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How to use clear or encrypted passwords for PostgreSQL access:
=============================================================
Use lines such as
local all password
host 192.137.23 255.255.255.0 crypt
in /etc/postgresql/pg_hba.conf; then you can use
CREATE USER user WITH PASSWORD password...
to create a new user with the specified password, or
ALTER USER user WITH PASSWORD password...
to change the password of an existing user. Any user with create-user
privilege can alter a password for any user, *INCLUDING* the postgres
super-user.
If connecting with psql, use the -u option; the user is prompted for username
and password. If you don't use -u, the connection fails.
If using your own program with libpq, it is up to you to collect the user name
and password from the user and send them to the backend with PQsetdbLogin().
Passwords are stored in pg_shadow in clear, but if `crypt' authentication is
specified, the frontend encrypts the password with a random salt and
the backend uses the same salt to encrypt the password in the database.
If the two encrypted passwords match, the user is allowed access. If the
authentication method is `password', the password is transmitted and
compared in clear.
If passwords are turned on, it becomes impossible to connect as
a user, if no password is defined for that user. Neither can you use
\connect to change user within psql.
If you turn on passwords for local, the default do.maintenance cron job
will stop working, because it will not supply a username or password.
In this case, you must alter /etc/cron.d/postgresql to supply the
user and password for the postgres superuser, with the -u and -p options.
It will then be necessary to change the permissions on /etc/cron.d/postgresql
to make it readable by root only.
Problems with password authentication
=====================================
1. There is no easy and secure way to automate access when passwords are
in use. It would be good if the postgres super-user (as identified by
Unix on a Unix sockets connection) could bypass the authentication.
2. pgaccess has no mechanism for specifying username and password. It cannot
be used if password/crypt authentication is turned on for host
connections from localhost.
3. In general, passwords are insecure, because they are held in clear
in pg_shadow. Anyone with create-user privilege can not only alter but
also read them. They ought to be stored with one-way encryption, as
with the Unix password system.
4. The postgres super-user's password can be changed by anyone with
create-user privilege. It ought to be the case that people can
only change their own passwords and that only the super-user can change
other peoples' passwords.
5. If passwords are turned on, the -u option must be supplied to psql. If
it is not, psql merely says "Connection to database 'xxxx' failed.". A
more helpful error message would be desirable.
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