@c PSPP - a program for statistical analysis.
@c Copyright (C) 2017, 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
@c under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
@c or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
@c with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
@c A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
@c Free Documentation License".
@c
@node Invoking PSPP
@chapter Invoking @command{pspp}
@cindex invocation
@cindex @pspp{}, invoking

@pspp{} has two separate user interfaces.  This chapter describes
@command{pspp}, @pspp{}'s command-line driven text-based user interface.
The following chapter briefly describes PSPPIRE, the graphical user
interface to @pspp{}.

The sections below describe the @command{pspp} program's command-line
interface.

@menu
* Main Options::
* PDF PostScript SVG and PNG Output Options::
* Plain Text Output Options::
* SPV Output Options::
* TeX Output Options::
* HTML Output Options::
* OpenDocument Output Options::
* Comma-Separated Value Output Options::
@end menu

@node Main Options
@section Main Options

Here is a summary of all the options, grouped by type, followed by
explanations in the same order.

In the table, arguments to long options also apply to any
corresponding short options.

@table @emph
@item Non-option arguments
@example
@var{syntax-file}
@end example

@item Output options
@example
-o, --output=@var{output-file}
-O @var{option}=@var{value}
-O format=@var{format}
-O device=@{terminal|listing@}
--no-output
--table-look=@var{file}
-e, --error-file=@var{error-file}
@end example

@item Language options
@example
-I, --include=@var{dir}
-I-, --no-include
-b, --batch
-i, --interactive
-r, --no-statrc
-a, --algorithm=@{compatible|enhanced@}
-x, --syntax=@{compatible|enhanced@}
--syntax-encoding=@var{encoding}
@end example

@item Informational options
@example
-h, --help
-V, --version
@end example

@item Other options
@example
-s, --safer
--testing-mode
@end example
@end table

@table @asis
@item @var{syntax-file}
Read and execute the named syntax file.  If no syntax files are
specified, @pspp{} prompts for commands.  If any syntax files are
specified, @pspp{} by default exits after it runs them, but you may make
it prompt for commands by specifying @samp{-} as an additional syntax
file.

@item @option{-o @var{output-file}}
Write output to @var{output-file}.  @pspp{} has several different output
drivers that support output in various formats (use @option{--help} to
list the available formats).  Specify this option more than once to
produce multiple output files, presumably in different formats.

Use @samp{-} as @var{output-file} to write output to standard output.

If no @option{-o} option is used, then @pspp{} writes text and CSV
output to standard output and other kinds of output to whose name is
based on the format, @i{e.g.}@: @file{pspp.pdf} for PDF output.

@item @option{-O @var{option}=@var{value}}
Sets an option for the output file configured by a preceding
@option{-o}.  Most options are specific to particular output formats.
A few options that apply generically are listed below.

@item @option{-O format=@var{format}}
@pspp{} uses the extension of the file name given on @option{-o} to
select an output format.  Use this option to override this choice by
specifying an alternate format, @i{e.g.}@: @option{-o pspp.out -O format=html} to
write HTML to a file named @file{pspp.out}.  Use @option{--help} to
list the available formats.

@item @option{-O device=@{terminal|listing@}}
Sets whether @pspp{} considers the output device configured by the
preceding @option{-o} to be a terminal or a listing device.  This
affects what output will be sent to the device, as configured by the
SET command's output routing subcommands (@pxref{SET}).  By default,
output written to standard output is considered a terminal device and
other output is considered a listing device.

@item @option{--no-output}
Disables output entirely, if neither @option{-o} nor @option{-O} is
also used.  If one of those options is used, @option{--no-output} has
no effect.

@item @option{--table-look=@var{file}}
Reads a table style from @var{file} and applies it to all @pspp{}
table output.  The file should be a TableLook @file{.stt} or
@file{.tlo} file.  @pspp{} searches for @var{file} in the current
directory, then in @file{.pspp/looks} in the user's home directory,
then in a @file{looks} subdirectory inside @pspp{}'s data directory
(usually @file{/usr/local/share/pspp}).  If @pspp{} cannot find
@var{file} under the given name, it also tries adding a @file{.stt}
extension.

When this option is not specified, @pspp{} looks for
@file{default.stt} using the algorithm above, and otherwise it falls
back to a default built-in style.

Using @code{SET TLOOK} in @pspp{} syntax overrides the style set on
the command line (@pxref{SET}).

@item @option{-e @var{error-file}}
@itemx @option{--error-file=@var{error-file}}
Configures a file to receive @pspp{} error, warning, and note messages in
plain text format.  Use @samp{-} as @var{error-file} to write messages
to standard output.  The default error file is standard output in the
absence of these options, but this is suppressed if an output device
writes to standard output (or another terminal), to avoid printing
every message twice.  Use @samp{none} as @var{error-file} to
explicitly suppress the default.

@item @option{-I @var{dir}}
@itemx @option{--include=@var{dir}}
Appends @var{dir} to the set of directories searched by the @cmd{INCLUDE}
(@pxref{INCLUDE}) and @cmd{INSERT} (@pxref{INSERT}) commands.

@item @option{-I-}
@itemx @option{--no-include}
Clears all directories from the include path, including directories
inserted in the include path by default.  The default include path is
@file{.} (the current directory), followed by @file{.pspp} in the
user's home directory, followed by @pspp{}'s system configuration
directory (usually @file{/etc/pspp} or @file{/usr/local/etc/pspp}).

@item @option{-b}
@item @option{--batch}
@item @option{-i}
@itemx @option{--interactive}
These options forces syntax files to be interpreted in batch mode or
interactive mode, respectively, rather than the default ``auto'' mode.
@xref{Syntax Variants}, for a description of the differences.

@item @option{-r}
@itemx @option{--no-statrc}
By default, at startup @pspp{} searches for a file named @file{rc} in
the include path (described above) and, if it finds one, runs the
commands in it.  This option disables this behavior.

@item @option{-a @{enhanced|compatible@}}
@itemx @option{--algorithm=@{enhanced|compatible@}}
With @code{enhanced}, the default, @pspp{} uses the best implemented
algorithms for statistical procedures.  With @code{compatible},
however, @pspp{} will in some cases use inferior algorithms to produce
the same results as the proprietary program SPSS.

Some commands have subcommands that override this setting on a per
command basis.

@item @option{-x @{enhanced|compatible@}}
@itemx @option{--syntax=@{enhanced|compatible@}}
With @code{enhanced}, the default, @pspp{} accepts its own extensions
beyond those compatible with the proprietary program SPSS.  With
@code{compatible}, @pspp{} rejects syntax that uses these extensions.

@item @option{--syntax-encoding=@var{encoding}}
Specifies @var{encoding} as the encoding for syntax files named on the
command line.  The @var{encoding} also becomes the default encoding
for other syntax files read during the @pspp{} session by the
@cmd{INCLUDE} and @cmd{INSERT} commands.  @xref{INSERT}, for the
accepted forms of @var{encoding}.

@item @option{--help}
Prints a message describing @pspp{} command-line syntax and the available
device formats, then exits.

@item @option{-V}
@itemx @option{--version}
Prints a brief message listing @pspp{}'s version, warranties you don't
have, copying conditions and copyright, and e-mail address for bug
reports, then exits.

@item @option{-s}
@itemx @option{--safer}
Disables certain unsafe operations.  This includes the @subcmd{ERASE} and
@subcmd{HOST} commands, as well as use of pipes as input and output files.

@item @option{--testing-mode}
Invoke heuristics to assist with testing @pspp{}.  For use
by @command{make check} and similar scripts.
@end table

@node PDF PostScript SVG and PNG Output Options
@section PDF, PostScript, SVG, and PNG Output Options
@cindex PDF
@cindex Postscript
@cindex SVG
@cindex PNG

To produce output in PDF, PostScript, SVG, or PNG format, specify
@option{-o @var{file}} on the @pspp{} command line, optionally
followed by any of the options shown in the table below to customize
the output format.

PDF, PostScript, and SVG use real units: each dimension among the
options listed below may have a suffix @samp{mm} for millimeters,
@samp{in} for inches, or @samp{pt} for points.  Lacking a suffix,
numbers below 50 are assumed to be in inches and those above 50 are
assumed to be in millimeters.

PNG files are pixel-based, so dimensions in PNG output must ultimately
be measured in pixels.  For output to these files, PSPP translates the
specified dimensions to pixels at 72 pixels per inch.  For PNG output
only, fonts are by default rendered larger than this, at 96 pixels per
inch.

An SVG or PNG file can only hold a single page.  When PSPP outputs
more than one page to SVG or PNG, it creates multiple files.  It
outputs the second page to a file named with a @code{-2} suffix, the
third with a @code{-3} suffix, and so on.

@table @asis
@item @option{-O format=@{pdf|ps|svg|png@}}
Specify the output format.  This is only necessary if the file name
given on @option{-o} does not end in @file{.pdf}, @file{.ps},
@file{.svg}, or @file{.png}.

@item @option{-O paper-size=@var{paper-size}}
Paper size, as a name (@i{e.g.}@: @code{a4}, @code{letter}) or
measurements (@i{e.g.}@: @code{210x297}, @code{8.5x11in}).

The default paper size is taken from the @env{PAPERSIZE} environment
variable or the file indicated by the @env{PAPERCONF} environment
variable, if either variable is set.  If not, and your system supports
the @code{LC_PAPER} locale category, then the default paper size is
taken from the locale.  Otherwise, if @file{/etc/papersize} exists,
the default paper size is read from it.  As a last resort, A4 paper is
assumed.

@item @option{-O foreground-color=@var{color}}
Sets @var{color} as the default color for lines and text.  Use a CSS
color format (e.g.@: @code{#@var{rr}@var{gg}@var{bb}}) or name (e.g.@:
@code{black}) as @var{color}.

@item @option{-O orientation=@var{orientation}}
Either @code{portrait} or @code{landscape}.  Default: @code{portrait}.

@item @option{-O left-margin=@var{dimension}}
@itemx @option{-O right-margin=@var{dimension}}
@itemx @option{-O top-margin=@var{dimension}}
@itemx @option{-O bottom-margin=@var{dimension}}
Sets the margins around the page.  See
below for the allowed forms of @var{dimension}. Default: @code{0.5in}.

@item @option{-O object-spacing=@var{dimension}}
Sets the amount of vertical space between objects (such as headings or
tables).

@item @option{-O prop-font=@var{font-name}}
Sets the default font used for ordinary text.  Most systems support
CSS-like font names such as ``Sans Serif'', but a wide range of
system-specific fonts are likely to be supported as well.

Default: proportional font @code{Sans Serif}.

@item @option{-O font-size=@var{font-size}}
Sets the size of the default fonts, in thousandths of a point.  Default:
10000 (10 point).

@item @option{-O trim=true}
This option makes PSPP trim empty space around each page of output,
before adding the margins.  This can make the output easier to include
in other documents.

@item @option{-O outline=@var{boolean}}
For PDF output only, this option controls whether PSPP includes an
outline in the output file.  PDF viewers usually display the outline
as a side bar that allows for easy navigation of the file.
The default is true unless @option{-O trim=true} is also specified.
(The Cairo graphics library that PSPP uses to produce PDF output has a
bug that can cause a crash when outlines and trimming are used
together.)

@item @option{-O font-resolution=@var{dpi}}
Sets the resolution for font rendering, in dots per inch.  For PDF,
PostScript, and SVG output, the default is 72 dpi, so that a 10-point
font is rendered with a height of 10 points.  For PNG output, the
default is 96 dpi, so that a 10-point font is rendered with a height
of @math{10 / 72 * 96 = 13.3} pixels.  Use a larger @var{dpi} to
enlarge text output, or a smaller @var{dpi} to shrink it.
@end table

@node Plain Text Output Options
@section Plain Text Output Options

@pspp{} can produce plain text output, drawing boxes using ASCII or
Unicode line drawing characters.  To produce plain text output,
specify @option{-o @var{file}} on the @pspp{} command line, optionally
followed by options from the table below to customize the output
format.

Plain text output is encoded in UTF-8.

@table @asis
@item @option{-O format=txt}
Specify the output format.  This is only necessary if the file name
given on @option{-o} does not end in @file{.txt} or @file{.list}.

@item @option{-O charts=@{@var{template}.png|none@}}
Name for chart files included in output.  The value should be a file
name that includes a single @samp{#} and ends in @file{png}.  When a
chart is output, the @samp{#} is replaced by the chart number.  The
default is the file name specified on @option{-o} with the extension
stripped off and replaced by @file{-#.png}.

Specify @code{none} to disable chart output.

@item @option{-O foreground-color=@var{color}}
@itemx @option{-O background-color=@var{color}}
Sets @var{color} as the color to be used for the background or foreground to
be used for charts.
Color should be given in the format @code{#@var{RRRR}@var{GGGG}@var{BBBB}},
where @var{RRRR}, @var{GGGG} and @var{BBBB} are 4 character hexadecimal
representations of the red, green and blue components respectively.
If charts are disabled, this option has no effect.

@item @option{-O width=@var{columns}}
Width of a page, in columns.  If unspecified or given as @code{auto},
the default is the width of the terminal, for interactive output, or
the WIDTH setting (@pxref{SET}), for output to a file.

@item @option{-O box=@{ascii|unicode@}}
Sets the characters used for lines in tables.
If set to
@code{ascii}, output uses use the characters @samp{-}, @samp{|}, and @samp{+} for single-width
lines and @samp{=} and @samp{#} for double-width lines.
If set to @code{unicode} then, output uses Unicode box drawing characters.
The default is @code{unicode} if the locale's character encoding is "UTF-8"
or @code{ascii} otherwise.

@item @option{-O emphasis=@{none|bold|underline@}}
How to emphasize text.  Bold and underline emphasis are achieved with
overstriking, which may not be supported by all the software to which
you might pass the output.  Default: @code{none}.
@end table

@node SPV Output Options
@section SPV Output Options

SPSS 16 and later write @file{.spv} files to represent the contents of
its output editor.  To produce output in @file{.spv} format, specify
@option{-o @var{file}} on the @pspp{} command line, optionally
followed by any of the options shown in the table below to customize
the output format.

@table @asis
@item @option{-O format=spv}
Specify the output format.  This is only necessary if the file name
given on @option{-o} does not end in @file{.spv}.

@item @option{-O paper-size=@var{paper-size}}
@itemx @option{-O left-margin=@var{dimension}}
@itemx @option{-O right-margin=@var{dimension}}
@itemx @option{-O top-margin=@var{dimension}}
@itemx @option{-O bottom-margin=@var{dimension}}
@itemx @option{-O object-spacing=@var{dimension}}
These have the same syntax and meaning as for PDF output.  @xref{PDF
PostScript SVG and PNG Output Options}, for details.
@end table

@node TeX Output Options
@section TeX Output Options
@cindex @TeX{}
@cindex tex

If you want to publish statistical results in professional or academic
journals, you will probably want to provide results in @TeX{} format.
To do this, specify @option{-o @var{file}} on the @pspp{} command line where
@var{file} is a file name ending in @file{.tex}, or you can specify
@option{-O format=tex}.

The resulting file can be directly processed using @TeX{} or you can manually
edit the file to add commentary text.
Alternatively, you can cut and paste desired sections to another @TeX{} file.

@node HTML Output Options
@section HTML Output Options
@cindex HTML
To produce output in HTML format, specify @option{-o @var{file}} on
the @pspp{} command line, optionally followed by any of the options shown
in the table below to customize the output format.

@table @asis
@item @option{-O format=html}
Specify the output format.  This is only necessary if the file name
given on @option{-o} does not end in @file{.html}.

@item @option{-O charts=@{@var{template}.png|none@}}
Sets the name used for chart files.  @xref{Plain Text Output Options},
for details.

@item @option{-O borders=@var{boolean}}
Decorate the tables with borders.  If set to false, the tables produced
will have no borders.  The default value is true.

@item @option{-O bare=@var{boolean}}
The HTML output driver ordinarily outputs a complete HTML document.
If set to true, the driver instead outputs only what would normally be
the contents of the @code{body} element.  The default value is false.

@item @option{-O css=@var{boolean}}
Use cascading style sheets.  Cascading style sheets give an improved appearance
and can be used to produce pages which fit a certain web site's style.
The default value is true.

@end table

@node OpenDocument Output Options
@section OpenDocument Output Options

To produce output as an OpenDocument text (ODT) document, specify
@option{-o @var{file}} on the @pspp{} command line.  If @var{file} does
not end in @file{.odt}, you must also specify @option{-O format=odt}.

ODT support is only available if your installation of @pspp{} was
compiled with the libxml2 library.

The OpenDocument output format does not have any configurable options.

@node Comma-Separated Value Output Options
@section Comma-Separated Value Output Options

To produce output in comma-separated value (CSV) format, specify
@option{-o @var{file}} on the @pspp{} command line, optionally followed
by any of the options shown in the table below to customize the output
format.

@table @asis
@item @option{-O format=csv}
Specify the output format.  This is only necessary if the file name
given on @option{-o} does not end in @file{.csv}.

@item @option{-O separator=@var{field-separator}}
Sets the character used to separate fields.  Default: a comma
(@samp{,}).

@item @option{-O quote=@var{qualifier}}
Sets @var{qualifier} as the character used to quote fields that
contain white space, the separator (or any of the characters in the
separator, if it contains more than one character), or the quote
character itself.  If @var{qualifier} is longer than one character,
only the first character is used; if @var{qualifier} is the empty
string, then fields are never quoted.

@item @option{-O titles=@var{boolean}}
Whether table titles (brief descriptions) should be printed.  Default:
@code{on}.

@item @option{-O captions=@var{boolean}}
Whether table captions (more extensive descriptions) should be
printed.  Default: on.
@end table

The CSV format used is an extension to that specified in RFC 4180:

@table @asis
@item Tables
Each table row is output on a separate line, and each column is output
as a field.  The contents of a cell that spans multiple rows or
columns is output only for the top-left row and column; the rest are
output as empty fields.

@item Titles
When a table has a title and titles are enabled, the title is output
just above the table as a single field prefixed by @samp{Table:}.

@item Captions
When a table has a caption and captions are enabled, the caption is
output just below the table as a single field prefixed by
@samp{Caption:}.

@item Footnotes
Within a table, footnote markers are output as bracketed letters
following the cell's contents, @i{e.g.}@tie{}@samp{[a]}, @samp{[b]},
@enddots{}  The footnotes themselves are output following the body of
the table, as a separate two-column table introduced with a line that
says @samp{Footnotes:}.  Each row in the table represent one footnote:
the first column is the marker, the second column is the text.

@item Text
Text in output is printed as a field on a line by itself.  The TITLE
and SUBTITLE produce similar output, prefixed by @samp{Title:} or
@samp{Subtitle:}, respectively.

@item Messages
Errors, warnings, and notes are printed the same way as text.

@item Charts
Charts are not included in CSV output.
@end table

Successive output items are separated by a blank line.

@node Invoking PSPPIRE
@chapter Invoking @command{psppire}
@section The graphic user interface
@cindex Graphic user interface
@cindex PSPPIRE

The PSPPIRE graphic user interface for @pspp{} can perform all
functionality of the command line interface.  In addition it gives an
instantaneous view of the data, variables and statistical output.

The graphic user interface can be started by typing @command{psppire} at a
command prompt.
Alternatively many systems have a system of interactive menus or buttons
from which @command{psppire} can be started by a series of mouse clicks.

Once the principles of the @pspp{} system are understood,
the graphic user interface is designed to be largely intuitive, and
for this reason is covered only very briefly by this manual.