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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>9.4.String Functions and Operators</title>
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<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="sect1" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="functions-string"></a>9.4.String Functions and Operators</h2></div></div></div>
<p> This section describes functions and operators for examining and
manipulating string values. Strings in this context include values
of all the types <code class="type">character</code>, <code class="type">character
varying</code>, and <code class="type">text</code>. Unless otherwise noted, all
of the functions listed below work on all of these types, but be
wary of potential effects of the automatic padding when using the
<code class="type">character</code> type. Generally, the functions described
here also work on data of non-string types by converting that data
to a string representation first. Some functions also exist
natively for the bit-string types.
</p>
<p> <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> defines some string functions with a special syntax where
certain key words rather than commas are used to separate the
arguments. Details are in <a href="functions-string.html#functions-string-sql" title="Table9.5.SQL String Functions and Operators">Table9.5, “<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> String Functions and Operators”</a>.
These functions are also implemented using the regular syntax for
function invocation. (See <a href="functions-string.html#functions-string-other" title="Table9.6.Other String Functions">Table9.6, “Other String Functions”</a>.)
</p>
<a name="id596990"></a><a name="id596996"></a><a name="id597002"></a><a name="id597009"></a><a name="id597015"></a><a name="id597021"></a><a name="id597028"></a><a name="id597034"></a><a name="id597040"></a><a name="id597047"></a><div class="table">
<a name="functions-string-sql"></a><p class="title"><b>Table9.5.<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> String Functions and Operators</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table summary="SQL String Functions and Operators" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>Function</th>
<th>Return Type</th>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Example</th>
<th>Result</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="literal">||</code>
<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em></code></td>
<td> <code class="type">text</code> </td>
<td> String concatenation
<a name="id597117"></a>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">'Post' || 'greSQL'</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">PostgreSQL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">bit_length</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">int</code></td>
<td>Number of bits in string</td>
<td><code class="literal">bit_length('jose')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">32</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code class="literal"><code class="function">char_length</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code> or <code class="literal"><code class="function">character_length</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">int</code></td>
<td> Number of characters in string
<a name="id597222"></a>
<a name="id597232"></a>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">char_length('jose')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">4</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">convert</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>
using <em class="parameter"><code>conversion_name</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Change encoding using specified conversion name. Conversions
can be defined by <code class="command">CREATE CONVERSION</code>. Also
there are some pre-defined conversion names. See <a href="functions-string.html#conversion-names" title="Table9.7.Built-in Conversions">Table9.7, “Built-in Conversions”</a> for available conversion
names.
</td>
<td><code class="literal">convert('PostgreSQL' using iso_8859_1_to_utf8)</code></td>
<td>
<code class="literal">'PostgreSQL'</code> in UTF8 (Unicode, 8-bit) encoding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">lower</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td>Convert string to lower case</td>
<td><code class="literal">lower('TOM')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">tom</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">octet_length</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">int</code></td>
<td>Number of bytes in string</td>
<td><code class="literal">octet_length('jose')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">4</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">overlay</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> placing <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> from <code class="type">int</code> [<span class="optional">for <code class="type">int</code></span>])</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Replace substring
</td>
<td><code class="literal">overlay('Txxxxas' placing 'hom' from 2 for 4)</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">Thomas</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">position</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>substring</code></em> in <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">int</code></td>
<td>Location of specified substring</td>
<td><code class="literal">position('om' in 'Thomas')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">3</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">substring</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> [<span class="optional">from <code class="type">int</code></span>] [<span class="optional">for <code class="type">int</code></span>])</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Extract substring
</td>
<td><code class="literal">substring('Thomas' from 2 for 3)</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">hom</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">substring</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> from <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Extract substring matching POSIX regular expression
</td>
<td><code class="literal">substring('Thomas' from '...$')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">mas</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">substring</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> from <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> for <em class="replaceable"><code>escape</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Extract substring matching <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> regular
expression
</td>
<td><code class="literal">substring('Thomas' from '%#"o_a#"_' for '#')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">oma</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <code class="literal"><code class="function">trim</code>([<span class="optional">leading | trailing | both</span>]
[<span class="optional"><em class="parameter"><code>characters</code></em></span>] from
<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Remove the longest string containing only the
<em class="parameter"><code>characters</code></em> (a space by default) from the
start/end/both ends of the <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">trim(both 'x' from 'xTomxx')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">Tom</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">upper</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td>Convert string to uppercase</td>
<td><code class="literal">upper('tom')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">TOM</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><p> Additional string manipulation functions are available and are
listed in <a href="functions-string.html#functions-string-other" title="Table9.6.Other String Functions">Table9.6, “Other String Functions”</a>. Some of them are used internally to implement the
<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>-standard string functions listed in <a href="functions-string.html#functions-string-sql" title="Table9.5.SQL String Functions and Operators">Table9.5, “<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> String Functions and Operators”</a>.
</p>
<a name="id597778"></a><a name="id597785"></a><a name="id597791"></a><a name="id597797"></a><a name="id597803"></a><a name="id597810"></a><a name="id597816"></a><a name="id597822"></a><a name="id597828"></a><a name="id597835"></a><a name="id597841"></a><a name="id597847"></a><a name="id597854"></a><a name="id597860"></a><a name="id597866"></a><a name="id597872"></a><a name="id597879"></a><a name="id597885"></a><a name="id597891"></a><a name="id597898"></a><a name="id597904"></a><a name="id597910"></a><div class="table">
<a name="functions-string-other"></a><p class="title"><b>Table9.6.Other String Functions</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table summary="Other String Functions" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>Function</th>
<th>Return Type</th>
<th>Description</th>
<th>Example</th>
<th>Result</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">ascii</code>(<code class="type">text</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">int</code></td>
<td>
<acronym class="acronym">ASCII</acronym> code of the first character of the argument</td>
<td><code class="literal">ascii('x')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">120</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">btrim</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>
[<span class="optional">, <em class="parameter"><code>characters</code></em> <code class="type">text</code></span>])</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Remove the longest string consisting only of characters
in <em class="parameter"><code>characters</code></em> (a space by default)
from the start and end of <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">btrim('xyxtrimyyx', 'xy')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">trim</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">chr</code>(<code class="type">int</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td>Character with the given <acronym class="acronym">ASCII</acronym> code</td>
<td><code class="literal">chr(65)</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">A</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <code class="literal"><code class="function">convert</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>
<code class="type">text</code>,
[<span class="optional"><em class="parameter"><code>src_encoding</code></em> <code class="type">name</code>,</span>]
<em class="parameter"><code>dest_encoding</code></em> <code class="type">name</code>)</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Convert string to <em class="parameter"><code>dest_encoding</code></em>.
The original encoding is specified by
<em class="parameter"><code>src_encoding</code></em>. If
<em class="parameter"><code>src_encoding</code></em> is omitted, database
encoding is assumed.
</td>
<td><code class="literal">convert( 'text_in_utf8', 'UTF8', 'LATIN1')</code></td>
<td>
<code class="literal">text_in_utf8</code> represented in ISO 8859-1 encoding</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <code class="literal"><code class="function">decode</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>)</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">bytea</code></td>
<td> Decode binary data from <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> previously
encoded with <code class="function">encode</code>. Parameter type is same as in <code class="function">encode</code>.
</td>
<td><code class="literal">decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">123\000\001</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <code class="literal"><code class="function">encode</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>data</code></em> <code class="type">bytea</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>type</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>)</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Encode binary data to <acronym class="acronym">ASCII</acronym>-only representation. Supported
types are: <code class="literal">base64</code>, <code class="literal">hex</code>, <code class="literal">escape</code>.
</td>
<td><code class="literal">encode( '123\\000\\001', 'base64')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MTIzAAE=</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">initcap</code>(<code class="type">text</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Convert the first letter of each word to uppercase and the
rest to lowercase. Words are sequences of alphanumeric
characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.
</td>
<td><code class="literal">initcap('hi THOMAS')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">Hi Thomas</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">length</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">int</code></td>
<td> Number of characters in <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">length('jose')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">4</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <code class="literal"><code class="function">lpad</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>length</code></em> <code class="type">int</code>
[<span class="optional">, <em class="parameter"><code>fill</code></em> <code class="type">text</code></span>])</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Fill up the <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> to length
<em class="parameter"><code>length</code></em> by prepending the characters
<em class="parameter"><code>fill</code></em> (a space by default). If the
<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> is already longer than
<em class="parameter"><code>length</code></em> then it is truncated (on the
right).
</td>
<td><code class="literal">lpad('hi', 5, 'xy')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">xyxhi</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code class="literal"><code class="function">ltrim</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>
[<span class="optional">, <em class="parameter"><code>characters</code></em> <code class="type">text</code></span>])</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Remove the longest string containing only characters from
<em class="parameter"><code>characters</code></em> (a space by default) from the start of
<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">trim</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">md5</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Calculates the MD5 hash of <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>,
returning the result in hexadecimal
</td>
<td><code class="literal">md5('abc')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">900150983cd24fb0 d6963f7d28e17f72</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">pg_client_encoding</code>()</code></td>
<td><code class="type">name</code></td>
<td> Current client encoding name
</td>
<td><code class="literal">pg_client_encoding()</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SQL_ASCII</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">quote_ident</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> text)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier
in an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> statement string.
Quotes are added only if necessary (i.e., if the string contains
non-identifier characters or would be case-folded).
Embedded quotes are properly doubled.
</td>
<td><code class="literal">quote_ident('Foo bar')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">"Foo bar"</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">quote_literal</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> text)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal
in an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> statement string.
Embedded quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
</td>
<td><code class="literal">quote_literal( 'O\'Reilly')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">'O''Reilly'</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">repeat</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>, <em class="parameter"><code>number</code></em> <code class="type">int</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td>Repeat <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> the specified
<em class="parameter"><code>number</code></em> of times</td>
<td><code class="literal">repeat('Pg', 4)</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">PgPgPgPg</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">replace</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>from</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>to</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td>Replace all occurrences in <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> of substring
<em class="parameter"><code>from</code></em> with substring <em class="parameter"><code>to</code></em>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">replace( 'abcdefabcdef', 'cd', 'XX')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">abXXefabXXef</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <code class="literal"><code class="function">rpad</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>length</code></em> <code class="type">int</code>
[<span class="optional">, <em class="parameter"><code>fill</code></em> <code class="type">text</code></span>])</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Fill up the <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> to length
<em class="parameter"><code>length</code></em> by appending the characters
<em class="parameter"><code>fill</code></em> (a space by default). If the
<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> is already longer than
<em class="parameter"><code>length</code></em> then it is truncated.
</td>
<td><code class="literal">rpad('hi', 5, 'xy')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">hixyx</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<code class="literal"><code class="function">rtrim</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>
[<span class="optional">, <em class="parameter"><code>characters</code></em> <code class="type">text</code></span>])</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Remove the longest string containing only characters from
<em class="parameter"><code>characters</code></em> (a space by default) from the end of
<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">rtrim('trimxxxx', 'x')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">trim</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">split_part</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>delimiter</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>field</code></em> <code class="type">int</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td>Split <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> on <em class="parameter"><code>delimiter</code></em>
and return the given field (counting from one)
</td>
<td><code class="literal">split_part('abc~@~def~@~ghi', '~@~', 2)</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">def</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">strpos</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>substring</code></em>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">int</code></td>
<td> Location of specified substring (same as
<code class="literal">position(<em class="parameter"><code>substring</code></em> in
<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>)</code>, but note the reversed
argument order)
</td>
<td><code class="literal">strpos('high', 'ig')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">2</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">substr</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>, <em class="parameter"><code>from</code></em> [<span class="optional">, <em class="parameter"><code>count</code></em></span>])</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Extract substring (same as
<code class="literal">substring(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> from <em class="parameter"><code>from</code></em> for <em class="parameter"><code>count</code></em>)</code>)
</td>
<td><code class="literal">substr('alphabet', 3, 2)</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ph</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">to_ascii</code>(<code class="type">text</code>
[<span class="optional">, <em class="parameter"><code>encoding</code></em></span>])</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Convert <em class="parameter"><code>text</code></em> to <acronym class="acronym">ASCII</acronym> from another encoding
<sup>[<a name="id599360" href="#ftn.id599360">a</a>]</sup>
</td>
<td><code class="literal">to_ascii('Karel')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">Karel</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal"><code class="function">to_hex</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>number</code></em> <code class="type">int</code>
or <code class="type">bigint</code>)</code></td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td>Convert <em class="parameter"><code>number</code></em> to its equivalent hexadecimal
representation
</td>
<td><code class="literal">to_hex(2147483647)</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">7fffffff</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> <code class="literal"><code class="function">translate</code>(<em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em>
<code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>from</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>,
<em class="parameter"><code>to</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>)</code>
</td>
<td><code class="type">text</code></td>
<td> Any character in <em class="parameter"><code>string</code></em> that matches a
character in the <em class="parameter"><code>from</code></em> set is replaced by
the corresponding character in the <em class="parameter"><code>to</code></em>
set
</td>
<td><code class="literal">translate('12345', '14', 'ax')</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">a23x5</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="5"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id599360" href="#id599360">a</a>] </sup> The <code class="function">to_ascii</code> function supports conversion from
<code class="literal">LATIN1</code>, <code class="literal">LATIN2</code>, <code class="literal">LATIN9</code>,
and <code class="literal">WIN1250</code> encodings only.
</p></div></td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break"><div class="table">
<a name="conversion-names"></a><p class="title"><b>Table9.7.Built-in Conversions</b></p>
<div class="table-contents"><table summary="Built-in Conversions" border="1">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>Conversion Name
<sup>[<a name="id599569" href="#ftn.id599569">a</a>]</sup>
</th>
<th>Source Encoding</th>
<th>Destination Encoding</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">ascii_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SQL_ASCII</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">ascii_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SQL_ASCII</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">big5_to_euc_tw</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">BIG5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_TW</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">big5_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">BIG5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">big5_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">BIG5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_cn_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_CN</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_cn_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_CN</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_jp_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_JP</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_jp_to_sjis</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_JP</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SJIS</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_jp_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_JP</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_kr_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_KR</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_kr_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_KR</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_tw_to_big5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_TW</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">BIG5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_tw_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_TW</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">euc_tw_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_TW</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">gb18030_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">GB18030</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">gbk_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">GBK</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_10_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN6</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_13_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN7</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_14_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_15_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN9</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_16_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN10</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_1_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN1</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_1_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN1</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_2_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN2</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_2_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN2</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_2_to_windows_1250</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN2</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1250</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_3_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN3</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_3_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN3</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_4_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN4</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_4_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN4</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_5_to_koi8_r</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_5_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_5_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_5_to_windows_1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_5_to_windows_866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_6_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_6</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_7_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_7</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_8_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">iso_8859_9_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">johab_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">JOHAB</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">koi8_r_to_iso_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">koi8_r_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">koi8_r_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">koi8_r_to_windows_1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">koi8_r_to_windows_866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_ascii</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SQL_ASCII</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_big5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">BIG5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_euc_cn</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_CN</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_euc_jp</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_JP</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_euc_kr</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_KR</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_euc_tw</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_TW</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_iso_8859_1</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN1</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_iso_8859_2</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN2</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_iso_8859_3</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN3</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_iso_8859_4</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN4</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_iso_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_koi8_r</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_sjis</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SJIS</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_windows_1250</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1250</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_windows_1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">mic_to_windows_866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">sjis_to_euc_jp</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SJIS</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_JP</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">sjis_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SJIS</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">sjis_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SJIS</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">tcvn_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1258</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">uhc_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UHC</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_ascii</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SQL_ASCII</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_big5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">BIG5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_euc_cn</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_CN</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_euc_jp</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_JP</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_euc_kr</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_KR</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_euc_tw</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">EUC_TW</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_gb18030</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">GB18030</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_gbk</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">GBK</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_1</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN1</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_10</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN6</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_13</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN7</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_14</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_15</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN9</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_16</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN10</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_2</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN2</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_3</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN3</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_4</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN4</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_6</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_6</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_7</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_7</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_iso_8859_9</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_johab</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">JOHAB</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_koi8_r</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_sjis</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">SJIS</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_tcvn</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1258</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_uhc</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UHC</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_windows_1250</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1250</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_windows_1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_windows_1252</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1252</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_windows_1256</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1256</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_windows_866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">utf8_to_windows_874</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN874</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1250_to_iso_8859_2</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1250</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">LATIN2</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1250_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1250</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1250_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1250</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1251_to_iso_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1251_to_koi8_r</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1251_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1251_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1251_to_windows_866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1252_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1252</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_1256_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN1256</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_866_to_iso_8859_5</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">ISO_8859_5</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_866_to_koi8_r</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">KOI8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_866_to_mic</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">MULE_INTERNAL</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_866_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_866_to_windows_1251</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN866</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code class="literal">windows_874_to_utf8</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">WIN874</code></td>
<td><code class="literal">UTF8</code></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody class="footnotes"><tr><td colspan="3"><div class="footnote"><p><sup>[<a name="ftn.id599569" href="#id599569">a</a>] </sup> The conversion names follow a standard naming scheme: The
official name of the source encoding with all
non-alphanumeric characters replaced by underscores followed
by <code class="literal">_to_</code> followed by the equally processed
destination encoding name. Therefore the names might deviate
from the customary encoding names.
</p></div></td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<br class="table-break">
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