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<h1>binmode</h1>
<div class="mod_az_list">
<a href="../index-functions.html">Perl functions A-Z</a> |
<a href="../index-functions-by-cat.html">Perl functions by category</a> |
<a href="../perlfunc.html">The 'perlfunc' manpage</a>
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<ul>
<li><a name="binmode-FILEHANDLE%2c-LAYER"></a><b>binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER</b>
<p> </p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><a name="binmode-FILEHANDLE"></a><b>binmode FILEHANDLE</b>
<p>Arranges for FILEHANDLE to be read or written in "binary" or "text"
mode on systems where the run-time libraries distinguish between
binary and text files. If FILEHANDLE is an expression, the value is
taken as the name of the filehandle. Returns true on success,
otherwise it returns <code class="inline"><a class="l_k" href="../functions/undef.html">undef</a></code> and sets <code class="inline"><span class="i">$!</span></code>
(errno).</p>
<p>On some systems (in general, DOS and Windows-based systems) binmode()
is necessary when you're not working with a text file. For the sake
of portability it is a good idea to always use it when appropriate,
and to never use it when it isn't appropriate. Also, people can
set their I/O to be by default UTF-8 encoded Unicode, not bytes.</p>
<p>In other words: regardless of platform, use binmode() on binary data,
like for example images.</p>
<p>If LAYER is present it is a single string, but may contain multiple
directives. The directives alter the behaviour of the file handle.
When LAYER is present using binmode on a text file makes sense.</p>
<p>If LAYER is omitted or specified as <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">raw</span></code>
the filehandle is made
suitable for passing binary data. This includes turning off possible CRLF
translation and marking it as bytes (as opposed to Unicode characters).
Note that, despite what may be implied in <i>"Programming Perl"</i> (the
Camel) or elsewhere, <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">raw</span></code>
is <i>not</i> simply the inverse of <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">crlf</span></code>
-- other layers which would affect the binary nature of the stream are
<i>also</i> disabled. See <a href="../PerlIO.html">PerlIO</a>, <a href="../perlrun.html">perlrun</a> and the discussion about the
PERLIO environment variable.</p>
<p>The <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">bytes</span></code>
, <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">crlf</span></code>
, and <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">utf8</span></code>
, and any other directives of the
form <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span>...</code>
, are called I/O <i>layers</i>. The <code class="inline"><a class="l_k" href="../functions/open.html">open</a></code> pragma can be used to
establish default I/O layers. See <a href="../open.html">open</a>.</p>
<p><i>The LAYER parameter of the binmode() function is described as "DISCIPLINE"
in "Programming Perl, 3rd Edition". However, since the publishing of this
book, by many known as "Camel III", the consensus of the naming of this
functionality has moved from "discipline" to "layer". All documentation
of this version of Perl therefore refers to "layers" rather than to
"disciplines". Now back to the regularly scheduled documentation...</i></p>
<p>To mark FILEHANDLE as UTF-8, use <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">utf8</span></code>
or <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="i">encoding</span><span class="s">(</span><span class="w">utf8</span><span class="s">)</span></code>
.
<code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">utf8</span></code>
just marks the data as UTF-8 without further checking,
while <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="i">encoding</span><span class="s">(</span><span class="w">utf8</span><span class="s">)</span></code>
checks the data for actually being valid
UTF-8. More details can be found in <a href="../PerlIO/encoding.html">PerlIO::encoding</a>.</p>
<p>In general, binmode() should be called after open() but before any I/O
is done on the filehandle. Calling binmode() will normally flush any
pending buffered output data (and perhaps pending input data) on the
handle. An exception to this is the <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">encoding</span></code>
layer that
changes the default character encoding of the handle, see <a href="../open.html">open</a>.
The <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">encoding</span></code>
layer sometimes needs to be called in
mid-stream, and it doesn't flush the stream. The <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">encoding</span></code>
also implicitly pushes on top of itself the <code class="inline"><span class="j">:</span><span class="w">utf8</span></code>
layer because
internally Perl will operate on UTF-8 encoded Unicode characters.</p>
<p>The operating system, device drivers, C libraries, and Perl run-time
system all work together to let the programmer treat a single
character (<code class="inline">\<span class="w">n</span></code>
) as the line terminator, irrespective of the external
representation. On many operating systems, the native text file
representation matches the internal representation, but on some
platforms the external representation of <code class="inline">\<span class="w">n</span></code>
is made up of more than
one character.</p>
<p>Mac OS, all variants of Unix, and Stream_LF files on VMS use a single
character to end each line in the external representation of text (even
though that single character is CARRIAGE RETURN on Mac OS and LINE FEED
on Unix and most VMS files). In other systems like OS/2, DOS and the
various flavors of MS-Windows your program sees a <code class="inline">\<span class="w">n</span></code>
as a simple <code class="inline">\<span class="w">cJ</span></code>
,
but what's stored in text files are the two characters <code class="inline">\<span class="w">cM</span>\<span class="w">cJ</span></code>
. That
means that, if you don't use binmode() on these systems, <code class="inline">\<span class="w">cM</span>\<span class="w">cJ</span></code>
sequences on disk will be converted to <code class="inline">\<span class="w">n</span></code>
on input, and any <code class="inline">\<span class="w">n</span></code>
in
your program will be converted back to <code class="inline">\<span class="w">cM</span>\<span class="w">cJ</span></code>
on output. This is what
you want for text files, but it can be disastrous for binary files.</p>
<p>Another consequence of using binmode() (on some systems) is that
special end-of-file markers will be seen as part of the data stream.
For systems from the Microsoft family this means that if your binary
data contains <code class="inline">\<span class="w">cZ</span></code>
, the I/O subsystem will regard it as the end of
the file, unless you use binmode().</p>
<p>binmode() is not only important for readline() and print() operations,
but also when using read(), seek(), sysread(), syswrite() and tell()
(see <a href="../perlport.html">perlport</a> for more details). See the <code class="inline"><span class="i">$/</span></code>
and <code class="inline"><span class="i">$\</span></code>
variables
in <a href="../perlvar.html">perlvar</a> for how to manually set your input and output
line-termination sequences.</p>
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