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%
% Tutorials / Patch Antenna Phased Array
%
% Describtion at:
%
% Tested with
% - Matlab 2011a
% - Octave 4.0
% - openEMS v0.0.33
%
% References:
% [1] Y. Yusuf and X. Gong, “A low-cost patch antenna phased array with
% analog beam steering using mutual coupling and reactive loading,” IEEE
% Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 81–84, 2008.
% [2] S. Otto, S. Held, A. Rennings, and K. Solbach,
% "Array and multiport antenna farfield simulation using
% EMPIRE, MATLAB and ADS," 39th European Microwave Conf. (EuMC 2009),
% Sept. 29 – Oct. 1, Rome, Italy, pp. 1547-1550, 2009.
% [3] K. Karlsson, J. Carlsson, I. Belov, G. Nilsson, and P.-S. Kildal,
% “Optimization of antenna diversity gain by combining full-wave and
% circuit simulations,” in Proc. Second European Conference on Antennas
% and Propagation EuCAP 2007, 11–16 Nov. 2007, pp. 1–5.
%
% (C) 2013-2015 Thorsten Liebig <thorsten.liebig@gmx.de>
close all
clear
clc
% we need the "Cuircuit Toolbox"
addpath('C:\CTB');
% get the latest version from:
% using git: https://github.com/thliebig/CTB
% or zip: https://github.com/thliebig/CTB/archive/master.zip
% set this to 0 to NOT run a reference simulation with the given C2 and C3
% for comparison
do_reference_simulation = 1;
% set to 1 if you want to run AppCSXCAD to see the simulated structure
show_structure = 1;
% set this to 1, to force openEMS to run again even if the data already exist
force_rerun = 0;
% frequency range of interest
f = linspace( 1e9, 5e9, 1601 );
% resonant frequency for far-field calculations
f0 = 3e9;
% capacities for port 2 and 3 to shift the far-field pattern
C2 = 0.2e-12;
C3 = 0.2e-12;
Sim_Path_Root = ['tmp_' mfilename];
%% calculate the full S-parameter set for all 3 patch antennas running 3
% individual openEMS simulations in which one antenna is active and the
% other two a passive (50 Ohm load) respectively
xpos = [0 -41 41]; % x-center position of the 3 antennas
caps = [0 0 0];
resist = [50 50 50];
spara = [];
color_code = {'k-','r--','m-.'};
for n=1:3
active = [0 0 0];
active(n) = 1; % activate antenna n
Sim_Path = [Sim_Path_Root '_' num2str(n)]; % create an individual path
[port{n} nf2ff{n}] = Patch_Antenna_Array(Sim_Path, ((exist(Sim_Path,'dir')>0) && (force_rerun==0)), show_structure, xpos, caps, resist, active);
port{n} = calcPort( port{n}, Sim_Path, f, 'RefImpedance', 50);
nf2ff{n} = CalcNF2FF(nf2ff{n}, Sim_Path, f0, [-180:2:180]*pi/180, 0);
figure
hold on
grid on
for p=1:3
I(p,n) = interp1(f, port{n}{p}.if.tot,f0);
P_in(p) = 0.5*interp1(f, port{n}{n}.uf.inc,f0)*conj(interp1(f, port{n}{n}.if.inc,f0));
spara(p,n,:) = port{n}{p}.uf.ref./ port{n}{n}.uf.inc;
plot(f, squeeze(20*log10(abs(spara(p,n,:)))),color_code{p},'Linewidth',2);
end
end
%% export sparameter to touchstone file
write_touchstone('s',f,spara,[Sim_Path_Root '.s3p']);
% instructions for Qucs:
% load the written touchstone file
% attach C2 and C3 to port 2 and 3
% attach a signal port to port 1
% probe the currents going into port 1 to 3
% example currents for ports 1 to 3 for C2 = 0.2pF and C3=0.2pF
I_qucs(1,1) = 0.00398-0.000465j;
I_qucs(2,1) = 2.92e-5-0.000914j;
I_qucs(3,1) = 2.92e-5-0.000914j;
disp(['I2/I1: Qucs: ' num2str(I_qucs(2)/I_qucs(1)) ' (defined manually)'])
disp(['I3/I1: Qucs: ' num2str(I_qucs(3)/I_qucs(1)) ' (defined manually)'])
%% Calculate the currents of port 1 to 3 using Matlab [1]
z = s2z(spara);
Z2 = 1/(1j*2*pi*f0*C2);
Z3 = 1/(1j*2*pi*f0*C3);
z23(1,1) = interp1(f,squeeze(z(2,2,:)),f0) + Z2;
z23(1,2) = interp1(f,squeeze(z(2,3,:)),f0);
z23(2,1) = interp1(f,squeeze(z(3,2,:)),f0);
z23(2,2) = interp1(f,squeeze(z(3,3,:)),f0) + Z3;
%set input/feeding current of port 1 to 1mA
I_out(1,1) = 1e-3;
% calc current for port 2 and 3
I_out([2 3],1) = z23\[-interp1(f,squeeze(z(2,1,:)),f0);-interp1(f,squeeze(z(3,1,:)),f0)]*I_out(1);
disp(['I2/I1: Matlab: ' num2str(I_out(2)/I_out(1))])
disp(['I3/I1: Matlab: ' num2str(I_out(3)/I_out(1))])
%% do a referenc simulation for the given C2/C3 values
if (do_reference_simulation)
active = [1 0 0];
caps = [0 C2 C3];
resist = [50 inf inf];
Sim_Path = [Sim_Path_Root '_C2=' num2str(C2*1e12) '_C3=' num2str(C3*1e12)];
[port_ref nf2ff_ref] = Patch_Antenna_Array(Sim_Path, ((exist(Sim_Path,'dir')>0) && (force_rerun==0)), show_structure, xpos, caps, resist, active);
port_ref = calcPort( port_ref, Sim_Path, f, 'RefImpedance', 50);
nf2ff_ref = CalcNF2FF(nf2ff_ref, Sim_Path, f0, [-180:2:180]*pi/180, 0);
% extract currents from referenc simulation
for p=1:3
I_ref(p,1) = interp1(f, port_ref{p}.if.tot,f0);
end
disp(['I2/I1: openEMS: ' num2str(I_ref(2)/I_ref(1))])
disp(['I3/I1: openEMS: ' num2str(I_ref(3)/I_ref(1))])
end
%% calculate and apply weighting cooefficients [3]
% calculate
coeff = I\I_out;
% apply
E_ff_phi = 0*nf2ff{1}.E_phi{1};
E_ff_theta = 0*nf2ff{1}.E_phi{1};
for n=1:3
E_ff_phi = E_ff_phi + coeff(n)*nf2ff{n}.E_phi{1};
E_ff_theta = E_ff_theta + coeff(n)*nf2ff{n}.E_theta{1};
end
%% plot far-field patterns
figure
polar([-180:2:180]'*pi/180,abs(E_ff_phi(:))/max(abs(E_ff_phi(:))));
hold on
if (do_reference_simulation)
polar([-180:2:180]'*pi/180,abs(nf2ff_ref.E_norm{1}(:,1))/max(abs(nf2ff_ref.E_norm{1}(:,1))),'r--');
end
title('normalized far-field pattern','Interpreter', 'none')
legend('calculated','reference')
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