//
// A C-program for MT19937, with initialization improved 2002/1/26.
// Coded by Takuji Nishimura and Makoto Matsumoto.
//
// Before using, initialize the state by using init_genrand(seed)
// or init_by_array(init_key, key_length).
//
// Copyright (C) 1997 - 2002, Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura,
// All rights reserved.
// Copyright (C) 2005, Mutsuo Saito,
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
// are met:
//
//   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
//      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
//   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
//      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
//      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
//   3. The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote
//      products derived from this software without specific prior written
//      permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
// CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
// EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
// PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
// PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
// NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
// SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
//
// Any feedback is very welcome.
// http://www.math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~m-mat/MT/emt.html
// email: m-mat @ math.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp (remove space)
//

//! @file
//!
//! Mersenne twister random number generator.
//!

#include <stdio.h>
#include "mt19937ar.h"

// Period parameters
#define N             624
#define M             397
#define MATRIX_A      0x9908b0dfUL // constant vector a
#define UPPER_MASK    0x80000000UL // most significant w-r bits
#define LOWER_MASK    0x7fffffffUL // least significant r bits

static unsigned long mt[N];        // the array for the state vector
static int           mti = N + 1;  // mti==N+1 means mt[N] is not initialized

//! Initializes mt[N] with a seed
//!
//! @param s Seed value for the random number generator.
//!
void init_genrand( unsigned long s )
{
    mt[0] = s & 0xffffffffUL;
    for ( mti = 1; mti < N; mti++ )
    {
        mt[mti] =
            ( 1812433253UL * ( mt[mti - 1] ^ ( mt[mti - 1] >> 30 ) ) + (unsigned long) mti );
        // See Knuth TAOCP Vol2. 3rd Ed. P.106 for multiplier.
        // In the previous versions, MSBs of the seed affect
        // only MSBs of the array mt[].
        // 2002/01/09 modified by Makoto Matsumoto
        mt[mti] &= 0xffffffffUL;
        // for >32 bit machines
    }
}

//! Initialize by an array with array-length
//! Slight change for C++, 2004/2/26
//!
//! @param init_key The array for initializing keys
//! @param key_length Length of the array
//!
void init_by_array( unsigned long init_key[], int key_length )
{
    int i, j, k;
    init_genrand( 19650218UL );
    i = 1; j = 0;
    k = ( N > key_length ? N : key_length );
    for (; k; k-- )
    {
        mt[i] = ( mt[i] ^ ( ( mt[i - 1] ^ ( mt[i - 1] >> 30 ) ) * 1664525UL ) )
                + init_key[j] + (unsigned long) j; // non linear
        mt[i] &= 0xffffffffUL;                     // for WORDSIZE > 32 machines
        i++; j++;
        if ( i >= N )
        {
            mt[0] = mt[N - 1]; i = 1;
        }
        if ( j >= key_length )
            j = 0;
    }
    for ( k = N - 1; k; k-- )
    {
        mt[i] = ( mt[i] ^ ( ( mt[i - 1] ^ ( mt[i - 1] >> 30 ) ) * 1566083941UL ) )
                - (unsigned long) i; // non linear
        mt[i] &= 0xffffffffUL;       // for WORDSIZE > 32 machines
        i++;
        if ( i >= N )
        {
            mt[0] = mt[N - 1]; i = 1;
        }
    }

    mt[0] = 0x80000000UL; // MSB is 1; assuring non-zero initial array
}

//! generates a random number on [0,0xffffffff]-interval
//!
//! @returns A random integer with 32-bit resolution.
//!
unsigned long genrand_int32( void )
{
    unsigned long        y;
    static unsigned long mag01[2] = { 0x0UL, MATRIX_A };
    // mag01[x] = x * MATRIX_A  for x=0,1

    if ( mti >= N )   // generate N words at one time
    {
        int kk;

        if ( mti == N + 1 )         // if init_genrand() has not been called,
            init_genrand( 5489UL ); // a default initial seed is used

        for ( kk = 0; kk < N - M; kk++ )
        {
            y      = ( mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK ) | ( mt[kk + 1] & LOWER_MASK );
            mt[kk] = mt[kk + M] ^ ( y >> 1 ) ^ mag01[y & 0x1UL];
        }
        for (; kk < N - 1; kk++ )
        {
            y      = ( mt[kk] & UPPER_MASK ) | ( mt[kk + 1] & LOWER_MASK );
            mt[kk] = mt[kk + ( M - N )] ^ ( y >> 1 ) ^ mag01[y & 0x1UL];
        }
        y         = ( mt[N - 1] & UPPER_MASK ) | ( mt[0] & LOWER_MASK );
        mt[N - 1] = mt[M - 1] ^ ( y >> 1 ) ^ mag01[y & 0x1UL];

        mti = 0;
    }

    y = mt[mti++];

    // Tempering
    y ^= ( y >> 11 );
    y ^= ( y << 7 ) & 0x9d2c5680UL;
    y ^= ( y << 15 ) & 0xefc60000UL;
    y ^= ( y >> 18 );

    return y;
}

//! generates a random number on [0,0x7fffffff]-interval
//!
//! @returns A random integer with 31-bit resolution.
//!
long genrand_int31( void )
{
    return (long) ( genrand_int32() >> 1 );
}

//! generates a random number on [0,1]-real-interval
//!
//! @returns A random number [0,1].
//!
double genrand_real1( void )
{
    return (double) genrand_int32() * ( 1.0 / 4294967295.0 );
    // divided by 2^32-1
}

//! generates a random number on [0,1)-real-interval
//!
//! @returns A random number [0,1).
//!
double genrand_real2( void )
{
    return (double) genrand_int32() * ( 1.0 / 4294967296.0 );
    // divided by 2^32
}

//! generates a random number on (0,1)-real-interval
//!
//! @returns A random number (0,1).
//!
double genrand_real3( void )
{
    return ( ( (double) genrand_int32() ) + 0.5 ) * ( 1.0 / 4294967296.0 );
    // divided by 2^32
}

//! generates a random number on [0,1) with 53-bit resolution
//!
//! @returns A random numer [0,1) with 53-bit resolution.
//!
double genrand_res53( void )
{
    unsigned long a = genrand_int32() >> 5, b = genrand_int32() >> 6;
    return ( (double) a * 67108864.0 + (double) b ) * ( 1.0 / 9007199254740992.0 );
}
// These real versions are due to Isaku Wada, 2002/01/09 added