========================
  PHP Coding Standards
========================

This file lists several standards that any programmer adding or changing
code in PHP should follow.  Since this file was added at a very late
stage of the development of PHP v3.0, the code base does not (yet) fully
follow it, but it's going in that general direction.  Since we are now
well into version 5 releases, many sections have been recoded to use
these rules.

Code Implementation
-------------------

0.  Document your code in source files and the manual. [tm]

1.  Functions that are given pointers to resources should not free them

For instance, ``function int mail(char *to, char *from)`` should NOT free
to and/or from.

Exceptions:

- The function's designated behavior is freeing that resource.  E.g. efree()

- The function is given a boolean argument, that controls whether or not
  the function may free its arguments (if true - the function must free its
  arguments, if false - it must not)

- Low-level parser routines, that are tightly integrated with the token
  cache and the bison code for minimum memory copying overhead.

2.  Functions that are tightly integrated with other functions within the
    same module, and rely on each other non-trivial behavior, should be
    documented as such and declared 'static'.  They should be avoided if
    possible.

3.  Use definitions and macros whenever possible, so that constants have
    meaningful names and can be easily manipulated.  The only exceptions
    to this rule are 0 and 1, when used as false and true (respectively).
    Any other use of a numeric constant to specify different behavior
    or actions should be done through a #define.

4.  When writing functions that deal with strings, be sure to remember
    that PHP holds the length property of each string, and that it
    shouldn't be calculated with strlen().  Write your functions in such
    a way so that they'll take advantage of the length property, both
    for efficiency and in order for them to be binary-safe.
    Functions that change strings and obtain their new lengths while
    doing so, should return that new length, so it doesn't have to be
    recalculated with strlen() (e.g. php_addslashes())

5.  NEVER USE strncat().  If you're absolutely sure you know what you're doing,
    check its man page again, and only then, consider using it, and even then,
    try avoiding it.

6.  Use ``PHP_*`` macros in the PHP source, and ``ZEND_*`` macros in the Zend
    part of the source. Although the ``PHP_*`` macro's are mostly aliased to the
    ``ZEND_*`` macros it gives a better understanding on what kind of macro
    you're calling.

7.  When commenting out code using a #if statement, do NOT use 0 only. Instead
    use "<git username here>_0". For example, #if FOO_0, where FOO is your
    git user foo.  This allows easier tracking of why code was commented out,
    especially in bundled libraries.

8.  Do not define functions that are not available.  For instance, if a
    library is missing a function, do not define the PHP version of the
    function, and do not raise a run-time error about the function not
    existing.  End users should use function_exists() to test for the
    existence of a function

9.  Prefer emalloc(), efree(), estrdup(), etc. to their standard C library
    counterparts.  These functions implement an internal "safety-net"
    mechanism that ensures the deallocation of any unfreed memory at the
    end of a request.  They also provide useful allocation and overflow
    information while running in debug mode.

    In almost all cases, memory returned to the engine must be allocated
    using emalloc().

    The use of malloc() should be limited to cases where a third-party
    library may need to control or free the memory, or when the memory in
    question needs to survive between multiple requests.

User Functions/Methods Naming Conventions
------------------

1.  Function names for user-level functions should be enclosed with in
    the PHP_FUNCTION() macro. They should be in lowercase, with words
    underscore delimited, with care taken to minimize the letter count.
    Abbreviations should not be used when they greatly decrease the
    readability of the function name itself::

    Good:
    'mcrypt_enc_self_test'
    'mysql_list_fields'

    Ok:
    'mcrypt_module_get_algo_supported_key_sizes'
    (could be 'mcrypt_mod_get_algo_sup_key_sizes'?)
    'get_html_translation_table'
    (could be 'html_get_trans_table'?)

    Bad:
    'hw_GetObjectByQueryCollObj'
    'pg_setclientencoding'
    'jf_n_s_i'

2.  If they are part of a "parent set" of functions, that parent should
    be included in the user function name, and should be clearly related
    to the parent program or function family. This should be in the form
    of ``parent_*``::

    A family of 'foo' functions, for example:
    
    Good:
    'foo_select_bar'
    'foo_insert_baz'
    'foo_delete_baz'

    Bad:
    'fooselect_bar'
    'fooinsertbaz'
    'delete_foo_baz'

3.  Function names used by user functions should be prefixed
    with ``_php_``, and followed by a word or an underscore-delimited list of
    words, in lowercase letters, that describes the function.  If applicable,
    they should be declared 'static'.

4.  Variable names must be meaningful.  One letter variable names must be
    avoided, except for places where the variable has no real meaning or
    a trivial meaning (e.g. for (i=0; i<100; i++) ...).

5.  Variable names should be in lowercase.  Use underscores to separate
    between words.

6.  Method names follow the 'studlyCaps' (also referred to as 'bumpy case'
    or 'camel caps') naming convention, with care taken to minimize the
    letter count. The initial letter of the name is lowercase, and each
    letter that starts a new 'word' is capitalized::

    Good:
    'connect()'
    'getData()'
    'buildSomeWidget()'

    Bad:
    'get_Data()'
    'buildsomewidget'
    'getI()'

7.  Classes should be given descriptive names. Avoid using abbreviations where
    possible. Each word in the class name should start with a capital letter,
    without underscore delimiters (CamelCaps starting with a capital letter).
    The class name should be prefixed with the name of the 'parent set' (e.g.
    the name of the extension)::

    Good:
    'Curl'
    'FooBar'

    Bad:
    'foobar'
    'foo_bar'

Internal Function Naming Convensions
----------------------

1.  Functions that are part of the external API should be named
    'php_modulename_function()' to avoid symbol collision. They should be in
    lowercase, with words underscore delimited. Exposed API must be defined
    in 'php_modulename.h'.

    PHPAPI char *php_session_create_id(PS_CREATE_SID_ARGS);

    Unexposed module function should be static and should not be defined in
    'php_modulename.h'.

    static int php_session_destroy()

2.  Main module source file must be named 'modulename.c'.

3.  Header file that is used by other sources must be named 'php_modulename.h'.


Syntax and indentation
----------------------

1.  Never use C++ style comments (i.e. // comment).  Always use C-style
    comments instead.  PHP is written in C, and is aimed at compiling
    under any ANSI-C compliant compiler.  Even though many compilers
    accept C++-style comments in C code, you have to ensure that your
    code would compile with other compilers as well.
    The only exception to this rule is code that is Win32-specific,
    because the Win32 port is MS-Visual C++ specific, and this compiler
    is known to accept C++-style comments in C code.

2.  Use K&R-style.  Of course, we can't and don't want to
    force anybody to use a style he or she is not used to, but,
    at the very least, when you write code that goes into the core
    of PHP or one of its standard modules, please maintain the K&R
    style.  This applies to just about everything, starting with
    indentation and comment styles and up to function declaration
    syntax. Also see Indentstyle.

    Indentstyle: http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/I/indent-style.html

3.  Be generous with whitespace and braces.  Keep one empty line between the
    variable declaration section and the statements in a block, as well as
    between logical statement groups in a block.  Maintain at least one empty
    line between two functions, preferably two.  Always prefer::

    if (foo) {
        bar;
    }

    to:

    if(foo)bar;

4.  When indenting, use the tab character.  A tab is expected to represent
    four spaces.  It is important to maintain consistency in indenture so
    that definitions, comments, and control structures line up correctly.

5.  Preprocessor statements (#if and such) MUST start at column one. To
    indent preprocessor directives you should put the # at the beginning
    of a line, followed by any number of whitespace.

Testing
-------

1.  Extensions should be well tested using *.phpt tests. Read about that
    in README.TESTING.

Documentation and Folding Hooks
-------------------------------

In order to make sure that the online documentation stays in line with
the code, each user-level function should have its user-level function
prototype before it along with a brief one-line description of what the
function does.  It would look like this::

  /* {{{ proto int abs(int number)
     Returns the absolute value of the number */
  PHP_FUNCTION(abs)
  {
     ...
  }
  /* }}} */

The {{{ symbols are the default folding symbols for the folding mode in
Emacs and vim (set fdm=marker).  Folding is very useful when dealing with
large files because you can scroll through the file quickly and just unfold
the function you wish to work on.  The }}} at the end of each function marks
the end of the fold, and should be on a separate line.

The "proto" keyword there is just a helper for the doc/genfuncsummary script
which generates a full function summary.  Having this keyword in front of the
function prototypes allows us to put folds elsewhere in the code without
messing up the function summary.

Optional arguments are written like this::

  /* {{{ proto object imap_header(int stream_id, int msg_no [, int from_length [, int subject_length [, string default_host]]])
     Returns a header object with the defined parameters */

And yes, please keep the prototype on a single line, even if that line
is massive.

New and Experimental Functions
-----------------------------------
To reduce the problems normally associated with the first public
implementation of a new set of functions, it has been suggested
that the first implementation include a file labeled 'EXPERIMENTAL'
in the function directory, and that the functions follow the
standard prefixing conventions during their initial implementation.

The file labelled 'EXPERIMENTAL' should include the following
information::

  Any authoring information (known bugs, future directions of the module).
  Ongoing status notes which may not be appropriate for Git comments.

In general new features should go to PECL or experimental branches until
there are specific reasons for directly adding it to the core distribution.

Aliases & Legacy Documentation
-----------------------------------
You may also have some deprecated aliases with close to duplicate
names, for example, somedb_select_result and somedb_selectresult. For
documentation purposes, these will only be documented by the most
current name, with the aliases listed in the documentation for
the parent function. For ease of reference, user-functions with
completely different names, that alias to the same function (such as
highlight_file and show_source), will be separately documented. The
proto should still be included, describing which function is aliased.

Backwards compatible functions and names should be maintained as long
as the code can be reasonably be kept as part of the codebase. See
/phpdoc/README for more information on documentation.