.\" Man page for ps.
.\" Quick hack conversion by Albert Cahalan, 1998.
.\" Licensed under version 2 of the Gnu General Public License.
.\"
.\" This man page is a horrid hack because *roff sucks.
.\" The whole system is way obsolete. The internal header
.\" stuff must die, and will when I figure out how to kill it.
.\" I've already killed the wasteful left margin and screwy
.\" old perfect justification. Gross! You'd think someone
.\" invented this crap in 1973. Oh yeah, they did. Sorry.
.\"
.TH PS 1 "July 5, 1998" "Linux" "Linux User's Manual"
.SH \fRNAME\fR
ps \- report process status
.ad r
.na
.ss 12 0
.in 0
.nh
.nf

SYNOPSIS
ps [options]


DESCRIPTION
ps gives a snapshot of the current processes. If you want
a repetitive update of this status, use top. This man
page documents the /proc-based version of ps, or tries to.


COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS

This version of ps accepts several kinds of options.

Unix options may be grouped and must be preceeded by a dash.
BSD options may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
Gnu long options are preceeded by two dashes.

Options of different types may be freely mixed.

Set the I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS environment variable to force BSD syntax even
when options are preceeded by a dash. The PS_PERSONALITY environment
variable (described below) provides more detailed control of ps behavior.

SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION
-A           selects all processes
-N           negate selection
-a           select all with a tty except session leaders
-d           select all, but omit session leaders
-e           selects all processes
T            Select all processes on this terminal
a            Select all processes on a terminal, including those of other users
g            really all, even group leaders (does nothing w/o SunOS settings)
r            restrict output to running processes
x            Select processes without controlling ttys
--deselect   negate selection

PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST
-C           Select by command name
-G           select by RGID (supports names)
-U           select by RUID (supports names)
-g           select by session leader OR by group name
-p           select by PID
-s           Select processes belonging to the sessions given
-t           select by tty
-u           select by effective user ID (supports names)
U            Select processes for specified users
p            Select by process ID
t            Select by tty
--Group      select by real group name or ID
--User       select by real user name or ID
--group      select by effective group name or ID
--pid        select by process ID
--sid        select by session ID
--tty        select by terminal
--user       select by effective user name or ID
-123         implied --sid
123          implied --pid

OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL
-O           is preloaded "-o"
-c           different scheduler info for -l option
-f           does full listing
-j           jobs format
-l           long format
-o           user-defined format
-y           do not show flags; show rss in place of addr
O            is preloaded "o" (overloaded)
X            Old Linux i386 register format
j            job control format
l            Display long format
o            Specify user-defined format
s            Display signal format
u            Display user-oriented format
v            Display virtual memory format
--format     user-defined format

OUTPUT MODIFIERS
-H           show process heirarchy (forest)
-m           shows threads
-n           sets namelist file
-w           wide output
C            Use raw CPU time for %CPU instead of decaying average
N            Specify namelist file
O            Sorting order (overloaded)
S            include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
c            true command name
e            show environment after the command
f            ASCII-art process heirarchy (forest)
h            no header (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality)
m            all threads
n            Numeric output for WCHAN and USER
w            wide output
--cols       set screen width
--columns    set screen width
--cumulative include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent)
--forest     ASCII art process tree
--html       HTML escaped output
--headers    repeat header lines, one per page of output
--no-headers print no header line at all
--lines      set screen height
--nul        unjustified output with NULs
--null       unjustified output with NULs
--rows       set screen height
--sort       specify sorting order
--width      set screen width
--zero       unjustified output with NULs

INFORMATION
-V          prints version
L           List all format specifiers
V           show version info
--help      print help message
--info      print debugging info
--version   prints version

OBSOLETE
A           Increases the argument space (DecUnix)
M           use alternate core (try -n or N instead)
W           get swap info from ... not /dev/drum (try -n or N instead)
k           use /vmcore as c-dumpfile (try -n or N instead)



NOTES

The "-g" option can select by session leader OR by group name.
Selection by session leader is specified by many standards,
but selection by group is the logical behavior that several other
operating systems use. This ps will select by session leader when
the list is completely numeric (as sessions are). Group ID numbers
will work only when some group names are also specified.

The "m" option should not be used. Use "-m" or "-o" with a list.
("m" displays memory info, shows threads, or sorts by memory use)

The "h" option is problematic.  Standard BSD ps uses the option to
print a header on each page of output, but older Linux ps uses the option
to totally disable the header.  This version of ps follows the Linux
usage of not printing the header unless the BSD personality has been
selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of output.
Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options
--headers and --no-headers to enable printing headers each page and
disable headers entirely, respectively.

Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several
forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1. Obsolete "ps t" (your own terminal) and
"ps t?" (processes without a terminal) syntax is supported, but modern
options ("T", "-t" with list, "x", "t" with list) should be used instead.

The BSD "O" option can act like "-O" (user-defined output format with
some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.
Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option. To ensure
that the desired behavior is obtained, specify the other option (sorting
or formatting) in some other way.

For sorting, BSD "O" option syntax is O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]]
Order the process listing according to the multilevel sort specified by
the sequence of short keys from SORT KEYS, k1, k2, ... The `+' is quite
optional, merely re-iterating the default direction on a key. `-' reverses
direction only on the key it precedes. The O option must be the last option
in a single command argument, but specifications in successive arguments are
catenated.

Gnu sorting syntax is --sortX[+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]]
Choose a multi-letter key from the SORT KEYS section. X may be any
convenient separator character. To be GNU-ish use `='. The `+' is really
optional since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic
order. For example, ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,+pid

This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc. This ps does not
need to be suid kmem or have any privileges to run. Do not give this ps
any special permissions.

This ps needs access to a namelist file for proper WCHAN display.
The namelist file must match the current Linux kernel exactly for
correct output.

To produce the WCHAN field, ps needs to read the System.map file created
when the kernel is compiled. The search path is:

$PS_SYSTEM_MAP
/boot/System.map-`uname -r`
/boot/System.map
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/System.map
/usr/src/linux/System.map

The member used_math of task_struct is not shown, since crt0.s checks
to see if math is present. This causes the math flag to be set for all
processes, and so it is worthless. (Somebody fix libc or the kernel please)

Programs swapped out to disk will be shown without command line arguments,
and unless the c option is given, in brackets.

%CPU shows the cputime/realtime percentage. It will not add up to 100%
unless you are lucky. It is time used divided by the time the process has
been running.

The SIZE and RSS fields don't count the page tables and the task_struct of a
proc; this is at least 12k of memory that is always resident. SIZE is the
virtual size of the proc (code+data+stack).

Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so-called "zombies") that
remain because their parent has not destroyed them properly. These processes
will be destroyed by init(8) if the parent process exits.


PROCESS FLAGS

ALIGNWARN    001    print alignment warning msgs
STARTING     002    being created
EXITING      004    getting shut down
PTRACED      010    set if ptrace (0) has been called
TRACESYS     020    tracing system calls
FORKNOEXEC   040    forked but didn't exec
SUPERPRIV    100    used super-user privileges
DUMPCORE     200    dumped core
SIGNALED     400    killed by a signal


PROCESS STATE CODES

D uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
R runnable (on run queue)
S sleeping
T traced or stopped
Z a defunct ("zombie") process

For BSD formats and when the "stat" keyword is used, additional
letters may be displayed:

W has no resident pages
< high-priority process
N low-priority task
L has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)


SORT KEYS

Note that the values used in sorting are the internal values ps uses and not
the `cooked' values used in some of the output format fields. Pipe ps
output into the sort(1) command if you want to sort the cooked values.

KEY LONG       DESCRIPTION
c   cmd        simple name of executable
C   cmdline    full command line
f   flags      flags as in long format F field
g   pgrp       process group ID
G   tpgid      controlling tty process group ID
j   cutime     cumulative user time
J   cstime     cumulative system time
k   utime      user time
K   stime      system time
m   min_flt    number of minor page faults
M   maj_flt    number of major page faults
n   cmin_flt   cumulative minor page faults
N   cmaj_flt   cumulative major page faults
o   session    session ID
p   pid        process ID
P   ppid       parent process ID
r   rss        resident set size
R   resident   resident pages
s   size       memory size in kilobytes
S   share      amount of shared pages
t   tty        the minor device number of tty
T   start_time time process was started
U   uid        user ID number
u   user       user name
v   vsize      total VM size in bytes
y   priority   kernel scheduling priority


AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS

This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the
formatting codes of printf(1) and printf(3). For example, the normal
default output can be produced with this:   ps -eo "%p %y %x %c"

CODE  NORMAL    HEADER
%C    pcpu      %CPU
%G    group     GROUP
%P    ppid      PPID
%U    user      USER
%a    args      COMMAND
%c    comm      COMMAND
%g    rgroup    RGROUP
%n    nice      NI
%p    pid       PID
%r    pgid      PGID
%t    etime     ELAPSED
%u    ruser     RUSER
%x    time      TIME
%y    tty       TTY
%z    vsz       VSZ


STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS

These may be used to control both output format and sorting.
For example:  ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user

CODE         HEADER
%cpu         %CPU    
%mem         %MEM    
alarm        ALARM   
args         COMMAND 
blocked      BLOCKED 
bsdstart     START   
bsdtime      TIME    
c            C       
caught       CAUGHT  
cmd          CMD     
comm         COMMAND 
command      COMMAND 
cputime      TIME    
drs          DRS     
dsiz         DSIZ    
egid         EGID    
egroup       EGROUP  
eip          EIP     
esp          ESP     
etime        ELAPSED 
euid         EUID    
euser        EUSER   
f            F       
fgid         FGID    
fgroup       FGROUP  
flag         F       
flags        F       
fname        COMMAND 
fsgid        FSGID   
fsgroup      FSGROUP 
fsuid        FSUID   
fsuser       FSUSER  
fuid         FUID    
fuser        FUSER   
gid          GID     
group        GROUP   
ignored      IGNORED 
intpri       PRI     
lim          LIM     
longtname    TTY     
lstart       STARTED 
m_drs        DRS     
m_trs        TRS     
maj_flt      MAJFL   
majflt       MAJFLT  
min_flt      MINFL   
minflt       MINFLT  
ni           NI      
nice         NI      
nwchan       WCHAN   
opri         PRI     
pagein       PAGEIN  
pcpu         %CPU    
pending      PENDING 
pgid         PGID    
pgrp         PGRP    
pid          PID     
pmem         %MEM    
ppid         PPID    
pri          PRI     
priority     PRI     
rgid         RGID    
rgroup       RGROUP  
rss          RSS     
rssize       RSS     
rsz          RSZ     
ruid         RUID    
ruser        RUSER   
s            S       
sess         SESS    
session      SESS    
sgi_p        P       
sgi_rss      RSS     
sgid         SGID    
sgroup       SGROUP  
sid          SID     
sig          PENDING 
sig_block    BLOCKED 
sig_catch    CATCHED 
sig_ignore   IGNORED 
sig_pend     SIGNAL  
sigcatch     CAUGHT  
sigignore    IGNORED 
sigmask      BLOCKED 
stackp       STACKP  
start        STARTED 
start_stack  STACKP  
start_time   START   
stat         STAT    
state        S       
stime        STIME   
suid         SUID    
suser        SUSER   
svgid        SVGID   
svgroup      SVGROUP 
svuid        SVUID   
svuser       SVUSER  
sz           SZ      
time         TIME    
timeout      TMOUT   
tmout        TMOUT   
tname        TTY     
tpgid        TPGID   
trs          TRS     
trss         TRSS    
tsiz         TSIZ    
tt           TT      
tty          TT      
tty4         TTY     
tty8         TTY     
ucmd         CMD     
ucomm        COMMAND 
uid          UID     
uid_hack     UID     
uname        USER    
user         USER    
vsize        VSZ     
vsz          VSZ     
wchan        WCHAN   




ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables could affect ps:
    COLUMNS             Override default display width.
    LINES               Override default display height.
    PS_PERSONALITY      Set to one of posix,old,linux,bsd,sun,digital...
    CMD_ENV             Set to one of posix,old,linux,bsd,sun,digital...
    I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS  Force obsolete command line interpretation.
    LC_TIME             Date format.
    PS_COLORS           Not currently supported.
    PS_FORMAT           Default output format override.
    PS_SYSMAP           Default namelist (System.map) location.
    PS_SYSTEM_MAP       Default namelist (System.map) location.
    POSIXLY_CORRECT     Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
    UNIX95              Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".
    _XPG                Cancel CMD_ENV=irix non-standard behavior.

In general, it is a bad idea to set these variables. The one exception
is CMD_ENV or PS_PERSONALITY, which could be set to Linux for normal
systems. Without that setting, ps follows the useless and bad parts
of the Unix98 standard.


PERSONALITY
    aix      like AIX ps
    bsd      like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)
    compaq   like Digital Unix ps
    debian   like the old Debian ps
    digital  like Digital Unix ps
    gnu      like the old Debian ps
    hp       like HP-UX ps
    hpux     like HP-UX ps
    irix     like Irix ps
    linux    ***** RECOMMENDED *****
    old      like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)
    posix    standard
    sco      like SCO ps
    sgi      like Irix ps
    sun      like SunOS 4 ps (totally non-standard)
    sunos    like SunOS 4 ps (totally non-standard)
    sysv     standard
    unix     standard
    unix95   standard
    unix98   standard


EXAMPLES
To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
    ps -e
To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
    ps ax
To see every process except those running as root (real & effective ID)
    ps -U root -u root -N
To see every process with a user-defined format:
    ps -eo pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan
Odd display with AIX field descriptors:
    ps -o "%u : %U : %p : %a"
Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
    ps -C syslogd -o pid=

SEE ALSO
top(1) pstree(1) proc(5)

STANDARDS
This ps conforms to version 2 of the Single Unix Specification.

AUTHOR
ps was originally written by Branko Lankester <lankeste@fwi.uva.nl>. Michael
K. Johnson <johnsonm@redhat.com> re-wrote it significantly to use the proc
filesystem, changing a few things in the process. Michael Shields
<mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu> added the pid-list feature. Charles Blake
<cblake@bbn.com> added multi-level sorting, the dirent-style library, the
device name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search
directly on System.map, and many code and documentation cleanups. David
Mossberger-Tang wrote the generic BFD support for psupdate. Albert Cahalan
<acahalan@cs.uml.edu> rewrote ps for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with
some ugly hacks for obsolete and foreign syntax.

Please send bug reports to <acahalan@cs.uml.edu>