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<refentry xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" xml:id="function.fopen">
 <refnamediv>
  <refname>fopen</refname>
  <refpurpose>Opens file or URL</refpurpose>
 </refnamediv>
 
 <refsect1 role="description">
  &reftitle.description;
  <methodsynopsis>
   <type class="union"><type>resource</type><type>false</type></type><methodname>fopen</methodname>
   <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>filename</parameter></methodparam>
   <methodparam><type>string</type><parameter>mode</parameter></methodparam>
   <methodparam choice="opt"><type>bool</type><parameter>use_include_path</parameter><initializer>&false;</initializer></methodparam>
   <methodparam choice="opt"><type class="union"><type>resource</type><type>null</type></type><parameter>context</parameter><initializer>&null;</initializer></methodparam>
  </methodsynopsis>
  <para>
   <function>fopen</function> binds a named resource, specified by
   <parameter>filename</parameter>, to a stream. 
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="parameters">
  &reftitle.parameters;
  <para>
   <variablelist>
    <varlistentry>
     <term><parameter>filename</parameter></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       If <parameter>filename</parameter> is of the form "scheme://...", it
       is assumed to be a URL and PHP will search for a protocol handler
       (also known as a wrapper) for that scheme. If no wrappers for that
       protocol are registered, PHP will emit a notice to help you track
       potential problems in your script and then continue as though
       <parameter>filename</parameter> specifies a regular file.
      </para>
      <para>
       If PHP has decided that <parameter>filename</parameter> specifies
       a local file, then it will try to open a stream on that file.
       The file must be accessible to PHP, so you need to ensure that
       the file access permissions allow this access.
       If you have enabled
       <link linkend="ini.open-basedir">open_basedir</link> further
       restrictions may apply.
      </para>
      <para>
       If PHP has decided that <parameter>filename</parameter> specifies
       a registered protocol, and that protocol is registered as a
       network URL, PHP will check to make sure that
       <link linkend="ini.allow-url-fopen">allow_url_fopen</link> is
       enabled. If it is switched off, PHP will emit a warning and
       the <function>fopen</function> call will fail.
      </para>
      <note>
       <para>
        The list of supported protocols can be found in <xref
        linkend="wrappers"/>. Some protocols (also referred to as
        <literal>wrappers</literal>) support <literal>context</literal>
        and/or &php.ini; options. Refer to the specific page for the
        protocol in use for a list of options which can be set. (e.g.
        &php.ini; value <literal>user_agent</literal> used by the
        <literal>http</literal> wrapper).
       </para>
      </note>
      <para>
       On the Windows platform, be careful to escape any backslashes
       used in the path to the file, or use forward slashes.
       <informalexample>
        <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$handle = fopen("c:\\folder\\resource.txt", "r");
?>
]]>
        </programlisting>
       </informalexample>
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term><parameter>mode</parameter></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The <parameter>mode</parameter> parameter specifies the type of access
       you require to the stream.  It may be any of the following:
       <table>
        <title>
         A list of possible modes for <function>fopen</function>
         using <parameter>mode</parameter>
        </title>
        <tgroup cols="2">
         <thead>
          <row>
           <entry><parameter>mode</parameter></entry>
           <entry>Description</entry>
          </row>
         </thead>
         <tbody>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'r'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Open for reading only; place the file pointer at the
            beginning of the file.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'r+'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Open for reading and writing; place the file pointer at
            the beginning of the file.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'w'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Open for writing only; place the file pointer at the
            beginning of the file and truncate the file to zero length.
            If the file does not exist, attempt to create it.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'w+'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Open for reading and writing; otherwise it has the
            same behavior as <literal>'w'</literal>.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'a'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Open for writing only; place the file pointer at the end of
            the file. If the file does not exist, attempt to create it.
            In this mode, <function>fseek</function> has no effect, writes are always appended.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'a+'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Open for reading and writing; place the file pointer at
            the end of the file. If the file does not exist, attempt to
            create it. In this mode, <function>fseek</function> only affects
            the reading position, writes are always appended.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'x'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Create and open for writing only; place the file pointer at the
            beginning of the file.  If the file already exists, the
            <function>fopen</function> call will fail by returning &false; and
            generating an error of level <constant>E_WARNING</constant>.  If
            the file does not exist, attempt to create it.  This is equivalent
            to specifying <literal>O_EXCL|O_CREAT</literal> flags for the
            underlying <literal>open(2)</literal> system call. 
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'x+'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Create and open for reading and writing; otherwise it has the
            same behavior as <literal>'x'</literal>.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'c'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Open the file for writing only. If the file does not exist, it is
            created. If it exists, it is neither truncated (as opposed to
            <literal>'w'</literal>), nor the call to this function fails (as is
            the case with <literal>'x'</literal>). The file pointer is
            positioned on the beginning of the file. This may be useful if it's
            desired to get an advisory lock (see <function>flock</function>)
            before attempting to modify the file, as using
            <literal>'w'</literal> could truncate the file before the lock
            was obtained (if truncation is desired,
            <function>ftruncate</function> can be used after the lock is
            requested).
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'c+'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Open the file for reading and writing; otherwise it has the same
            behavior as <literal>'c'</literal>.
           </entry>
          </row>
          <row>
           <entry><literal>'e'</literal></entry>
           <entry>
            Set close-on-exec flag on the opened file descriptor. Only
            available in PHP compiled on POSIX.1-2008 conform systems.
           </entry>
          </row>
         </tbody>
        </tgroup>
       </table>
      </para>
      <note>
       <para>
        Different operating system families have different line-ending
        conventions.  When you write a text file and want to insert a line
        break, you need to use the correct line-ending character(s) for your
        operating system.  Unix based systems use <literal>\n</literal> as the
        line ending character, Windows based systems use <literal>\r\n</literal>
        as the line ending characters and Macintosh based systems (Mac OS Classic) used
        <literal>\r</literal> as the line ending character.
       </para>
       <para>
        If you use the wrong line ending characters when writing your files, you
        might find that other applications that open those files will "look
        funny".
       </para>
       <para>
        Windows offers a text-mode translation flag (<literal>'t'</literal>)
        which will transparently translate <literal>\n</literal> to
        <literal>\r\n</literal> when working with the file.  In contrast, you
        can also use <literal>'b'</literal> to force binary mode, which will not
        translate your data.  To use these flags, specify either
        <literal>'b'</literal> or <literal>'t'</literal> as the last character
        of the <parameter>mode</parameter> parameter.
       </para>
       <para>
        The default translation mode is <literal>'b'</literal>.
        You can use the <literal>'t'</literal>
        mode if you are working with plain-text files and you use
        <literal>\n</literal> to delimit your line endings in your script, but
        expect your files to be readable with applications such as old versions of notepad.  You
        should use the <literal>'b'</literal> in all other cases.
       </para>
       <para>
        If you specify the 't' flag when working with binary files, you
        may experience strange problems with your data, including broken image
        files and strange problems with <literal>\r\n</literal> characters.
       </para>
      </note>
      <note>
       <para>
        For portability, it is also strongly recommended that
        you re-write code that uses or relies upon the <literal>'t'</literal>
        mode so that it uses the correct line endings and
        <literal>'b'</literal> mode instead.
       </para>
      </note>
      <note>
       <simpara>
        The <parameter>mode</parameter> is ignored for <filename>php://output</filename>,
        <filename>php://input</filename>, <filename>php://stdin</filename>,
        <filename>php://stdout</filename>, <filename>php://stderr</filename> and
        <filename>php://fd</filename> stream wrappers.
       </simpara>
      </note>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term><parameter>use_include_path</parameter></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
       The optional third <parameter>use_include_path</parameter> parameter
       can be set to &true; if you want to search for the file in the
       <link linkend="ini.include-path">include_path</link>, too.
      </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
    <varlistentry>
     <term><parameter>context</parameter></term>
     <listitem>
      &note.context-support;
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
   </variablelist>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="returnvalues">
  &reftitle.returnvalues;
  <para>
   Returns a file pointer resource on success,
   &return.falseforfailure;
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="errors">
  &reftitle.errors;
  &fs.emits.warning.on.failure;
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="changelog">
  &reftitle.changelog;
  <para>
   <informaltable>
    <tgroup cols="2">
     <thead>
      <row>
       <entry>&Version;</entry>
       <entry>&Description;</entry>
      </row>
     </thead>
     <tbody>
      <row>
       <entry>7.0.16, 7.1.2</entry>
       <entry>
        The <literal>'e'</literal> option was added.
       </entry>
      </row>
     </tbody>
    </tgroup>
   </informaltable>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="examples">
  &reftitle.examples;
  <para>
   <example>
    <title><function>fopen</function> examples</title>
    <programlisting role="php">
<![CDATA[
<?php
$handle = fopen("/home/rasmus/file.txt", "r");
$handle = fopen("/home/rasmus/file.gif", "wb");
$handle = fopen("http://www.example.com/", "r");
$handle = fopen("ftp://user:password@example.com/somefile.txt", "w");
?>
]]>
    </programlisting>
   </example>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="notes">
  &reftitle.notes;
  &warn.ssl-non-standard;
  <note>
   <para>
    If you are experiencing problems with reading and writing to files and
    you're using the server module version of PHP, remember to make sure that
    the files and directories you're using are accessible to the server
    process.
   </para>
  </note>
  <note>
   <para>
    This function may also succeed when <parameter>filename</parameter> is a
    directory. If you are unsure whether <parameter>filename</parameter> is a
    file or a directory, you may need to use the <function>is_dir</function>
    function before calling <function>fopen</function>.
   </para>
  </note>
 </refsect1>

 <refsect1 role="seealso">
  &reftitle.seealso;
  <para>
   <simplelist>
    <member><xref linkend="wrappers"/></member>
    <member><function>fclose</function></member>
    <member><function>fgets</function></member>
    <member><function>fread</function></member>
    <member><function>fwrite</function></member>
    <member><function>fsockopen</function></member>
    <member><function>file</function></member>
    <member><function>file_exists</function></member>
    <member><function>is_readable</function></member>
    <member><function>stream_set_timeout</function></member>
    <member><function>popen</function></member>
    <member><function>stream_context_create</function></member>
    <member><function>umask</function></member>
    <member><classname>SplFileObject</classname></member>
   </simplelist>
  </para>
 </refsect1>

</refentry>

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