl()}
  \class{omniidl.idlast.Decl} object which corresponds to this type.

\dfunc{scopedName()}
  Fully scoped name of the type as a list of strings.

\dfunc{name()}
  Simple name of the type, i.e.\ the last element of the scoped name.

\end{classdesc}



\subsubsection{Finding a named \class{Decl}}

Normally, back-ends walk over the tree of \class{Decl} objects,
dealing with the declarations as they encounter them. Occasionally,
however, it may be useful to find a declaration by its scoped name.
Only \class{Decl}s which inherit from \class{DeclRepoId} can be found
in this way.

\begin{funcdesc}{omniidl.idlast}

\dfunc{findDecl(scopedName)}
  Find the \class{Decl} object which has the scoped name list
  \var{scopedName}. If a declaration with the specified name does not
  exist, the \class{DeclNotFound} exception is raised.

\end{funcdesc}



\subsection{An example back-end}

The following code is an extremely simple back-end which just prints
the names of all operations declared within an IDL file.
Unfortunately, it is so simple that it does not show many features of
the back-end interface. You should look at the \file{dump.py} and
\file{python.py} back-ends for a more extensive example.

\begin{verbatim}
from omniidl import idlast, idlvisitor, idlutil
import string

class ExampleVisitor (idlvisitor.AstVisitor):

    def visitAST(self, node):
        for n in node.declarations():
            n.accept(self)

    def visitModule(self, node):
        for n in node.definitions():
            n.accept(self)

    def visitInterface(self, node):
        name = idlutil.ccolonName(node.scopedName())

        if node.mainFile():
            for c in node.callables():
                if isinstance(c, idlast.Operation):
                    print(name + "::" +
                          c.identifier() + "()")

def run(tree, args):
    visitor = ExampleVisitor()
    tree.accept(visitor)
\end{verbatim}

\noindent
The visitor object simply recurses through the \class{AST} and
\class{Module} objects, and prints the operation names it finds in
\class{Interface} objects.

Note that since \class{AstVisitor} (and similarly \class{TypeVisitor}
which is not used in the example) has all operations declared to be
no-ops, the \class{ExampleVisitor} class does not have to declare
visit functions for all node types. This can be a disadvantage if your
back-end is supposed to perform some action for all node types, since
there will be no error if you accidentally miss a node type. In those
situations it is better to declare a visitor class which does not
derive from the visitor base classes.



\end{document}