File: motifEmulator.cpp

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/* motifEmulator.cpp
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1993-2011 Paul Boersma
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
 * your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 * See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
 */

/*
 * pb 2002/03/07 GPL
 * pb 2002/10/12 external definition of availability of Appearance
 * pb 2003/11/02 Mac: if the delete response is UNMAP, call XtUnmanageChild rather than just HideWindow
 *               (makes a difference if a warning message is clicked away through the GoAway button)
 * pb 2003/11/28 Mac: set the above back to just HideWindow plus clearing the modal-dialog and active-text pointers
 * pb 2003/11/28 Win: did the same for Windows!
 *               (this solved an age old bug in Praat by which the picture window could not be closed twice)
 * pb 2004/01/01 extracted text handling to GuiText.c
 * pb 2004/02/28 MacOS X: used SetControlMaximum (32767) to work around MacOS X feature in setting popup control
 * pb 2004/11/24 separated labels from cascade buttons
 * pb 2005/09/01 assume that we have Appearance (i.e. System 8.5 or up)
 * pb 2006/08/07 Windows: remove quotes from around path names when calling the openDocument callback
 * pb 2006/10/28 erased MacOS 9 stuff
 * pb 2006/11/06 Carbon control creation functions
 * pb 2007/01/25 XmATTACH_POSITION
 * pb 2007/02/13 Win: removed Ctrl-. as meaning Escape
 * pb 2007/08/07 GuiMacDrawingArea_clipOn_graphicsContext
 * pb 2007/10/06 wchar_t
 * pb 2007/10/16 Unicode support in lists
 * pb 2007/12/15 userData
 * pb 2007/12/26 extractions to Gui*.c
 * pb 2007/12/30 extractions to Gui*.c
 * pb 2008/10/05 better tab navigation
 * pb 2010/01/04 Mac: implement forward delete
 * pb 2010/01/08 Mac: support Command-`
 * pb 2010/06/14 Mac: live scrolling
 * pb 2010/07/30 Mac: in calling CreatePopupButtonControl, have -12345 as the menu item
 *              (Apple's special number for delayed menu attachment); needed for stand-alone Praat demo window
 * pb 2011/04/06 C++
 */
#if defined (macintosh) && useCarbon || defined (_WIN32)

/* The Motif emulator for Macintosh and Windows. */

#define PRAAT_WINDOW_CLASS_NUMBER  1

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
#include <time.h>
#include "melder.h"
#include "GuiP.h"
#include "machine.h"

#if win
	#define SCROLL32  1
#else
	#define SCROLL32  0
#endif

#if mac
	#include "macport_on.h"
	#include <Movies.h>
#endif

/*
 * The MEMBER macros only work if klas1 etc are no macros themselves.
 * Therefore, we undefine those who are:
 */
#if win
	#undef MessageBox
#endif

#define _motif_SHIFT_MASK  1
#define _motif_COMMAND_MASK  2
#define _motif_OPTION_MASK  4

#if mac
	void motif_mac_defaultFont (void) {
		TextFont (systemFont);
		TextSize (13);
		TextFace (0);
	}
	static BitMap theScreenBits;
#endif

/* The following variable controls the focus policy of Mac Motif.
 * The Macintosh focus policy is: there is only one active window at a time,
 * and a click on an inactive window causes that window to become active,
 * without responding any further to that click.
 * This is appropriate for small screens, where multiple windows are usually stacked
 * on top of one another, and only a small part of background windows is visible.
 * The Motif focus policy is: all windows are active, and a click in any window causes
 * that window to respond as if it were in front.
 * This is appropriate for large screens, where multiple windows are often tiled about the screen.
 * One of the purposes of Mac Motif is to produce Macintosh look-and-feel,
 * which would require the Macintosh focus policy,
 * but as Macintosh screens are growing larger, you might prefer the faster Motif focus policy,
 * if your screen is large.
 * Therefore, you can choose:
 */
static const int BACKGROUND_WINDOWS_ARE_ACTIVE = 0;   /* 0 = Mac, 1 = Motif. */

#if win
	#define CELL_HEIGHT  15
	#define MESSAGE_BOX_BUTTON_WIDTH  100
#elif mac
	static int USE_QUESTION_MARK_HELP_MENU = 0;
	#define CELL_HEIGHT  16
	#define MESSAGE_BOX_BUTTON_WIDTH  120
#endif

#if win
	static void _motif_update (GuiObject me, void *event);
#elif mac
	static void _motif_update (GuiObject me, EventRecord *event);
#endif

/********** Resource names. **********/

#define motif_RESOURCE(xxx)  #xxx,
static const char *motif_resourceNames [] = {
	"XmNnull",
	#include "motifEmulator_resources.h"
	"XmNend"
};
#undef motif_RESOURCE

/* Modes. */

struct Gui theGui;   /* Global variable. */

/********** XWindows routines. **********/

void XMapRaised (int displayDummy, Window window) {
	(void) displayDummy;
	#if win
		ShowWindow ((HWND) window, SW_SHOW);
		SetForegroundWindow ((HWND) window);
	#elif mac
		ShowWindow ((WindowPtr) window);
		if (theGui.modalDialog && theGui.modalDialog != (WindowPtr) window) {
			SendBehind ((WindowPtr) window, theGui.modalDialog);
		} else {
			SelectWindow ((WindowPtr) window);
		}
	#endif
}

int WidthOfScreen (int screen) {
	(void) screen;
	#if win
		return GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXMAXIMIZED);
	#elif mac
		return GetQDGlobalsScreenBits (& theScreenBits) -> bounds.right;
	#endif
}
int HeightOfScreen (int screen) {
	(void) screen;
	#if win
		return GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYMAXIMIZED);
	#elif mac
		return GetQDGlobalsScreenBits (& theScreenBits) -> bounds.bottom - 22;
	#endif
}

/********** X Toolkit **********/

void _Gui_callCallbacks (GuiObject w, XtCallbackList *callbacks, XtPointer call) {
	int i; for (i = 0; i < MAXNUM_CALLBACKS; i ++)
		if (callbacks -> pairs [i]. proc) callbacks -> pairs [i]. proc (w, callbacks -> pairs [i]. closure, call);
}

/* Scratch. */

#if mac
	static Str255 mac_text;
#endif

/* Convenience. */

#if mac
	#define PfromCstr(p,c) p [0] = strlen (c), strcpy ((char *) p + 1, c);
#endif

/* When dispatching events to widgets, we must translate from the identifier of a Macintosh
 * screen object (Window, Control, menu item) to a GuiObject.
 * Mac windows and controls have RefCon fields in their WindowRecord or ControlRecord,
 * so we put a reference to the widget in the appropriate RefCon field at window or control creation time.
 * Instead of RefCons, the menus are remembered here:
 */
#if win
	#define MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS  4000
#elif mac
	#define MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS  32767
#endif
static GuiObject theMenus [1+MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS];   /* We can freely use and reuse these menu ids */
static void (*theOpenDocumentCallback) (MelderFile file);
static int (*theQuitApplicationCallback) (void);
#if win
	static int theCommandShow = False;   /* Last argument of WinMain. */
	static wchar_t theApplicationName [100], theWindowClassName [100], theDrawingAreaClassName [100], theApplicationClassName [100];
	wchar_t * _GuiWin_getDrawingAreaClassName (void) { return theDrawingAreaClassName; }
	static int (*theUserMessageCallback) (void);
	#define MINIMUM_MENU_ITEM_ID  (MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS + 1)
	#define MAXIMUM_MENU_ITEM_ID  32767
	static short theMenuItems [1+MAXIMUM_MENU_ITEM_ID];   /* We can freely use and reuse the item ids 4001..32767 */
#elif mac
	static GuiObject theMenuBar;   /* There is only one menu bar on the Macintosh. */
	static int theHelpMenuOffset;   /* The number of items in the global help menu before we add the first item. */
	static int (*theUserMessageCallbackA) (char *message);
	static int (*theUserMessageCallbackW) (wchar_t *message);
#endif

static GuiObject theApplicationShell;   /* For global menus. */
#define MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_SHELLS  1000
static GuiObject theShells [MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_SHELLS];   /* For XmUpdateDisplay and suspend events. */
static int theBackground = False;   /* Set by suspend and resume events; used by Motif-style activation methods. */
static int theDialogHint = False;   /* Should the shell that is currently being created, have dialog or document looks? */
long numberOfWidgets = 0;
long Gui_getNumberOfMotifWidgets (void) { return numberOfWidgets; }

static void _motif_addShell (GuiObject me) {
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_SHELLS; i ++)
		if (theShells [i] == NULL) { theShells [i] = me; break; }
}
static void _motif_removeShell (GuiObject me) {
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_SHELLS; i ++)
		if (theShells [i] == me) { theShells [i] = NULL; break; }
}

/* AppContext level */

static int theNumberOfWorkProcs;
static XtWorkProc theWorkProcs [10];
static XtPointer theWorkProcClosures [10];

static int theNumberOfTimeOuts;
static XtTimerCallbackProc theTimeOutProcs [10];
static XtPointer theTimeOutClosures [10];
#if defined (macintosh)
	static EventLoopTimerRef theTimers [10];
	static EventTargetRef theUserFocusEventTarget;
#else
	static clock_t theTimeOutStarts [10];
	static unsigned long theTimeOutIntervals [10];
#endif

static void Native_move (GuiObject w, int dx, int dy);   /* Forward. */

static void cb_scroll (GuiObject scrollBar, XtPointer closure, XtPointer call) {
	GuiObject scrolledWindow = (GuiObject) closure;
	GuiObject workWindow = scrolledWindow -> motiff.scrolledWindow.workWindow;
	int previousShift, newShift, distance;
	int horizontal = scrolledWindow -> motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar == scrollBar;
	(void) call;
	if (! workWindow) return;
	Melder_assert (scrolledWindow -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow != NULL);
	#if win
		previousShift = horizontal ?
			scrolledWindow -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow -> x - workWindow -> x :
			scrolledWindow -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow -> y - workWindow -> y;
	#elif mac
		previousShift = horizontal ?
			scrolledWindow -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow -> rect. left - workWindow -> rect. left :
			scrolledWindow -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow -> rect. top - workWindow -> rect. top;   /* different? */
	#endif
	newShift = scrollBar -> value;
	distance = previousShift - newShift;
	if (horizontal)
		{ workWindow -> x += distance; Native_move (workWindow, distance, 0); }
	else
		{ workWindow -> y += distance; Native_move (workWindow, 0, distance); }
	XmUpdateDisplay (NULL);   /* If dragging. */
}

/* These are like the toolkit's query_geometry methods: */

static int Native_titleWidth (GuiObject me) {
	#if win
		if (my parent -> window) {
			HDC dc = GetDC (my parent -> window);
			SIZE size;
			SelectFont (dc, GetStockFont (ANSI_VAR_FONT));   /* Possible BUG. */
			GetTextExtentPoint32 (dc, my name, wcslen (my name), & size);
			ReleaseDC (my parent -> window, dc);
			return size. cx;
		} else return 7 * wcslen (my name);
	#elif mac
		int width;
		SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
		motif_mac_defaultFont ();
		char *nameA = Melder_peekWcsToUtf8 (my name);
		width = TextWidth ((Ptr) nameA, 0, strlen (nameA));
		motif_mac_defaultFont ();
		return width;
	#endif
}

static int NativeLabel_preferredWidth (GuiObject me) {
	return Native_titleWidth (me) + 10;
}

static int NativeButton_preferredWidth (GuiObject me) {
	int width = Native_titleWidth (me) + ( win ? 10 : ( my parent -> rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR ? 10 : 28 ) );
	return width < 41 ? 41 : width;
}

static int NativeToggleButton_preferredWidth (GuiObject me) {
	return Native_titleWidth (me) + 25;
}

static int NativeButton_preferredHeight (GuiObject me) {
	(void) me;
	return win ? 22 : ( my parent -> rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR ? 28 : 20 );
}

/***** WIDGET *****/

GuiObject _Gui_initializeWidget (int widgetClass, GuiObject parent, const wchar_t *name) {
	GuiObject me = Melder_calloc_f (struct structGuiObject, 1);
	if (Melder_debug == 34) fprintf (stderr, "from _Gui_initializeWidget\t%p\t%ld\t%ld\n", me, 1L, (long) sizeof (struct structGuiObject));
	my magicNumber = 15111959;
	numberOfWidgets ++;
	my widgetClass = widgetClass;
	my parent = parent;
	my inMenu = parent && MEMBER (parent, PulldownMenu);

	/*
	 * Install me into my parent's list of children.
	 */
	if (parent == NULL) {
		;
	} else if (parent -> firstChild == NULL) {
		parent -> firstChild = me;
	} else {
		GuiObject lastChild = parent -> firstChild;
		while (lastChild -> nextSibling) lastChild = lastChild -> nextSibling;
		lastChild -> nextSibling = me;
		my previousSibling = lastChild;
	}

	/*
	 * Copy the name into my name.
	 */
	my name = Melder_wcsdup_f (name);

	/*
	 * I am in the same shell as my parent, so I inherit my parent's "shell" attribute.
	 */
	if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
		my shell = me;
	} else {
		my shell = my parent -> shell;
		#if mac
			/*
			 * I am in the same shell as my parent, so I'll inherit my parent's Macintosh WindowRef.
			 */
			my macWindow = parent -> macWindow;
		#endif
	}

	/*
	 * The remainder of initialization is about positioning, sizes, attachments, and the contents of a scrolled window.
	 * All of that is irrelevant to menu items.
	 */
	if (my inMenu) return me;

	/* Initial defaults: mainly positioning and sizes. */

	switch (my widgetClass) {
		case xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				my x = 2;
				my y = 2;
				my width = 100;
				my height = 100;
			#endif
		} break; case xmShellWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				my x = 20;
				my y = 3;
				my width = 30;
				my height = 50;
			#elif mac
				my x = 20;
				my y = 30;
				my width = 10;
				my height = 10;
			#endif
			my deleteResponse = XmDESTROY;
		} break; case xmTextWidgetClass: {
			my x = 2;
			my y = 2;
			my width = 102;
			my height = Gui_TEXTFIELD_HEIGHT;
		} break; case xmPushButtonWidgetClass: {
			my x = 2;
			my y = 2;
			my width = NativeButton_preferredWidth (me);
			my height = Gui_PUSHBUTTON_HEIGHT;
		} break; case xmLabelWidgetClass: {
			my x = 2;
			my y = 2;
			my width = NativeLabel_preferredWidth (me);
			my height = Gui_LABEL_HEIGHT;
		} break; case xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass: {
			if (my parent -> rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR) {
				wchar_t *hyphen = wcsstr (my name, L" -");
				if (hyphen) hyphen [2] = '\0';   /* Chop any trailing spaces. */
				my x = 2;
				my y = 2;
				my width = NativeButton_preferredWidth (me);
				my height = NativeButton_preferredHeight (me) + 4;   /* BUG: menu bar should be large enough. */
			} else {
				my motiff.cascadeButton.inBar = TRUE;
			}
		} break; case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass: {
			my x = 2;
			my y = 2;
			my width = NativeToggleButton_preferredWidth (me);
			my height = Gui_CHECKBUTTON_HEIGHT;
		} break; case xmSeparatorWidgetClass: {
			my width = parent -> width;
			my height = 10;
		} break; case xmScrollBarWidgetClass: {
			my width = 16;
			my height = 100;
		} break; case xmMenuBarWidgetClass: {
			my width = 10;
			my height = 10;
		} break; case xmRowColumnWidgetClass: {
			my width = 10;
			my height = 10;
			my orientation = XmVERTICAL;
		} break; case xmScaleWidgetClass: {
			my width = 300;
			my height = win ? 25 : 40;
		} break; case xmFormWidgetClass: {
			if (MEMBER (parent, Shell)) {
				/*
				 * The following trick is necessary for forms that contain scroll bars.
				 */
				my width = parent -> width;
				my height = parent -> height;
			} else {
				/*
				 * EXPERIMENT:
				 * this relies on a certain sequence in building up a window: from top to bottom.
				 * If the form is inside a RowColumn of a certain width established by a widget
				 * closer to the top, this width will be copied. The height, of course, should not be copied.
				 * See Praat's SoundRecorder for an example.
				 */
				my width = parent -> width;
				my height = 10;
			}
		} break; default: {
			my width = parent -> width;
			my height = parent -> height;
		}
	}

	/* Some positions depend on parent. */

	if (parent) switch (parent -> widgetClass) {
		case xmFrameWidgetClass: {
			my x = 1;
			my y = 1;
			my width = parent -> width - 2;
			my height = parent -> height - 2;
		} break; case xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass: {
			my x = 1;
			my y = 1;
			my width = parent -> width - 17;   /* Exact fit: scroll bar (16) plus border (1). */
			my height = parent -> height - 17;
			if (my widgetClass == xmTextWidgetClass) { my width = 3000; my height = 30000; }   // BUG: either put in GuiText or erase
		}
	}

	if (my width < 0) my width = 0;
	if (my height < 0) my height = 0;

	#if mac
		/* Determine enclosing rectangle in macwindow co-ordinates. */
		if (! MEMBER (me, Shell) && ! MEMBER (my parent, Shell)) {
			my rect.left = parent -> rect.left + my x;
			my rect.top = parent -> rect.top + my y;
		}
		my rect.right = my rect.left + my width;
		my rect.bottom = my rect.top + my height;
	#endif

	/* Automatic attachment of dialog to parent shell. */

	if (MEMBER2 (me, BulletinBoard, Form) && MEMBER (my parent, Shell))
		my leftAttachment = my rightAttachment = my topAttachment = my bottomAttachment = XmATTACH_FORM;

	if (MEMBER (me, CascadeButton) && wcsequ (name, L"Help"))
		my rightAttachment = XmATTACH_FORM;   /* !!!!!! */

	/* A child of a scrolled window will be installed as the workWindow of that scrolled window,
	 * except if it is a scroll bar or if the clipWindow does not exist yet.
	 * This is because the creations of the scroll bars and the clip window will also arrive here.
	 * Our XmScrolledWindow creation method always creates two scroll bars and a clip window,
	 * before you can create any other children.
	 */

	if (my parent && MEMBER (my parent, ScrolledWindow) &&
		! MEMBER (me, ScrollBar) &&   /* 'me' is one of the two scroll bars, or a new one. */
		my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow != NULL)   /* 'me' is probably the clip window now. */
			my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.workWindow = me;   /* Install. */
	return me;
}

/********** CLIPPING AND VIEW VALIDATION ROUTINES **********/

#if mac
	/* These routines use Mac position information only (i.e., the 'rect' attribute).
	 * They do not use Motif position information (i.e., the 'x', 'y', 'width', and 'height' attributes.
	 */

	/* The largest possible rect on a Mac, used for "no clip". */
	static Rect _motif_wideRect = { -32768, -32768, 32767, 32767 };
	static Rect _motif_clipRect;

	void _GuiMac_clipOnParent (GuiObject me) {
		/* The 'clipRect' will be the intersection of the rects of all its ancestors,
		 * stopping before a shell and making side steps at scrolled windows.
		 */
		GuiObject parent;
		Rect clipRect = _motif_wideRect;
		for (parent = my parent; ! MEMBER (parent, Shell); parent = parent -> parent) {
			Rect *parentRect = & parent -> rect;
			if (MEMBER (parent, ScrolledWindow)) {
				if (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar)) {
					parentRect = & my rect;
				} else {
					if (parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow == NULL) return;   /* During destruction. */
					parentRect = & parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow -> rect;
				}
			}
			if (parentRect -> left > clipRect. left) clipRect. left = parentRect -> left;
			if (parentRect -> right < clipRect. right) clipRect. right = parentRect -> right;
			if (parentRect -> top > clipRect. top) clipRect. top = parentRect -> top;
			if (parentRect -> bottom < clipRect. bottom) clipRect. bottom = parentRect -> bottom;
		}
		/*if (MEMBER (me, PushButton) && me == my shell -> defaultButton)
			clipRect. left -= 3, clipRect. right += 3, clipRect. top -= 3, clipRect. bottom += 3;*/
		SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
		ClipRect (& clipRect);
		_motif_clipRect = clipRect;
	}

	void GuiMac_clipOff (void) { ClipRect (& _motif_wideRect); }

	void _GuiMac_clipOffValid (GuiObject me) {
		Rect clipRect = _motif_clipRect;
		if (my rect. left > clipRect. left) clipRect. left = my rect. left;
		if (my rect. right < clipRect. right) clipRect. right = my rect. right;
		if (my rect. top > clipRect. top) clipRect. top = my rect. top;
		if (my rect. bottom < clipRect. bottom) clipRect. bottom = my rect. bottom;
		SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
		ValidWindowRect (my macWindow, & clipRect);
		ClipRect (& _motif_wideRect);
	}

	void _GuiMac_clipOffInvalid (GuiObject me) {
		Rect clipRect = _motif_clipRect;
		if (my rect. left > clipRect. left) clipRect. left = my rect. left;
		if (my rect. right < clipRect. right) clipRect. right = my rect. right;
		if (my rect. top > clipRect. top) clipRect. top = my rect. top;
		if (my rect. bottom < clipRect. bottom) clipRect. bottom = my rect. bottom;
		SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
		InvalWindowRect (my macWindow, & clipRect);
		ClipRect (& _motif_wideRect);
	}

	void GuiMac_clipOn (GuiObject me) {
		GuiObject parent;
		Rect clipRect = my rect;
		for (parent = my parent; ! MEMBER (parent, Shell); parent = parent -> parent) {
			Rect *parentRect = & parent -> rect;
			if (MEMBER (parent, ScrolledWindow)) {
				if (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar)) {
					parentRect = & my rect;
				} else {
					Melder_assert (parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow != NULL);
					parentRect = & parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow -> rect;
				}
			}
			if (parentRect -> left > clipRect. left) clipRect. left = parentRect -> left;
			if (parentRect -> right < clipRect. right) clipRect. right = parentRect -> right;
			if (parentRect -> top > clipRect. top) clipRect. top = parentRect -> top;
			if (parentRect -> bottom < clipRect. bottom) clipRect. bottom = parentRect -> bottom;
		}
		SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
		ClipRect (& clipRect);
	}
	int GuiMac_clipOn_graphicsContext (GuiObject me, void *graphicsContext) {
		GuiObject parent;
		Rect clipRect = my rect;
		for (parent = my parent; ! MEMBER (parent, Shell); parent = parent -> parent) {
			Rect *parentRect = & parent -> rect;
			if (MEMBER (parent, ScrolledWindow)) {
				if (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar)) {
					parentRect = & my rect;
				} else {
					Melder_assert (parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow != NULL);
					parentRect = & parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow -> rect;
				}
			}
			if (parentRect -> left > clipRect. left) clipRect. left = parentRect -> left;
			if (parentRect -> right < clipRect. right) clipRect. right = parentRect -> right;
			if (parentRect -> top > clipRect. top) clipRect. top = parentRect -> top;
			if (parentRect -> bottom < clipRect. bottom) clipRect. bottom = parentRect -> bottom;
		}
		CGContextClipToRect ((CGContextRef) graphicsContext, CGRectMake (clipRect.left, my shell -> height - clipRect.bottom,
			clipRect.right - clipRect.left, clipRect.bottom - clipRect.top));
		return my shell -> height;
	}
#endif

/***** NATIVE *****/

void _GuiNativeControl_check (GuiObject me, Boolean value) {
	#if win
		Button_SetCheck (my window, value ? BST_CHECKED : BST_UNCHECKED);
	#elif mac
		SetControlValue (my nat.control.handle, value);
	#endif
}

void _GuiNativeControl_destroy (GuiObject me) {
	#if win
		DestroyWindow (my window);
	#elif mac
		_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
		DisposeControl (my nat.control.handle);
		GuiMac_clipOff ();
	#endif
}

void _GuiNativeControl_show (GuiObject me) {
	#if win
		ShowWindow (my window, SW_SHOW);
	#elif mac
		_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
		if (IsControlVisible (my nat.control.handle))
			Draw1Control (my nat.control.handle);
		else
			ShowControl (my nat.control.handle);
		_GuiMac_clipOffValid (me);
	#endif
}

void _GuiNativeControl_hide (GuiObject me) {
	#if win
		ShowWindow (my window, SW_HIDE);
	#elif mac
		_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
		HideControl (my nat.control.handle);
		_GuiMac_clipOffValid (me);
	#endif
}

void _GuiNativeControl_setFont (GuiObject me, int style, int size) {
	#if win
	#elif mac
		ControlFontStyleRec fontStyle;
		fontStyle. flags = kControlUseFontMask | kControlUseFaceMask | kControlUseSizeMask;
		fontStyle. font = systemFont;
		fontStyle. style = style;
		fontStyle. size = size;
		SetControlFontStyle (my nat.control.handle, & fontStyle);
	#endif
}

void _GuiNativeControl_setSensitive (GuiObject me) {
	#if win
		EnableWindow (my window, ! my insensitive);
	#elif mac
		_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
		HiliteControl (my nat.control.handle, my insensitive ? 255 : 0);
		GuiMac_clipOff ();
	#endif
}

wchar_t * _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (const wchar_t *title) {
	static wchar_t buffer [300];
	const wchar_t *from = title;
	wchar_t *to = & buffer [0];
	while (*from) { if (*from == '&') * to ++ = '&'; * to ++ = * from ++; } * to = '\0';
	return buffer;
}

void _GuiNativeControl_setTitle (GuiObject me) {
	#if win
		HDC dc = GetDC (my window);
		SelectPen (dc, GetStockPen (NULL_PEN));
		SelectBrush (dc, GetStockBrush (LTGRAY_BRUSH));
		Rectangle (dc, 0, 0, my width, my height);
		ReleaseDC (my window, dc);
		SetWindowText (my window, _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name));
	#elif mac
		Melder_assert (my nat.control.handle);
		if (my widgetClass == xmLabelWidgetClass) {
			/*
			 * Static Text controls on the Mac do not understand SetControlTitle.
			 */
			CFStringRef cfString = (CFStringRef) Melder_peekWcsToCfstring (my name);
			SetControlData (my nat.control.handle, kControlEntireControl, kControlStaticTextCFStringTag, sizeof (CFStringRef), & cfString);
			/* SetControlData does not redraw the control. */
			if (IsControlVisible (my nat.control.handle))
				Draw1Control (my nat.control.handle);
		} else if (my nat.control.isPopup) {
			GuiObject menu = my subMenuId, item;
			if (menu) for (item = menu -> firstChild; item; item = item -> nextSibling) {
				if (wcsequ (item -> name, my name)) {
					SetControlValue (my nat.control.handle, item -> nat.entry.item);
					return;
				}
			}
			SetControlValue (my nat.control.handle, 0);
		} else {
			SetControlTitleWithCFString (my nat.control.handle, (CFStringRef) Melder_peekWcsToCfstring (my name));
		}
	#endif
}

static int _XmScrollBar_check (GuiObject me) {
	if (my maximum < my minimum)
		Melder_warning ("XmScrollBar: maximum (", my maximum, ") less than minimum (", my minimum, ").");
	else if (my sliderSize > my maximum - my minimum)
		Melder_warning ("XmScrollBar: slider size (", my sliderSize, ") greater than maximum (",
			my maximum, ") minus minimum (", my minimum, ").");
	else if (my value < my minimum)
		Melder_warning ("XmScrollBar: value (", my value, ") less than minimum (", my minimum, ").");
	else if (my value > my maximum - my sliderSize)
		Melder_warning ("XmScrollBar: value (", my value, ") greater than maximum (",
			my maximum, ") minus slider size (", my sliderSize, ").");
	else return 1;
	return 0;
}

static void NativeScrollBar_set (GuiObject me) {
	if (! _XmScrollBar_check (me)) return;
	#if win
	{
		SCROLLINFO scrollInfo;
		scrollInfo. cbSize = sizeof (SCROLLINFO);
		scrollInfo. fMask = SIF_RANGE | SIF_PAGE | SIF_POS | SIF_DISABLENOSCROLL;
		#if SCROLL32
			if (my maximum == my minimum + my sliderSize) {
				scrollInfo. nMin = 0;
				scrollInfo. nMax = 1;
				scrollInfo. nPage = 1;
				scrollInfo. nPos = 0;
			} else {
				scrollInfo. nMin = 0;
				scrollInfo. nMax = 32767;
				scrollInfo. nPage = (32767.0 * my sliderSize) / (my maximum - my minimum);
				scrollInfo. nPos = ((32767.0 - scrollInfo. nPage) * (my value - my minimum)) / (my maximum - my minimum - my sliderSize);
			}
		#else
			scrollInfo. nMin = my minimum;
			scrollInfo. nMax = my maximum;
			scrollInfo. nPage = my sliderSize;
			scrollInfo. nPos = my value;
		#endif
		if (my window) SetScrollInfo (my window, SB_CTL, & scrollInfo, TRUE);
	}
	#elif mac
		if (! my nat.control.handle) return;
		SetControl32BitMinimum (my nat.control.handle, my minimum);
		SetControl32BitMaximum (my nat.control.handle, my maximum - my sliderSize);
		SetControlViewSize (my nat.control.handle, my sliderSize);
		SetControl32BitValue (my nat.control.handle, my value);
	#endif
}

static void NativeMenuItem_delete (GuiObject me) {
	#if win
		RemoveMenu (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.id, MF_BYCOMMAND);
	#elif mac
		GuiObject subview;
		DeleteMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item);
		for (subview = my parent -> firstChild; subview; subview = subview -> nextSibling) {
			if (subview -> managed && ! MEMBER (subview, PulldownMenu) &&
				subview -> nat.entry.item > my nat.entry.item)
					subview -> nat.entry.item -= 1;
		}
		my nat.entry.item = 0;
	#endif
}

static int NativeMenuItem_getPosition (GuiObject me) {
	int position = 1;
	#if win
		/*
		 * The following routine could also be used for Mac.
		 */
		GuiObject sibling;
		for (sibling = my parent -> firstChild; sibling; sibling = sibling -> nextSibling) {
			if (sibling == me) break;
			if (sibling -> managed && ! MEMBER (sibling, PulldownMenu))
				position += 1;
		}
		/*
		 * Bill Gates counts like 0, 1, 2...
		 */
		position -= 1;
	#elif mac
		/*
		 * A Macintosh menu item shall know its "item number",
		 * which is its dynamic position in the current shape of the menu.
		 * We can use this item number to make changes and
		 * it will be sent to us by MenuSelect () while we handle a mouse-down message in the menu.
		 * (Regrettably, this item number has to change whenever items are unmanaged
		 *  or destroyed elsewhere in the menu.)
		 * Basically, the item number is one higher than the item number of the previous sibling.
		 *
		 * "incremental" means that all previous sibling items must have valid item numbers.
		 */
		GuiObject prev = my previousSibling;
		/*
		 * However, there may also be sibling pulldown menus. These have no item number (the associated cascade buttons have).
		 * Also, unmanaged items are not in the native menu structure, so these have no item number either.
		 */
		while (prev && (MEMBER (prev, PulldownMenu) || ! prev -> managed))
			prev = prev -> previousSibling;
		if (prev) {   /* Is there a previous managed non-pulldown sibling? */
			position = prev -> nat.entry.item + 1;   /* Then I must be the next item in the native menu structure. */
		} else {
			/*
			 * I must be the first item in the native menu structure, as far as the application is concerned.
			 * However, if the menu is the system's help menu (the question mark in System 7),
			 * the menu already contains a button called "Show balloon help".
			 */
			if (my parent -> nat.menu.id == kHMHelpMenuID) {   /* Is this the system help menu? */
				if (theHelpMenuOffset == 0)   /* Haven't we asked yet for the length of the system help menu? */
					theHelpMenuOffset = CountMenuItems (my nat.entry.handle);   /* So ask now. */
				position = theHelpMenuOffset + 1;   /* Then I must be the next item in the native menu structure. */
			} else {   /* This must be a menu of our own. */
				position = 1;   /* I must be the first item in the native menu structure. */
			}
		}
	#endif
	return position;
}

static void NativeMenuItem_check (GuiObject me, Boolean value) {
	#if win
		if (! my managed) return;
		CheckMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.id, MF_BYCOMMAND | ( value ? MF_CHECKED : MF_UNCHECKED ));
	#elif mac
		if (! my nat.entry.item) return;
		CheckMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, value);
	#endif
}

static void NativeMenuItem_setSensitive (GuiObject me) {
	#if win
		if (! my managed) return;
		EnableMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.id, MF_BYCOMMAND | ( my insensitive ? MF_GRAYED : MF_ENABLED ));
	#elif mac
		if (! my nat.entry.item) return;
		if (my insensitive) DisableMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item);
		else EnableMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item);
	#endif
}

static void NativeMenuItem_setText (GuiObject me) {
	int acc = my motiff.pushButton.acceleratorChar, modifiers = my motiff.pushButton.acceleratorModifiers;
	#if win
		static MelderString title = { 0 };
		if (acc == 0) {
			MelderString_copy (& title, _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name));
		} else {
			static const wchar_t *keyStrings [256] = {
				0, L"<-", L"->", L"Up", L"Down", L"PAUSE", L"Del", L"Ins", L"Backspace", L"Tab", L"LineFeed", L"Home", L"End", L"Enter", L"PageUp", L"PageDown",
				L"Esc", L"F1", L"F2", L"F3", L"F4", L"F5", L"F6", L"F7", L"F8", L"F9", L"F10", L"F11", L"F12", 0, 0, 0,
				L"Space", L"!", L"\"", L"#", L"$", L"%", L"&", L"\'", L"(", L")", L"*", L"+", L",", L"-", L".", L"/",
				L"0", L"1", L"2", L"3", L"4", L"5", L"6", L"7", L"8", L"9", L":", L";", L"<", L"=", L">", L"?",
				L"@", L"A", L"B", L"C", L"D", L"E", L"F", L"G", L"H", L"I", L"J", L"K", L"L", L"M", L"N", L"O",
				L"P", L"Q", L"R", L"S", L"T", L"U", L"V", L"W", L"X", L"Y", L"Z", L"[", L"\\", L"]", L"^", L"_",
				L"`", L"a", L"b", L"c", L"d", L"e", L"f", L"g", L"h", L"i", L"j", L"k", L"l", L"m", L"n", L"o",
				L"p", L"q", L"r", L"s", L"t", L"u", L"v", L"w", L"x", L"y", L"z", L"{", L"|", L"}", L"~", L"Del",
				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, L"[", L"]", L",", L"?", L".", L"\\",
				L";", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, L"-", L"`", L"=", L"\'", 0,
				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
				0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
			const wchar_t *keyString = keyStrings [acc] ? keyStrings [acc] : L"???";
			MelderString_empty (& title);
			MelderString_append (&title, _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name), L"\t",
				modifiers & _motif_COMMAND_MASK ? L"Ctrl-" : NULL,
				modifiers & _motif_OPTION_MASK ? L"Alt-" : NULL,
				modifiers & _motif_SHIFT_MASK ? L"Shift-" : NULL, keyString);
		}
		ModifyMenu (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.id, MF_BYCOMMAND | MF_STRING, my nat.entry.id, title.string);
	#elif mac
		static int theGlyphs [1+31] = { 0,
			kMenuLeftArrowDashedGlyph, kMenuRightArrowDashedGlyph, kMenuUpArrowDashedGlyph, kMenuDownwardArrowDashedGlyph, 0,
			kMenuDeleteRightGlyph, 0, kMenuDeleteLeftGlyph, kMenuTabRightGlyph, 0,
			0, 0, kMenuReturnGlyph, kMenuPageUpGlyph, kMenuPageDownGlyph,
			kMenuEscapeGlyph, kMenuF1Glyph, kMenuF2Glyph, kMenuF3Glyph, kMenuF4Glyph,
			kMenuF5Glyph, kMenuF6Glyph, kMenuF7Glyph, kMenuF8Glyph, kMenuF9Glyph,
			kMenuF10Glyph, kMenuF11Glyph, kMenuF12Glyph, 0, 0,
			0 };
		SetMenuItemTextWithCFString (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, (CFStringRef) Melder_peekWcsToCfstring (my name));
		if (acc > 32) {
			SetItemCmd (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, acc);
		} else {
			Melder_assert (acc > 0 && acc < 32);
			SetItemCmd (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, ' ');   /* Funny that this should be needed. */
			SetMenuItemKeyGlyph (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, theGlyphs [acc]);
		}
		SetMenuItemModifiers (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item,
			( modifiers & _motif_OPTION_MASK ? kMenuOptionModifier : 0 ) +
			( modifiers & _motif_SHIFT_MASK ? kMenuShiftModifier : 0 ) +
			( modifiers & _motif_COMMAND_MASK ? 0 : kMenuNoCommandModifier ));
	#endif
}

/********** **********/

/*
 * We now create the native objects associated with this widget,
 * but do not show them on the screen yet (ideally).
 * A reference must be made from widget to native object and back.
 * On Mac, we normally use the RefCon fields of the windows and controls.
 * On Win, we use SetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) widget).
 */

static void _GuiNativizeWidget (GuiObject me) {
	if (my nativized) return;
	if (my inMenu) {
		if (MEMBER (me, PulldownMenu)) {
			#if win
				int id;
				for (id = 1; id <= MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS; id ++) if (! theMenus [id]) break;
				my nat.menu.id = id;
				theMenus [my nat.menu.id] = me;   /* Instead of UserData fields. */
				/*
				 * This will be a hierarchical menu.
				 */
				my nat.menu.handle = CreatePopupMenu ();
			#elif mac
				int ident;
				for (ident = 1; ident <= MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS; ident ++) if (! theMenus [ident]) break;
				my nat.menu.id = ident;
				theMenus [my nat.menu.id] = me;   /* Instead of RefCon fields. */
				/*
				 * This will be a hierarchical menu.
				 */
				CreateNewMenu (my nat.menu.id, 0, & my nat.menu.handle);
				SetMenuTitleWithCFString (my nat.menu.handle, (CFStringRef) Melder_peekWcsToCfstring (my name));
				InsertMenu (my nat.menu.handle, kInsertHierarchicalMenu);
			#endif
		} else {
			/*
			 * Any menu item (push button, toggle button, or cascade button) shall contain its native parent menu handle.
			 */
			my nat.entry.handle = my parent -> nat.menu.handle;
			#if win
			{
				/*
				 * A Windows menu item shall have a shell-unique ID,
				 * which we can use to make changes and
				 * which will be sent to us by the WM_COMMAND message.
				 * This ID should be higher than 4000, in order to be different from the menu IDs.
				 * In our implementation, item IDs are application-unique.
				 */
				int id;
				for (id = MINIMUM_MENU_ITEM_ID; id <= MAXIMUM_MENU_ITEM_ID; id ++) if (! theMenuItems [id]) break;
				my nat.entry.id = id;   // install unique ID
				theMenuItems [id] = TRUE;
			}
			#endif
		}
	} else switch (my widgetClass) {
		case xmBulletinBoardWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				my window = CreateWindowEx (0, theWindowClassName, L"bulletinBoard", WS_CHILD | WS_BORDER | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS,
					my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, NULL, theGui.instance, NULL);
				SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass: Melder_fatal ("Should be implemented in GuiDrawingArea."); break;
		case xmFormWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				my window = CreateWindowEx (0, theWindowClassName, L"form", WS_CHILD | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS,
					my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, NULL, theGui.instance, NULL);
				SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmRowColumnWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				my window = CreateWindowEx (0, theWindowClassName, L"rowColumn", WS_CHILD | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS,
					my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, NULL, theGui.instance, NULL);
				SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmListWidgetClass: Melder_fatal ("Should be implemented in GuiList."); break;
		case xmMenuBarWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				if (! my shell -> motiff.shell.isDialog && my shell -> nat.shell.menuBar == NULL && my parent -> widgetClass != xmRowColumnWidgetClass) {
					HMENU bar = CreateMenu ();
					SetMenu (my shell -> window, bar);
					my nat.menu.handle = bar;
					my shell -> nat.shell.menuBar = me;   // does this have to be?
				} else {
					my widgetClass = xmRowColumnWidgetClass;   /* !!!!!!!!!!!!! */
					my orientation = XmHORIZONTAL;
					my rowColumnType = XmMENU_BAR;
					my window = CreateWindowEx (0, theWindowClassName, L"rowColumn", WS_CHILD,
						my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, NULL, theGui.instance, NULL);
					SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
				}
			#elif mac
				/*
				 * The first menu bar that occurs in the application shell,
				 * will be positioned in the Macintosh menu bar.
				 * All other menu bars are at the top of their own windows.
				 * This is Motif style, and only works well for Macintoshes with large screens.
				 */
				if ((GuiObject) GetWRefCon (my macWindow) == theApplicationShell && theMenuBar == NULL) {
					theMenuBar = me;
				} else {
					my widgetClass = xmRowColumnWidgetClass;   /* !!!!!!!!!!!!! */
					my orientation = XmHORIZONTAL;
					my rowColumnType = XmMENU_BAR;
				}
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				int id;
				for (id = 1; id <= MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS; id ++) if (! theMenus [id]) break;
				my nat.menu.id = id;
				theMenus [my nat.menu.id] = me;   /* Instead of UserData fields. */
				if (MEMBER (my parent, MenuBar)) {
					GuiObject menu;
					UINT beforeID = -1;
					my nat.menu.handle = CreatePopupMenu ();
					/*
					 * Insert the menu before the Help menu, if that exists; otherwise, at the end.
					 */
					for (menu = my parent -> firstChild; menu != NULL; menu = menu -> nextSibling) {
						if (MEMBER (menu, PulldownMenu) && wcsequ (menu -> name, L"Help") && menu != me) {
							beforeID = (UINT) menu -> nat.menu./*handle*/id;
							break;
						}
					}
					{
						MENUITEMINFO info;
						info. cbSize = sizeof (MENUITEMINFO);
						info. fMask = MIIM_TYPE | MIIM_SUBMENU | MIIM_ID;
						info. fType = MFT_STRING | ( wcsequ (my name, L"Help") ? MFT_RIGHTJUSTIFY : 0 );
						info. dwTypeData = my name;
						info. hSubMenu = my nat.menu.handle;
						info. wID = (UINT) my nat.menu./*handle*/id;
						InsertMenuItem (my parent -> nat.menu.handle, beforeID, 0, & info);
					} /*else if (beforeID >= 0)
						InsertMenu (my parent -> nat.menu.handle, beforeID, MF_STRING | MF_POPUP | MF_BYCOMMAND,
							(UINT) my nat.menu.handle, my name);
					else
						AppendMenu (my parent -> nat.menu.handle, MF_STRING | MF_POPUP, (UINT) my nat.menu.handle, my name);*/
					DrawMenuBar (my shell -> window);
				} else if (MEMBER (my parent, RowColumn) && my parent -> rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR) {
					my nat.menu.handle = CreatePopupMenu ();
				}
			#elif mac
				int ident;
				for (ident = 1; ident <= MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS; ident ++) if (! theMenus [ident]) break;
				my nat.menu.id = ident;
				theMenus [my nat.menu.id] = me;   /* Instead of RefCon fields. */
				if (MEMBER (my parent, MenuBar)) {
					/*
					 * This will be a menu in the Macintosh menu bar.
					 */
					if (USE_QUESTION_MARK_HELP_MENU && wcsequ (my name, L"Help")) {
						HMGetHelpMenu (& my nat.menu.handle, NULL);
						theMenus [my nat.menu.id] = NULL;
						my nat.menu.id = kHMHelpMenuID;
						theMenus [MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS] = me;
					} else {
						int beforeID = 0;
						CreateNewMenu (my nat.menu.id, 0, & my nat.menu.handle);
						SetMenuTitleWithCFString (my nat.menu.handle, (CFStringRef) Melder_peekWcsToCfstring (my name));
						for (ident = 1; ident <= MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS; ident ++) {
							GuiObject menu = theMenus [ident];
							if (menu && wcsequ (menu -> name, L"Help")) {
								beforeID = ident;
								break;
							}
						}
						InsertMenu (my nat.menu.handle, beforeID);
					}
				} else if (MEMBER (my parent, RowColumn)) {
					/*
					 * This will be a menu outside the main window,
					 * or at a different place in the main window.
					 * It is implemented as a Mac pop-up menu.
					 */
					CreateNewMenu (my nat.menu.id, 0, & my nat.menu.handle);
					SetMenuTitleWithCFString (my nat.menu.handle, (CFStringRef) Melder_peekWcsToCfstring (my name));
					InsertMenu (my nat.menu.handle, -1);
				}
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmLabelWidgetClass: Melder_fatal ("Should be implemented in GuiLabel."); break;
		case xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass: {
			if (! my motiff.cascadeButton.inBar) {
				#if win
					my window = CreateWindow (L"button", _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name),
						WS_CHILD | BS_PUSHBUTTON | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS,
						my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, (HMENU) 1, theGui.instance, NULL);
					SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
					SetWindowFont (my window, GetStockFont (ANSI_VAR_FONT), FALSE);
				#elif mac
					if (wcsstr (my name, L" -") || (my parent -> rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR && my parent -> y < 5)) {
						my nat.control.isBevel = true;
						CreateBevelButtonControl (my macWindow, & my rect, NULL, kControlBevelButtonSmallBevel,
							kControlBehaviorPushbutton, NULL, 1, kControlBehaviorCommandMenu, 0, & my nat.control.handle);
						Melder_assert (my nat.control.handle != NULL);
						SetControlReference (my nat.control.handle, (long) me);
						my isControl = TRUE;
						_GuiNativeControl_setFont (me, 0, 13);
						_GuiNativeControl_setTitle (me);
					} else {
						my nat.control.isPopup = true;
						//Melder_casual("my macWindow %ld, %d-%d x %d-%d", my macWindow, my rect.left, my rect.right, my rect.top, my rect.bottom);
						CreatePopupButtonControl (my macWindow, & my rect, NULL, -12345, false,
							0, teFlushLeft, 0, & my nat.control.handle);
						Melder_assert (my nat.control.handle != NULL);
						SetControlReference (my nat.control.handle, (long) me);
						my isControl = TRUE;
						_GuiNativeControl_setFont (me, 0, 13);
						_GuiNativeControl_setTitle (me);
						SetControlMaximum (my nat.control.handle, 32767);   /* The default seems to be 9 on MacOS X. */
					}
				#endif
			}
		} break;
		case xmPushButtonWidgetClass: Melder_fatal ("Should be implemented in GuiButton."); break;
		case xmTextWidgetClass: Melder_fatal ("Should be implemented in GuiText."); break;
		case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass: Melder_fatal ("Should be implemented in GuiCheckButton and GuiRadioButton."); break;
		case xmScaleWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				my window = CreateWindow (PROGRESS_CLASS, _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name), WS_CHILD | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS,
					my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, (HMENU) 1, theGui.instance, NULL);
				SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
				SendMessage (my window, PBM_SETRANGE, (WPARAM) 0, (LPARAM) MAKELONG (0, 1000));
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmScrollBarWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				my window = CreateWindow (L"scrollbar", my name, WS_CHILD |
					( wcsequ (my name, L"verticalScrollBar") ? SBS_VERT : SBS_HORZ ) | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS,
					my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, (HMENU) 1, theGui.instance, NULL);
				SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
				NativeScrollBar_set (me);
			#elif mac
				my nat.control.handle = NewControl (my macWindow, & my rect,
					(const unsigned char *) "\000", false, 0, 0, 0, kControlScrollBarLiveProc, (long) me);
				Melder_assert (my nat.control.handle);
				my isControl = TRUE;
			#endif
			my minimum = 0;
			my maximum = 100;
			my value = 0;
			my sliderSize = 100;
		} break;
		case xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass: {
			/*
			 * The space of the scrolled window is completely filled by three of its children:
			 * the two scroll bars and the clip window. The first child you create yourself will be the
			 * work window: this work window can grow larger than the clip window.
			 * While normally every widget is only clipped to the rects of its ancestors,
			 * for a scrolled window the clip window will be inserted into this chain.
			 * Example: if the widget hierarchy is
			 *      shell.form.scrolledWindow.column.row.pushButton,
			 * the clipping hierarchy will be
			 *      (shell.)form.(scrolledWindow.)clipWindow.column.row.pushButton
			 */
			#if win
				my window = CreateWindowEx (0, theWindowClassName, L"scrolledWindow", WS_CHILD | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS,
					my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, NULL, theGui.instance, NULL);
				SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
			#endif
			my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar = XmCreateScrollBar (me, "horizontalScrollBar", NULL, 0);
			my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar = XmCreateScrollBar (me, "verticalScrollBar", NULL, 0);
			XtVaSetValues (my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar, XmNorientation, XmHORIZONTAL,
				XmNleftAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNbottomAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM,
				XmNrightAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNrightOffset, 15, XmNheight, 16,
				XmNminimum, 0, XmNmaximum, 100, XmNsliderSize, 100,
				XmNincrement, CELL_HEIGHT, XmNpageIncrement, 101 - CELL_HEIGHT, NULL);
			XtVaSetValues (my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar, XmNorientation, XmVERTICAL,
				XmNtopAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNrightAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM,
				XmNbottomAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNbottomOffset, 15, XmNwidth, 16,
				XmNminimum, 0, XmNmaximum, 100, XmNsliderSize, 100,
				XmNincrement, CELL_HEIGHT, XmNpageIncrement, 101 - CELL_HEIGHT, NULL);
			my motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow = XmCreateBulletinBoard (me, "clipWindow", NULL, 0);
			XtVaSetValues (my motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow,
				XmNleftAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNleftOffset, 1,   /* For border. */
				XmNrightAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNrightOffset, 16,   /* For scroll bar. */
				XmNtopAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNtopOffset, 1,   /* For border. */
				XmNbottomAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNbottomOffset, 16, NULL);   /* For scroll bar. */
			XtAddCallback (my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar, XmNvalueChangedCallback, cb_scroll, (XtPointer) me);
			XtAddCallback (my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar, XmNdragCallback, cb_scroll, (XtPointer) me);
			XtAddCallback (my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar, XmNvalueChangedCallback, cb_scroll, (XtPointer) me);
			XtAddCallback (my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar, XmNdragCallback, cb_scroll, (XtPointer) me);
		} break;
		case xmShellWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				static LPCTSTR className = theApplicationClassName;   /* Only for first window. */
				my window = CreateWindowEx (theDialogHint ? WS_EX_DLGMODALFRAME /* | WS_EX_TOPMOST */ : 0,
					className, className,
					theDialogHint ? WS_CAPTION | WS_SYSMENU : WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,
					CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0,  my parent ? my parent -> window : NULL, NULL, theGui.instance, NULL);
				className = theWindowClassName;   /* All later windows. */
				SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
			#elif mac
				Rect r = my rect;
				if (wcsstr (my name, L"fullscreen")) {
					my motiff.shell.canFullScreen = true;
				}
				OffsetRect (& r, 0, 22);
				CreateNewWindow (kDocumentWindowClass, kWindowCloseBoxAttribute +
					( theDialogHint ? 0 : kWindowCollapseBoxAttribute + kWindowResizableAttribute + kWindowFullZoomAttribute),
					& r, & my nat.window.ptr);
				SetWRefCon (my nat.window.ptr, (long) me);   /* So we can find the widget from the event with GetWRefCon (). */
				CreateRootControl (my nat.window.ptr, & my nat.window.rootControl);
				if (theDialogHint) {
					SetThemeWindowBackground (my nat.window.ptr, kThemeBrushDialogBackgroundActive, False);
				} else {
					SetThemeWindowBackground (my nat.window.ptr, kThemeBrushDialogBackgroundActive, False);
				}
				my macWindow = my nat.window.ptr;   /* Associate drawing context; child widgets will inherit. */
				my motiff.shell.active = true;   /* Why? */
				SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
				motif_mac_defaultFont ();   /* Will be set back after every change. */
			#endif
			my motiff.shell.isDialog = theDialogHint;   /* So we can maintain a single Shell class instead of two different. */
		} break;
		default: break;
	}
	my nativized = True;
}

static GuiObject createWidget (int widgetClass, GuiObject parent, const char *name) {
	GuiObject me = _Gui_initializeWidget (widgetClass, parent, Melder_peekUtf8ToWcs (name));
	_GuiNativizeWidget (me);
	return me;
}

void _Gui_invalidateWidget (GuiObject me) {
	if (! my managed) return;   /* Should be: visible. */
	if (MEMBER (me, Shell) /*||
		 my widgetClass == xmRowColumnWidgetClass ||
		 my widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass*/) return;   /* Composites are not invalidated !!!!! ???? */
	#if mac
		_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
		EraseRect (& my rect);
		_GuiMac_clipOffInvalid (me);
	#endif
}

void _Gui_validateWidget (GuiObject me) {
	if (! my managed) return;   /* Should be: visible. */
	if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) return;
	#if mac
		_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
		_GuiMac_clipOffValid (me);   
	#endif
}

static void Native_move (GuiObject me, int dx, int dy) {
/* Native_move () changes the native attributes and visual position of the widget:
 * No Motif attributes (such as 'x' and 'y') are changed.
 * Usage:
 *     Native_move () is normally called immediately after changing the 'x' or 'y' attribute.
 *     It can be seen as the 'realization' of a Motif move.
 */
#if win
	(void) dx;
	(void) dy;
	if (! my window) return;   // ignore menu items
	if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
		my nat.shell.duringMoveWindow = True;
		if (my motiff.shell.isDialog)
			MoveWindow (my window, my x, my y, my width + 2 * GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXFIXEDFRAME),
				my height + 2 * GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYFIXEDFRAME) + GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYCAPTION), TRUE);
		else
			MoveWindow (my window, my x, my y,
				my width + 2 * GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXSIZEFRAME),
				my height + 2 * GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYSIZEFRAME) + GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYCAPTION) +
				( my nat.shell.menuBar != NULL ? GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYMENU) : 0 ), TRUE);
	} else
		MoveWindow (my window, my x, my y, my width, my height, True);
#elif mac
	/*
	 * On Mac, the 'rect' attribute is changed, as is the position information in the Mac object.
	 * Native_move () calls itself with the same arguments for all the widget's children.
	 */
	GuiObject child;
	if ((dx == 0 && dy == 0) || MEMBER (me, MenuBar) || (my parent && MEMBER (my parent, PulldownMenu))) return;
	if (! my isControl)
		_Gui_invalidateWidget (me);   /* At old position. BUG: clipping may be wrong because parent may have moved;
				however, parent will have been erased in that case, so we will not see it. */
	/*
	 * Because all non-shell coordinates are port-relative on Mac, we have to adapt them to the new x and y.
	 */
	my rect.left += dx, my rect.right += dx;
	my rect.top += dy, my rect.bottom += dy;
	if (MEMBER (me, Text)) {
		_GuiMacText_move (me);
	} else if (my isControl) {
		_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
		MoveControl (my nat.control.handle, my rect.left, my rect.top);
		_GuiMac_clipOffValid (me);
	} else if (MEMBER (me, List)) {
		_GuiMacList_move (me);
	} else if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
		MoveWindow (my nat.window.ptr, my rect.left, my rect.top + 22, 0);
	} else if (MEMBER (me, DrawingArea)) {
		_Gui_callCallbacks (me, & my motiff.drawingArea.moveCallbacks, 0);   /* Only Mac? */
	}
	if (! my isControl) _Gui_invalidateWidget (me);   /* At new position. */
	/*
	 * Because all non-shell coordinates are port-relative on Mac, we have to recursively move the children.
	 */
	if (! MEMBER (me, Shell))
		for (child = my firstChild; child; child = child -> nextSibling)
			Native_move (child, dx, dy);
#endif
}

#if mac
/*
 * hideControls and reshowControls are only called by shellResizeWidget,
 * but they must be defined separately because they are recursive.
 */
static void reshowControls (GuiObject me) {
	GuiObject child;
	if (my widgetClass == xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass) return;
	for (child = my firstChild; child; child = child -> nextSibling) {
		if (child -> isControl) {
			/*
			 * This is a Mac control widget.
			 * Let Mac do the redrawing if Motif considers it visible and Mac considers it invisible?
			 */
			if (child -> managed && ! IsControlVisible (child -> nat.control.handle)) {
				_GuiMac_clipOnParent (child);
				ShowControl (child -> nat.control.handle);
				_GuiMac_clipOffValid (child);
			}
		} else if (! MEMBER (child, Shell)) {
			/*
			 * This may be a widget with children.
			 * Some of those children may be controls, or contain controls, so recurse.
			 */
			reshowControls (child);
		}
	}
}
static void hideControls (GuiObject me) {
	GuiObject child;
	if (my widgetClass == xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass) return;
	for (child = my firstChild; child; child = child -> nextSibling) {
		if (child -> isControl) {
			if (child -> managed) {
				HideControl (child -> nat.control.handle);
			}
		} else if (! MEMBER (child, Shell)) {
			hideControls (child);
		}
	}
}
#endif

static void shellResizeWidget (GuiObject me, int dx, int dy, int dw, int dh) {
	GuiObject child;
	#if win
	Melder_assert (! my shell || ! my shell -> nat.shell.duringMoveWindow);
		if (my window && ! MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
			/*RECT rect, client;
			GetWindowRect (my window, & rect);
			GetClientRect (my window, & client);
			ScreenToClient (my parent -> window, (LPPOINT) & rect.left);
			ScreenToClient (my parent -> window, (LPPOINT) & rect.right);
			if (rect.left!=my x||rect.right!=my x + my width||rect.top !=my y||rect.bottom!=my y +my height)
			Melder_warning ("class %d x %d left %d y %d top %d width %d right %d height %d bottom %d",
			my widgetClass, my x, rect.left, my y, rect.top, my width, rect.right, my height, rect.bottom);*/
			MoveWindow (my window, my x, my y, my width, my height, TRUE);
			if (MEMBER (me, DrawingArea)) _GuiWinDrawingArea_shellResize (me);
		}
	#elif mac
		if ((dx == 0 && dy == 0 && dw == 0 && dh == 0) || MEMBER (me, MenuBar) || (my parent && MEMBER (my parent, PulldownMenu))) return;
		OffsetRect (& my rect, dx, dy);
		my rect.right += dw;
		my rect.bottom += dh;
		if (MEMBER (me, Text)) {
			_GuiMacText_shellResize (me);
		} else if (my isControl) {
			ControlHandle c = my nat.control.handle;
			/*if (my managed) HideControl (c);*/
			if (dx || dy) MoveControl (c, my rect.left, my rect.top);
			if (dw || dh) SizeControl (c, my width, my height);
			//if (MEMBER (me, List)) {
			//	(** my nat.list.handle). rView = my rect;
			//	(** my nat.list.handle). cellSize. h = my width;
			//}
		} else if (MEMBER (me, List)) {
			_GuiMacList_shellResize (me);
		} else if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
			Rect portRect;
			GetWindowPortBounds (my nat.window.ptr, & portRect);
			SetPortWindowPort (my nat.window.ptr);
			/*
				Erase old area.
			*/
			EraseRect (& portRect);
			SizeWindow (my nat.window.ptr, my width, my height, false);
			hideControls (me);
			/*
				Redraw new area.
			*/
			GetWindowPortBounds (my nat.window.ptr, & portRect);
			InvalWindowRect (my nat.window.ptr, & portRect);
		} else if (MEMBER (me, DrawingArea)) {
			_GuiMacDrawingArea_shellResize (me);
			if (dx != 0 || dy != 0)
				_Gui_callCallbacks (me, & my motiff.drawingArea.moveCallbacks, 0);
		}
	#endif
	for (child = my firstChild; child; child = child -> nextSibling) {
		int cdx = 0, cdy = 0, cdw = 0, cdh = 0;
		if (MEMBER (child, Shell)) continue;
		if (child -> rightAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
			if (child -> leftAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) cdw = dw; else cdx = dw;
		}
		if (child -> leftAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION && child -> rightAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION) {
			int xLeft = my width * (child -> leftPosition / 100.0);
			int xRight = my width * (child -> rightPosition / 100.0);
			cdx = xLeft - child -> x;
			cdw = (xRight - xLeft) - child -> width;
		}
		if (child -> bottomAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
			if (child -> topAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) cdh = dh; else cdy = dh;
		}
		if (child -> topAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION && child -> bottomAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION) {
			int yTop = my height * (child -> topPosition / 100.0);
			int yBottom = my height * (child -> bottomPosition / 100.0);
			cdy = yTop - child -> y;
			cdh = (yBottom - yTop) - child -> height;
		}
		child -> x += cdx;
		child -> y += cdy;
		child -> width += cdw;
		child -> height += cdh;
		shellResizeWidget (child, dx + cdx, dy + cdy, cdw, cdh);
	}
	if (MEMBER (me, ScrolledWindow))
		_Gui_manageScrolledWindow (me);
	#if mac
		if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) reshowControls (me);
	#endif
}

static void resizeWidget (GuiObject me, int dw, int dh) {
	GuiObject child;
	#if win
		if (my window && ! MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
			MoveWindow (my window, my x, my y, my width, my height, TRUE);
			if (MEMBER (me, DrawingArea)) _GuiWinDrawingArea_shellResize (me);
		}
	#elif mac
	{
		if ((dw == 0 && dh == 0) || (my parent && MEMBER (my parent, PulldownMenu))) return;
		if (! my isControl) _Gui_invalidateWidget (me);   /* At old position. */
		my rect.right += dw;
		my rect.bottom += dh;
		if (MEMBER (me, Text)) {
			_GuiMacText_resize (me);
		} else if (my isControl) {
			SizeControl (my nat.control.handle, my width, my height);
			_Gui_validateWidget (me);
		} else if (MEMBER (me, List)) {
			_GuiMacList_resize (me);
		} else if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
			SizeWindow (my macWindow, my width, my height, true);
		} else if (MEMBER (me, DrawingArea)) {
			_GuiMacDrawingArea_shellResize (me);
		}
		if (! my isControl) _Gui_invalidateWidget (me);   /* At new position. */
	}
	#endif
	if (MEMBER2 (me, Form, ScrolledWindow))
		for (child = my firstChild; child; child = child -> nextSibling) {
			int cdx = 0, cdy = 0, cdw = 0, cdh = 0;
			if (child -> widgetClass == xmShellWidgetClass) continue;
			if (child -> rightAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
				if (child -> leftAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) cdw = dw; else cdx = dw;
			}
			if (child -> leftAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION && child -> rightAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION) {
				int xLeft = my width * (child -> leftPosition / 100.0);
				int xRight = my width * (child -> rightPosition / 100.0);
				cdx = xLeft - child -> x;
				cdw = (xRight - xLeft) - child -> width;
			}
			if (child -> bottomAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
				if (child -> topAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) cdh = dh; else cdy = dh;
			}
			if (child -> topAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION && child -> bottomAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION) {
				int yTop = my height * (child -> topPosition / 100.0);
				int yBottom = my height * (child -> bottomPosition / 100.0);
				cdy = yTop - child -> y;
				cdh = (yBottom - yTop) - child -> height;
			}
			if (cdx || cdy) {
				child -> x += cdx;
				child -> y += cdy;
				Native_move (child, cdx, cdy);
			}
			if (cdw || cdh) {
				child -> width += cdw;
				child -> height += cdh;
				resizeWidget (child, cdw, cdh);
			}
		}
	if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
		#if mac
			Rect portRect;
			int right, bottom;
			GetWindowPortBounds (my macWindow, & portRect);
			right = portRect. right, bottom = portRect. bottom;
		#elif win
			int right = 1000, bottom = 500;
		#endif
		#if mac
		{
			Rect rect;
			SetRect (& rect, right - 15, bottom - 15, right + 1, bottom + 1);
			ClipRect (& rect);
			DrawGrowIcon (my macWindow);
			GuiMac_clipOff ();
		}
		#endif
		for (child = my firstChild; child; child = child -> nextSibling)
			if (MEMBER2 (child, Form, ScrolledWindow)) {
				child -> width += dw;
				child -> height += dh;
				resizeWidget (child, dw, dh);
			}
	}
}

static void _motif_setValues (GuiObject me, va_list arg) {
	int resource;
	Boolean move = False, resize = False, attach = False, scrollset = False;
	char *text;
	#if win
		int oldX = my x, oldY = my y, oldWidth = my width, oldHeight = my height;
	#endif
	#if mac
		Str255 ptext;
	#endif
	while (resource = va_arg (arg, int), resource != 0) switch (resource) {
		case XmNautoUnmanage:
			my autoUnmanage = va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNbottomAttachment:
			my bottomAttachment = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNbottomOffset:
			my bottomOffset = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNbottomPosition: my bottomPosition = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNcolumns: {
			int columns = va_arg (arg, int);
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, Text));
			my width = columns * 9 + 4;
			resize = True;
		} break;
		case XmNdeleteResponse:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, Shell));
			my deleteResponse = va_arg (arg, int);
			if (my deleteResponse == XmDO_NOTHING && ! my motiff.shell.goAwayCallback) {
				#if mac
					ChangeWindowAttributes (my macWindow, 0, kWindowCloseBoxAttribute);
				#endif
			}
			break;
		case XmNdialogStyle:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER2 (me, Form, BulletinBoard));
			my shell -> dialogStyle = my dialogStyle = va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNdialogTitle:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER2 (me, Form, BulletinBoard));
			text = va_arg (arg, char *);
			#if win
				SetWindowText (my shell -> window, Melder_peekUtf8ToWcs (text));
			#elif mac
				ptext [0] = strlen (text); strcpy ((char *) ptext + 1, text);
				SetWTitle (my macWindow, ptext);
			#endif
			break;
		case XmNheight:
			my height = va_arg (arg, int);
			if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
				int maximumHeight =
					#if win
						GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYMAXIMIZED) - GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYCAPTION) -
							GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYSIZEFRAME) - GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYMENU) - 15;
					#elif mac
						GetQDGlobalsScreenBits (& theScreenBits) -> bounds.bottom - 41;
					#endif
				if (my height > maximumHeight) my height = maximumHeight;
			}
			resize = True;
			break;
		case XmNhorizontalScrollBar: {
			/* Have to kill my own bar first. */
			XtDestroyWidget (my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar);
			/* Then replace by new bar. */
			my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar = va_arg (arg, GuiObject);
			/* Make sure it is in the right position. */
			XtVaSetValues (my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar, XmNorientation, XmHORIZONTAL,
				XmNleftAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNbottomAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM,
				XmNrightAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNrightOffset, 15, XmNheight, 16, NULL);
			/*
			 * Note that we may now have a horizontal bar with application-defined scrolling policy,
			 * and a vertical bar with automatic scrolling policy.
			 * This is more flexible than X Motif, but may be simulated in X Motif with the following strategy,
			 * which is compatible with MotifEmulator:
			 *   - set the scrolling policy to XmAUTOMATIC: two scroll bars will be created;
			 *   - ask for the horizontal scroll bar with XtVaGetValues;
			 *   - remove all the callbacks from the horizontal scroll bar with XtRemoveAllCallbacks;
			 *   - add your application-defined callback with XtAddCallback.
			 * We just hope now that X Motif does not look into the XmNscrollingPolicy resource after this...
			 */
		} break;
		case XmNiconName:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, Shell));
			text = va_arg (arg, char *);
			/* Ignore. */
			break;
		case XmNincrement:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar));
			my increment = va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNlabelString:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER2 (me, CascadeButton, PushButton));
			text = va_arg (arg, char *);
			Melder_free (my name);
			my name = Melder_utf8ToWcs (text);   // BUG throwable
			if (my inMenu) {
				NativeMenuItem_setText (me);
			} else if (MEMBER (me, CascadeButton) && my motiff.cascadeButton.inBar) {
				/* BUG: menu title change not implemented */
			} else {
				_GuiNativeControl_setTitle (me);
			}
			break;
		case XmNleftAttachment: my leftAttachment = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNleftOffset: my leftOffset = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNleftPosition: my leftPosition = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNmaximum:
			my maximum = va_arg (arg, int);
			if (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar)) scrollset = True;
			else if (MEMBER (me, Scale)) _Gui_invalidateWidget (me);
			break;
		case XmNmenuHelpWidget:
			(void) va_arg (arg, GuiObject);
			break;
		case XmNminimum:
			my minimum = va_arg (arg, int);
			if (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar)) scrollset = True;
			else if (MEMBER (me, Scale)) _Gui_invalidateWidget (me);
			break;
		case XmNorientation:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER3 (me, RowColumn, ScrollBar, Scale));
			my orientation = va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNpageIncrement:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar));
			my pageIncrement = va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNradioBehavior:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, RowColumn));
			my radioBehavior = va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNrightAttachment:
			my rightAttachment = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNrightOffset:
			my rightOffset = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNrightPosition: my rightPosition = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNrowColumnType:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, RowColumn));
			my rowColumnType = va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNrows: (void) va_arg (arg, int); break;
		case XmNscaleHeight:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, Scale));
			my height = va_arg (arg, int);
			resize = True;
			break;
		case XmNscaleWidth:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, Scale));
			my width = va_arg (arg, int);
			resize = True;
			break;
		case XmNscrollingPolicy: (void) va_arg (arg, int); break;
		case XmNsliderSize:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar));
			my sliderSize = va_arg (arg, int);
			scrollset = True;
			break;
		case XmNspacing:
			(void) va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNsubMenuId:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, CascadeButton));
			my subMenuId = va_arg (arg, GuiObject);
			my subMenuId -> popUpButton = me;
			if (my inMenu) {
				#if win
				#elif mac
					if (my nat.entry.item) {
						SetMenuItemHierarchicalID (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, my subMenuId -> nat.menu.id);
					}
				#endif
			} else {
				#if win
				#elif mac
					if (my isControl && my nat.control.isPopup) {
						SetControlData (my nat.control.handle, kControlMenuPart, kControlPopupButtonMenuHandleTag, 4, & my subMenuId -> nat.menu.handle);
						_GuiNativeControl_setTitle (me);
					}
				#endif
			}
			break;
		case XmNtitle:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, Shell));
			text = va_arg (arg, char *);
			#if mac
				ptext [0] = strlen (text); strcpy ((char *) ptext + 1, text);
				SetWTitle (my nat.window.ptr, ptext);
			#elif win
				SetWindowText (my window, Melder_peekUtf8ToWcs (text));
			#endif
			break;
		case XmNtitleString:
			Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, Scale));
			text = va_arg (arg, char *);
			Melder_free (my name);
			my name = Melder_utf8ToWcs (text); // BUG throwable
			_Gui_invalidateWidget (me);
			break;
		case XmNtopAttachment:
			my topAttachment = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNtopOffset:
			my topOffset = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNtopPosition: my topPosition = va_arg (arg, int);
			attach = True;
			break;
		case XmNtraversalOn:
			(void) va_arg (arg, int);
			break;
		case XmNuserData:
			my userData = va_arg (arg, void *);
			break;
		case XmNvalue:
			my value = va_arg (arg, int);
			if (MEMBER (me, ScrollBar)) scrollset = True;
			else if (MEMBER (me, Scale)) {
				#if win
					SendMessage (my window, PBM_SETPOS, (WPARAM) my value, 0);
				#elif mac
					_Gui_invalidateWidget (me);
				#endif
			}
			break;
		case XmNverticalScrollBar: {
			/* Have to kill my own bar first. */
			XtDestroyWidget (my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar);
			/* Then replace by new bar. */
			my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar = va_arg (arg, GuiObject);
			/* Make sure it is in the right position. */
			XtVaSetValues (my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar, XmNorientation, XmVERTICAL,
				XmNtopAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNrightAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM,
				XmNbottomAttachment, XmATTACH_FORM, XmNbottomOffset, 15, XmNwidth, 16, NULL);
		} break;
		case XmNwidth:
			my width = va_arg (arg, int);
			resize = True;
			break;
		case XmNx: my x = va_arg (arg, int); move = True; break;
		case XmNy: my y = va_arg (arg, int); move = True; break;

		default: {
			if (resource < 0 || resource >= sizeof motif_resourceNames / sizeof (char *))
				Melder_flushError ("(XtVaSetValues:) Resource out of range (%d).", resource);
			else
				Melder_flushError ("(XtVaSetValues:) Unknown resource \"%s\".",
					motif_resourceNames [resource]);
			return;   /* Because we do not know how to skip this unknown resource." */
		}
	}

	if (attach) {
		Melder_assert (MEMBER2 (my parent, Form, ScrolledWindow));
		if (my leftAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
			my x = my leftOffset;
			move = True;
			if (my rightAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
				my width = my parent -> width - my leftOffset - my rightOffset;
				resize = True;
			}
		} else if (my rightAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
			my x = my parent -> width - my width - my rightOffset;
			move = True;
		}
		if (my leftAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION && my rightAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION) {
			my x = my parent -> width * (my leftPosition / 100.0);
			int xRight = my parent -> width * (my rightPosition / 100.0);
			my width = xRight - my x;
			resize = True;
		}
		if (my topAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
			my y = my topOffset;
			move = True;
			if (my bottomAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
				my height = my parent -> height - my topOffset - my bottomOffset;
				resize = True;
			}
		} else if (my bottomAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) {
			my y = my parent -> height - my height - my bottomOffset;
			move = True;
		}
		if (my topAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION && my bottomAttachment == XmATTACH_POSITION) {
			my y = my parent -> height * (my topPosition / 100.0);
			int yBottom = my parent -> height * (my bottomPosition / 100.0);
			my height = yBottom - my y;
			resize = True;
		}
	}
	if (move) {
		#if win
			Native_move (me, 0, 0);
		#elif mac
			int dx, dy;
			dx = my x - my rect.left + (my parent && my widgetClass != xmShellWidgetClass ? my parent -> rect.left : 0);
			dy = my y - my rect.top + (my parent && my widgetClass != xmShellWidgetClass ? my parent -> rect.top : 0);
			Native_move (me, dx, dy);
		#endif
	}
	if (resize) {
		#if mac
			int oldWidth = my rect.right - my rect.left, oldHeight = my rect.bottom - my rect.top;
		#endif
		resizeWidget (me, my width - oldWidth, my height - oldHeight);
	}
	if (scrollset) NativeScrollBar_set (me);
}

#if mac
static GuiObject _motif_findSubwidget (GuiObject me, int x, int y) {
	if (! my managed) return NULL;
	if (my firstChild == NULL && my parent != NULL) {
		Rect *rect;
		if (MEMBER (my parent, MenuBar)) return NULL;
		rect = ! MEMBER (me, ScrollBar) && my parent && MEMBER (my parent, ScrolledWindow) ?
			& my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow -> rect : & my rect;
		if (x >= rect -> left && x <= rect -> right && y >= rect -> top && y <= rect -> bottom)
			return me;
		else
			return NULL;
	} else {
		GuiObject child = my firstChild;
		for (child = my firstChild; child != NULL; child = child -> nextSibling) {
			if (! MEMBER (child, Shell)) {
				GuiObject result = _motif_findSubwidget (child, x, y);
				if (result) return result;
			}
		}
		return NULL;
	}
}
#endif

void _Gui_manageScrolledWindow (GuiObject me) {
	int workWidth, workHeight, horzAutomatic, vertAutomatic;
	GuiObject clipWindow, workWindow, horzBar = my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar, vertBar = my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar;
	Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass);
	clipWindow = my motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow;
	workWindow = my motiff.scrolledWindow.workWindow;
	if (clipWindow == NULL || horzBar == NULL || vertBar == NULL) return;   /* Apparently during destruction of scrolled window. */
	/*
	 * We must find out if the scrolling policy of each bar is automatic.
	 * Otherwise, we must not change them automatically.
	 */
	horzAutomatic = horzBar -> motiff.scrollBar.valueChangedCallbacks.pairs [0].proc == cb_scroll;
	vertAutomatic = vertBar -> motiff.scrollBar.valueChangedCallbacks.pairs [0].proc == cb_scroll;
	/*
	 * If the work window has been unmanaged or destroyed, the automatic scroll bars should be empty and insensitive.
	 */
	if (workWindow == NULL || ! workWindow -> managed) {
		if (horzAutomatic)
			XtVaSetValues (horzBar, XmNmaximum, 100, XmNsliderSize, 100, XmNvalue, 0, XmNpageIncrement, 1, NULL);
		if (vertAutomatic)
			XtVaSetValues (vertBar, XmNmaximum, 100, XmNsliderSize, 100, XmNvalue, 0, XmNpageIncrement, 1, NULL);
		return;
	}
	workWidth = workWindow -> width > 10 ? workWindow -> width : 10;
	workHeight = workWindow -> height > 10 ? workWindow -> height : 10;
	/*
	 * If the scroll bar is automatic, the slider width is set to the visible height of the work window,
	 * and the maximum is set to the entire height of the work window.
	 * If the value becomes greater than the maximum minus the slider size,
	 * the value is reduced and the work window is scrolled up (i.e. moved down).
	 */
	if (horzAutomatic) {
		int maximum = workWidth;
		int sliderSize = workWidth < clipWindow -> width ? workWidth : clipWindow -> width;
		int value = horzBar -> value;
		if (value > maximum - sliderSize) {
			value = maximum - sliderSize;
			workWindow -> x += horzBar -> value - value;
			Native_move (workWindow, horzBar -> value - value, 0);
		}
		XtVaSetValues (horzBar, XmNmaximum, maximum, XmNsliderSize, sliderSize, XmNvalue, value,
			XmNpageIncrement, clipWindow -> width - (CELL_HEIGHT - 1), NULL);
	}
	if (vertAutomatic) {   /* Automatic? */
		int maximum = workHeight;
		int sliderSize = workHeight < clipWindow -> height ? workHeight : clipWindow -> height;
		int value = vertBar -> value;
		if (value > maximum - sliderSize) {
			value = maximum - sliderSize;
			workWindow -> y += vertBar -> value - value;
			Native_move (workWindow, 0, vertBar -> value - value);
		}
		XtVaSetValues (vertBar, XmNmaximum, maximum, XmNsliderSize, sliderSize, XmNvalue, value,
			XmNpageIncrement, clipWindow -> height - (CELL_HEIGHT - 1), NULL);
	}
}

static void _motif_manage (GuiObject me) {
	GuiObject child;
	int x = 2, y = 2;
	int width = 0, height = 0, dw, dh;
	#if mac
		GuiObject helpMenu = NULL;
	#endif
	/*if (my widgetClass == xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass) return;   /* Ignore. */

	/*
	 * My geometry follows the layout of my children.
	 * If I am a RowColumn, I am growing while my children move.
	 * Because these moves may involve drawing, which needs clipping to my rect,
	 * I have to grow with every managed child separately,
	 * not just after managing all of them.
	 */

	for (child = my firstChild; child; child = child -> nextSibling) {
		if (child -> managed) {
			int dx = 0, dy = 0;   /* By default, the child does not move. */
			if (MEMBER (me, RowColumn)) {
				#if mac
					if (my rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR && MEMBER (child, CascadeButton) &&
						child -> rightAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) helpMenu = child; else
				#endif
				{
					if (x > child -> x) dx = x - child -> x;
					if (y > child -> y) dy = y - child -> y;
					child -> x += dx; x = child -> x;
					child -> y += dy; y = child -> y;
					if (my orientation != XmHORIZONTAL) {
						#if win
							y += child -> height + 1;
						#elif mac
							y += child -> height + 8;
						#endif
					} else {
						#if mac
							if (my rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR && MEMBER (child, CascadeButton)) x += child -> width - 1; else
						#endif
						x += child -> width + 3;
					}
				}
			}
			if (child -> x + child -> width > width)
				width = child -> x + child -> width;
			if (child -> y + child -> height > height)
				height = child -> y + child -> height;
			if (MEMBER3 (me, Shell, Form, BulletinBoard)) {
				/* These widgets grow with their children. */
				dw = width - my width, dh = height - my height;
				if (dw < 0) dw = 0;
				if (dh < 0) dh = 0;
			} else if (MEMBER (me, RowColumn)) {
				/* A RowColumn shrinks and grows with its children. */
				dw = width - my width + 2;
				dh = height - my height + 2;
			} else {   /* ? */
				dw = width - my width;
				dh = height - my height;
			}
			my width += dw;
			my height += dh;
			#if mac
				my rect. right += dw;
				my rect. bottom += dh;
			#endif

			/*
			 * Now that I have grown, there is room for my child to move.
			 */
			if (MEMBER (me, RowColumn)) Native_move (child, dx, dy);

			/*
			 * Resize my attached other children.
			 */
			#if 0
			if (MEMBER3 (me, RowColumn, Form, ScrolledWindow)) {
				GuiObject child2;
				for (child2 = my firstChild; child2; child2 = child2 -> nextSibling) if (child2 != child && child2 -> managed) {
					int cdx = 0, cdy = 0, cdw = 0, cdh = 0;
					if (child2 -> widgetClass == xmShellWidgetClass) continue;
					if (child2 -> rightAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM)
						if (child2 -> leftAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) cdw = dw; else cdx = dw;
					if (child2 -> bottomAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM)
						if (child2 -> topAttachment == XmATTACH_FORM) cdh = dh; else cdy = dh;
					if (cdx || cdy) {
						child2 -> x += cdx;
						child2 -> y += cdy;
						Native_move (child2, cdx, cdy);
					}
					if (cdw || cdh) {
						child2 -> width += cdw;
						child2 -> height += cdh;
						resizeWidget (child2, cdw, cdh);
					}
				}
			}
			#endif
		}
	}
	#if mac
		if (helpMenu) {
			int x_old = helpMenu -> x;
			my width = my parent -> width;
			my rect.right = my parent -> rect.right;
			helpMenu -> x = my width - helpMenu -> width - 2;
			/*helpMenu -> rect.left = helpMenu -> x;
			helpMenu -> rect.right = my rect.right - 6;*/
			Native_move (helpMenu, helpMenu -> x - x_old, 0);
		}
	#endif

	#if win
		if (my window) Native_move (me, 0, 0);
	#elif mac
		if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) SizeWindow (my nat.window.ptr, my width, my height, true);
	#endif

	/* If I have grown, I have to notify my parent. */

	if (! MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
		if (MEMBER4 (my parent, RowColumn, Form, BulletinBoard, Shell)) _motif_manage (my parent);
		else if (MEMBER (my parent, ScrolledWindow)) _Gui_manageScrolledWindow (my parent);
	}
}

/***** X TOOLKIT *****/

static void xt_addCallback (XtCallbackList *callbacks, XtCallbackProc proc, XtPointer closure) {
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < MAXNUM_CALLBACKS; i ++) {
		if (! callbacks -> pairs [i]. proc) {
			callbacks -> pairs [i]. proc = proc;
			callbacks -> pairs [i]. closure = closure;
			return;
		}
	}
	Melder_assert (i < MAXNUM_CALLBACKS);   /* Will always fail if we arrive here. */
}

void XtAddCallback (GuiObject me, int kind, XtCallbackProc proc, XtPointer closure) {
	switch (kind) {
		case XmNactivateCallback:
			my activateCallback = proc; my activateClosure = closure;
		break;
		case XmNdecrementCallback:
		break;
		case XmNdestroyCallback:
			my destroyCallback = proc; my destroyClosure = closure;
		break;
		case XmNdragCallback:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScrollBarWidgetClass);
			xt_addCallback (& my motiff.scrollBar.dragCallbacks, proc, closure);
		break;
		case XmNincrementCallback:
		break;
		case XmNmoveCallback:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass);
			xt_addCallback (& my motiff.drawingArea.moveCallbacks, proc, closure);
		break;
		case XmNpageIncrementCallback:
		break;
		case XmNpageDecrementCallback:
		break;
		case XmNvalueChangedCallback:
			if (my widgetClass == xmScrollBarWidgetClass)
				xt_addCallback (& my motiff.scrollBar.valueChangedCallbacks, proc, closure);
			else if (my widgetClass == xmToggleButtonWidgetClass)
				xt_addCallback (& my motiff.toggleButton.valueChangedCallbacks, proc, closure);
			else Melder_assert (False);
		break;
		default:
			if (kind < 0 || kind >= sizeof motif_resourceNames / sizeof (char *))
				Melder_flushError ("(XtAddCallback:) Callback name out of range (%d).", kind);
			else
				Melder_flushError ("(XtAddCallback:) Unknown callback \"%s\".", motif_resourceNames [kind]);
	}
}

XtWorkProcId GuiAddWorkProc (XtWorkProc workProc, XtPointer closure) {
	int i = 1;
	while (i < 10 && theWorkProcs [i]) i ++;
	Melder_assert (i < 10);
	theWorkProcs [i] = workProc;
	theWorkProcClosures [i] = closure;
	theNumberOfWorkProcs ++;
	return i;
}

void XtRemoveWorkProc (XtWorkProcId id) {
	theWorkProcs [id] = NULL;
	theNumberOfWorkProcs --;
}

#if defined (macintosh)
static pascal void timerAction (EventLoopTimerRef timer, void *closure) {
	long i = (int) closure;
	(void) timer;
	theTimeOutProcs [i] (theTimeOutClosures [i], & i);
	XtRemoveTimeOut (i);
}
#endif

XtIntervalId GuiAddTimeOut (unsigned long interval, XtTimerCallbackProc proc, XtPointer closure) {
	long i = 1;
	while (i < 10 && theTimeOutProcs [i]) i ++;
	Melder_assert (i < 10);
	theTimeOutProcs [i] = proc;
#if defined (macintosh)
{
	EventLoopRef mainLoop = GetMainEventLoop ();
	static EventLoopTimerUPP timerUPP;
	if (timerUPP == NULL) timerUPP = NewEventLoopTimerUPP (timerAction);
	InstallEventLoopTimer (mainLoop, interval * kEventDurationMillisecond, 0, timerUPP, (void *) i, & theTimers [i]);
}
#else
	theTimeOutStarts [i] = clock ();
	theTimeOutIntervals [i] = (interval * (double) CLOCKS_PER_SEC) / 1000;
#endif
	theTimeOutClosures [i] = closure;
	theNumberOfTimeOuts ++;
	return i;
}

void XtRemoveTimeOut (XtIntervalId id) {
	theTimeOutProcs [id] = NULL;
	theNumberOfTimeOuts --;
	#if defined (macintosh)
		RemoveEventLoopTimer (theTimers [id]);
	#endif
}

void XtDestroyWidget (GuiObject me) {
	GuiObject subview = my firstChild;
	/*
	 * Prevent subsequent messages.
	 */
	#if win
		HWND natWindow;
		if (my window) SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, 0);
	#endif
	if (my widgetClass == xmShellWidgetClass) {
		XtUnmanageChild (me);
		#if win
			natWindow = my window;   /* Save for destroy. */
			my window = NULL;
		#elif mac
			my macWindow = NULL;   /* Notify children. */
		#endif
	}
	if (MEMBER2 (me, Form, BulletinBoard) && MEMBER (my parent, Shell) &&
		#if win
		 	my parent -> window
		#elif mac
			my parent -> macWindow
		#endif
		)
	{
		XtDestroyWidget (my parent);
		return;
	}
	while (subview) {
		GuiObject nextSibling = subview -> nextSibling;   /* Save... */
		//if (subview -> widgetClass != xmShellWidgetClass)   /* FIX instead of Xm's being_destroyed mark. */   // removed 20090105
			XtDestroyWidget (subview);
		subview = nextSibling;   /* ...because we can't dereference dead subview. */
	}
	if (my destroyCallback) my destroyCallback (me, my destroyClosure, NULL);
	switch (my widgetClass) {
		case xmLabelWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				_GuiWinLabel_destroy (me);
			#elif mac
				_GuiMacLabel_destroy (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				if (! my inMenu && ! MEMBER (my parent, MenuBar)) _GuiNativeControl_destroy (me);
			#elif mac
				if (my isControl) _GuiNativeControl_destroy (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmScaleWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				DestroyWindow (my window);
			#elif mac
				_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
				EraseRect (& my rect);
				GuiMac_clipOff ();
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmShellWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				DestroyWindow (natWindow);
			#elif mac
				DisposeWindow (my nat.window.ptr);
				if (my motiff.shell.canFullScreen)
					SetSystemUIMode (kUIModeNormal, 0);   // BUG: assumes there can be only one fullscreenable window
			#endif
			_motif_removeShell (me);
		} break;
		case xmListWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				_GuiWinList_destroy (me);
			#elif mac
				_GuiMacList_destroy (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				_GuiWinDrawingArea_destroy (me);
			#else
				_GuiMacDrawingArea_destroy (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmRowColumnWidgetClass:
		case xmFormWidgetClass:
		case xmBulletinBoardWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				DestroyWindow (my window);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmTextWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				_GuiWinText_destroy (me);
			#elif mac
				_GuiMacText_destroy (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmPushButtonWidgetClass: {
			if (my inMenu) {
				#if win
					if (my nat.entry.id) theMenuItems [my nat.entry.id] = FALSE;
				#elif mac
					DeleteMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item);
					for (subview = my parent -> firstChild; subview; subview = subview -> nextSibling) {
						if (subview -> nat.entry.item > my nat.entry.item)
							subview -> nat.entry.item -= 1;
					}
				#endif
			} else {
				#if win
					_GuiWinButton_destroy (me);
				#elif mac
					_GuiMacButton_destroy (me);
				#endif
			}
		} break;
		case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass: {
			if (my inMenu) {
				#if win
					if (my nat.entry.id) theMenuItems [my nat.entry.id] = FALSE;
				#elif mac
					DeleteMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item);
					for (subview = my parent -> firstChild; subview; subview = subview -> nextSibling) {
						if (subview -> nat.entry.item > my nat.entry.item)
							subview -> nat.entry.item -= 1;
					}
				#endif
			} else {
				if (my isRadioButton) {
					#if win
						_GuiWinRadioButton_destroy (me);
					#elif mac
						_GuiMacRadioButton_destroy (me);
					#endif
				} else {
					#if win
						_GuiWinCheckButton_destroy (me);
					#elif mac
						_GuiMacCheckButton_destroy (me);
					#endif
				}
			}
		} break;
		case xmScrollBarWidgetClass: {
			_GuiNativeControl_destroy (me);
		} break;
		case xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass: {
			/* The scroll bars will be destroyed automatically because they are my children. */
		} break;
		case xmSeparatorWidgetClass: {
			if (my inMenu) {
				#if win
					if (my nat.entry.id) theMenuItems [my nat.entry.id] = FALSE;
				#elif mac
					DeleteMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item);
					for (subview = my parent -> firstChild; subview; subview = subview -> nextSibling) {
						if (subview -> nat.entry.item > my nat.entry.item)
							subview -> nat.entry.item -= 1;
					}
				#endif
			}
		} break;
		case xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				if (MEMBER (my parent, MenuBar))
					RemoveMenu (my parent -> nat.menu.handle, (UINT) my nat.menu./*handle*/id, MF_BYCOMMAND);
				DestroyMenu (my nat.menu.handle);
				theMenus [my nat.menu.id] = NULL;
			#elif mac
				DeleteMenu (my nat.menu.id);
				DisposeMenu (my nat.menu.handle);
				theMenus [my nat.menu.id] = NULL;
			#endif
		} break;
	}
	Melder_free (my name);
	if (my parent && me == my parent -> firstChild)   /* Remove dangling reference. */
		my parent -> firstChild = my nextSibling;
	if (my previousSibling)   /* Remove dangling reference. */
		my previousSibling -> nextSibling = my nextSibling;
	if (my nextSibling)   /* Remove dangling reference: two-way linked list. */
		my nextSibling -> previousSibling = my previousSibling;
	if (my parent && MEMBER (my parent, ScrolledWindow)) {
		if (me == my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.workWindow) {
			my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.workWindow = NULL;
			_Gui_manageScrolledWindow (my parent);
		} else if (me == my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar) {
			my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar = NULL;
		} else if (me == my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar) {
			my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar = NULL;
		} else if (me == my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow) {
			my parent -> motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow = NULL;
		}
	}
	Melder_free (me);
	numberOfWidgets --;
}

Boolean XtIsManaged (GuiObject me) { return my managed; }

Boolean XtIsShell (GuiObject me) {
	return my widgetClass == xmShellWidgetClass;
}

void XtMapWidget (GuiObject me) {
	switch (my widgetClass) {
		case xmShellWidgetClass:
			#if win
				ShowWindow (my window, me == theApplicationShell ? theCommandShow : theCommandShow);
				//UpdateWindow (my window);
			#elif mac
				ShowWindow (my nat.window.ptr);
			#endif
			break;
		default:
			break;
	}
}

static void mapWidget (GuiObject me) {
	GuiObject child;
	Melder_assert (my widgetClass != xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass);
	if (my inMenu) {
		#if win
			int position = NativeMenuItem_getPosition (me);
			switch (my widgetClass) {
				case xmPushButtonWidgetClass: {
					InsertMenu (my nat.entry.handle, position, MF_STRING | MF_BYPOSITION | ( my insensitive ? MF_GRAYED : MF_ENABLED ),
						my nat.entry.id, _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name));
				} break;
				case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass: {
					InsertMenu (my nat.entry.handle, position, MF_STRING | MF_UNCHECKED | MF_BYPOSITION | ( my insensitive ? MF_GRAYED : MF_ENABLED ),
						my nat.entry.id, _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name));
				} break;
				case xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass: {
					my nat.entry.id = (ULONG_PTR) my subMenuId -> nat.menu.handle;
					InsertMenu (my nat.entry.handle, position, MF_POPUP | MF_BYPOSITION | ( my insensitive ? MF_GRAYED : MF_ENABLED ),
						my nat.entry.id, _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name));
				} break;
				case xmSeparatorWidgetClass: {
					InsertMenu (my nat.entry.handle, position, MF_SEPARATOR | MF_BYPOSITION, my nat.entry.id, _GuiWin_expandAmpersands (my name));
				} break;
			}
		#elif mac
			GuiObject sibling;
			int item;
			/*
			 * Insert a native menu item.
			 */
			if (my nat.entry.item) return;
			/*
			 * A Macintosh menu item shall know its "item number",
			 * which is its dynamic position in the current shape of the menu.
			 */
			/*
			 * Position of new native item.
			 */
			item = NativeMenuItem_getPosition (me);
			/*
			 * Shift all other item numbers.
			 */
			for (sibling = my parent -> firstChild; sibling; sibling = sibling -> nextSibling) {
				if (sibling -> managed && sibling -> widgetClass != xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass && sibling -> nat.entry.item >= item)
					sibling -> nat.entry.item += 1;
			}
			/*
			 * Remember.
			 */
			my nat.entry.item = item;
			/*
			 * Set text, sensitivity, submenu. BUGS: should also set toggle state and accelerator text.
			 */
			if (my widgetClass == xmSeparatorWidgetClass) {
				InsertMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, (unsigned char *) "\001-", my nat.entry.item - 1);
			} else {
				InsertMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, (unsigned char *) "\001 ", my nat.entry.item - 1);
				SetMenuItemTextWithCFString (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, (CFStringRef) Melder_peekWcsToCfstring (my name));
				if (my insensitive) DisableMenuItem (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item);
				if (mac_text [mac_text [0]] == ':')
					SetItemStyle (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, underline);
				if (my widgetClass == xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass) {
					if (my subMenuId) {
						SetMenuItemHierarchicalID (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, my subMenuId -> nat.menu.id);
					}
				}
				/*
				 * All the items in the Apple Menu folder are added to the Apple menu.
				 */
				if (my parent -> name [0] == appleMark)
					AppendResMenu (my nat.entry.handle, 'DRVR');
			}
		#endif
	} else switch (my widgetClass) {
		#if win
		case xmBulletinBoardWidgetClass:
		case xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass:
		case xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass:
		case xmFormWidgetClass:
		case xmRowColumnWidgetClass:
			ShowWindow (my window, SW_SHOW); break;
		#endif
		case xmShellWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				ShowWindow (my window, me == theApplicationShell ? theCommandShow : theCommandShow);
			#elif mac
				SelectWindow (my nat.window.ptr);
				ShowWindow (my nat.window.ptr);
			#endif
			if (my dialogStyle == XmDIALOG_FULL_APPLICATION_MODAL)
				#if mac
					theGui.modalDialog = my nat.window.ptr
				#endif
				;
		} break;
		case xmMenuBarWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				DrawMenuBar (my shell -> window);   // every window has its own menu bar
			#elif mac
				DrawMenuBar ();   /* There is a single Mac menu bar for all windows. */
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmPushButtonWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_show (me); break;
		case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_show (me); break;
		case xmScrollBarWidgetClass: {
			#if win
			if (! my window) {
				my window = CreateWindow (L"scrollbar", my name, WS_CHILD |
					( my orientation == XmHORIZONTAL ? SBS_HORZ : SBS_VERT) | WS_CLIPSIBLINGS,
					my x, my y, my width, my height, my parent -> window, (HMENU) 1, theGui.instance, NULL);
				SetWindowLongPtr (my window, GWLP_USERDATA, (LONG_PTR) me);
				NativeScrollBar_set (me);
			}
			#endif
			_GuiNativeControl_show (me);
		} break;
		case xmLabelWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_show (me); break;
		case xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				if (! MEMBER (my parent, MenuBar)) _GuiNativeControl_show (me);
			#elif mac
				if (my isControl) _GuiNativeControl_show (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmScaleWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				_GuiNativeControl_show (me);
			#elif mac
				_Gui_invalidateWidget (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmTextWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				_GuiWinText_map (me);
			#elif mac
				_GuiMacText_map (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		case xmListWidgetClass: {
			#if win
				_GuiWinList_map (me);
			#elif mac
				_GuiMacList_map (me);
			#endif
		} break;
		default:
			break;
	}
	for (child = my firstChild; child != NULL; child = child -> nextSibling)
		if (child -> managed) mapWidget (child);
}

void XtManageChild (GuiObject me) {
	if (my managed) return;

	if (MEMBER (me, ScrolledWindow)) {
		XtManageChild (my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar);
		XtManageChild (my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar);
		/*XtManageChild (my motiff.scrolledWindow.clipWindow);*/
	}

	my managed = 1;

	/* Geometry management if my parent is a manager. */

	if (! MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
		if (MEMBER4 (my parent, RowColumn, Form, BulletinBoard, Shell)) _motif_manage (my parent);
		if (MEMBER (me, ScrolledWindow)) _Gui_manageScrolledWindow (me);
		if (MEMBER (my parent, ScrolledWindow)) _Gui_manageScrolledWindow (my parent);
	}

	/* Map to the screen (suppose that mapped_when_managed is true). */
	/* Condition: the entire up chain has been managed. */
	/* Shells or their immediate manager children can be mapped directly. */

	if (my parent && MEMBER (my parent, Shell) && MEMBER2 (me, Form, BulletinBoard)) {
		my parent -> managed = 1;
		mapWidget (my parent);
	} else if (my inMenu) {
		mapWidget (me);
	} else {
		int visible = True;
		GuiObject widget;
		for (widget = me; widget != NULL; widget = widget -> parent) {
			if (! widget -> managed &&   /* If a parent is invisible, so are its children. */
					! MEMBER (widget, PulldownMenu))   /* The exception: "shown" even if not popped up. */
				{ visible = False; break; }
			if (MEMBER (widget, Shell)) break;   /* Root: end of chain. */
		}
		if (visible) mapWidget (me);
	}

	/* I may have been created by XmCreateScrolledText or XmCreateScrolledList. */
	/* In that case, my parent should be managed. */

	if (MEMBER2 (me, Text, List) && MEMBER (my parent, ScrolledWindow)) XtManageChild (my parent);
}

void XtManageChildren (GuiObjectList children, Cardinal num_children) {
	Cardinal i;
	for (i = 0; i < num_children; i ++) XtManageChild (children [i]);
}

void XtSetSensitive (GuiObject me, Boolean value) {
	if (my insensitive != value) return;
	my insensitive = ! value;
	if (! my parent) return;
	switch (my widgetClass) {
		case xmPushButtonWidgetClass:
		case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass: {
			if (my inMenu) {
				NativeMenuItem_setSensitive (me);
			} else {
				_GuiNativeControl_setSensitive (me);
			}
		} break;
		case xmScrollBarWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_setSensitive (me); break;
		case xmLabelWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_setSensitive (me); break;
		case xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass: {
			if (my inMenu || my motiff.cascadeButton.inBar) {
				if (my subMenuId) {
					if (value) {
						#if mac
							EnableMenuItem (my subMenuId -> nat.menu.handle, 0);
						#endif
					} else {
						#if mac
							DisableMenuItem (my subMenuId -> nat.menu.handle, 0);
						#endif
					}
					#if mac
						DrawMenuBar ();
					#endif
				}
			} else {
				_GuiNativeControl_setSensitive (me);
			}
		} break;
		case xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass: {
			if (my popUpButton)
				XtSetSensitive (my popUpButton, value);
		} break;
		default:
			break;
	}
}

void XtUnmanageChild (GuiObject me) {
	if (! my managed) return;
	if (my inMenu) {
		if (! MEMBER (me, PulldownMenu)) NativeMenuItem_delete (me);
	} else switch (my widgetClass) {
		case xmShellWidgetClass:
			#if win
				_GuiText_handleFocusLoss (my textFocus);
				ShowWindow (my window, SW_HIDE);
			#elif mac
				if (my nat.window.ptr == FrontWindow ())
					_GuiMac_clearTheTextFocus ();
				if (my nat.window.ptr == theGui.modalDialog)
					theGui.modalDialog = NULL;
				HideWindow (my nat.window.ptr);
			#endif
			if (my firstChild && MEMBER2 (my firstChild, Form, BulletinBoard))
				my firstChild -> managed = 0;
			break;
		case xmPushButtonWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_hide (me); break;
		case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_hide (me); break;
		case xmLabelWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_hide (me); break;
		case xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass:
			#if win
				if (! MEMBER (my parent, MenuBar)) _GuiNativeControl_hide (me);
			#elif mac
				if (my isControl) _GuiNativeControl_hide (me);
			#endif
			break;
		case xmScrollBarWidgetClass: _GuiNativeControl_hide (me); break;
		case xmFormWidgetClass:
		case xmBulletinBoardWidgetClass:
			if (MEMBER (my parent, Shell)) XtUnmanageChild (my parent);
			break;
		case xmTextWidgetClass: {
			_GuiText_unmanage (me);
		} break;
		default:
			_Gui_invalidateWidget (me);
			break;
	}

	my managed = 0;

	if (! MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
		if (MEMBER4 (my parent, RowColumn, Form, BulletinBoard, Shell)) _motif_manage (my parent);
		else if (MEMBER (my parent, ScrolledWindow)) _Gui_manageScrolledWindow (my parent);
	}
}

void XtUnmanageChildren (GuiObjectList children, Cardinal num_children) {
	Cardinal i;
	for (i = 0; i < num_children; i ++) XtUnmanageChild (children [i]);
}

#if mac
	static pascal OSErr _motif_processOpenApplicationMessage (const AppleEvent *theAppleEvent, AppleEvent *reply, long handlerRefCon) {
		(void) theAppleEvent;
		(void) reply;
		(void) handlerRefCon;
		return noErr;
		Melder_warning (L"Open app event.");
	}
	static pascal OSErr _motif_processQuitApplicationMessage (const AppleEvent *theAppleEvent, AppleEvent *reply, long handlerRefCon) {
		/*
			This hook shall return noErr if it is OK to quit,
			otherwise userCanceledErr. It should not exit the application by itself. Here it does!!
		*/
		(void) theAppleEvent;
		(void) reply;
		(void) handlerRefCon;
		if (theQuitApplicationCallback)
			return theQuitApplicationCallback () ? noErr : userCanceledErr;   /* BUG anti Mac documentation */
		exit (0);
		return noErr;
	}
	static pascal OSErr _motif_processOpenDocumentsMessage (const AppleEvent *theAppleEvent, AppleEvent *reply, long handlerRefCon) {
		AEDescList documentList;
		OSErr err;
		long document, numberOfDocuments;
		(void) reply;
		(void) handlerRefCon;
		err = AEGetParamDesc (theAppleEvent, keyDirectObject, typeAEList, & documentList);
		if (err) return err;
		err = AECountItems (& documentList, & numberOfDocuments);
		for (document = 1; document <= numberOfDocuments; document ++ ) {
			AEKeyword keyWord;
			DescType typeCode;
			Size actualSize;
			FSRef fsref;
			err = AEGetNthPtr (& documentList, document, typeFSRef, & keyWord, & typeCode, & fsref, sizeof (fsref), & actualSize);
			if (! err) {
				structMelderFile file = { 0 };
				Melder_machToFile (& fsref, & file);
				if (theOpenDocumentCallback)
					theOpenDocumentCallback (& file);
			}
		}
		AEDisposeDesc (& documentList);
		return noErr;
	}
	static pascal OSErr _motif_processSignalA (const AppleEvent *theAppleEvent, AppleEvent *reply, long handlerRefCon) {
		static int duringAppleEvent = FALSE;
		(void) reply;
		(void) handlerRefCon;
		if (! duringAppleEvent) {
			char *buffer;
			long actualSize;
			duringAppleEvent = TRUE;
			//AEInteractWithUser (kNoTimeOut, NULL, NULL);   // use time out of 0 to execute immediately (without bringing to foreground)
			ProcessSerialNumber psn;
			GetCurrentProcess (& psn);
			SetFrontProcess (& psn);
			AEGetParamPtr (theAppleEvent, 1, typeChar, NULL, NULL, 0, & actualSize);
			buffer = (char *) malloc (actualSize);
			AEGetParamPtr (theAppleEvent, 1, typeChar, NULL, & buffer [0], actualSize, NULL);
			if (theUserMessageCallbackA)
				theUserMessageCallbackA (buffer);
			free (buffer);
			duringAppleEvent = FALSE;
		}
		return noErr;
	}
	static pascal OSErr _motif_processSignalW (const AppleEvent *theAppleEvent, AppleEvent *reply, long handlerRefCon) {
		static int duringAppleEvent = FALSE;
		(void) reply;
		(void) handlerRefCon;
		if (! duringAppleEvent) {
			wchar_t *buffer;
			long actualSize;
			duringAppleEvent = TRUE;
			//AEInteractWithUser (kNoTimeOut, NULL, NULL);   // use time out of 0 to execute immediately (without bringing to foreground)
			ProcessSerialNumber psn;
			GetCurrentProcess (& psn);
			SetFrontProcess (& psn);
			AEGetParamPtr (theAppleEvent, 1, typeUnicodeText, NULL, NULL, 0, & actualSize);
			buffer = (wchar *) malloc (actualSize);
			AEGetParamPtr (theAppleEvent, 1, typeUnicodeText, NULL, & buffer [0], actualSize, NULL);
			if (theUserMessageCallbackW)
				theUserMessageCallbackW (buffer);
			free (buffer);
			duringAppleEvent = FALSE;
		}
		return noErr;
	}
#elif win
	static LRESULT CALLBACK windowProc (HWND window, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
#endif

GuiObject GuiInitialize (const char *name, unsigned int *argc, char **argv)
{
	(void) argc;
	#if mac
		(void) argv;
		_GuiText_init ();
		RegisterAppearanceClient ();
		InitCursor ();
		FlushEvents (everyEvent, 0);
		AEInstallEventHandler (kCoreEventClass, kAEOpenApplication, NewAEEventHandlerUPP (_motif_processOpenApplicationMessage), 0, false);
		AEInstallEventHandler (kCoreEventClass, kAEQuitApplication, NewAEEventHandlerUPP (_motif_processQuitApplicationMessage), 0, false);
		AEInstallEventHandler (kCoreEventClass, kAEOpenDocuments, NewAEEventHandlerUPP (_motif_processOpenDocumentsMessage), 0, false);
		AEInstallEventHandler (758934755, 0, NewAEEventHandlerUPP (_motif_processSignalA), 0, false);
		AEInstallEventHandler (758934756, 0, NewAEEventHandlerUPP (_motif_processSignalW), 0, false);
		//USE_QUESTION_MARK_HELP_MENU = 1;
		theUserFocusEventTarget = GetUserFocusEventTarget ();
	#elif win
	{
		HWND window;
		WNDCLASSEX windowClass;
		swprintf (theApplicationName, 100, argv [0] ? Melder_peekUtf8ToWcs (argv [0]) : L"Unknown");
		swprintf (theApplicationClassName, 100, L"PraatShell%d %ls", PRAAT_WINDOW_CLASS_NUMBER, theApplicationName);
		swprintf (theWindowClassName, 100, L"PraatChildWindow%d %ls", PRAAT_WINDOW_CLASS_NUMBER, theApplicationName);
		swprintf (theDrawingAreaClassName, 100, L"PraatDrawingArea%d %ls", PRAAT_WINDOW_CLASS_NUMBER, theApplicationName);
		window = FindWindow (theWindowClassName, NULL);
		if (window != NULL) {
			/*
			 * We are in the second instance of Praat.
			 * The user double-clicked Praat while it was running,
			 * or she dropped a file on the Praat icon,
			 * or she double-clicked a Praat file.
			 */
			if (IsIconic (window)) ShowWindow (window, SW_RESTORE);
			SetForegroundWindow (window);
			if (theOpenDocumentCallback && argv [3] [0]) {
				structMelderFile file = { 0 };
				/*
				 * The user dropped a file on the Praat icon or double-clicked a Praat file
				 * while Praat was already running.
				 * Windows may have enclosed the path between quotes;
				 * this is especially likely to happen if the path contains spaces,
				 * which on Windows XP is very usual.
				 */
				wchar_t *s = Melder_peekUtf8ToWcs (argv [3]);
				Melder_relativePathToFile (s [0] == ' ' && s [1] == '\"' ? s + 2 : s [0] == '\"' ? s + 1 : s, & file);
				long l = wcslen (file. path);
				if (l > 0 && file. path [l - 1] == '\"') file. path [l - 1] = '\0';
				theOpenDocumentCallback (& file);
			}
			exit (0);   // possible problem
		}

		sscanf (argv [1], "%p", & theGui.instance);

		windowClass. cbSize = sizeof (WNDCLASSEX);
		windowClass. style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW | CS_DBLCLKS |
			CS_OWNDC   // crucial: see GraphicsScreen_init ()
			;
		windowClass. lpfnWndProc = windowProc;
		windowClass. cbClsExtra = 0;
		windowClass. cbWndExtra = 0;
		windowClass. hInstance = theGui.instance;
		windowClass. hIcon = NULL;
		windowClass. hCursor = LoadCursor (NULL, IDC_ARROW);
		windowClass. hbrBackground = /*(HBRUSH) (COLOR_WINDOW + 1)*/ GetStockBrush (LTGRAY_BRUSH);
		windowClass. lpszMenuName = NULL;
		windowClass. lpszClassName = theWindowClassName;
		windowClass. hIconSm = NULL;
		RegisterClassEx (& windowClass);
		windowClass. hbrBackground = GetStockBrush (WHITE_BRUSH);
		windowClass. lpszClassName = theDrawingAreaClassName;
		RegisterClassEx (& windowClass);
		windowClass. lpszClassName = theApplicationClassName;
		RegisterClassEx (& windowClass);
		InitCommonControls ();
		theCommandShow = atoi (argv [2]);
	}
	#endif
	return theApplicationShell = XmCreateShell (NULL, name, NULL, 0);
}

GuiObject GuiAppInitialize (const char *name,
	void *dum2, int dum3, unsigned int *argc, char **argv, void *dum4, void *dum5)
{
	(void) dum4;
	(void) dum5;
	return GuiInitialize (name, argc, argv);
}

GuiObject XtVaCreateManagedWidget (const char *name, int widgetClass, GuiObject parent, ...) {
	GuiObject me;
	va_list arg;
	va_start (arg, parent);
	me = createWidget (widgetClass, parent, name);
	_motif_setValues (me, arg);
	va_end (arg);
	XtManageChild (me);
	return me;
}

GuiObject XtVaCreateWidget (const char *name, int widgetClass, GuiObject parent, ...) {
	GuiObject me;
	va_list arg;
	va_start (arg, parent);
	me = createWidget (widgetClass, parent, name);
	_motif_setValues (me, arg);
	va_end (arg);
	return me;
}

void XtVaGetValues (GuiObject me, ...) {
	char *text;
	#if mac
		Str255 ptext;
	#endif
	unsigned int resource;
	va_list arg;
	va_start (arg, me);
	while ((resource = va_arg (arg, int)) != 0) switch (resource) {
		case XmNx: *va_arg (arg, int *) = my x; break;
		case XmNy: *va_arg (arg, int *) = my y; break;
		case XmNwidth: *va_arg (arg, int *) = my width; break;
		case XmNheight: *va_arg (arg, int *) = my height; break;
		case XmNuserData: *va_arg (arg, void **) = my userData; break;
		case XmNtitle:
		case XmNiconName:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmShellWidgetClass);
			#if mac
				GetWTitle (my nat.window.ptr, ptext);
				text = Melder_malloc_f (char, ptext [0] + 1);
				strncpy (text, (char *) ptext + 1, ptext [0]);
				text [ptext [0]] = 0;
				*va_arg (arg, char **) = text;
			#elif win
				*va_arg (arg, char **) = NULL;
			#endif
			break;
		case XmNlabelString:
		case XmNtitleString:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass || my widgetClass == xmScaleWidgetClass);
			text = Melder_wcsToUtf8 (my name); // BUG throwable
			*va_arg (arg, char **) = text;
			break;
		case XmNdialogTitle:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass || my widgetClass == xmBulletinBoardWidgetClass);
			#if mac
				GetWTitle (my macWindow, ptext);
				text = Melder_malloc_f (char, ptext [0] + 1);
				strncpy (text, (char *) ptext + 1, ptext [0]);
				text [ptext [0]] = 0;
				*va_arg (arg, char **) = text;
			#elif win
				*va_arg (arg, char **) = NULL;
			#endif
			break;
		case XmNradioBehavior:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmRowColumnWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my radioBehavior;
			break;
		case XmNautoUnmanage:
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my autoUnmanage;
			break;
		case XmNorientation:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmRowColumnWidgetClass ||
								my widgetClass == xmScrollBarWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my orientation;
			break;
		case XmNrowColumnType:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmRowColumnWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my rowColumnType;
			break;
		case XmNsubMenuId:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, GuiObject *) = my subMenuId;
			break;
		case XmNdialogStyle:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass ||
								my widgetClass == xmBulletinBoardWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my dialogStyle;
			break;
		case XmNleftAttachment:
			Melder_assert (my parent -> widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my leftAttachment;
			break;
		case XmNrightAttachment:
			Melder_assert (my parent -> widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my rightAttachment;
			break;
		case XmNtopAttachment:
			Melder_assert (my parent -> widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my topAttachment;
			break;
		case XmNbottomAttachment:
			Melder_assert (my parent -> widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my bottomAttachment;
			break;
		case XmNleftOffset:
			Melder_assert (my parent -> widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my leftOffset;
			break;
		case XmNrightOffset:
			Melder_assert (my parent -> widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my rightOffset;
			break;
		case XmNtopOffset:
			Melder_assert (my parent -> widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my topOffset;
			break;
		case XmNbottomOffset:
			Melder_assert (my parent -> widgetClass == xmFormWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my bottomOffset;
			break;
		case XmNminimum: *va_arg (arg, int *) = my minimum; break;
		case XmNmaximum: *va_arg (arg, int *) = my maximum; break;
		case XmNvalue: *va_arg (arg, int *) = my value; break;
		case XmNincrement:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScrollBarWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my increment;
			break;
		case XmNpageIncrement:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScrollBarWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my pageIncrement;
			break;
		case XmNsliderSize:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScrollBarWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my sliderSize;
			break;
		case XmNdeleteResponse:
			Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmShellWidgetClass);
			*va_arg (arg, int *) = my deleteResponse;
			break;
		case XmNcolumns: *va_arg (arg, int *) = 40; break;
		case XmNhorizontalScrollBar: *va_arg (arg, GuiObject *) = my motiff.scrolledWindow.horizontalBar; break;
		case XmNverticalScrollBar: *va_arg (arg, GuiObject *) = my motiff.scrolledWindow.verticalBar; break;
		default: {
			if (resource < 0 || resource >= sizeof motif_resourceNames / sizeof (char *))
				Melder_flushError ("(XtVaGetValues:) Resource out of range (%d).", resource);
			else
				Melder_flushError ("(XtVaGetValues:) Unknown resource \"%s\".",
					motif_resourceNames [resource]);
			return;
		}
	}
	va_end (arg);
}

void XtVaSetValues (GuiObject me, ...) {
	va_list arg;
	va_start (arg, me);
	_motif_setValues (me, arg);
	va_end (arg);
}

Window XtWindow (GuiObject me) {
	#if mac
		return (Window) my macWindow;
	#elif win
		return (Window) my window;
	#endif
}

/***** MOTIF *****/

void XmAddWMProtocolCallback (GuiObject me, Atom protocol, XtCallbackProc callback, char *closure) {
	if (protocol == 'delw') {
		my motiff.shell.goAwayCallback = callback;
		my motiff.shell.goAwayClosure = closure;
		#if mac
			ChangeWindowAttributes (my macWindow, kWindowCloseBoxAttribute, 0);
		#endif
	}
}

GuiObject XmCreateBulletinBoard (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmBulletinBoardWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateBulletinBoardDialog (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	GuiObject shell = XmCreateDialogShell (parent, name, dum1, dum2);
	return XmCreateBulletinBoard (shell, name, dum1, dum2);
}

GuiObject XmCreateCascadeButton (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateCascadeButtonGadget (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmCascadeButtonGadgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateDialogShell (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	GuiObject shell;
	theDialogHint = True;
	shell = XmCreateShell (parent, name, dum1, dum2);
	theDialogHint = False;
	return shell;
}

GuiObject XmCreateForm (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmFormWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateFormDialog (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	GuiObject shell = XmCreateDialogShell (parent, name, dum1, dum2);
	return XmCreateForm (shell, name, dum1, dum2);
}

GuiObject XmCreateMenuBar (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmMenuBarWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreatePulldownMenu (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateRadioBox (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	GuiObject result = createWidget (xmRowColumnWidgetClass, parent, name);
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	XtVaSetValues (result, XmNradioBehavior, True, NULL);
	return result;
}

GuiObject XmCreateRowColumn (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmRowColumnWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateScale (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmScaleWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateScrollBar (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmScrollBarWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateScrolledWindow (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateSeparator (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmSeparatorWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateSeparatorGadget (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmSeparatorWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

GuiObject XmCreateShell (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	GuiObject me = createWidget (xmShellWidgetClass, parent, name);
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	_motif_addShell (me);
	return me;
}

GuiObject XmCreateToggleButtonGadget (GuiObject parent, const char *name, ArgList dum1, int dum2) {
	(void) dum1;
	(void) dum2;
	return createWidget (xmToggleButtonWidgetClass, parent, name);
}

void XmScaleGetValue (GuiObject me, int *value_return) {
	Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScaleWidgetClass);
	*value_return = my value;
}

void XmScaleSetValue (GuiObject me, int value) {
	Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScaleWidgetClass);
	my value = value;
	#if win
		SendMessage (my window, PBM_SETPOS, (WPARAM) value, 0);
	#elif mac
		SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
	#endif
	_motif_update (me, 0);
}

void XmScrollBarGetValues (GuiObject me, int *value, int *sliderSize,
	int *increment, int *pageIncrement)
{
	Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScrollBarWidgetClass);
	*value = my value;
	*sliderSize = my sliderSize;
	*increment = my increment;
	*pageIncrement = my pageIncrement;
}

void XmScrollBarSetValues (GuiObject me, int value, int sliderSize,
	int increment, int pageIncrement, Boolean notify)
{
	Melder_assert (my widgetClass == xmScrollBarWidgetClass);
	my value = value;
	my sliderSize = sliderSize;
	my increment = increment;
	my pageIncrement = pageIncrement;
	NativeScrollBar_set (me);
	#if mac
		if (theGui.duringUpdate)
			_Gui_invalidateWidget (me);   /* HACK: necessary because VisRgn has temporarily been changed. */
	#endif
	if (notify)	_Gui_callCallbacks (me, & my motiff.scrollBar.valueChangedCallbacks, NULL);
}

Boolean XmToggleButtonGadgetGetState (GuiObject me) {
	Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, ToggleButton));
	Melder_assert (my inMenu);
	#if mac
		short mark;
		GetItemMark (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.item, & mark);
		return mark != noMark;
	#elif win
		return GetMenuState (my nat.entry.handle, my nat.entry.id, MF_BYCOMMAND) & MF_CHECKED ? True : False;
	#endif
}

void XmToggleButtonGadgetSetState (GuiObject me, Boolean value, Boolean notify) {
	Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, ToggleButton));
	Melder_assert (my inMenu);
	NativeMenuItem_check (me, value);
	if (notify) _Gui_callCallbacks (me, & my motiff.toggleButton.valueChangedCallbacks, NULL);
}

#if mac
	static void _motif_update (GuiObject me, EventRecord *event) {
		GuiObject subview;
		RgnHandle visRgn;
		if (! my managed || my inMenu) return;
		for (subview = my firstChild; subview != NULL; subview = subview -> nextSibling) {
			if (subview -> widgetClass != xmShellWidgetClass)   /* Only in same mac window. */
				_motif_update (subview, event);
		}
		visRgn = NewRgn ();
		GetPortVisibleRegion (GetWindowPort (my macWindow), visRgn);
		if (! RectInRgn (& my rect, visRgn)) { DisposeRgn (visRgn); return; }
		SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
		switch (my widgetClass) {
			case xmPushButtonWidgetClass:
			case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass:
			case xmScrollBarWidgetClass: {
				_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
				Draw1Control (my nat.control.handle);
				GuiMac_clipOff ();
			} break;
			case xmListWidgetClass: _GuiMacList_update (me, visRgn); break;
			case xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass: _GuiMacDrawingArea_update (me); break;
			case xmTextWidgetClass: _GuiMacText_update (me); break;
			case xmLabelWidgetClass: {
				_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
				Draw1Control (my nat.control.handle);
				GuiMac_clipOff ();
			} break;
			case xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass: {
				if (my isControl) {   /* In window menu bar or in dynamic menu. */
					_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
					Draw1Control (my nat.control.handle);
					/* BUG: should make insensitive if not my shell.active or my macWindow != FrontWindow () */
					GuiMac_clipOff ();
				}
			} break;
			case xmRowColumnWidgetClass: {
				/*if (my rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR)
					DrawThemeMenuBarBackground (& my rect, 0, 0);*/
			} break;
			case xmScrolledWindowWidgetClass: {
				_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
				FrameRect (& my rect);
				GuiMac_clipOff ();
			} break;
			case xmFrameWidgetClass: {
				_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
				FrameRect (& my rect);
				GuiMac_clipOff ();
			} break;
			case xmScaleWidgetClass: {
				Rect r = my rect;
				_GuiMac_clipOnParent (me);
				InsetRect (& r, 20, 15);
				FrameRect (& r);
				InsetRect (& r, 1, 1);
				if (my value <= my minimum) {
					EraseRect (& r);
				} else {
					Rect active = r, inactive = r;
					active. right = r. left + (float) (r. right - r. left) * my value / (my maximum - my minimum + 1);
					PaintRect (& active);
					inactive. left = active. right;
					EraseRect ( & inactive);
				}
				GuiMac_clipOff ();
			} break;
			default: break;
		}
		DisposeRgn (visRgn);
	}
#elif win
	static void _motif_update (GuiObject me, void *event) { (void) me; (void) event; }
#endif

#if mac
static void _motif_processUpdateEvent (EventRecord *event) {
	WindowPtr macwindow = (WindowPtr) event -> message;
	GuiObject shell = (GuiObject) GetWRefCon (macwindow);
	Rect rect;
	int right, bottom;
	if (! shell) return;
	BeginUpdate (macwindow);
	theGui.duringUpdate = True;
	SetPortWindowPort (macwindow);
	if (! shell -> motiff.shell.isDialog) {
		Rect portRect;
		GetWindowPortBounds (macwindow, & portRect);
		right = portRect. right, bottom = portRect. bottom;
		SetRect (& rect, right - 15, bottom - 15, right + 1, bottom + 1);
		ClipRect (& rect);
		DrawGrowIcon (macwindow);
		GuiMac_clipOff ();
	}
	_motif_update (shell, event);
	EndUpdate (macwindow);
	theGui.duringUpdate = False;
}
#endif

void XmUpdateDisplay (GuiObject displayDummy) {
	/*
	 * Send update messages to all shells.
	 */
	int i;
	(void) displayDummy;
	for (i = 0; i < MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_SHELLS; i ++) {
		GuiObject shell = theShells [i];
		#if mac
			if (shell && shell -> managed) {
				RgnHandle updateRegion = NewRgn ();
				GetWindowRegion (shell -> nat.window.ptr, kWindowUpdateRgn, updateRegion);
				if (Melder_debug != 12 && ! EmptyRgn (updateRegion)) {
					/*
					 * Hack an update event and send it to me.
					 */
					EventRecord event;
					event. message = (long) shell -> nat.window.ptr;
					_motif_processUpdateEvent (& event);
				}
				#if 0
					QDGetDirtyRegion (GetWindowPort (shell -> nat.window.ptr), updateRegion);
					QDFlushPortBuffer (GetWindowPort (shell -> nat.window.ptr), updateRegion);
				#endif
				DisposeRgn (updateRegion);
				GuiWindow_drain (shell);
			}
		#endif
	}
	#if win
		GdiFlush ();
	#endif
}

/***** EVENT *****/

static long numberOfTextWidgets = 0, textWidgetLocation = 0;
static GuiObject nextTextWidget = NULL;
static void _motif_inspectTextWidgets (GuiObject me, GuiObject text) {
	for (GuiObject sub = my firstChild; sub != NULL; sub = sub -> nextSibling) {
		if (MEMBER (sub, Shell)) continue;
		if (MEMBER (sub, Text)) {
			numberOfTextWidgets ++;
			if (sub == text) {
				textWidgetLocation = numberOfTextWidgets;
			}
		} else {
			_motif_inspectTextWidgets (sub, text);
		}
	}
}
static void _motif_getLocatedTextWidget (GuiObject me) {
	for (GuiObject sub = my firstChild; sub != NULL; sub = sub -> nextSibling) {
		if (MEMBER (sub, Shell)) continue;
		if (MEMBER (sub, Text)) {
			numberOfTextWidgets ++;
			if (numberOfTextWidgets == textWidgetLocation) {
				nextTextWidget = sub;
			}
		} else {
			_motif_getLocatedTextWidget (sub);
		}
	}
}
static GuiObject _motif_getNextTextWidget (GuiObject shell, GuiObject text, bool backward) {
	numberOfTextWidgets = 0;
	textWidgetLocation = 0;
	_motif_inspectTextWidgets (shell, text);
	if (numberOfTextWidgets == 0) return NULL;   // no tab navigation if there is no text widget (shouldn't normally occur)
	Melder_assert (textWidgetLocation >= 1);
	Melder_assert (textWidgetLocation <= numberOfTextWidgets);
	if (numberOfTextWidgets == 1) return NULL;   // no tab navigation if there is only one text widget
	nextTextWidget = NULL;
	if (backward) {
		textWidgetLocation --;   // tab to previous text widget
		if (textWidgetLocation < 1) textWidgetLocation = numberOfTextWidgets;   // if at beginning, then tab around to last text widget
	} else {
		textWidgetLocation ++;   // tab to next text widget
		if (textWidgetLocation > numberOfTextWidgets) textWidgetLocation = 1;   // if at end, then tab around to first text widget
	}
	numberOfTextWidgets = 0;
	_motif_getLocatedTextWidget (shell);
	return nextTextWidget;
}

#if win
static void on_scroll (GuiObject me, UINT part, int pos) {
	if (my maximum == my minimum) return;
	switch (part) {
		case SB_LINEUP: my value -= my increment; break;
		case SB_LINEDOWN: my value += my increment; break;
		case SB_PAGEUP: my value -= my pageIncrement; break;
		case SB_PAGEDOWN: my value += my pageIncrement; break;
		#if SCROLL32
		case SB_THUMBTRACK: case SB_THUMBPOSITION: my value = my minimum +
			pos * ((my maximum - my minimum - my sliderSize) / (32767.0 - (32767.0 * my sliderSize) / (my maximum - my minimum))); break;
		#else
		case SB_THUMBTRACK: case SB_THUMBPOSITION: my value = pos; break;
		#endif
		default: break;
	}
	if (my value < my minimum) my value = my minimum;
	if (my value > my maximum - my sliderSize) my value = my maximum - my sliderSize;
	NativeScrollBar_set (me);
	if (part == SB_THUMBTRACK || part == SB_THUMBPOSITION)
		_Gui_callCallbacks (me, & my motiff.scrollBar.dragCallbacks, (XtPointer) (ULONG_PTR) part);
	else
		_Gui_callCallbacks (me, & my motiff.scrollBar.valueChangedCallbacks, (XtPointer) (ULONG_PTR) part);
}
#elif mac
static pascal void _motif_scrollBarAction (ControlHandle maccontrol, short part) {
	GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetControlReference (maccontrol);
	if (me == NULL || part == 0) return;
	switch (part) {
		case kControlUpButtonPart: my value -= my increment; break;
		case kControlDownButtonPart: my value += my increment; break;
		case kControlPageUpPart: my value -= my pageIncrement; break;
		case kControlPageDownPart: my value += my pageIncrement; break;
		case kControlIndicatorPart: my value = GetControl32BitValue (maccontrol); break;
		default: break;
	}
	if (my value < my minimum) my value = my minimum;
	if (my value > my maximum - my sliderSize) my value = my maximum - my sliderSize;
	SetControl32BitValue (maccontrol, my value);
	if (part == kControlIndicatorPart) {
		_Gui_callCallbacks (me, & my motiff.scrollBar.dragCallbacks, (XtPointer) (long) part);
	} else {
		_Gui_callCallbacks (me, & my motiff.scrollBar.valueChangedCallbacks, (XtPointer) (long) part);
	}
}
#endif

#if mac
static void _motif_activateControls (GuiObject me, Boolean act) {
	ControlHandle macControl;
	GuiObject control;
	UInt16 numberOfControls, icontrol;
	Melder_assert (MEMBER (me, Shell));
	Melder_assert (my nat.window.rootControl);
	CountSubControls (my nat.window.rootControl, & numberOfControls);
	SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
	for (icontrol = 1; icontrol <= numberOfControls; icontrol ++) {
		GetIndexedSubControl (my nat.window.rootControl, icontrol, & macControl);
		control = (GuiObject) GetControlReference (macControl);
		if (control && control -> magicNumber == 15111959 && control -> managed) {
			_GuiMac_clipOnParent (control);
			HiliteControl (macControl, act && ! control -> insensitive ? 0 : 255 );
			GuiMac_clipOff ();
		}
	}
}

static void _motif_activateGrowIcon (GuiObject me, Boolean act) {
	if (! my motiff.shell.isDialog) {
		WindowPtr macwindow = my nat.window.ptr;
		Rect portRect, rect;
		int right, bottom;
		Melder_assert (macwindow != NULL);
		Melder_assert (GetWindowKind (macwindow) == userKind);
		GetWindowPortBounds (macwindow, & portRect);
		right = portRect. right, bottom = portRect. bottom;
		SetRect (& rect, right - 15, bottom - 15, right + 1, bottom + 1);
		SetPortWindowPort (macwindow);
		ClipRect (& rect);
		DrawGrowIcon (macwindow);
		GuiMac_clipOff ();
		if (act) ValidWindowRect (macwindow, & rect);
	}
}

static void _motif_activateText (GuiObject me, Boolean act) {
	if (act) {
		_GuiText_setTheTextFocus (my textFocus);
	} else {
		_GuiMac_clearTheTextFocus ();
	}
}

static void _motif_activateRest (GuiObject me, Boolean act) {
	GuiObject sub;
	if (! my managed) return;
	SetPortWindowPort (my macWindow);
	for (sub = my firstChild; sub != NULL; sub = sub -> nextSibling)
		if (sub -> widgetClass != xmShellWidgetClass)   /* Only in same mac window. */
			_motif_activateRest (sub, act);
	if (my isControl) {
		return;   /* Already done by _motif_activateControls. */
	} else if (my widgetClass == xmListWidgetClass) {
		_GuiMacList_activate (me, act);
	} else if (my widgetClass == xmTextWidgetClass) {
		/* This is handled on the shell level. */
		return;
	} else if (my widgetClass == xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass &&
				my parent -> widgetClass == xmRowColumnWidgetClass &&
				my parent -> rowColumnType == XmMENU_BAR) {
		if (! act) {
			static RGBColor lightGrey = { 32768, 32768, 32768 }, blak;
			GetForeColor (& blak);
			RGBForeColor (& lightGrey);
			_motif_update (me, NULL);
			RGBForeColor (& blak);
		} else {
			_motif_update (me, NULL);
		}
	}
}

static void _motif_processActivateEvent (EventRecord *event) {
	WindowPtr macwindow = (WindowPtr) event -> message;
	int act = event -> modifiers & 1;
	if (GetWindowKind (macwindow) >= userKind) {
		GuiObject shell = (GuiObject) GetWRefCon (macwindow);
		if (! shell) return;

		Melder_assert (GetWindowKind (macwindow) == userKind);
		if (! BACKGROUND_WINDOWS_ARE_ACTIVE) shell -> motiff.shell.active = act;
		if (! BACKGROUND_WINDOWS_ARE_ACTIVE) _motif_activateControls (shell, act);
		_motif_activateGrowIcon (shell, act);
		if (BACKGROUND_WINDOWS_ARE_ACTIVE && shell -> dialogStyle == XmDIALOG_FULL_APPLICATION_MODAL) {
			/*
			 * Bypass the Mac activation scheme if Motif style is on.
			 * Deactivate all other shells.
			 */
			for (int i = 0; i < MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_SHELLS; i ++) {
				GuiObject otherShell = theShells [i];
				if (otherShell && otherShell -> managed && otherShell != shell) {
					otherShell -> motiff.shell.active = ! act;
					_motif_activateControls (otherShell, ! act);
					_motif_activateRest (otherShell, ! act);
				}
			}
		}
		_motif_activateText (shell, act);
		if (! BACKGROUND_WINDOWS_ARE_ACTIVE) _motif_activateRest (shell, act);
	}
}

static void _motif_processOsEvent (EventRecord *event) {
	unsigned char messageKind = ((unsigned long) event -> message & 0xFF000000) >> 24;
	if (messageKind == mouseMovedMessage) {
		Melder_fatal ("_motif_processOsEvent -- mouseMovedMessage");
		Point location = event -> where;
	} else if (messageKind == suspendResumeMessage && 0) {
		//Melder_fatal ("_motif_processOsEvent -- suspendResumeMessage");
		WindowPtr frontWindow = FrontWindow ();
		int act = event -> message & resumeFlag ? true : false;
		theBackground = ! act;
		for (int i = 0; i < MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_SHELLS; i ++) {
			GuiObject shell = theShells [i];
			if (! shell || ! shell -> managed) continue;
			if (BACKGROUND_WINDOWS_ARE_ACTIVE) {
				if (theGui.modalDialog && theGui.modalDialog != shell -> nat.window.ptr) continue;
			} else {
				if (shell -> nat.window.ptr != frontWindow) continue;
			}
			shell -> motiff.shell.active = act;
			_motif_activateControls (shell, act);
			_motif_activateGrowIcon (shell, act);
			_motif_activateText (shell, act);
			_motif_activateRest (shell, act);
		}
	}
}

static void _motif_processHighLevelEvent (EventRecord *event) {
	AEProcessAppleEvent (event);
}

static GuiObject _motif_findDrawingArea (GuiObject me) {
	GuiObject sub;
	if (my widgetClass == xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass) return me;
	for (sub = my firstChild; sub != NULL; sub = sub -> nextSibling)
		if (sub -> widgetClass != xmShellWidgetClass) {   /* Only in same mac window. */
			GuiObject drawingArea = _motif_findDrawingArea (sub);
			if (drawingArea) return drawingArea;
		}
	return NULL;   /* No DrawingArea found. */
}

static int _motif_shell_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiObject shell, unsigned char kar, int modifiers, EventRecord *event) {
	WindowPtr macWindow;
	int imenu;
	if (! shell) return 0;
	macWindow = shell -> nat.window.ptr;
	/*
	 * If the user presses Command-?, i.e. the Command key plus the Shift key plus the "/?" key,
	 * Macintosh sends us the "/" character instead of the "?" character. Fix this.
	 */
	if (modifiers == (_motif_COMMAND_MASK | _motif_SHIFT_MASK)) {
		switch (kar) {
			case '/': kar = '\?'; break; case '[': kar = '{'; break; case ']': kar = '}'; break; case '\'': kar = '\"'; break;
			case ',': kar = '<'; break; case '.': kar = '>'; break; case '\\': kar = '|'; break; case '-': kar = '_'; break;
			case '=': kar = '+'; break; case '`': kar = '~'; break;
			default: break;
		}
	}
	/*
	 * If the user presses Option-Command-A, Macintosh sends us byte 140 instead of the "A" character.
	 * These bytes are above 128, except Option-Command-I and Option-Command-N, which give 94 and 126 instead,
	 * but since these are shifted characters ("^" and "~"), there will be no confusion. So we fix it all.
	 */
	if (modifiers == (_motif_COMMAND_MASK | _motif_OPTION_MASK)) {
		if (modifiers & _motif_SHIFT_MASK) {
			/* Ignore the triple modifiers! */
		} else {
			switch ((unsigned char) kar) {
				case 94: kar = 'I'; break; case 126: kar = 'N'; break; case 140: kar = 'A'; break; case 141: kar = 'C'; break;
				case 160: kar = 'T'; break; case 167: kar = 'S'; break; case 168: kar = 'R'; break; case 169: kar = 'G'; break;
				case 171: kar = 'E'; break; case 172: kar = 'U'; break; case 180: kar = 'Y'; break; case 181: kar = 'M'; break;
				case 182: kar = 'D'; break; case 183: kar = 'W'; break; case 185: kar = 'P'; break; case 186: kar = 'B'; break;
				case 189: kar = 'Z'; break; case 191: kar = 'O'; break; case 194: kar = 'L'; break; case 195: kar = 'V'; break;
				case 196: kar = 'F'; break; case 197: kar = 'X'; break; case 198: kar = 'J'; break; case 207: kar = 'Q'; break;
				case 250: kar = 'H'; break; case 251: kar = 'K'; break;
				default: break;
			}
		}
	}
	for (imenu = 1; imenu <= MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS; imenu ++) if (theMenus [imenu] && theMenus [imenu] -> macWindow == macWindow) {
		GuiObject child;
		for (child = theMenus [imenu] -> firstChild; child != NULL; child = child -> nextSibling)
			if ((child -> widgetClass == xmPushButtonWidgetClass || child -> widgetClass == xmToggleButtonWidgetClass) &&
					child -> motiff.pushButton.acceleratorChar == kar &&
					child -> motiff.pushButton.acceleratorModifiers == modifiers)
			{
				if (child -> widgetClass == xmPushButtonWidgetClass && child -> activateCallback && ! child -> insensitive) {
					child -> activateCallback (child, child -> activateClosure, (XtPointer) event);
					return 1;
				} else if (child -> widgetClass == xmToggleButtonWidgetClass) {
					XmToggleButtonGadgetSetState (child, 1 - XmToggleButtonGadgetGetState (child), False);
					_Gui_callCallbacks (child, & child -> motiff.toggleButton.valueChangedCallbacks, (XtPointer) event);
					return 1;
				}
			}
	}
	return 0;
}

static void _motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (unsigned char kar, int modifiers, EventRecord *event) {
	/*
	 * First try to send the key command to the active shell.
	 * If that fails, try to send the key command to the application shell.
	 */
	if (! _motif_shell_processKeyboardEquivalent ((GuiObject) GetWRefCon (FrontWindow ()), kar, modifiers, event))
		_motif_shell_processKeyboardEquivalent (theApplicationShell, kar, modifiers, event);
}

static bool _motif_processKeyDownEvent (EventHandlerCallRef nextHandler, EventRef eventRef, EventRecord *event) {
	/*
	 * This routine determines whether a key-down message is a menu shortcut or is meant to go to a text widget.
	 * It has to find this out fast, so it cannot go through all the menu structures for each key-down.
	 * Therefore, every shell maintains a bit list of which of the lower accelerators are used.
	 */
	GuiObject shell = (GuiObject) GetWRefCon (FrontWindow ());
	if (shell == NULL) {
		// Probably a system window such as an error dialog or file selection dialog.
		//CallNextEventHandler (nextHandler, eventRef);
		return false;
	}
	GuiObject text = theGui.textFocus;
	unsigned char charCode = event -> message & charCodeMask, keyCode = (event -> message & keyCodeMask) >> 8;
	int modifiers = 0;
	if (event -> modifiers & cmdKey) modifiers |= _motif_COMMAND_MASK;
	if (event -> modifiers & optionKey) modifiers |= _motif_OPTION_MASK;
	if (event -> modifiers & shiftKey) modifiers |= _motif_SHIFT_MASK;
	//Melder_casual ("char code %d, modifiers %d", charCode, event -> modifiers);
	if (charCode < 32) {
		if (charCode == 13) {   /* User pressed Return. */
			/*
			 * First test for keyboard shortcut.
			 */
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_ENTER)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_ENTER, modifiers, event);
				return true;
			}
			/*
			 * Then look for default button in active window.
			 */
			if (shell && shell -> defaultButton) {
				if (_GuiMacButton_tryToHandleShortcutKey (shell -> defaultButton, event)) {
					return true;
				}
				/*
				 * Otherwise, hand it to a text widget.
				 */
			}
			/*
			 * Then look for a text widget with an activate callback.
			 */
			if (_GuiMacText_tryToHandleReturnKey (nextHandler, eventRef, text, event)) return true;
			/*
			 * Otherwise, hand it to a text widget.
			 */
		} else if (charCode == 27) {   /* User pressed Escape. */
			/*
			 * First test for keyboard shortcut.
			 */
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_ESCAPE)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_ESCAPE, modifiers, event);
				return true;
			}
			/*
			 * Then look for cancel button in active window.
			 */
			if (shell && shell -> cancelButton) {
				if (_GuiMacButton_tryToHandleShortcutKey (shell -> cancelButton, event)) {
					return true;
				}
				/*
				 * Do not hand it to a text widget.
				 */
				return true;
			}
			/*
			 * Do not hand it to a text widget.
			 */
			return true;
		} else if (charCode == 9) {   /* User pressed Tab. */
			/*
			 * First test for keyboard shortcut.
			 */
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_TAB)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_TAB, modifiers, event);
				return true;
			}
			/*
			 * Next, try tab navigation.
			 */
			if (text) {
				GuiObject nextTextWidget = _motif_getNextTextWidget (shell, text, modifiers & _motif_SHIFT_MASK);
				if (nextTextWidget != NULL) {
					_GuiText_setTheTextFocus (nextTextWidget);
					GuiText_setSelection (nextTextWidget, 0, 10000000);
					return true;
				}
			}
			/*
			 * Otherwise, hand it to a text widget.
			 */
		} else if (charCode == 8) {   /* User pressed Backspace. */
			/*
			 * First test for keyboard shortcut.
			 */
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_BACKSPACE)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_BACKSPACE, modifiers, event);
				return true;
			}
			/*
			 * Otherwise, hand it to a text widget.
			 */
		} else if (charCode == 5) {   /* Help button. Simulate Command-?. */
			_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent ('?', _motif_COMMAND_MASK | _motif_SHIFT_MASK, event);
			return true;
		} else if (charCode == 16) {   /* F1... F12 */
			int fkey =
				keyCode == 0x7A ? 1 : keyCode == 0x78 ? 2 : keyCode == 0x63 ? 3 : keyCode == 0x76 ? 4 :
				keyCode == 0x60 ? 5 : keyCode == 0x61 ? 6 : keyCode == 0x62 ? 7 : keyCode == 0x64 ? 8 :
				keyCode == 0x65 ? 9 : keyCode == 0x6D ? 10 : keyCode == 0x67 ? 11 : keyCode == 0x6F ? 12 : 0;
			if (fkey)
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_F1 - 1 + fkey, modifiers, event);
			return true;
		} else if (charCode == 11) {
			_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_PAGE_UP, modifiers, event);
			return true;   /* BUG: we should implement a scroll up in the text widget (IM V-193). */
		} else if (charCode == 12) {
			_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_PAGE_DOWN, modifiers, event);
			return true;   /* BUG: we should implement a scroll down in the text widget (IM V-193). */
		} else if (charCode == 1) {
			_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_HOME, modifiers, event);
			return true;   /* BUG: we should implement a top left scroll in the text widget (IM V-192). */
		} else if (charCode == 4) {
			_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_END, modifiers, event);
			return true;   /* BUG: we should implement a bottom right scroll in the text widget (IM V-193). */
		} else if (charCode == 28) {
			/*
			 * First test for keyboard shortcut.
			 */
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_LEFT_ARROW)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_LEFT_ARROW, modifiers, event);
				return true;
			}
			/*
			 * Otherwise, hand it to a text widget.
			 */
		} else if (charCode == 29) {
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_RIGHT_ARROW)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_RIGHT_ARROW, modifiers, event);
				return true;
			}
		} else if (charCode == 30) {
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_UP_ARROW)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_UP_ARROW, modifiers, event);
				return true;
			}
		} else if (charCode == 31) {
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_DOWN_ARROW)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_DOWN_ARROW, modifiers, event);
				return true;
			}
		}
	} else if (charCode == 127) {
		if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers] & 1 << GuiMenu_DELETE)) {
			_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_DELETE, modifiers, event);
			return true;
		}
		/*
		 * Otherwise, hand it to a text widget (forward delete).
		 */
	}
	/*
	 * If the Command key is pressed with a printable character, this is always a menu shortcut.
	 */
	else if (modifiers & _motif_COMMAND_MASK) {
		/*
		 * For shortcuts, the status of the Caps Lock key is immaterial.
		 */
		unsigned char kar = toupper (charCode);
		/*
		 * Command-X/C/V/period are defined even if there is no menu.
		 * The existence of a text widget forces Command-C to mean 'Copy'.
		 * The existence of an editable text widget forces Command-X to mean 'Cut' and Command-V to mean 'Paste'.
		 */
		if (_GuiMacText_tryToHandleClipboardShortcut (nextHandler, eventRef, text, kar, event)) return true;
		#define USE_COMMAND_PERIOD_AS_CANCEL  0
		if (USE_COMMAND_PERIOD_AS_CANCEL && kar == '.') {
			/*
			 * Command-period: first test for "Escape" keyboard shortcut.
			 */
			if (shell && (shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [0] & 1 << GuiMenu_ESCAPE)) {
				_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiMenu_ESCAPE, 0, event);
				return true;
			}
			/*
			 * Then look for cancel button in active window.
			 */
			if (shell && shell -> cancelButton) {
				if (_GuiMacButton_tryToHandleShortcutKey (shell -> cancelButton, event)) {
					return true;
				}
			}
		}
		/*
		 * The text widget did not catch any Command-X/C/V/period.
		 */
		_motif_processKeyboardEquivalent (kar, modifiers, event);
		/*
		 * After executing a menu shortcut, do not send the key to a text widget as well.
		 */
		if (kar == '`') return false;   // Command-` means "cycle through Praat's windows"
		return true;
	}
	if (_GuiMacText_tryToHandleKey (nextHandler, eventRef, text, keyCode, charCode, event)) return true;

	/* Last chance: try drawingArea. */
	if (shell) {
		GuiObject drawingArea = _motif_findDrawingArea (shell);
		if (drawingArea && _GuiMacDrawingArea_tryToHandleKey (drawingArea, event)) {
			return true;
		}
	}
	return false;
}

static void mac_processMenuChoice (long choice, EventRecord *event) {
	int macMenuID = HiWord (choice), macMenuItem = LoWord (choice);
	GuiObject menu, item;
	if (macMenuID == 0) return;
	menu = theMenus [macMenuID == kHMHelpMenuID ? MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS : macMenuID];
	if (menu == NULL) return;
	item = menu -> firstChild;
	if (macMenuID == kHMHelpMenuID) macMenuItem -= theHelpMenuOffset;
	while (item && macMenuItem > 1) {
		if (item -> widgetClass != xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass && item -> managed) macMenuItem --;   /* Count managed buttons and separators only. */
		item = item -> nextSibling;
	}
	Melder_assert (item != NULL);
	while (item && ! item -> managed) item = item -> nextSibling;
	Melder_assert (item != NULL);
	if (item -> activateCallback) item -> activateCallback (item, item -> activateClosure, (XtPointer) event);
	else if (item -> widgetClass == xmToggleButtonWidgetClass) {
		XmToggleButtonGadgetSetState (item, 1 - XmToggleButtonGadgetGetState (item), False);
		_Gui_callCallbacks (item, & item -> motiff.toggleButton.valueChangedCallbacks, (XtPointer) event);
	}
}

static void _motif_processMouseDownEvent (EventRecord *event) {
	WindowPtr macvenster;
	int part = FindWindow (event -> where, & macvenster);
	switch (part) {
		case inMenuBar: {
			long choice = MenuSelect (event -> where);
			mac_processMenuChoice (choice, event);
			HiliteMenu (0);
		} break;
		case inSysWindow: {
		} break;
		case inDrag: {
			RgnHandle greyRegion;
			Rect greyBounds;
			if (macvenster != FrontWindow ()) {
				if (theGui.modalDialog && theGui.modalDialog != macvenster) {
					SysBeep (1);
					return;
				} else {
					SelectWindow (macvenster);
				}
			}
			greyRegion = GetGrayRgn ();
			GetRegionBounds (greyRegion, & greyBounds);
			DragWindow (macvenster, event -> where, & greyBounds);
		} break;
		case inGoAway: {
			if (TrackGoAway (macvenster, event -> where)) {
				GuiObject shell = (GuiObject) GetWRefCon (macvenster);
				int deleteResponse;
				if (! shell) return;
				deleteResponse = shell -> deleteResponse;   /* Save this, in case the callback should kill the widget (XmDO_NOTHING). */
				if (shell -> motiff.shell.goAwayCallback)
					shell -> motiff.shell.goAwayCallback (shell, shell -> motiff.shell.goAwayClosure, event);
				if (deleteResponse == XmDESTROY) {
					XtDestroyWidget (shell);
				} else if (deleteResponse == XmUNMAP) {
					/*
						Unmapping is not the same as unmanaging.
						The following duplicates some of the code of XtUnmanageChild,
						but does not clear the 'managed' attribute.
					*/
					_GuiMac_clearTheTextFocus ();
					if (macvenster == theGui.modalDialog)
						theGui.modalDialog = NULL;
					HideWindow (macvenster);
				}
			}
		} break;
		case inGrow: {
			RgnHandle greyRegion = GetGrayRgn ();
			Rect greyBounds;
			long newSize;
			GetRegionBounds (greyRegion, & greyBounds);
			newSize = GrowWindow (macvenster, event -> where, & greyBounds);
			if (newSize != 0) {
				GuiObject shell = (GuiObject) GetWRefCon (macvenster);
				int oldWidth, oldHeight, newWidth, newHeight;
				if (! shell) return;
				oldWidth = shell -> width, oldHeight = shell -> height;
				newWidth = LoWord (newSize), newHeight = HiWord (newSize);
				shell -> width = newWidth;
				shell -> height = newHeight;
				//Melder_casual ("Grow: old and new size: %d %d %d %d", oldWidth, oldHeight, newWidth, newHeight);
				shellResizeWidget (shell, 0, 0, newWidth - oldWidth, newHeight - oldHeight);
			}
		} break;
		case inZoomIn: case inZoomOut: {
			GuiObject shell = (GuiObject) GetWRefCon (macvenster);
			if (shell) {
				int oldWidth = shell -> width, oldHeight = shell -> height;
				Rect bounds;
				if (shell -> motiff.shell.canFullScreen) {
					if (part == inZoomOut) {
						SetSystemUIMode (kUIModeAllSuppressed, 0);
						Point size = { 3000, 4000 };
						ZoomWindowIdeal (macvenster, inZoomOut, & size);
					} else {
						SetSystemUIMode (kUIModeNormal, 0);
						Point size = { 900, 1440 };
						ZoomWindowIdeal (macvenster, inZoomIn, & size);
					}
				} else {
					ZoomWindow (macvenster, part, 1);
				}
				GetWindowPortBounds (macvenster, & bounds);
				int newWidth = bounds.right - bounds.left;
				int newHeight = bounds.bottom - bounds.top;
				//Melder_casual ("Zoom: old and new size %d %d %d %d", oldWidth, oldHeight, newWidth, newHeight);
				shell -> width = newWidth;
				shell -> height = newHeight;
				shellResizeWidget (shell, 0, 0, newWidth - oldWidth, newHeight - oldHeight);
			}
		} break;
		case inContent: {
			if (macvenster != FrontWindow ()) {
				if (theGui.modalDialog && theGui.modalDialog != macvenster) { SysBeep (1); return; }
				SelectWindow (macvenster);
				if (! BACKGROUND_WINDOWS_ARE_ACTIVE) return;
				XmUpdateDisplay (NULL);
			}
			if (GetWindowKind (macvenster) == userKind) {
				ControlHandle maccontrol;
				ControlPartCode controlPart;
				SetPortWindowPort (macvenster);
				GlobalToLocal (& event -> where);
				maccontrol = FindControlUnderMouse (event -> where, macvenster, & controlPart);
				if (maccontrol) {
					GuiObject control = (GuiObject) GetControlReference (maccontrol);
					if (! control) return;
					if (control -> magicNumber != 15111959 || ! control -> managed) goto LABEL_clickedOutsideControl;
					event -> message = controlPart;
					switch (controlPart) {
						case kControlListBoxPart: {
							_GuiMacList_handleControlClick (control, event);
						} break;
						case kControlButtonPart:
						case kControlLabelPart: {
							if (control -> widgetClass == xmPushButtonWidgetClass) {
								_GuiMacButton_handleClick (control, event);
							} else if (control -> widgetClass == xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass) {   /* Cascade button. */
								GuiObject menu = control -> subMenuId;
								if (menu && ! control -> insensitive) {
									Point pos;
									long choice = 0;
									_GuiMac_clipOnParent (control);
									HiliteControl (maccontrol, 10);
									GuiMac_clipOff ();
									SetPt (& pos, control -> rect.left + 2, control -> rect.bottom);
									LocalToGlobal (& pos);
									choice = PopUpMenuSelect (menu -> nat.menu.handle, pos.v, pos.h, 1);
									/*
										Beware: we must unhighlight the cascade button NOW,
										because callbacks may destroy it.
									*/
									_GuiMac_clipOnParent (control);
									HiliteControl (maccontrol, 0);
									GuiMac_clipOff ();
									mac_processMenuChoice (choice, event);
								}
							}
						} break;
						case kControlCheckBoxPart: {   /* Check box or radio button. */
							if (control -> isRadioButton) {
								_GuiMacRadioButton_handleClick (control, event);
							} else {
								_GuiMacCheckButton_handleClick (control, event);
							}
						} break;
						case kControlIndicatorPart:   // live scrolling
						case kControlUpButtonPart:
						case kControlDownButtonPart:
						case kControlPageUpPart:
						case kControlPageDownPart: {
							static ControlActionUPP theControlActionUPP;
							if (! theControlActionUPP) theControlActionUPP = NewControlActionUPP (_motif_scrollBarAction);
							HandleControlClick (maccontrol, event -> where, event -> modifiers, theControlActionUPP);
						} break;
						case kControlEditTextPart: _GuiMacText_handleClick (control, event); break;
						default: break;
					}
				} else {   /* Clicked in content region, but not in a control. */
					GuiObject shell, clicked;
					LABEL_clickedOutsideControl:
					shell = (GuiObject) GetWRefCon (macvenster);
					if (! shell) return;
					clicked = _motif_findSubwidget (shell, event -> where. h, event -> where. v);
					if (clicked) {
						if (clicked -> widgetClass == xmListWidgetClass) {
							_GuiMacList_handleClick (clicked, event);
						} else if (clicked -> widgetClass == xmTextWidgetClass) {
							if (clicked -> isControl) {   /* A click in the margin of an EditText control !! */
								_GuiMacText_handleClick (clicked, event);   // BUG?:
								;   /* Do nothing. To react would feel like clicking after all text. */
							} else {
								_GuiMacText_handleClick (clicked, event);
							}
						} else if (clicked -> widgetClass == xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass) {
							_GuiMacDrawingArea_handleClick (clicked, event);
						} else if (clicked -> widgetClass == xmCascadeButtonWidgetClass && 0) {
							GuiObject menu = clicked -> subMenuId;
							if (menu && ! clicked -> insensitive) {
								Point pos;
								long choice = 0;
								Rect r = clicked -> rect; r.left -= 4; r.right += 4; r.top -= 1;
								_GuiMac_clipOnParent (clicked);
								InvertRect (& r);
								GuiMac_clipOff ();
								SetPt (& pos, r.left + 1, r.bottom);
								LocalToGlobal (& pos);
								choice = PopUpMenuSelect (menu -> nat.menu.handle, pos.v, pos.h, 1);
								/*
									Beware: we must unhighlight the cascade button NOW,
									because callbacks may destroy it.
								*/
								SetPortWindowPort (clicked -> macWindow);
								_motif_update (clicked, NULL);
								mac_processMenuChoice (choice, event);
							}
						}
					}
				}
			}
		} break;
		default: break;
	}
}

static pascal OSStatus keyDownEventHandler (EventHandlerCallRef nextHandler, EventRef eventRef, void *userData) {
	(void) nextHandler;
	(void) userData;
	EventRecord eventRecord;
	ConvertEventRefToEventRecord (eventRef, & eventRecord);
	#if 0
		switch (eventRecord. what) {
			case nullEvent: break;
			case mouseDown: _motif_processMouseDownEvent (& eventRecord); break;
			case mouseUp: break;
			case keyDown: _motif_processKeyDownEvent (nextHandler, eventRef, & eventRecord); break;
			case keyUp: break;
			case autoKey: _motif_processKeyDownEvent (nextHandler, eventRef, & eventRecord); break;
			case updateEvt: _motif_processUpdateEvent (& eventRecord); break;
			case activateEvt: _motif_processActivateEvent (& eventRecord); break;
			case osEvt: _motif_processOsEvent (& eventRecord); break;
			case kHighLevelEvent: _motif_processHighLevelEvent (& eventRecord); break;
			default: break;
		}
		return noErr;
	#else
		if (_motif_processKeyDownEvent (nextHandler, eventRef, & eventRecord)) return noErr;
	#endif
	return eventNotHandledErr;
}

#endif

void XtNextEvent (XEvent *xevent) {
	#if win
		GetMessage (xevent, NULL, 0, 0);
	#elif mac
		static EventHandlerUPP keyDownEventHandlerUPP;
		if (keyDownEventHandlerUPP == NULL) {
			keyDownEventHandlerUPP = NewEventHandlerUPP (keyDownEventHandler);
			EventTypeSpec keyDownEventTypeSpecs [2] = {
				{ kEventClassKeyboard, kEventRawKeyDown },
				{ kEventClassKeyboard, kEventRawKeyRepeat }
			};
			//InstallEventHandler (theUserFocusEventTarget, keyDownEventHandlerUPP, 2, keyDownEventTypeSpecs, NULL, NULL);
			InstallApplicationEventHandler (keyDownEventHandlerUPP, 2, keyDownEventTypeSpecs, NULL, NULL);
		}
		/*
		 * The waiting time should be short enough to allow Melder_progress to wait for an event.
		 * Therefore we take 1 clock tick, so that if Melder_progress updates every 15 clock ticks,
		 * the performance loss will not be more than 7 percent.
		 */
		WaitNextEvent (everyEvent, (EventRecord *) xevent, 1, NULL);
	#endif
}

static void processWorkProcsAndTimeOuts (void) {
	long i;
	if (theNumberOfWorkProcs) for (i = 9; i >= 1; i --)
		if (theWorkProcs [i])
			if (theWorkProcs [i] (theWorkProcClosures [i])) XtRemoveWorkProc (i);
	#if ! defined (macintosh)
		if (theNumberOfTimeOuts) {
			clock_t now = clock ();
			for (i = 1; i < 10; i ++) if (theTimeOutProcs [i]) {
				static volatile clock_t timeElapsed;   /* Careful: use 32-bit integers circularly; prevent optimization. */
				timeElapsed = now - theTimeOutStarts [i];
				if (timeElapsed > theTimeOutIntervals [i]) {
					theTimeOutProcs [i] (theTimeOutClosures [i], & i);
					XtRemoveTimeOut (i);
				}
			}
		}
	#endif
}

void GuiNextEvent (XEvent *xevent) {
	#if win
		if (theNumberOfWorkProcs != 0 || theNumberOfTimeOuts != 0) {
			if (PeekMessage (xevent, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {   // Message available?
				;   // Hand message to XtDispatchEvent.
			} else {
				processWorkProcsAndTimeOuts ();   // Handle chores during idle time.
				xevent -> message = 0;   // Hand null message to XtDispatchEvent.
			}
		} else GetMessage (xevent, NULL, 0, 0);   // Be neighbour-friendly: do not hand null events.
	#elif mac
		processWorkProcsAndTimeOuts ();
		XtNextEvent (xevent);
	#endif
}

#if win

static int win_shell_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiObject me, int kar, int modifiers) {
	for (int imenu = 1; imenu <= MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MENUS; imenu ++) if (theMenus [imenu] && theMenus [imenu] -> shell == me) {
		for (GuiObject child = theMenus [imenu] -> firstChild; child != NULL; child = child -> nextSibling) {
			if ((child -> widgetClass == xmPushButtonWidgetClass || child -> widgetClass == xmToggleButtonWidgetClass) &&
					child -> motiff.pushButton.acceleratorChar == kar &&
					child -> motiff.pushButton.acceleratorModifiers == modifiers) {
				if (child -> activateCallback && ! child -> insensitive) {
					child -> activateCallback (child, child -> activateClosure, 0);
					return 1;
				} else if (child -> widgetClass == xmToggleButtonWidgetClass) {
					XmToggleButtonGadgetSetState (child, 1 - XmToggleButtonGadgetGetState (child), False);
					_Gui_callCallbacks (child, & child -> motiff.toggleButton.valueChangedCallbacks, 0);
					return 1;
				}
			}
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

static int win_processKeyboardEquivalent (GuiObject me, int kar, int modifiers) {
	/*
	 * First try to send the key command to the active shell.
	 * If that fails, try to send the key command to the application shell.
	 */
	if (win_shell_processKeyboardEquivalent (me, kar, modifiers)) return 1;
	if (win_shell_processKeyboardEquivalent (theApplicationShell, kar, modifiers)) return 1;
	return 0;
}

	static GuiObject _motif_findDrawingArea (GuiObject me) {
		if (my widgetClass == xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass) return me;
		for (GuiObject sub = my firstChild; sub != NULL; sub = sub -> nextSibling)
			if (! MEMBER (sub, Shell)) {   /* Only in same top window. */
				GuiObject drawingArea = _motif_findDrawingArea (sub);
				if (drawingArea) return drawingArea;
			}
		return NULL;   /* No DrawingArea found. */
	}
#endif

void XtDispatchEvent (XEvent *xevent) {
	#if mac
		EventRecord *event = (EventRecord *) xevent;
		switch (event -> what) {
			case nullEvent: break;
			case mouseDown: _motif_processMouseDownEvent (event); break;
			case mouseUp: break;
			//case keyDown: _motif_processKeyDownEvent (event); break;
			case keyUp: break;
			//case autoKey: _motif_processKeyDownEvent (event); break;
			case updateEvt: _motif_processUpdateEvent (event); break;
			case activateEvt: _motif_processActivateEvent (event); break;
			case osEvt: _motif_processOsEvent (event); break;
			case kHighLevelEvent: _motif_processHighLevelEvent (event); break;
			default: break;
		}
	#else
		MSG *message = (MSG *) xevent;
		if (message -> message == 0) return;   // null message from PeekMessage during work proc or time out.
/*if (message -> message == WM_KEYDOWN || message -> message == WM_SYSKEYDOWN)
{
	int kar = LOWORD (message -> wParam);
	int modifiers = 0;
	GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (message -> hwnd, GWLP_USERDATA);
	if (GetKeyState (VK_CONTROL) < 0) modifiers |= _motif_COMMAND_MASK;
	if (GetKeyState (VK_MENU) < 0) modifiers |= _motif_OPTION_MASK;
	if (GetKeyState (VK_SHIFT) < 0) modifiers |= _motif_SHIFT_MASK;
if(kar>=48)Melder_flushError ("modifiers:%s%s%s\nmessage: %s\nkar: %d",
modifiers & _motif_COMMAND_MASK ? " control" : "",
modifiers & _motif_OPTION_MASK ? " alt" : "",
modifiers & _motif_SHIFT_MASK ? " shift" : "", message -> message == WM_KEYDOWN ? "keydown" : "syskeydown", kar);
}*/
		/*
		 * Intercept accelerators, which may be function keys or Command combinations.
		 * Some Alt-GR combinations denote special characters (e.g. backslash) on some (e.g. German) keyboards;
		 * in such a case, the message is WM_KEYDOWN, and the reported modifier keys are Control (!) and Alt
		 * (on a German keyboard, the backslash can be generated by Ctrl-Alt-ringel-s as well);
		 * otherwise Alt keys give WM_SYSKEYDOWN messages.
		 */
		if (message -> message == WM_KEYDOWN && (GetKeyState (VK_CONTROL) < 0 || ! (message -> lParam & (1<<29))) ||
			message -> message == WM_SYSKEYDOWN && GetKeyState (VK_MENU) < 0
				&& (message -> lParam & (1<<29)) ||   // R&N 413: Alt key is pressed
			message -> message == WM_SYSKEYDOWN && GetKeyState (VK_CONTROL) < 0)
		{
			int kar = LOWORD (message -> wParam);
			GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (message -> hwnd, GWLP_USERDATA);
			int modifiers = 0;
			if (GetKeyState (VK_CONTROL) < 0) modifiers |= _motif_COMMAND_MASK;
			if (GetKeyState (VK_MENU) < 0) modifiers |= _motif_OPTION_MASK;
			if (GetKeyState (VK_SHIFT) < 0) modifiers |= _motif_SHIFT_MASK;
/*if(kar>=48)Melder_casual ("modifiers:%s%s%s\nmessage: %s\nkar: %d",
modifiers & _motif_COMMAND_MASK ? " control" : "",
modifiers & _motif_OPTION_MASK ? " alt" : "",
modifiers & _motif_SHIFT_MASK ? " shift" : "", message -> message == WM_KEYDOWN ? "keydown" : "syskeydown", kar);*/
			if (me && my shell) {
				unsigned long acc = my shell -> motiff.shell.lowAccelerators [modifiers];
				//if (kar != VK_CONTROL) Melder_casual ("%d %d", acc, kar);
				if (kar < 48) {
					if (kar == VK_BACK) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_BACKSPACE) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_BACKSPACE, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_TAB) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_TAB) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_TAB, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_RETURN) {   /* Shortcut, default button, or text. */
						//Melder_information (L"RETURN ", Melder_integer (acc), L" def ", Melder_integer ((long) my shell -> defaultButton));
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_ENTER) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_ENTER, modifiers); return; }
						else {
							if (my shell -> defaultButton && _GuiWinButton_tryToHandleShortcutKey (my shell -> defaultButton)) return;
						}
					} else if (kar == VK_ESCAPE) {   /* Shortcut or cancel button. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_ESCAPE) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_ESCAPE, modifiers); return; }
						else {
							if (my shell -> cancelButton && _GuiWinButton_tryToHandleShortcutKey (my shell -> cancelButton)) return;
						}
						return;
					} else if (kar == VK_PRIOR) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_PAGE_UP) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_PAGE_UP, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_NEXT) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_PAGE_DOWN) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_PAGE_DOWN, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_HOME) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_HOME) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_HOME, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_END) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_END) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_END, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_LEFT) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_LEFT_ARROW) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_LEFT_ARROW, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_RIGHT) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_RIGHT_ARROW) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_RIGHT_ARROW, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_UP) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_UP_ARROW) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_UP_ARROW, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_DOWN) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_DOWN_ARROW) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_DOWN_ARROW, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_INSERT) {   /* Shortcut. */
						win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_INSERT, modifiers);
						return;
					} else if (kar == VK_DELETE) {   /* Shortcut or text. */
						if (acc & 1 << GuiMenu_DELETE) { win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, GuiMenu_DELETE, modifiers); return; }
					} else if (kar == VK_HELP) {   /* Simulate Command-?. */
						win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, '?', modifiers | _motif_SHIFT_MASK);
						return;
					}
				} else if (kar >= VK_F1 && kar <= VK_F12) {   /* 112...123 */
					/*
					 * She has pressed one of the F keys.
					 */
					if (win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, kar - VK_F1 + GuiMenu_F1, modifiers)) return;
					/* Let windowProc handle Alt-F4 etc. */
				/*
				 * If the Command key is pressed with a printable character, this is often a menu shortcut.
				 */
				} else if (modifiers & _motif_COMMAND_MASK) {
					if (MEMBER (me, Text) && (kar == 'X' || kar == 'C' || kar == 'V' || kar == 'Z')) {
						;   // Let window proc handle text editing.
					} else if (kar >= 186) {
						int shift = modifiers & _motif_SHIFT_MASK;
						/*
						 * BUG: The following is not internationally correct.
						 */
						if (kar == 186 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? ':' : ';', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 187 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '+' : '=', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 188 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '<' : ',', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 189 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '_' : '-', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 190 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '>' : '.', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 191 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '?' : '/', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 192 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '~' : '`', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 219 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '{' : '[', modifiers) ||   /* Alt-GR-ringel-s is here. */
						    kar == 220 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '|' : '\\', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 221 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '}' : ']', modifiers) ||
						    kar == 222 && win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, shift ? '\"' : '\'', modifiers))
						{
							return;
						}
					} else {
						if (win_processKeyboardEquivalent (my shell, kar, modifiers)) return;   /* Handle shortcuts like Ctrl-T and Ctrl-Alt-T. */
						/* Let window proc handle international Alt-GR (= Ctrl-Alt) sequences, which are plain characters. */
					}
				}
				/* Other characters: to text. */
			}
			/* Not me or not my shell: let windowProc handle. */
		} else if (message -> message == WM_CHAR) {
			int kar = LOWORD (message -> wParam);
			/*
			 * Catch character messages to push buttons and toggle buttons:
			 * divert them to a drawing area, if possible.
			 */
			GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (message -> hwnd, GWLP_USERDATA);
			if (me && MEMBER2 (me, PushButton, ToggleButton)) {
				GuiObject drawingArea = _motif_findDrawingArea (my shell);
				if (drawingArea) {
					_GuiWinDrawingArea_handleKey (drawingArea, kar);   // TODO: event -> key?
					return;
				}
			}
			/*
			 * Next, try tab navigation.
			 */
			if (me && MEMBER (me, Text) && kar == 9) {
				GuiObject nextTextWidget = _motif_getNextTextWidget (my shell, me, GetKeyState (VK_SHIFT) < 0);
				if (nextTextWidget != NULL) {
					_GuiText_setTheTextFocus (nextTextWidget);
					GuiText_setSelection (nextTextWidget, 0, 10000000);
					return;
				}
			}
		} else if (message -> message == WM_LBUTTONDOWN) {
			/*
			 * Catch mouse-down messages to cascade buttons:
			 * post the associated menu, if any.
			 */
			GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (message -> hwnd, GWLP_USERDATA);
			//Melder_information (Melder_integer ((long) me), L" -- ", Melder_integer ((long) my subMenuId));
			if (me && MEMBER (me, CascadeButton) && my subMenuId) {
				RECT rect;
				GetWindowRect (my window, & rect);
				TrackPopupMenu (my subMenuId -> nat.menu.handle, TPM_LEFTBUTTON |
					TPM_LEFTALIGN | TPM_TOPALIGN, rect.left, rect.bottom - 3, 0, my parent -> window, NULL);
				return;
			}
		}
		TranslateMessage (xevent);   // Generate WM_CHAR messages.
		DispatchMessage (xevent);
	#endif
}

void GuiMainLoop () {
	for (;;) {
		XEvent event;
		GuiNextEvent (& event);
		XtDispatchEvent (& event);
	}
}

#if win
	extern int main (int argc, char *argv []);
	int APIENTRY WinMain (HINSTANCE instance, HINSTANCE previousInstance, LPSTR commandLine, int commandShow) {
		int argc = 4;
		char instanceString [20], commandShowString [20];
		const char *argv [4];
		(void) previousInstance;
		argv [0] = "dummy";
		sprintf (instanceString, "%p", instance);
		sprintf (commandShowString, "%d", commandShow);
		argv [1] = & instanceString [0];
		argv [2] = & commandShowString [0];
		argv [3] = Melder_wcsToUtf8 (GetCommandLineW ());   // it's OK to ignore the possibility of low memory
		if (argv [3] [0] == '\"') {
			argv [3] ++;   // skip quote
			while (argv [3] [0] != '\"') { argv [3] ++; }
			argv [3] ++;   // skip quote
			if (argv [3] [0] == ' ') argv [3] ++;
		} else {
			while (argv [3] [0] != ' ' && argv [3] [0] != '\0')  { argv [3] ++; }
			if (argv [3] [0] == ' ') argv [3] ++;
		}
		return main (argc, (char **) & argv [0]);
	}

	static void on_close (HWND window) {
		GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (me) {
			if (my widgetClass == xmShellWidgetClass) {
				int deleteResponse = my deleteResponse;   /* Save this, in case the callback should kill the widget (XmDO_NOTHING). */
				GuiObject parent = my parent;
				if (my motiff.shell.goAwayCallback)
					my motiff.shell.goAwayCallback (me, my motiff.shell.goAwayClosure, NULL);
				if (deleteResponse == XmDESTROY) {
					XtDestroyWidget (me);
				} else if (deleteResponse == XmUNMAP) {
					/*
						Unmapping is not the same as unmanaging.
						One of the oldest bugs in Praat was that in the Windows edition
						the Picture window could not be closed a second time,
						and that after it had been closed and opened the scroll bars did not move when
						the user resized the window.
						The solution was to use only some of the code from XtUnmanageChild here,
						without clearing the 'managed' attribute.
					*/
					_GuiText_handleFocusLoss (my textFocus);
					ShowWindow (my window, SW_HIDE);
				}
				return;
			} else FORWARD_WM_CLOSE (window, DefWindowProc);
		} else FORWARD_WM_CLOSE (window, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static GuiObject findItem (GuiObject menu, int id) {
		GuiObject child = menu -> firstChild;
		for (child = menu -> firstChild; child != NULL; child = child -> nextSibling) {
			if (child -> widgetClass == xmPulldownMenuWidgetClass) {
				GuiObject result = findItem (child, id);
				if (result) return result;
			} else {
				Melder_assert (MEMBER4 (child, PushButton, ToggleButton, CascadeButton, Separator));
				if (child -> nat.entry.id == id) return child;
			}
		}
		return NULL;
	}
	static void on_command (HWND window, int id, HWND controlWindow, UINT codeNotify) {
		GuiObject parent = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (parent) {
			if (controlWindow) {
				GuiObject control = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (controlWindow, GWLP_USERDATA);
				if (control) {
					switch (control -> widgetClass) {
						/*
						 * Clicking on a button takes away the focus from a text widget.
						 * We have already been notified of that by EN_KILLFOCUS.
						 * We have to put the focus back (see GuiText.c, parenthesized discussion 1.4);
						 * this has to be done before calling the callbacks, because these may destroy or hide the text widget.
						 */
						case xmPushButtonWidgetClass:
							/*
							 * If EN_KILLFOCUS had not cleared the global text focus,
							 * the following message would not actually do SetFocus!
							 */
							_GuiText_setTheTextFocus (control -> shell -> textFocus);
							_GuiWinButton_handleClick (control);
							break;
						case xmToggleButtonWidgetClass:
							_GuiText_setTheTextFocus (control -> shell -> textFocus);
							if (control -> isRadioButton) {
								_GuiWinRadioButton_handleClick (control);
							} else {
								_GuiWinCheckButton_handleClick (control);
							}
							break;
						case xmListWidgetClass:
							if (codeNotify == LBN_SELCHANGE) {
								_GuiWinList_handleClick (control);
							} else FORWARD_WM_COMMAND (window, id, controlWindow, codeNotify, DefWindowProc);
							break;
						case xmTextWidgetClass:
							if (codeNotify == EN_CHANGE) {
								_GuiText_handleValueChanged (control);
							} else if (codeNotify == EN_SETFOCUS) {
								_GuiText_handleFocusReception (control);
							} else if (codeNotify == EN_KILLFOCUS) {
								_GuiText_handleFocusLoss (control);   /* For button clicks (see above). */
							}
							break;
						default: break;
					}
				} else FORWARD_WM_COMMAND (window, id, controlWindow, codeNotify, DefWindowProc);
			} else {   // menu choice
				GuiObject menuBar = NULL;
				if (MEMBER (parent, Shell))
					menuBar = parent -> nat.shell.menuBar;
				else if (MEMBER (parent, RowColumn))
					menuBar = parent;
				if (menuBar) {
					GuiObject item = findItem (menuBar, id);
					if (item) {
						if (item -> widgetClass == xmPushButtonWidgetClass) {
							if (item -> activateCallback)
								item -> activateCallback (item, item -> activateClosure, 0);
						} else if (item -> widgetClass == xmToggleButtonWidgetClass) {
							XmToggleButtonGadgetSetState (item, 1 - XmToggleButtonGadgetGetState (item), False);
							_Gui_callCallbacks (item, & item -> motiff.toggleButton.valueChangedCallbacks, 0);
						}
					}
				}
			}
		} else FORWARD_WM_COMMAND (window, id, controlWindow, codeNotify, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static void on_destroy (HWND window) {
		(void) window;
	}
	static void on_lbuttonDown (HWND window, BOOL doubleClick, int x, int y, UINT flags) {
		GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (me) {
			if (MEMBER (me, DrawingArea)) {
				_GuiWinDrawingArea_handleClick (me, x, y);
			} else FORWARD_WM_LBUTTONDOWN (window, doubleClick, x, y, flags, DefWindowProc);
		} else FORWARD_WM_LBUTTONDOWN (window, doubleClick, x, y, flags, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static void on_paint (HWND window) {
		GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (me) {
			if (my widgetClass == xmDrawingAreaWidgetClass) {
				_GuiWinDrawingArea_update (me);
			} else FORWARD_WM_PAINT (window, DefWindowProc);
		} else FORWARD_WM_PAINT (window, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static void on_hscroll (HWND window, HWND controlWindow, UINT code, int pos) {
		GuiObject parent = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (parent) {
			GuiObject control = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (controlWindow, GWLP_USERDATA);
			if (control) {
				on_scroll (control, code, pos);
			} else FORWARD_WM_HSCROLL (window, controlWindow, code, pos, DefWindowProc);
		} else FORWARD_WM_HSCROLL (window, controlWindow, code, pos, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static void on_vscroll (HWND window, HWND controlWindow, UINT code, int pos) {
		GuiObject parent = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (parent) {
			GuiObject control = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (controlWindow, GWLP_USERDATA);
			if (control) {
				on_scroll (control, code, pos);
			} else FORWARD_WM_VSCROLL (window, controlWindow, code, pos, DefWindowProc);
		} else FORWARD_WM_VSCROLL (window, controlWindow, code, pos, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static void on_size (HWND window, UINT state, int cx, int cy) {
		GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (me && MEMBER (me, Shell) && (state == SIZE_RESTORED || state == SIZE_MAXIMIZED)) {
			int oldWidth = my width, oldHeight = my height;
			int newWidth = cx;
			int newHeight = cy;
			my width = newWidth;
			my height = newHeight;
			FORWARD_WM_SIZE (window, state, cx, cy, DefWindowProc);
			if (! my managed) {
			} else if (my nat.shell.duringMoveWindow)   // Yeah, a BUG fix. Only react to user actions.
				my nat.shell.duringMoveWindow = False;
			else if (newWidth != oldWidth || newHeight != oldHeight) {
				shellResizeWidget (me, 0, 0, newWidth - oldWidth, newHeight - oldHeight);
			}
		} else FORWARD_WM_SIZE (window, state, cx, cy, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static void on_key (HWND window, UINT key, BOOL down, int repeat, UINT flags) {
		Melder_assert (down == true);
		GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (me && key >= VK_LEFT && key <= VK_DOWN) {
			//Melder_warning ("Widget type ", Melder_integer (my widgetClass));
			if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
				GuiObject drawingArea = _motif_findDrawingArea (me);
				if (drawingArea) {
					GuiObject textFocus = drawingArea -> shell -> textFocus;   // BUG: ignore?
					_GuiWinDrawingArea_handleKey (drawingArea, key);
				} else {
					FORWARD_WM_KEYDOWN (window, key, repeat, flags, DefWindowProc);
				}
			} else FORWARD_WM_KEYDOWN (window, key, repeat, flags, DefWindowProc);
		} else {
			FORWARD_WM_KEYDOWN (window, key, repeat, flags, DefWindowProc);
		}
	}
	static void on_char (HWND window, TCHAR kar, int repeat) {
		GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (me) {
			//Melder_warning ("Widget type ", Melder_integer (my widgetClass));
			if (MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
				GuiObject drawingArea = _motif_findDrawingArea (me);
				if (drawingArea) {
					GuiObject textFocus = drawingArea -> shell -> textFocus;   // BUG: ignore?
					_GuiWinDrawingArea_handleKey (drawingArea, kar);
				} else {
					FORWARD_WM_CHAR (window, kar, repeat, DefWindowProc);
				}
			} else FORWARD_WM_CHAR (window, kar, repeat, DefWindowProc);
		} else {
			FORWARD_WM_CHAR (window, kar, repeat, DefWindowProc);
		}
	}
	static void on_move (HWND window, int x, int y) {
		GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		/*if (me && MEMBER (me, Shell)) {
			my x = x - ( my motiff.shell.isDialog ? GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXFIXEDFRAME) : GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXSIZEFRAME) );
			my y = y - GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYCAPTION) - ( my motiff.shell.isDialog ? GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYFIXEDFRAME) :
				GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYSIZEFRAME) + GetSystemMetrics (SM_CYMENU) );
		}*/
		FORWARD_WM_MOVE (window, x, y, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static HBRUSH on_ctlColorStatic (HWND window, HDC hdc, HWND controlWindow, int type) {
		GuiObject parent = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		(void) type;
		if (parent) {
			GuiObject control = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (controlWindow, GWLP_USERDATA);
			if (control) {
				SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT);
				return GetStockBrush (LTGRAY_BRUSH);
			}
		}
		return FORWARD_WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC (window, hdc, controlWindow, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static HBRUSH on_ctlColorBtn (HWND window, HDC hdc, HWND controlWindow, int type) {
		GuiObject parent = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		(void) type;
		if (parent) {
			GuiObject control = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (controlWindow, GWLP_USERDATA);
			if (control) {
				SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT);
				return GetStockBrush (LTGRAY_BRUSH);
			}
		}
		return FORWARD_WM_CTLCOLORBTN (window, hdc, controlWindow, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static void on_activate (HWND window, UINT state, HWND hActive, BOOL minimized) {
		GuiObject me = (GuiObject) GetWindowLongPtr (window, GWLP_USERDATA);
		if (me && my widgetClass == xmShellWidgetClass) {
			if (state == WA_INACTIVE || minimized) {
				_GuiText_handleFocusLoss (my textFocus);
			} else {
				_GuiText_setTheTextFocus (my textFocus);
			}
			return;
		} else FORWARD_WM_ACTIVATE (window, state, hActive, minimized, DefWindowProc);
	}
	static LRESULT CALLBACK windowProc (HWND window, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
		switch (message) {
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_CLOSE, on_close);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_COMMAND, on_command);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_DESTROY, on_destroy);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_LBUTTONDOWN, on_lbuttonDown);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_PAINT, on_paint);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_HSCROLL, on_hscroll);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_VSCROLL, on_vscroll);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_SIZE, on_size);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_KEYDOWN, on_key);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_CHAR, on_char);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_MOVE, on_move);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_CTLCOLORBTN, on_ctlColorBtn);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC, on_ctlColorStatic);
			HANDLE_MSG (window, WM_ACTIVATE, on_activate);
			case WM_USER: {
				/*if (IsIconic (window)) ShowWindow (window, SW_RESTORE);
				SetForegroundWindow (window);*/
				return theUserMessageCallback ? theUserMessageCallback () : 1;
			}
			default: return DefWindowProc (window, message, wParam, lParam);
		}
	}
	int motif_win_mouseStillDown (void) {
		XEvent event;
		if (! GetCapture ()) SetCapture (theApplicationShell -> window);
		if (PeekMessage (& event, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE)) {
			if (event. message == WM_LBUTTONUP) {
				DispatchMessage (& event);
				ReleaseCapture ();
				return False;
			}
		}
		return True;
	}
	void motif_win_setUserMessageCallback (int (*userMessageCallback) (void)) {
		theUserMessageCallback = userMessageCallback;
	}
#endif
#if mac
	void motif_mac_setUserMessageCallbackA (int (*userMessageCallback) (char *message)) {
		theUserMessageCallbackA = userMessageCallback;
	}
	void motif_mac_setUserMessageCallbackW (int (*userMessageCallback) (wchar_t *message)) {
		theUserMessageCallbackW = userMessageCallback;
	}
#endif
void Gui_setOpenDocumentCallback (void (*openDocumentCallback) (MelderFile file)) {
	theOpenDocumentCallback = openDocumentCallback;
}
void Gui_setQuitApplicationCallback (int (*quitApplicationCallback) (void)) {
	theQuitApplicationCallback = quitApplicationCallback;
}
#endif
/* End of file motifEmulator.cpp */