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<html>
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<title>pg_restore</title>
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<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="refentry" lang="en">
<a name="app-pgrestore"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
<div class="refnamediv">
<h2>Name</h2>
<p>pg_restore — restore a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database from an archive file created by pg_dump
</p>
</div>
<a name="id798810"></a><div class="refsynopsisdiv">
<h2>Synopsis</h2>
<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">pg_restore</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em>...] [<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>]</p></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="app-pgrestore-description"></a><h2>Description</h2>
<p> <span class="application">pg_restore</span> is a utility for restoring a
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database from an archive
created by <a href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle">pg_dump</span></a> in one of the non-plain-text
formats. It will issue the commands necessary to reconstruct the
database to the state it was in at the time it was saved. The
archive files also allow <span class="application">pg_restore</span> to
be selective about what is restored, or even to reorder the items
prior to being restored. The archive files are designed to be
portable across architectures.
</p>
<p> <span class="application">pg_restore</span> can operate in two modes.
If a database name is specified, the archive is restored directly into
the database. Otherwise, a script containing the SQL
commands necessary to rebuild the database is created and written
to a file or standard output. The script output is equivalent to
the plain text output format of <span class="application">pg_dump</span>.
Some of the options controlling the output are therefore analogous to
<span class="application">pg_dump</span> options.
</p>
<p> Obviously, <span class="application">pg_restore</span> cannot restore information
that is not present in the archive file. For instance, if the
archive was made using the “<span class="quote">dump data as
<code class="command">INSERT</code> commands</span>” option,
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> will not be able to load the data
using <code class="command">COPY</code> statements.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="app-pgrestore-options"></a><h2>Options</h2>
<p> <span class="application">pg_restore</span> accepts the following command
line arguments.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p> Specifies the location of the archive file to be restored.
If not specified, the standard input is used.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-a</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--data-only</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Restore only the data, not the schema (data definitions).
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-c</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--clean</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Clean (drop) database objects before recreating them.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-C</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--create</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Create the database before restoring into it. (When this
option is used, the database named with <code class="option">-d</code> is
used only to issue the initial <code class="command">CREATE DATABASE</code>
command. All data is restored into the database name that
appears in the archive.)
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--dbname=<em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Connect to database <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> and restore directly
into the database.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-e</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--exit-on-error</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Exit if an error is encountered while sending SQL commands to
the database. The default is to continue and to display a count of
errors at the end of the restoration.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--file=<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Specify output file for generated script, or for the listing
when used with <code class="option">-l</code>. Default is the standard
output.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-F <em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--format=<em class="replaceable"><code>format</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p> Specify format of the archive. It is not necessary to specify
the format, since <span class="application">pg_restore</span> will
determine the format automatically. If specified, it can be
one of the following:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">t</code></span></dt>
<dd><p> The archive is a <code class="command">tar</code> archive. Using this
archive format allows reordering and/or exclusion of schema
elements at the time the database is restored. It is also
possible to limit which data is reloaded at restore time.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">c</code></span></dt>
<dd><p> The archive is in the custom format of
<span class="application">pg_dump</span>. This is the most
flexible format in that it allows reordering of data load
as well as schema elements. This format is also compressed
by default.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
</p>
</dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-i</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--ignore-version</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Ignore database version checks.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>index</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--index=<em class="replaceable"><code>index</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Restore definition of named index only.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-l</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--list</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> List the contents of the archive. The output of this operation
can be used with the <code class="option">-L</code> option to restrict
and reorder the items that are restored.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>list-file</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--use-list=<em class="replaceable"><code>list-file</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Restore elements in <em class="replaceable"><code> list-file</code></em> only, and in the
order they appear in the file. Lines can be moved and may also
be commented out by placing a <code class="literal">;</code> at the
start of the line. (See below for examples.)
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>namespace</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--schema=<em class="replaceable"><code>schema</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Restore only objects that are in the named schema. This can be
combined with the <code class="option">-t</code> option to restore just a
specific table.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-O</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-owner</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Do not output commands to set
ownership of objects to match the original database.
By default, <span class="application">pg_restore</span> issues
<code class="command">ALTER OWNER</code> or
<code class="command">SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</code>
statements to set ownership of created schema elements.
These statements will fail unless the initial connection to the
database is made by a superuser
(or the same user that owns all of the objects in the script).
With <code class="option">-O</code>, any user name can be used for the
initial connection, and this user will own all the created objects.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>function-name(argtype [, ...])</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--function=<em class="replaceable"><code>function-name(argtype [, ...])</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Restore the named function only. Be careful to spell the function
name and arguments exactly as they appear in the dump file's table
of contents.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-R</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-reconnect</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> This option is obsolete but still accepted for backwards
compatibility.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-s</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--schema-only</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Restore only the schema (data definitions), not the data (table
contents). Sequence current values will not be restored, either.
(Do not confuse this with the <code class="option">--schema</code> option, which
uses the word “<span class="quote">schema</span>” in a different meaning.)
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--superuser=<em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Specify the superuser user name to use when disabling triggers.
This is only relevant if <code class="option">--disable-triggers</code> is used.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--table=<em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Restore definition and/or data of named table only.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>trigger</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--trigger=<em class="replaceable"><code>trigger</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Restore named trigger only.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-v</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--verbose</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Specifies verbose mode.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-x</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">--no-privileges</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-acl</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Prevent restoration of access privileges (grant/revoke commands).
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-X use-set-session-authorization</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--use-set-session-authorization</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Output SQL-standard <code class="command">SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION</code> commands
instead of <code class="command">ALTER OWNER</code> commands to determine object
ownership. This makes the dump more standards compatible, but
depending on the history of the objects in the dump, may not restore
properly.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-X disable-triggers</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--disable-triggers</code></span>
</dt>
<dd>
<p> This option is only relevant when performing a data-only restore.
It instructs <span class="application">pg_restore</span> to execute commands
to temporarily disable triggers on the target tables while
the data is reloaded. Use this if you have referential
integrity checks or other triggers on the tables that you
do not want to invoke during data reload.
</p>
<p> Presently, the commands emitted for
<code class="option">--disable-triggers</code> must be done as superuser. So, you
should also specify a superuser name with <code class="option">-S</code>, or
preferably run <span class="application">pg_restore</span> as a
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> superuser.
</p>
</dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
</p>
<p> <span class="application">pg_restore</span> also accepts
the following command line arguments for connection parameters:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-h <em class="replaceable"><code>host</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--host=<em class="replaceable"><code>host</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is
running. If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the
directory for the Unix domain socket. The default is taken
from the <code class="envar">PGHOST</code> environment variable, if set,
else a Unix domain socket connection is attempted.
</p></dd>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="option">--port=<em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Specifies the TCP port or local Unix domain socket file
extension on which the server is listening for connections.
Defaults to the <code class="envar">PGPORT</code> environment variable, if
set, or a compiled-in default.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code></span></dt>
<dd><p> Connect as the given user
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-W</code></span></dt>
<dd><p> Force a password prompt. This should happen automatically if
the server requires password authentication.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id799727"></a><h2>Environment</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt>
<span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="envar">PGHOST</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="term"><code xmlns="" class="envar">PGPORT</code></span><br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional"></br><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGUSER</code></span>
</dt>
<dd><p> Default connection parameters
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="app-pgrestore-diagnostics"></a><h2>Diagnostics</h2>
<p> When a direct database connection is specified using the
<code class="option">-d</code> option, <span class="application">pg_restore</span>
internally executes <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> statements. If you have
problems running <span class="application">pg_restore</span>, make sure
you are able to select information from the database using, for
example, <a href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="refentrytitle"><a name="app-psql-title"></a><span class="application">psql</span></span></a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="app-pgrestore-notes"></a><h2>Notes</h2>
<p> If your installation has any local additions to the
<code class="literal">template1</code> database, be careful to load the output of
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> into a truly empty database;
otherwise you are likely to get errors due to duplicate definitions
of the added objects. To make an empty database without any local
additions, copy from <code class="literal">template0</code> not <code class="literal">template1</code>, for example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">CREATE DATABASE foo WITH TEMPLATE template0;</pre>
<p>
</p>
<p> The limitations of <span class="application">pg_restore</span> are detailed below.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li><p> When restoring data to a pre-existing table and the option
<code class="option">--disable-triggers</code> is used,
<span class="application">pg_restore</span> emits commands
to disable triggers on user tables before inserting the data then emits commands to
re-enable them after the data has been inserted. If the restore is stopped in the
middle, the system catalogs may be left in the wrong state.
</p></li>
<li><p> <span class="application">pg_restore</span> will not restore large objects for a single table. If
an archive contains large objects, then all large objects will be restored.
</p></li>
</ul></div>
<p>
</p>
<p> See also the <a href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle">pg_dump</span></a> documentation for details on
limitations of <span class="application">pg_dump</span>.
</p>
<p> Once restored, it is wise to run <code class="command">ANALYZE</code> on each
restored table so the optimizer has useful statistics.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="app-pgrestore-examples"></a><h2>Examples</h2>
<p> To dump a database called <code class="literal">mydb</code> to a <code class="filename">tar</code>
file:
</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_dump -Ft mydb > db.tar</code></strong></pre>
<p>
</p>
<p> To reload this dump into an
existing database called <code class="literal">newdb</code>:
</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_restore -d newdb db.tar</code></strong></pre>
<p>
</p>
<p> To reorder database items, it is first necessary to dump the table of
contents of the archive:
</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_restore -l archive.file > archive.list</code></strong></pre>
<p>
The listing file consists of a header and one line for each item, e.g.,
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">;
; Archive created at Fri Jul 28 22:28:36 2000
; dbname: birds
; TOC Entries: 74
; Compression: 0
; Dump Version: 1.4-0
; Format: CUSTOM
;
;
; Selected TOC Entries:
;
2; 145344 TABLE species postgres
3; 145344 ACL species
4; 145359 TABLE nt_header postgres
5; 145359 ACL nt_header
6; 145402 TABLE species_records postgres
7; 145402 ACL species_records
8; 145416 TABLE ss_old postgres
9; 145416 ACL ss_old
10; 145433 TABLE map_resolutions postgres
11; 145433 ACL map_resolutions
12; 145443 TABLE hs_old postgres
13; 145443 ACL hs_old</pre>
<p>
Semicolons start a comment, and the numbers at the start of lines refer to the
internal archive ID assigned to each item.
</p>
<p> Lines in the file can be commented out, deleted, and reordered. For example,
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">10; 145433 TABLE map_resolutions postgres
;2; 145344 TABLE species postgres
;4; 145359 TABLE nt_header postgres
6; 145402 TABLE species_records postgres
;8; 145416 TABLE ss_old postgres</pre>
<p>
could be used as input to <span class="application">pg_restore</span> and would only restore
items 10 and 6, in that order:
</p>
<pre class="screen"><code class="prompt">$</code> <strong class="userinput"><code>pg_restore -L archive.list archive.file</code></strong></pre>
<p>
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id800062"></a><h2>History</h2>
<p> The <span class="application">pg_restore</span> utility first appeared in
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 7.1.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id800083"></a><h2>See Also</h2>
<span class="simplelist"><a href="app-pgdump.html" title="pg_dump"><span class="refentrytitle">pg_dump</span></a>, <a href="app-pg-dumpall.html" title="pg_dumpall"><span class="refentrytitle"><a name="app-pg-dumpall-title"></a><span class="application">pg_dumpall</span></span></a>, <a href="app-psql.html" title="psql"><span class="refentrytitle"><a name="app-psql-title"></a><span class="application">psql</span></span></a>, Environment Variables (<a href="libpq-envars.html" title="28.11.Environment Variables">Section28.11, “Environment Variables”</a>)</span>
</div>
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