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<div class="section" id="general-pygresql-programming-information">
<h1>General PyGreSQL programming information<a class="headerlink" href="#general-pygresql-programming-information" title="Permalink to this headline">ΒΆ</a></h1>
<p>PyGreSQL consists of two parts: the “classic” PyGreSQL interface
provided by the <a class="reference internal" href="pg/index.html#module-pg" title="pg"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pg</span></code></a> module and the newer
DB-API 2.0 compliant interface provided by the <a class="reference internal" href="pgdb/index.html#module-pgdb" title="pgdb"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pgdb</span></code></a> module.</p>
<p>If you use only the standard features of the DB-API 2.0 interface,
it will be easier to switch from PostgreSQL to another database
for which a DB-API 2.0 compliant interface exists.</p>
<p>The “classic” interface may be easier to use for beginners, and it
provides some higher-level and PostgreSQL specific convenience methods.</p>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<p class="last"><strong>DB-API 2.0</strong> (Python Database API Specification v2.0)
is a specification for connecting to databases (not only PostGreSQL)
from Python that has been developed by the Python DB-SIG in 1999.
The authoritative programming information for the DB-API is <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="pep reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249"><strong>PEP 0249</strong></a>.</p>
</div>
<p>Both Python modules utilize the same lower level C extension module that
serves as a wrapper for the C API to PostgreSQL that is available in form
of the so-called “libpq” library.</p>
<p>This means you must have the libpq library installed as a shared library
on your client computer, in a version that is supported by PyGreSQL.
Depending on the client platform, you may have to set environment variables
like <cite>PATH</cite> or <cite>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</cite> so that PyGreSQL can find the library.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last">Note that PyGreSQL is not thread-safe on the connection level. Therefore
we recommend using <a class="reference external" href="http://www.webwareforpython.org/DBUtils">DBUtils</a>
for multi-threaded environments, which supports both PyGreSQL interfaces.</p>
</div>
<p>Another option is using PyGreSQL indirectly as a database driver for the
high-level <a class="reference external" href="http://www.sqlalchemy.org/">SQLAlchemy</a> SQL toolkit and ORM,
which supports PyGreSQL starting with SQLAlchemy 1.1 and which provides a
way to use PyGreSQL in a multi-threaded environment using the concept of
“thread local storage”. Database URLs for PyGreSQL take this form:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">postgresql</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">pygresql</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">password</span><span class="nd">@host</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="n">port</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">database</span>
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