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<HTML
><HEAD
><TITLE
>References Explained</TITLE
><META
NAME="GENERATOR"
CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.57"><LINK
REL="HOME"
TITLE="PHP Manual"
HREF="manual.html"><LINK
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TITLE="Language Reference"
HREF="langref.html"><LINK
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TITLE="Classes and Objects"
HREF="language.oop.html"><LINK
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TITLE="What References Do"
HREF="language.references.whatdo.html"><META
NAME="HTTP_EQUIV"
CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"></HEAD
><BODY
CLASS="chapter"
BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"
TEXT="#000000"
LINK="#0000FF"
VLINK="#840084"
ALINK="#0000FF"
><DIV
CLASS="NAVHEADER"
><TABLE
WIDTH="100%"
BORDER="0"
CELLPADDING="0"
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><TR
><TH
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>PHP Manual</TH
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><HR
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WIDTH="100%"></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="chapter"
><H1
><A
NAME="language.references"
>Chapter 14. References Explained</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="language.references.html#language.references.whatare"
>What References Are</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="language.references.whatdo.html"
>What References Do</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="language.references.arent.html"
>What References Are Not</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="language.references.return.html"
>Returning References</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="language.references.unset.html"
>Unsetting References</A
></DT
><DT
><A
HREF="language.references.spot.html"
>Spotting References</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1"
><H1
CLASS="sect1"
><A
NAME="language.references.whatare"
>What References Are</A
></H1
><P
>
References in PHP are means to call same variable content with
different names. They are not like C pointers, they are symbol
table aliases. Note that in PHP, variable names and variable
content are different, so same content can have different
names. The most close analogy is Unix filenames and files -
variable names are directory entries, while variable contents is
the file itself. References can be thought of as hardlinking in
Unix filesystem.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NAVFOOTER"
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ALIGN="LEFT"
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WIDTH="100%"
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>Prev</A
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>Home</A
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><A
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>Next</A
></TD
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><TR
><TD
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