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<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>OpenC++ Compiler</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<H1>Command Reference</H1>
<H2>NAME</H2>
<UL>
<P><B><TT>occ</TT></B> --- the Open C++ compiler</P>
</UL>
<H2>SYNOPSIS</H2>
<UL>
<PRE>
<TT>occ [-l] [-s] [-V] [-v] [-m[<I>file_name</I>]] [-c] [-E] [-n] [-p] [--regular-c++]
[-I<I>include_directory</I>] [-D<I>name</I>[=<I>def</I>]] [-M<I>option</I>[=<I>value</I>]]
[-- <I>C++ compiler options</I> [<I>.o and .a files</I>]] <I>source_file</I></TT>
</PRE>
</UL>
<H2>DESCRIPTION</H2>
<UL>
<P>
<B>occ</B> compiles an OpenC++ program into an object file.
It first invokes the C++ preprocessor with the predefined macro
<B>__opencxx</B> and generates a <B>.occ</B> file,
then translates it into a <B>.ii</B> file according to the meta-level program.
The <B>.ii</B> file is compiled by the back-end C++ compiler, and finally
an <B>a.out</B> file is produced. If <B>occ</B> is run with the <B>-c</B>
option, it generates a <B>.o</B> file but suppresses linking.</P>
<P>
For example, to compile a base-level program <B>sample.cc</B> with
the meta-level program <B>MyClass.mc</B>, the user should do as follows:</P>
<CODE>
% occ -m MyClass.mc
</CODE>
<P>
First, <B>MyClass.mc</B> should be compiled into shared libraries
<B>MyClass.so</B> and <B>MyClass-init.so</B>.
The produced shared libraries must be under the directory specified
by <B>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</B>.
Then, the user can compile the base-level program:</P>
<CODE>
% occ -- -o sample sample.cc
</CODE>
<P>
If <B>sample.cc</B> requires a metaclass <B>MyClass</B>, <B>occ</B>
dynamically loads and links <B>MyClass.so</B> and <B>MyClass-init.so</B>.
Then <B>sample.cc</B> is compiled according to
the metaclass <B>MyClass</B> and an executable file <B>sample</B> is
produced.</P>
<P>
The separate compilation of meta-level programs is also supported.
Suppose that <B>MyClass</B> is implemented by <B>foo.mc</B> and
<B>bar.mc</B>. The user should compile them as follows:</P>
<CODE>
% occ -c -m foo.mc<BR>
% occ -c -m bar.mc
</CODE>
<P>
This produces <B>foo.o</B>, <B>bar.o</B>, and <B>MyClass-init.so</B>.
Although the second invocation of <B>occ</B> overrides
<B>MyClass-init.so</B> produced by the first invocation,
this is not a problem. To get the shared library,
<B>foo.o</B> and <B>bar.o</B> have to be
linked by hand into <B>MyClass.so</B> by:</P>
<CODE>
% occ -mMyClass foo.o bar.o
</CODE>
<P>For the reason of efficiency, the user can statically link the
meta-level program with the OpenC++ compiler. To do this, the user
must not specify the <B>-m</B> option:</P>
<CODE>
% occ -- -o myocc opencxx.a MyClass.mc
</CODE>
<P>
First, <B>MyClass.mc</B> should be compiled and linked to the OpenC++
compiler. The command shown above produces the OpenC++ compiler that
<B>MyClass.mc</B> is embedded in. <B>opencxx.a</B> is the archive of
the original OpenC++ compiler. (Note: The Solaris and Linux users have
to add the <B>-ldl</B> option after <B>opencxx.a</B>.)</P>
<P>
Then, the produced compiler <B>myocc</B> is used to compile
the base-level program:</P>
<CODE>
% myocc -- -o sample sample.cc
</CODE>
<P>
This compiles <B>sample.cc</B> and produces an executable file <B>sample</B>.
</P>
</UL>
<H2>OPTIONS</H2>
<UL>
<DL>
<DT><TT>-D</TT>
<DD>Define a macro <I><B>name</B></I> as <I><B>def</B></I>.
<DT><TT>-E</TT>
<DD>Don't run the back-end C++ compiler. Stop after
generating a <B>.ii</B> file.
<DT><TT>-I</TT>
<DD>Add a <I><B>directory</B></I> to the search path of
the <TT>#include</TT> directive.
<DT><TT>-M</TT>
<DD>Specify an <I><B>option</B></I> with <I><B>value</B></I>. It is
passed to metaobjects.
<DT><TT>-V</TT>
<DD>Show the version number.
<DT><TT>-c</TT>
<DD>Suppress linking and produce a <B>.o</B> file.
<DT><TT>-l</TT>
<DD>Print the list of statically loaded metaclasses.
<DT><TT>-m</TT>
<DD>Produce a shared library (a <B>.so</B> file.) This is used to compile a metaclass.
If <I><B>file_name</B></I> is specified, the name of the shared library is
<B><I>file_name</I>.so</B>. If the <TT><B>-c</B></TT> option is specified together,
<B>occ</B> produces a <B>.so</B> file, which should be linked by the user to be
a shared library.
<DT><TT>-n</TT>
<DD>Suppress invoking the preprocessor.
<DT><TT>-p</TT>
<DD>Stop after the parsing stage. No translation is done.
<DT><TT>-s</TT>
<DD>Print the whole parse tree of the given source program.
Don't perform translation or compilation. If no source file is
given, <B>occ</B> reads from the standard input.
<DT><TT>-v</TT>
<DD>Specify the verbose mode.
<DT><TT>--regular-c++</TT>
<DD>Inhibit the extended syntax. This enables the keyword <B>metaclass</B>
to be used as a variable name.
This option is useful when parsing legacy code being not
intended to translation. When this option is used,
the symbol <B>__opencxx</B> is not defined.
<DT><TT>--</TT>
<DD>The following options are interpreted as options for
the back-end C++ compiler. For example, if you type
<DD>
<P>
<CODE>
% occ -I.. -- -g foo.c
</CODE>
</P>
<DD>Then the <TT><B>-g</B></TT> option is passed to the C++ compiler.
Note that these options are not passed to the C++ preprocessor.
The <TT><B>-D</B></TT> and <TT><B>-I</B></TT> options need to
be placed before <TT><B>--</B></TT>.
</DL>
</UL>
<H2>FILES</H2>
<UL>
<DL>
<DT><TT>file<B>.{cc,C,c,cpp,cxx,mc}</B></TT>
<DD>source file.
<DT><TT>file<B>.occ</B></TT>
<DD>output file after C++ preprocessing.
<DT><TT>file<B>.ii</B></TT>
<DD>output file after translation.
<DT><TT>file<B>.o</B></TT>
<DD>object file.
<DT><TT>file<B>.so</B></TT>
<DD>shared library dynamically loaded by <B>occ</B>.
<DT><TT><B>opencxx.a</B></TT>
<DD>library to link with meta-level program.
</DL>
</UL>
<H2>NOTES</H2>
<UL>
<LI>While the C++ processor is running, the macro <B>__opencxx</B>
is predefined.
<LI>The programs compiled by <B>occ</B> do not need any runtime libraries
or a garbage collector unless the meta-level program requires them at the
base level.
</UL>
<H2>COPYRIGHT</H2>
<UL>
<P>
Copyright © 1997, 1998 Shigeru Chiba. All Rights Reserved.<BR>
Copyright © 1995, 1996 Xerox Corporation. All Rights Reserved.
</P>
</UL>
<H2>AUTHOR</H2>
<UL>
<P>
Shigeru Chiba, University of Tsukuba, Japan.<BR>
<ADDRESS>Email: chiba@is.tsukuba.ac.jp</ADDRESS>
</P>
</UL>
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