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%
% Tutorials / helical antenna
%
% Describtion at:
% http://openems.de/index.php/Tutorial:_Helical_Antenna
%
% Tested with
% - Matlab 2011a / Octave 4.0
% - openEMS v0.0.33
%
% (C) 2012-2015 Thorsten Liebig <thorsten.liebig@uni-due.de>
close all
clear
clc
post_proc_only = 0;
close all
%% setup the simulation
physical_constants;
unit = 1e-3; % all length in mm
f0 = 2.4e9; % center frequency, frequency of interest!
lambda0 = round(c0/f0/unit); % wavelength in mm
fc = 0.5e9; % 20 dB corner frequency
Helix.radius = 20; % --> diameter is ~ lambda/pi
Helix.turns = 10; % --> expected gain is G ~ 4 * 10 = 40 (16dBi)
Helix.pitch = 30; % --> pitch is ~ lambda/4
Helix.mesh_res = 3;
gnd.radius = lambda0/2;
% feeding
feed.heigth = 3;
feed.R = 120; %feed impedance
% size of the simulation box
SimBox = [1 1 1.5]*2*lambda0;
%% setup FDTD parameter & excitation function
FDTD = InitFDTD( );
FDTD = SetGaussExcite( FDTD, f0, fc );
BC = {'MUR' 'MUR' 'MUR' 'MUR' 'MUR' 'PML_8'}; % boundary conditions
FDTD = SetBoundaryCond( FDTD, BC );
%% setup CSXCAD geometry & mesh
max_res = floor(c0 / (f0+fc) / unit / 20); % cell size: lambda/20
CSX = InitCSX();
% create helix mesh
mesh.x = SmoothMeshLines([-Helix.radius 0 Helix.radius],Helix.mesh_res);
% add the air-box
mesh.x = [mesh.x -SimBox(1)/2-gnd.radius SimBox(1)/2+gnd.radius];
% create a smooth mesh between specified fixed mesh lines
mesh.x = SmoothMeshLines( mesh.x, max_res, 1.4);
% copy x-mesh to y-direction
mesh.y = mesh.x;
% create helix mesh in z-direction
mesh.z = SmoothMeshLines([0 feed.heigth Helix.turns*Helix.pitch+feed.heigth],Helix.mesh_res);
% add the air-box
mesh.z = unique([mesh.z -SimBox(3)/2 max(mesh.z)+SimBox(3)/2 ]);
% create a smooth mesh between specified fixed mesh lines
mesh.z = SmoothMeshLines( mesh.z, max_res, 1.4 );
CSX = DefineRectGrid( CSX, unit, mesh );
%% create helix using the wire primitive
CSX = AddMetal( CSX, 'helix' ); % create a perfect electric conductor (PEC)
ang = linspace(0,2*pi,21);
coil_x = Helix.radius*cos(ang);
coil_y = Helix.radius*sin(ang);
coil_z = ang/2/pi*Helix.pitch;
helix.x=[];
helix.y=[];
helix.z=[];
zpos = feed.heigth;
for n=0:Helix.turns-1
helix.x = [helix.x coil_x];
helix.y = [helix.y coil_y];
helix.z = [helix.z coil_z+zpos];
zpos = zpos + Helix.pitch;
end
clear p
p(1,:) = helix.x;
p(2,:) = helix.y;
p(3,:) = helix.z;
CSX = AddCurve(CSX, 'helix', 0, p);
%% create ground circular ground
CSX = AddMetal( CSX, 'gnd' ); % create a perfect electric conductor (PEC)
% add a box using cylindrical coordinates
start = [0 0 0];
stop = [gnd.radius 2*pi 0];
CSX = AddBox(CSX,'gnd',10,start,stop,'CoordSystem',1);
%% apply the excitation & resist as a current source
start = [Helix.radius 0 0];
stop = [Helix.radius 0 feed.heigth];
[CSX port] = AddLumpedPort(CSX, 5 ,1 ,feed.R, start, stop, [0 0 1], true);
%%nf2ff calc
start = [mesh.x(11) mesh.y(11) mesh.z(11)];
stop = [mesh.x(end-10) mesh.y(end-10) mesh.z(end-10)];
[CSX nf2ff] = CreateNF2FFBox(CSX, 'nf2ff', start, stop, 'OptResolution', lambda0/15);
%% prepare simulation folder
Sim_Path = 'tmp_Helical_Ant';
Sim_CSX = 'Helix_Ant.xml';
if (post_proc_only==0)
[status, message, messageid] = rmdir( Sim_Path, 's' ); % clear previous directory
[status, message, messageid] = mkdir( Sim_Path ); % create empty simulation folder
%% write openEMS compatible xml-file
WriteOpenEMS( [Sim_Path '/' Sim_CSX], FDTD, CSX );
%% show the structure
CSXGeomPlot( [Sim_Path '/' Sim_CSX] );
%% run openEMS
RunOpenEMS( Sim_Path, Sim_CSX);
end
%% postprocessing & do the plots
freq = linspace( f0-fc, f0+fc, 501 );
port = calcPort(port, Sim_Path, freq);
Zin = port.uf.tot ./ port.if.tot;
s11 = port.uf.ref ./ port.uf.inc;
% plot feed point impedance
figure
plot( freq/1e6, real(Zin), 'k-', 'Linewidth', 2 );
hold on
grid on
plot( freq/1e6, imag(Zin), 'r--', 'Linewidth', 2 );
title( 'feed point impedance' );
xlabel( 'frequency f / MHz' );
ylabel( 'impedance Z_{in} / Ohm' );
legend( 'real', 'imag' );
% plot reflection coefficient S11
figure
plot( freq/1e6, 20*log10(abs(s11)), 'k-', 'Linewidth', 2 );
grid on
title( 'reflection coefficient S_{11}' );
xlabel( 'frequency f / MHz' );
ylabel( 'reflection coefficient |S_{11}|' );
drawnow
%% NFFF contour plots %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%find resonance frequncy from s11
f_res = f0;
% get accepted antenna power at frequency f0
P_in_0 = interp1(freq, port.P_acc, f0);
% calculate the far field at phi=0 degrees and at phi=90 degrees
thetaRange = unique([0:0.5:90 90:180]);
phiRange = (0:2:360) - 180;
disp( 'calculating the 3D far field...' );
nf2ff = CalcNF2FF(nf2ff, Sim_Path, f_res, thetaRange*pi/180, phiRange*pi/180,'Mode',0,'Outfile','3D_Pattern.h5','Verbose',1);
theta_HPBW = interp1(nf2ff.E_norm{1}(:,1)/max(nf2ff.E_norm{1}(:,1)),thetaRange,1/sqrt(2))*2;
% display power and directivity
disp( ['radiated power: Prad = ' num2str(nf2ff.Prad) ' Watt']);
disp( ['directivity: Dmax = ' num2str(nf2ff.Dmax) ' (' num2str(10*log10(nf2ff.Dmax)) ' dBi)'] );
disp( ['efficiency: nu_rad = ' num2str(100*nf2ff.Prad./P_in_0) ' %']);
disp( ['theta_HPBW = ' num2str(theta_HPBW) ' °']);
%%
directivity = nf2ff.P_rad{1}/nf2ff.Prad*4*pi;
directivity_CPRH = abs(nf2ff.E_cprh{1}).^2./max(nf2ff.E_norm{1}(:)).^2*nf2ff.Dmax;
directivity_CPLH = abs(nf2ff.E_cplh{1}).^2./max(nf2ff.E_norm{1}(:)).^2*nf2ff.Dmax;
%%
figure
plot(thetaRange, 10*log10(directivity(:,1)'),'k-','LineWidth',2);
hold on
grid on
xlabel('theta (deg)');
ylabel('directivity (dBi)');
plot(thetaRange, 10*log10(directivity_CPRH(:,1)'),'g--','LineWidth',2);
plot(thetaRange, 10*log10(directivity_CPLH(:,1)'),'r-.','LineWidth',2);
legend('norm','CPRH','CPLH');
%% dump to vtk
DumpFF2VTK([Sim_Path '/3D_Pattern.vtk'],directivity,thetaRange,phiRange,'scale',1e-3);
DumpFF2VTK([Sim_Path '/3D_Pattern_CPRH.vtk'],directivity_CPRH,thetaRange,phiRange,'scale',1e-3);
DumpFF2VTK([Sim_Path '/3D_Pattern_CPLH.vtk'],directivity_CPLH,thetaRange,phiRange,'scale',1e-3);
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