<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- $Revision$ -->
 <sect1 xml:id="language.oop5.magic" xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook">
  <title>Magic Methods</title>
  <para>
   Magic methods are special methods which override PHP's default's action
   when certain actions are performed on an object.
  </para>
  <caution>
   <simpara>
    All methods names starting with <literal>__</literal> are reserved by PHP.
    Therefore, it is not recommended to use such method names unless overriding
    PHP's behavior.
   </simpara>
  </caution>
  <para>
   The following method names are considered magical:
   <!-- Should be an itemized list ? -->
   <link linkend="object.construct">__construct()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.destruct">__destruct()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.call">__call()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.callstatic">__callStatic()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.get">__get()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.set">__set()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.isset">__isset()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.unset">__unset()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.wakeup">__wakeup()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.unserialize">__unserialize()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.tostring">__toString()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.invoke">__invoke()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.set-state">__set_state()</link>,
   <link linkend="object.clone">__clone()</link>, and
   <link linkend="object.debuginfo">__debugInfo()</link>.
  </para>

  <warning>
   <!-- See for a code example of this behaviour: https://3v4l.org/Bov34 -->
   <simpara>
    All magic methods, with the exception of
    <link linkend="object.construct">__construct()</link>,
    <link linkend="object.destruct">__destruct()</link>, and
    <link linkend="object.clone">__clone()</link>,
    <emphasis>must</emphasis> be declared as <literal>public</literal>,
    otherwise an <constant>E_WARNING</constant> is emitted.
    Prior to PHP 8.0.0, no diagnostic was emitted for the magic methods
    <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link>,
    <link linkend="object.wakeup">__wakeup()</link>,
    <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link>,
    <link linkend="object.unserialize">__unserialize()</link>, and
    <link linkend="object.set-state">__set_state()</link>.
   </simpara>
  </warning>
  <warning>
   <para>
    If type declarations are used in the definition of a magic method, they
    must be identical to the signature described in this document.
    Otherwise, a fatal error is emitted.
    Prior to PHP 8.0.0, no diagnostic was emitted.
    However, <link linkend="object.construct">__construct()</link> and
    <link linkend="object.destruct">__destruct()</link> must not declare a return type;
    otherwise a fatal error is emitted.
   </para>
  </warning>
 
  <sect2 xml:id="language.oop5.magic.sleep">
   <title>
    <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link> and
    <link linkend="object.wakeup">__wakeup()</link>
   </title>
   
   <methodsynopsis xml:id="object.sleep">
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>array</type><methodname>__sleep</methodname>
    <void/>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <methodsynopsis xml:id="object.wakeup">
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>void</type><methodname>__wakeup</methodname>
    <void/>
   </methodsynopsis>
   
   <para>
    <function>serialize</function> checks if the class has a function with
    the magic name <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link>. If so, that function is
    executed prior to any serialization. It can clean up the object
    and is supposed to return an array with the names of all variables
    of that object that should be serialized.
    If the method doesn't return anything then &null; is serialized and
    <constant>E_NOTICE</constant> is issued.
   </para>
   <note>
    <para>
     It is not possible for <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link> to return names of
     private properties in parent classes. Doing this will result in an
     <constant>E_NOTICE</constant> level error.
     Use <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link> instead.
    </para>
   </note>
   <note>
    <para>
     As of PHP 8.0.0, returning a value which is not an array from <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link> generates a warning. Previously, it generated a notice.
    </para>
   </note>
   <para>
    The intended use of <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link> is to commit pending
    data or perform similar cleanup tasks. Also, the function is
    useful if a very large object doesn't need to be saved completely.
   </para>
   <para>
    Conversely, <function>unserialize</function> checks for the
    presence of a function with the magic name 
    <link linkend="object.wakeup">__wakeup()</link>. If present, this function can
    reconstruct any resources that the object may have.
   </para>
   <para>
    The intended use of <link linkend="object.wakeup">__wakeup()</link> is to
    reestablish any database connections that may have been lost
    during serialization and perform other reinitialization
    tasks.
   </para>
   <example>
    <title>Sleep and wakeup</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
class Connection
{
    protected $link;
    private $dsn, $username, $password;
    
    public function __construct($dsn, $username, $password)
    {
        $this->dsn = $dsn;
        $this->username = $username;
        $this->password = $password;
        $this->connect();
    }
    
    private function connect()
    {
        $this->link = new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password);
    }
    
    public function __sleep()
    {
        return array('dsn', 'username', 'password');
    }
    
    public function __wakeup()
    {
        $this->connect();
    }
}?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 xml:id="language.oop5.magic.serialize">
   <title>
    <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link> and
    <link linkend="object.unserialize">__unserialize()</link>
   </title>

   <methodsynopsis xml:id="object.serialize">
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>array</type><methodname>__serialize</methodname>
    <void/>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <methodsynopsis xml:id="object.unserialize">
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>void</type><methodname>__unserialize</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>array</type><parameter>data</parameter></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>

   <para>
    <function>serialize</function> checks if the class has a function with
    the magic name <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link>. If so, that function is
    executed prior to any serialization. It must construct and return an associative array of key/value pairs
    that represent the serialized form of the object. If no array is returned a <classname>TypeError</classname>
    will be thrown.
   </para>
   <note>
    <para>
     If both <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link> and <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link>
     are defined in the same object, only <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link> will be called.
     <link linkend="object.sleep">__sleep()</link> will be ignored. If the object implements the <link linkend="class.serializable">Serializable</link>
     interface, the interface's <literal>serialize()</literal> method will be ignored and <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link>
     used instead.
    </para>
   </note>
   <para>
    The intended use of <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link> is to define a serialization-friendly
    arbitrary representation of the object. Elements of the array may correspond to properties of the object but
    that is not required.
   </para>
   <para>
    Conversely, <function>unserialize</function> checks for the
    presence of a function with the magic name
    <link linkend="object.unserialize">__unserialize()</link>. If present, this function will be passed the
    restored array that was returned from <link linkend="object.serialize">__serialize()</link>.  It may
    then restore the properties of the object from that array as appropriate.
   </para>
   <note>
    <para>
     If both <link linkend="object.unserialize">__unserialize()</link> and <link linkend="object.wakeup">__wakeup()</link>
     are defined in the same object, only <link linkend="object.unserialize">__unserialize()</link> will be called.
     <link linkend="object.wakeup">__wakeup()</link> will be ignored.
    </para>
   </note>
   <note>
    <para>
     This feature is available as of PHP 7.4.0.
    </para>
   </note>
   <example>
    <title>Serialize and unserialize</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
class Connection
{
    protected $link;
    private $dsn, $username, $password;

    public function __construct($dsn, $username, $password)
    {
        $this->dsn = $dsn;
        $this->username = $username;
        $this->password = $password;
        $this->connect();
    }

    private function connect()
    {
        $this->link = new PDO($this->dsn, $this->username, $this->password);
    }

    public function __serialize(): array
    {
        return [
          'dsn' => $this->dsn,
          'user' => $this->username,
          'pass' => $this->password,
        ];
    }

    public function __unserialize(array $data): void
    {
        $this->dsn = $data['dsn'];
        $this->username = $data['user'];
        $this->password = $data['pass'];

        $this->connect();
    }
}?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 xml:id="language.oop5.magic.tostring">
   <title><link linkend="object.tostring">__toString()</link></title>
   <methodsynopsis xml:id="object.tostring">
    <modifier>public</modifier> <type>string</type><methodname>__toString</methodname>
    <void/>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    The <link linkend="object.tostring">__toString()</link> method allows a class to decide
    how it will react when it is treated like a string. For example,
    what <literal>echo $obj;</literal> will print.
   </para>
   <warning>
    <para>
     As of PHP 8.0.0, the return value follows standard PHP type semantics,
     meaning it will be coerced into a <type>string</type> if possible and if
     <link linkend="language.types.declarations.strict">strict typing</link>
     is disabled.
    </para>
    <para>
     A <interfacename>Stringable</interfacename> object will
     <emphasis>not</emphasis> be accepted by a <type>string</type> type declaration if
     <link linkend="language.types.declarations.strict">strict typing</link>
     is enabled. If such behaviour is wanted the type declaration must accept
     <interfacename>Stringable</interfacename> and <type>string</type> via a union type.
    </para>
    <para>
     As of PHP 8.0.0, any class that contains a <link linkend="object.tostring">__toString()</link>
     method will also implicitly implement the <interfacename>Stringable</interfacename> interface, and will
     thus pass type checks for that interface.  Explicitly implementing the interface anyway is
     recommended.
    </para>
    <para>
     In PHP 7.4, the returned value <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a
     <type>string</type>, otherwise an <classname>Error</classname> is thrown.
    </para>
    <para>
     Prior to PHP 7.4.0, the returned value <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a
     <type>string</type>, otherwise a fatal <constant>E_RECOVERABLE_ERROR</constant>
     is emitted.
    </para>
   </warning>
   <warning>
    <simpara>
     It was not possible to throw an exception from within a
     <link linkend="object.tostring">__toString()</link>
     method prior to PHP 7.4.0. Doing so will result in a fatal error.
    </simpara>
   </warning>
   <example>
    <title>Simple example</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
// Declare a simple class
class TestClass
{
    public $foo;

    public function __construct($foo)
    {
        $this->foo = $foo;
    }

    public function __toString()
    {
        return $this->foo;
    }
}

$class = new TestClass('Hello');
echo $class;
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
Hello
]]>
    </screen>
   </example>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 xml:id="language.oop5.magic.invoke">
   <title><link linkend="object.invoke">__invoke()</link></title>
   <methodsynopsis xml:id="object.invoke">
    <type>mixed</type><methodname>__invoke</methodname>
    <methodparam rep="repeat"><parameter>values</parameter></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    The <link linkend="object.invoke">__invoke()</link> method is called when a script tries to
    call an object as a function.
   </para>
   <example>
    <title>Using <link linkend="object.invoke">__invoke()</link></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
class CallableClass
{
    public function __invoke($x)
    {
        var_dump($x);
    }
}
$obj = new CallableClass;
$obj(5);
var_dump(is_callable($obj));
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
int(5)
bool(true)
]]>
    </screen>
   </example>
   <example>
    <title>Using <link linkend="object.invoke">__invoke()</link></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
class Sort
{
    private $key;

    public function __construct(string $key)
    {
        $this->key = $key;
    }

    public function __invoke(array $a, array $b): int
    {
        return $a[$this->key] <=> $b[$this->key];
    }
}

$customers = [
    ['id' => 1, 'first_name' => 'John', 'last_name' => 'Do'],
    ['id' => 3, 'first_name' => 'Alice', 'last_name' => 'Gustav'],
    ['id' => 2, 'first_name' => 'Bob', 'last_name' => 'Filipe']
];

// sort customers by first name
usort($customers, new Sort('first_name'));
print_r($customers);

// sort customers by last name
usort($customers, new Sort('last_name'));
print_r($customers);
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [id] => 3
            [first_name] => Alice
            [last_name] => Gustav
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [id] => 2
            [first_name] => Bob
            [last_name] => Filipe
        )

    [2] => Array
        (
            [id] => 1
            [first_name] => John
            [last_name] => Do
        )

)
Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [id] => 1
            [first_name] => John
            [last_name] => Do
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [id] => 2
            [first_name] => Bob
            [last_name] => Filipe
        )

    [2] => Array
        (
            [id] => 3
            [first_name] => Alice
            [last_name] => Gustav
        )

)
]]>
    </screen>
   </example>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 xml:id="language.oop5.magic.set-state">
   <title><link linkend="object.set-state">__set_state()</link></title>
   <methodsynopsis xml:id="object.set-state">
    <modifier>static</modifier> <type>object</type><methodname>__set_state</methodname>
    <methodparam><type>array</type><parameter>properties</parameter></methodparam>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    This <link linkend="language.oop5.static">static</link> method is called
    for classes exported by <function>var_export</function>.
   </para>
   <para>
    The only parameter of this method is an array containing exported
    properties in the form <literal>['property' => value, ...]</literal>.
   </para>
   <example>
    <title>Using <link linkend="object.set-state">__set_state()</link></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php

class A
{
    public $var1;
    public $var2;

    public static function __set_state($an_array)
    {
        $obj = new A;
        $obj->var1 = $an_array['var1'];
        $obj->var2 = $an_array['var2'];
        return $obj;
    }
}

$a = new A;
$a->var1 = 5;
$a->var2 = 'foo';

$b = var_export($a, true);
var_dump($b);
eval('$c = ' . $b . ';');
var_dump($c);
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
string(60) "A::__set_state(array(
   'var1' => 5,
   'var2' => 'foo',
))"
object(A)#2 (2) {
  ["var1"]=>
  int(5)
  ["var2"]=>
  string(3) "foo"
}
]]>
    </screen>
   </example>
   <note>
    <simpara>
     When exporting an object, <function>var_export</function> does not check
     whether <link linkend="object.set-state">__set_state()</link> is
     implemented by the object's class, so re-importing objects will result in an <classname>Error</classname> exception,
     if __set_state() is not implemented. Particularly, this affects some
     internal classes.
    </simpara>
    <simpara>
     It is the responsibility of the programmer to verify that only objects will
     be re-imported, whose class implements __set_state().
    </simpara>
   </note>
  </sect2>

  <sect2 xml:id="language.oop5.magic.debuginfo">
   <title><link linkend="object.debuginfo">__debugInfo()</link></title>
   <methodsynopsis xml:id="object.debuginfo">
    <type>array</type><methodname>__debugInfo</methodname>
    <void/>
   </methodsynopsis>
   <para>
    This method is called by <function>var_dump</function> when dumping an
    object to get the properties that should be shown. If the method isn't
    defined on an object, then all public, protected and private properties
    will be shown.
   </para>
   <example>
    <title>Using <link linkend="object.debuginfo">__debugInfo()</link></title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
class C {
    private $prop;

    public function __construct($val) {
        $this->prop = $val;
    }

    public function __debugInfo() {
        return [
            'propSquared' => $this->prop ** 2,
        ];
    }
}

var_dump(new C(42));
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
    &example.outputs;
    <screen>
<![CDATA[
object(C)#1 (1) {
  ["propSquared"]=>
  int(1764)
}
]]>
    </screen>
   </example>
  </sect2>
 </sect1>
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