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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Prover9 Manual</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="manual.css">
</head>
<body>
<!-- Site navigation menu -->
<ul class="navbar">
<li><a href="index.html">Introduction</a>
<li><a href="install.html">Installation</a>
<li><a href="running.html">Running Prover9</a>
<li><a href="input.html">Input Files</a>
<li><a href="syntax.html">Clauses & Formulas</a>
<li>Search Prep
<ul class="navbar2">
<li><a href="auto.html">Auto Modes</a>
<li><a href="term-order.html">Term Ordering</a>
<li><a href="more-prep.html">More Prep</a>
<li><a href="limits.html">Search Limits</a>
</ul>
<li>Inference
<ul class="navbar2">
<li><a href="loop.html">The Loop</a>
<li><a href="select.html">Select Given</a>
<li><a href="inf-rules.html">Inference Rules</a>
<li><a href="process-inf.html">Process Inferred</a>
</ul>
<li><a href="output.html">Output Files</a>
<li>More Features
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<li><a href="weight.html">Weighting</a>
<li><a href="attributes.html">Attributes</a>
<li><a href="actions.html">Actions</a>
<li><a href="fof-reduction.html">FOF Reduction</a>
<li><a href="goals.html">Goals</a>
<li><a href="hints.html">Hints</a>
<li><a href="semantics.html">Semantics</a>
</ul>
<li>Related Programs
<ul class="navbar2">
<li><a href="prooftrans.html">Prooftrans</a>
<li><a href="mace4.html">Mace4</a>
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<div class="header">Prover9 Manual Version June-2006</div>
<!-- Main content -->
<h1>Prover9 Manual</h1>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~mccune/prover9/">Prover9</a>
is a resolution/paramodulation automated theorem prover
for first-order and equational logic.
Prover9 is a successor of the
<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/AR/otter/">Otter</a> Prover
[<a href="references.html#McCune-Otter33">McCune-Otter33</a>].
<h2>Getting Started</h2>
Prover9 has a fully <a href="auto.html">automatic mode</a>
in which the user simply
gives it clauses or formulas representing the problem.
See the Section <a href="syntax.html">Clauses and Formulas</a>.
<p>
An important way to learn about Prover9 is to browse and study the
<a href="http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~mccune/prover9/examples/">
example input and output files</a> that are available.
<i>Users are encouraged to contribute examples from their own
work with Prover9 (and Mace4).</i>
<h2>Related Programs</h2>
Several useful programs come bundled with Prover9.
The most important is
<a href="mace4.html">Mace4</a>, which looks for finite models and
counterexamples.
Mace4 can help avoid wasting time searching for a proof with Prover9 by
first finding a counterexample or by first helping to debug
logical specifications.
<p>
Another useful program is
<a href="prooftrans.html">Prooftrans</a>, which can transform
proofs found by Prover9 in various ways, including producing
more detailed proofs, simplifying the justifications,
renumbering the steps, producing proofs in XML,
and producing proofs for input to other programs.
<h2>Other Theorem Provers</h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="http://www.eprover.org">E</a> is a very good all-around prover.
<li> <a href="http://www.mpi-sb.mpg.de/~hillen/waldmeister/">Waldmeister</a>
is a fast prover for equational logic.
<li> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_theorem_prover">Vampire</a>
has lately been winning the MIX category of
<a href="http://www.cs.miami.edu/~tptp/CASC/">CASC</a>.
<li><a href="http://www.cs.chalmers.se/~koen/paradox/">Paradox</a> is
an excellent program for finding finite models and counterexamples.
</ul>
<h2>Format Conventions for this Manual</h2>
Many parts of this manual are displayed in boxes with different
background colors.
<p>
A display like the following indicates part of an input or output file.
<pre class="my_file">
formulas(sos).
all x all y (subset(x,y) <-> (all z (member(z,x) -> member(z,y)))).
end_of_list.
formulas(goals).
all x all y all z (subset(x,y) & subset(y,z) -> subset(x,z)).
end_of_list.
</pre>
A display like the following indicates a job that is
run on a command line, for example, a command to run a Prover9 job.
<pre class="my_job">
prover9 -f <a href="subset_trans.in">subset_trans.in</a> > <a href="subset_trans.out">subset_trans.out</a>
</pre>
A display like the following indicates some output that appears
on the computer screen, for example, a message from Prover9.
<pre class="my_screen">
-------- Proof 1 --------
THEOREM PROVED
------ process 3666 exit (max_proofs) ------
</pre>
Displays like the following contain algorithms.
<pre class="my_code">
Simplify clause (c):
demodulate c
merge identical literals
</pre>
A display like the following notes an important difference
between Prover9 and Otter.
<blockquote class="otter_diff">
Prover9's automatic mode is set by default.
Otter's automatic mode must be explicitly set.
</blockquote>
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