<chapter title="Preprocessor">

<p>Before the Pike code is sent to the compiler it is fed through the
preprocessor. The preprocessor converts the source code from its
character encoding into the Pike internal representation, performs
some simple normalizations and consistency checks and executes the
"preprocessor directives" that the programmer may have put into the
file. The preprocessor directives are like a very simple programming
language that allows for simple code generation and manipulation.
The code preprocessor can be called from within Pike with the
<ref>cpp</ref> call.</p>

<section title="Charset Heuristics">

<p>Pike code is Unicode enabled, so the first thing the preprocessor
has to do is to try to determine the character encoding of the file.
It will first look at the two first bytes of the file and interpret
them according to this chart.</p>

<matrix>
<r><c><b>Byte 0</b></c><c><b>Byte 1</b></c><c><b>Interpretation</b></c></r>
<r><c>0</c><c>0</c><c>32bit wide string.</c></r>
<r><c>0</c><c>&gt;0</c><c>16bit Unicode string.</c></r>
<r><c>&gt;0</c><c>0</c><c>16bit Unicode string in reverse byte order.</c></r>
<r><c>0xfe</c><c>0xff</c><c>16bit Unicode string.</c></r>
<r><c>0xff</c><c>0xfe</c><c>16bit Unicode string in reverse byte order.</c></r>
<r><c>0x7b</c><c>0x83</c><c>EBCDIC-US ("#c").</c></r>
<r><c>0x7b</c><c>0x40</c><c>EBCDIC-US ("# ").</c></r>
<r><c>0x7b</c><c>0x09</c><c>EBCDIC-US ("#\t").</c></r>
</matrix>

<ul>
<li>With any other combination of bytes the preprocessor will assume
iso-8859-1 encoding until a #charset directive has been found.</li>
<li>The file must be an multiple of 4 or 2 bytes in order to be correctly
decoded as 32bit or 16bit wide string.</li>
<li>It's an error for a program written in EBCDIC not to start with a
#charset directive.</li>
<li>For obfuscation it is possible to encode the #charset directive in
a different charset than the charset stated in the #charset directive.</li>
</ul>

</section>

<section title="Code Normalization">

<p>The preprocessor collapses all consecutive white space characters
outside of strings, except for newlines, to single space characters.
All // and /**/ comments are removed, as are #! lines. Pike considers
ANSI/DEC escape sequences as white space. Supported formats are
&lt;ESC&gt;[\040-\077]+[\100-\177] and
&lt;CSI&gt;[\040-\077]*[\100-\177]. Note that this means that it is
possible to do color markup in the actual source file.</p>

<p>The preprocessor will treat seven consecutive &lt; characters
outside of a string as an CVS conflict error and will return "CVS
conflict detected."</p>

</section>

<section title="Defines and Macros">

<p>Defining macros or constants is one of the most used preprocessor
features. It enables you to make abstractions on a code generation
level as well as altering constants cross-application. The simplest
use of the #define directive however is to declare a "define" as
present.</p>

<example>
#define DO_OVERSAMPLING
</example>

<p>The existence of this definition can now be used by e.g. #ifdef and
#ifndef to activate or deactivate blocks of program code.</p>

<example>
#ifdef DO_OVERSAMPLING
  // This code is not always run.
  img->render(size*4)->shrink(4);
#endif
</example>

<p>Note that defines can be given to pike at execution time. In order
to set DO_OVERSAMPLING from a command line, the option
-DDO_OVERSAMPLING is added before the name of the pike program. E.g.
<tt>pike -DDO_OVERSAMPLING my_program.pike</tt>.</p>

<p>A define can also be given a specific value, which will be inserted
everywhere the define is placed in the source code.</p>

<example>
#define CYCLES 20

void do_stuff() {
  for(int i; i&lt;CYCLES; i++) do_other_stuff();
}
</example>

<p>Defines can be given specific values on the command line too, just
be sure to quote them as required by your shell.</p>

<example>
~% pike '-DTEXT="Hello world!"' -e 'write("%s\n", TEXT);'
Hello world!
</example>

<p>Finally #define can also be used to define macros. Macros are just
text expansion with arguments, but it is often very useful to make a
cleaner looking code and to write less.</p>

<example>
#define VAR(X) id-&gt;misc-&gt;variable[X]
#define ROL(X,Y) (((X)&lt;&lt;(Y))&amp;7+((X)&gt;&gt;(8-(Y))))
#define PLACEHOLDER(X) void X(mixed ... args) { \
  error("Method " #X " is not implemented yet.\n"); }
#define ERROR(X,Y ...) werror("MyClass" X "\n", Y)
#define NEW_CONSTANTS(X) do{ int i=sizeof(all_constants()); \
    X \
    werror("Constant diff is %d\n", sizeof(all_constants())-i); \
  }while(0)
#define MY_FUNC(X,Y) void my##X##Y()
</example>

<ul>
<li>A macro can have up to 254 arguments.</li>
<li>It can be wise to put extra parentheses around the arguments
expanded since it is a purely textual expansion. E.g. if the macro
DOUBLE(X) is defined as X*2, then DOUBLE(2+3) will produce 2+3*2,
probably producing a hard to track down bug.</li>
<li>Since the preprocessor works with textual expansion, it will not
evaluate its arguments. Using one argument several time in the macro
will thus cause it to evaluated several times during execution. E.g.
#define MSG(X) werror("The value "+(X)+" can differ from "+(X)+"\n")
when called with MSG(random(1000));.</li>
<li>A backslash (\) at the end of the line can be used to make the
definition span several lines.</li>
<li>A hash (#) in front of a macro variable "casts" it to a string.</li>
<li>It is possible to define macros with a variable list of arguments
by using the ... syntax.</li>
<li>Macros are often formulated so that a semicolon after it is
apropriate, for improved code readability.</li>
<li>In Pike code macros and defines are most often written in all caps.</li>
<li>If a macro expands into several statements, you are well advised to
group them together in containment block, such as do { BODY } while(0).
If you do not, your macro could produce other hard to track down bugs,
if put as a loop or if body without surrounding curly braces.</li>
<li>A double hash (##) in front of a macro variable concatenates it with
the text before it.</li>
</ul>

</section>

<section title="Preprocessor Directives">

<p>All of the preprocessor directives except the string-related
(<tt>#string</tt> and <tt>#""</tt>) should have the hash character
(<tt>#</tt>) as the first character of the line. Even though it is currently
allowed to be indented, it is likely that this will generate warnings or errors
in the future. Note that it is however allowed to put white-space between the
hash character and the rest of the directive to create indentation in code.</p>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#!"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#line"/>

<insert-move entity='cpp::.#""'/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#string"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#include"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#if"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#ifdef"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#ifndef"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#endif"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#else"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#elif"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#define"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#undef"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#error"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#charset"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#pike"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#pragma"/>

<insert-move entity="cpp::.#warning"/>

</section>

<section title="Predefined defines">
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__VERSION__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__MAJOR__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__MINOR__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__BUILD__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__REAL_VERSION__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__REAL_MAJOR__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__REAL_MINOR__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__REAL_BUILD__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__DATE__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__TIME__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__FILE__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__DIR__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__LINE__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__AUTO_BIGNUM__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__NT__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__PIKE__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.__amigaos__"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::._Pragma"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.static_assert"/>
</section>

<section title="Test functions">

  <p>These functions are used in <ref resolved="cpp::#if">#if</ref> et al
     expressions to test for presence of symbols.</p>

  <insert-move entity="cpp::.constant"/>
  <insert-move entity="cpp::.defined"/>

</section>

  <!-- insert-move entity="cpp::"/ -->

</chapter>