<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- $Revision: 297028 $ -->
<appendix xml:id="filters" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
 <title>List of Available Filters</title>
 <para>
  The following is a list of a few built-in stream filters for
  use with <function>stream_filter_append</function>.
  Your version of PHP may have more filters (or fewer) than those
  listed here.
 </para>

 <para>
  It is worth noting a slight asymmetry between 
  <function>stream_filter_append</function>
  and <function>stream_filter_prepend</function>.  
  Every PHP stream contains a small <emphasis>read buffer</emphasis>
  where it stores blocks of data retrieved from the
  filesystem or other resource in order to process data
  in the most efficient manner.  As soon as data is pulled
  from the resource into the stream's internal buffer, it
  is immediately processed through any attached filters whether
  the PHP application is actually ready for the data or not.
  If data is sitting in the read buffer when a filter is 
  <emphasis>appended</emphasis>, this data will be immediately
  processed through that filter making the fact that it was
  sitting in the buffer seem transparent.  However, if data is
  sitting in the read buffer when a filter is 
  <emphasis>prepended</emphasis>, this data will <emphasis>NOT</emphasis>
  be processed through that filter.  It will instead wait until
  the next block of data is retrieved from the resource.
 </para>

 <para>
  For a list of filters installed in your version of
  PHP use <function>stream_get_filters</function>.
 </para>

 <section xml:id="filters.string">
  <title>String Filters</title>

  <simpara>
   Each of these filters does precisely what their name implies and
   correspond to the behavior of a built-in php string handling function.
   For more information on a given filter, refer to the manual page for
   the corresponding function.
  </simpara>

  <simpara>
   <literal>string.rot13</literal>
   (since PHP 4.3.0)
   Use of this filter is equivalent to processing all stream data through
   the <function>str_rot13</function> function.
  </simpara>
  <example>
   <title>string.rot13</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'string.rot13');
fwrite($fp, "This is a test.\n");
/* Outputs:  Guvf vf n grfg.   */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <simpara>
   <literal>string.toupper</literal>
   (since PHP 5.0.0)
   Use of this filter is equivalent to processing all stream data through
   the <function>strtoupper</function> function.
  </simpara>
  <example>
   <title>string.toupper</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'string.toupper');
fwrite($fp, "This is a test.\n");
/* Outputs:  THIS IS A TEST.   */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <simpara>
   <literal>string.tolower</literal>
   (since PHP 5.0.0)
   Use of this filter is equivalent to processing all stream data through
   the <function>strtolower</function> function.
  </simpara>
  <example>
   <title>string.tolower</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'string.tolower');
fwrite($fp, "This is a test.\n");
/* Outputs:  this is a test.   */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <simpara>
   <literal>string.strip_tags</literal>
   (since PHP 5.0.0)
   Use of this filter is equivalent to processing all stream data through
   the <function>strip_tags</function> function.
   It accepts parameters in one of two forms:
   Either as a string containing a list of tags similar to the
   second parameter of the <function>strip_tags</function> function,
   or as an array of tag names.
  </simpara>
  <example>
   <title>string.strip_tags</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'string.strip_tags', STREAM_FILTER_WRITE, "<b><i><u>");
fwrite($fp, "<b>bolded text</b> enlarged to a <h1>level 1 heading</h1>\n");
fclose($fp);
/* Outputs:  <b>bolded text</b> enlarged to a level 1 heading   */

$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'string.strip_tags', STREAM_FILTER_WRITE, array('b','i','u'));
fwrite($fp, "<b>bolded text</b> enlarged to a <h1>level 1 heading</h1>\n");
fclose($fp);
/* Outputs:  <b>bolded text</b> enlarged to a level 1 heading   */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>
   
 </section>

 <section xml:id="filters.convert">
  <title>Conversion Filters</title>

  <simpara>
   Like the string.* filters, the convert.* filters perform actions
   similar to their names.  The convert filters were added with
   PHP 5.0.0.
   For more information on a given filter, refer to the manual page for
   the corresponding function.
  </simpara>

  <simpara>
   <literal>convert.base64-encode</literal> and
   <literal>convert.base64-decode</literal>
   Use of these filters are equivalent to processing all stream data through
   the <function>base64_encode</function> and <function>base64_decode</function>
   functions respectively.
   <literal>convert.base64-encode</literal> supports parameters given as
   an associative array.  If <parameter>line-length</parameter> is given, the
   base64 output will be split into chunks of <parameter>line-length</parameter>
   characters each.  If <parameter>line-break-chars</parameter> is given, each
   chunk will be delimited by the characters given.  These parameters give the
   same effect as using <function>base64_encode</function> with
   <function>chunk_split</function>.
  </simpara>
  <example>
   <title>
    convert.base64-encode &amp;
    convert.base64-decode
   </title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'convert.base64-encode');
fwrite($fp, "This is a test.\n");
fclose($fp);
/* Outputs:  VGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3QuCg==  */

$param = array('line-length' => 8, 'line-break-chars' => "\r\n");
$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'convert.base64-encode', STREAM_FILTER_WRITE, $param);
fwrite($fp, "This is a test.\n");
fclose($fp);
/* Outputs:  VGhpcyBp
          :  cyBhIHRl
          :  c3QuCg==  */

$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'convert.base64-decode');
fwrite($fp, "VGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3QuCg==");
fclose($fp);
/* Outputs:  This is a test.  */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <simpara>
   <literal>convert.quoted-printable-encode</literal> and
   <literal>convert.quoted-printable-decode</literal>
   Use of the decode version of this filter is equivalent to processing all stream 
   data through the <function>quoted_printable_decode</function> functions.
   There is no function equivalent to <literal>convert.quoted-printable-encode</literal>.
   <literal>convert.quoted-printable-encode</literal> supports parameters given as
   an associative array.  In addition to the parameters supported by 
   <literal>convert.base64-encode</literal>, <literal>convert.quoted-printable-encode</literal>
   also supports boolean arguments <parameter>binary</parameter> and
   <parameter>force-encode-first</parameter>.
   <literal>convert.base64-decode</literal> only supports the
   <parameter>line-break-chars</parameter> parameter as a type-hint
   for striping from the encoded payload.
  </simpara>
  <example>
   <title>
    convert.quoted-printable-encode &amp;
    convert.quoted-printable-decode
   </title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$fp = fopen('php://output', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'convert.quoted-printable-encode');
fwrite($fp, "This is a test.\n");
/* Outputs:  =This is a test.=0A  */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>
 </section>

 <section xml:id="filters.compression">
  <title>Compression Filters</title>

  <simpara>
   While the <link linkend="wrappers.compression">Compression Wrappers</link>
   provide a way of creating
   gzip and bz2 compatible files on the local filesystem, they do not provide a 
   means for generalized compression over network streams, nor do they provide a 
   means to begin with a non-compressed stream and transition to a compressed one.  
   For this, a compression filter may be applied to any stream resource at any time.
  </simpara>

  <note>
   <simpara>
    Compression filters do <emphasis>not</emphasis> generate headers and trailers
    used by command line utilities such as <literal>gzip</literal>.  They only compress
    and decompress the payload portions of compressed data streams.
   </simpara>
  </note>

  <simpara>
   <literal>zlib.deflate</literal> (compression) and
   <literal>zlib.inflate</literal> (decompression) are implementations of
   the compression methods described in <link xlink:href="&url.rfc;1951">RFC 1951</link>.
   The <literal>deflate</literal> filter takes up to three parameters passed as
   an associative array.  

   <parameter>level</parameter> describes the compression
   strength to use (1-9).  Higher numbers will generally yield smaller payloads at
   the cost of additional processing time.  Two special compression levels also exist:
   0 (for no compression at all), and -1 (zlib internal default -- currently 6).

   <parameter>window</parameter> is the base-2 log of the compression loopback window size.
   Higher values (up to 15 -- 32768 bytes) yield better compression at a cost of memory,
   while lower values (down to 9 -- 512 bytes) yield worse compression in a smaller memory footprint.
   Default <parameter>window</parameter> size is currently <constant>15</constant>.

   <parameter>memory</parameter> is a scale indicating how much work memory should be allocated.
   Valid values range from 1 (minimal allocation) to 9 (maximum allocation).  This memory allocation
   affects speed only and does not impact the size of the generated payload.
  </simpara>

  <note>
   <simpara>
    Because compression level is the most commonly used parameter, it may be alternatively
    provided as a simple integer value (rather than an array element).
   </simpara>
  </note>

  <simpara>
    zlib.* compression filters are available with PHP as of version <literal>5.1.0</literal> if
    <link linkend="ref.zlib">zlib</link> support is enabled.  They are also available as a backport in version
    <literal>5.0.x</literal> by installing the <link xlink:href="&url.pecl.package;zlib_filter">zlib_filter</link>
    package from <link xlink:href="&url.pecl;">PECL</link>.  These filters are <emphasis>not</emphasis>
    available for PHP 4.
  </simpara>

  <example>
   <title>
    <literal>zlib.deflate</literal> and
    <literal>zlib.inflate</literal>
   </title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$params = array('level' => 6, 'window' => 15, 'memory' => 9);

$original_text = "This is a test.\nThis is only a test.\nThis is not an important string.\n";
echo "The original text is " . strlen($original_text) . " characters long.\n";

$fp = fopen('test.deflated', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'zlib.deflate', STREAM_FILTER_WRITE, $params);
fwrite($fp, $original_text);
fclose($fp);

echo "The compressed file is " . filesize('test.deflated') . " bytes long.\n";
echo "The original text was:\n";
/* Use readfile and zlib.inflate to decompress on the fly */
readfile('php://filter/zlib.inflate/resource=test.deflated');

/* Generates output:

The original text is 70 characters long.
The compressed file is 56 bytes long.
The original text was:
This is a test.
This is only a test.
This is not an important string.

 */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <example>
   <title>
    <literal>zlib.deflate</literal> simple
   </title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$original_text = "This is a test.\nThis is only a test.\nThis is not an important string.\n";
echo "The original text is " . strlen($original_text) . " characters long.\n";

$fp = fopen('test.deflated', 'w');
/* Here "6" indicates compression level 6 */
stream_filter_append($fp, 'zlib.deflate', STREAM_FILTER_WRITE, 6);
fwrite($fp, $original_text);
fclose($fp);

echo "The compressed file is " . filesize('test.deflated') . " bytes long.\n";

/* Generates output:

The original text is 70 characters long.
The compressed file is 56 bytes long.

 */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <simpara>
   <literal>bzip2.compress</literal> and
   <literal>bzip2.decompress</literal>
   work in the same manner as the zlib filters described above.

   The <literal>bzip2.compress</literal> filter accepts up to two parameters given as 
   elements of an associative array: 

   <parameter>blocks</parameter> is an integer value
   from 1 to 9 specifying the number of 100kbyte blocks of memory to allocate for
   workspace. 

   <parameter>work</parameter> is also an integer value ranging from
   0 to 250 indicating how much effort to expend using the normal compression method
   before falling back on a slower, but more reliable method.  Tuning this parameter
   effects only compression speed.  Neither size of compressed output nor memory usage
   are changed by this setting.  A work factor of 0 instructs the bzip library to use
   an internal default.   

   The <literal>bzip2.decompress</literal> filter only accepts one parameter,
   which can be passed as either an ordinary boolean value, or as the 
   <parameter>small</parameter> element of an associative array.

   <parameter>small</parameter>, when set to a &true; value, instructs the bzip library
   to perform decompression in a minimal memory footprint at the cost of speed.
  </simpara>

  <simpara>
    bzip2.* compression filters are available with PHP as of version <literal>5.1.0</literal> if
    <link linkend="ref.bzip2">bz2</link> support is enabled.  They are also available as a backport in version
    <literal>5.0.x</literal> by installing the <link xlink:href="&url.pecl.package;bz2_filter">bz2_filter</link>
    package from <link xlink:href="&url.pecl;">PECL</link>.  These filters are <emphasis>not</emphasis>
    available for PHP 4.
  </simpara>

  <example>
   <title>
    <literal>bzip2.compress</literal> and
    <literal>bzip2.decompress</literal>
   </title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$param = array('blocks' => 9, 'work' => 0);

echo "The original file is " . filesize('LICENSE') . " bytes long.\n";

$fp = fopen('LICENSE.compressed', 'w');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'bzip2.compress', STREAM_FILTER_WRITE, $param);
fwrite($fp, file_get_contents('LICENSE'));
fclose($fp);

echo "The compressed file is " . filesize('LICENSE.compressed') . " bytes long.\n";

/* Generates output:

The original text is 3288 characters long.
The compressed file is 1488 bytes long.

 */
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>
 </section>

 <section xml:id="filters.encryption">
  <title>Encryption Filters</title>

  <simpara>
   <literal>mcrypt.*</literal> and <literal>mdecrypt.*</literal>
   provide symmetric encryption and decryption using libmcrypt.
   Both sets of filters support the same algorithms available to
   <link linkend="ref.mcrypt">mcrypt extension</link> in the form of
   <literal>mcrypt.ciphername</literal> where <parameter>ciphername</parameter>
   is the name of the cipher as it would be passed to
   <function>mcrypt_module_open</function>.
   The following five filter parameters are also available:
  </simpara>

  <para>
   <table>
    <title>mcrypt filter parameters</title>
    <tgroup cols="4">
     <thead>
      <row>
       <entry>Parameter</entry>
       <entry>Required?</entry>
       <entry>Default</entry>
       <entry>Sample Values</entry>
      </row>
     </thead>
     <tbody>
      <row>
       <entry>mode</entry>
       <entry>Optional</entry>
       <entry>cbc</entry>
       <entry>cbc, cfb, ecb, nofb, ofb, stream</entry>
      </row>
      <row>
       <entry>algorithms_dir</entry>
       <entry>Optional</entry>
       <entry>ini_get('mcrypt.algorithms_dir')</entry>
       <entry>Location of algorithms modules</entry>
      </row>
      <row>
       <entry>modes_dir</entry>
       <entry>Optional</entry>
       <entry>ini_get('mcrypt.modes_dir')</entry>
       <entry>Location of modes modules</entry>
      </row>
      <row>
       <entry>iv</entry>
       <entry>Required</entry>
       <entry>N/A</entry>
       <entry>Typically 8, 16, or 32 bytes of binary data.  Depends on cipher</entry>
      </row>
      <row>
       <entry>key</entry>
       <entry>Required</entry>
       <entry>N/A</entry>
       <entry>Typically 8, 16, or 32 bytes of binary data.  Depends on cipher</entry>
      </row>
     </tbody>
    </tgroup>
   </table>
  </para>

  <example>
   <title>Encrypting file output using 3DES</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$passphrase = 'My secret';

/* Turn a human readable passphrase
 * into a reproducable iv/key pair
 */
$iv = substr(md5('iv'.$passphrase, true), 0, 8);
$key = substr(md5('pass1'.$passphrase, true) . 
               md5('pass2'.$passphrase, true), 0, 24);
$opts = array('iv'=>$iv, 'key'=>$key);

$fp = fopen('secert-file.enc', 'wb');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'mcrypt.tripledes', STREAM_FILTER_WRITE, $opts);
fwrite($fp, 'Secret secret secret data');
fclose($fp);
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

  <example>
   <title>Reading an encrypted file</title>
   <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$passphrase = 'My secret';

/* Turn a human readable passphrase
 * into a reproducable iv/key pair
 */
$iv = substr(md5('iv'.$passphrase, true), 0, 8);
$key = substr(md5('pass1'.$passphrase, true) . 
               md5('pass2'.$passphrase, true), 0, 24);
$opts = array('iv'=>$iv, 'key'=>$key);

$fp = fopen('secert-file.enc', 'rb');
stream_filter_append($fp, 'mdecrypt.tripledes', STREAM_FILTER_READ, $opts);
$data = rtrim(stream_get_contents($fp));
fclose($fp);

echo $data;
?>
]]>
   </programlisting>
  </example>

 </section>

</appendix>

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