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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>PartVII.Internals</title>
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<link rel="next" href="overview.html" title="Chapter41.Overview of PostgreSQL Internals">
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<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="part" lang="en" id="internals">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="internals"></a>PartVII.Internals</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="partintro" lang="en" id="id814740">
<div></div>
<p>    This part contains assorted information that can be of use to
    <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> developers.
   </p>
<div class="toc">
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="overview.html">41. Overview of PostgreSQL Internals</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="overview.html#query-path">41.1. The Path of a Query</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="connect-estab.html">41.2. How Connections are Established</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parser-stage.html">41.3. The Parser Stage</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="parser-stage.html#id815181">41.3.1. Parser</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="parser-stage.html#id815385">41.3.2. Transformation Process</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="rule-system.html">41.4. The <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> Rule System</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="planner-optimizer.html">41.5. Planner/Optimizer</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="planner-optimizer.html#id815662">41.5.1. Generating Possible Plans</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="executor.html">41.6. Executor</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="catalogs.html">42. System Catalogs</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalogs.html#catalogs-overview">42.1. Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-aggregate.html">42.2. <code class="structname">pg_aggregate</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-am.html">42.3. <code class="structname">pg_am</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-amop.html">42.4. <code class="structname">pg_amop</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-amproc.html">42.5. <code class="structname">pg_amproc</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-attrdef.html">42.6. <code class="structname">pg_attrdef</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-attribute.html">42.7. <code class="structname">pg_attribute</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-authid.html">42.8. <code class="structname">pg_authid</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-auth-members.html">42.9. <code class="structname">pg_auth_members</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-autovacuum.html">42.10. <code class="structname">pg_autovacuum</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-cast.html">42.11. <code class="structname">pg_cast</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-class.html">42.12. <code class="structname">pg_class</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-constraint.html">42.13. <code class="structname">pg_constraint</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-conversion.html">42.14. <code class="structname">pg_conversion</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-database.html">42.15. <code class="structname">pg_database</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-depend.html">42.16. <code class="structname">pg_depend</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-description.html">42.17. <code class="structname">pg_description</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-index.html">42.18. <code class="structname">pg_index</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-inherits.html">42.19. <code class="structname">pg_inherits</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-language.html">42.20. <code class="structname">pg_language</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-largeobject.html">42.21. <code class="structname">pg_largeobject</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-listener.html">42.22. <code class="structname">pg_listener</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-namespace.html">42.23. <code class="structname">pg_namespace</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-opclass.html">42.24. <code class="structname">pg_opclass</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-operator.html">42.25. <code class="structname">pg_operator</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-pltemplate.html">42.26. <code class="structname">pg_pltemplate</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-proc.html">42.27. <code class="structname">pg_proc</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-rewrite.html">42.28. <code class="structname">pg_rewrite</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-shdepend.html">42.29. <code class="structname">pg_shdepend</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-statistic.html">42.30. <code class="structname">pg_statistic</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-tablespace.html">42.31. <code class="structname">pg_tablespace</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-trigger.html">42.32. <code class="structname">pg_trigger</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="catalog-pg-type.html">42.33. <code class="structname">pg_type</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="views-overview.html">42.34. System Views</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-group.html">42.35. <code class="structname">pg_group</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-indexes.html">42.36. <code class="structname">pg_indexes</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-locks.html">42.37. <code class="structname">pg_locks</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-prepared-xacts.html">42.38. <code class="structname">pg_prepared_xacts</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-roles.html">42.39. <code class="structname">pg_roles</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-rules.html">42.40. <code class="structname">pg_rules</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-settings.html">42.41. <code class="structname">pg_settings</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-shadow.html">42.42. <code class="structname">pg_shadow</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-stats.html">42.43. <code class="structname">pg_stats</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-tables.html">42.44. <code class="structname">pg_tables</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-user.html">42.45. <code class="structname">pg_user</code></a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="view-pg-views.html">42.46. <code class="structname">pg_views</code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="protocol.html">43. Frontend/Backend Protocol</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol.html#protocol-overview">43.1. Overview</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol.html#protocol-message-concepts">43.1.1. Messaging Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol.html#protocol-query-concepts">43.1.2. Extended Query Overview</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol.html#protocol-format-codes">43.1.3. Formats and Format Codes</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-flow.html">43.2. Message Flow</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#id834234">43.2.1. Start-Up</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#id834480">43.2.2. Simple Query</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#id834738">43.2.3. Extended Query</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#id835121">43.2.4. Function Call</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#protocol-copy">43.2.5. COPY Operations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#protocol-async">43.2.6. Asynchronous Operations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#id835564">43.2.7. Cancelling Requests in Progress</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#id835628">43.2.8. Termination</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="protocol-flow.html#id835688">43.2.9. <acronym class="acronym">SSL</acronym> Session Encryption</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-message-types.html">43.3. Message Data Types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-message-formats.html">43.4. Message Formats</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-error-fields.html">43.5. Error and Notice Message Fields</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="protocol-changes.html">43.6. Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="source.html">44. PostgreSQL Coding Conventions</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source.html#source-format">44.1. Formatting</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="error-message-reporting.html">44.2. Reporting Errors Within the Server</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="error-style-guide.html">44.3. Error Message Style Guide</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="nls.html">45. Native Language Support</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="nls.html#nls-translator">45.1. For the Translator</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="nls.html#id840226">45.1.1. Requirements</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="nls.html#id840300">45.1.2. Concepts</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="nls.html#id840436">45.1.3. Creating and maintaining message catalogs</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="nls.html#id840632">45.1.4. Editing the PO files</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="nls-programmer.html">45.2. For the Programmer</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="nls-programmer.html#nls-mechanics">45.2.1. Mechanics</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect2"><a href="nls-programmer.html#nls-guidelines">45.2.2. Message-writing guidelines</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="plhandler.html">46. Writing A Procedural Language Handler</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="geqo.html">47. Genetic Query Optimizer</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="geqo.html#geqo-intro">47.1. Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="geqo-intro2.html">47.2. Genetic Algorithms</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="geqo-pg-intro.html">47.3. Genetic Query Optimization (<acronym class="acronym">GEQO</acronym>) in PostgreSQL</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="geqo-pg-intro.html#geqo-future">47.3.1. Future Implementation Tasks for
    <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> <acronym class="acronym">GEQO</acronym></a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="geqo-biblio.html">47.4. Further Reading</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="indexam.html">48. Index Access Method Interface Definition</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexam.html#index-catalog">48.1. Catalog Entries for Indexes</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-functions.html">48.2. Index Access Method Functions</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-scanning.html">48.3. Index Scanning</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-locking.html">48.4. Index Locking Considerations</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-unique-checks.html">48.5. Index Uniqueness Checks</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="index-cost-estimation.html">48.6. Index Cost Estimation Functions</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="gist.html">49. GiST Indexes</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist.html#gist-intro">49.1. Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-extensibility.html">49.2. Extensibility</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-implementation.html">49.3. Implementation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-examples.html">49.4. Examples</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="gist-recovery.html">49.5. Crash Recovery</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="storage.html">50. Database Physical Storage</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage.html#storage-file-layout">50.1. Database File Layout</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-toast.html">50.2. TOAST</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="storage-page-layout.html">50.3. Database Page Layout</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bki.html">51. <acronym class="acronym">BKI</acronym> Backend Interface</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bki.html#bki-format">51.1. <acronym class="acronym">BKI</acronym> File Format</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bki-commands.html">51.2. <acronym class="acronym">BKI</acronym> Commands</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bki-structure.html">51.3. Structure of the Bootstrap <acronym class="acronym">BKI</acronym> File</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bki-example.html">51.4. Example</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="chapter"><a href="planner-stats-details.html">52. How the Planner Uses Statistics</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="planner-stats-details.html#row-estimation-examples">52.1. Row Estimation Examples</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div></body>
</html>