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<div class="section" id="module-functions-and-constants">
<h1>Module functions and constants<a class="headerlink" href="#module-functions-and-constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="index.html#module-pgdb" title="pgdb"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pgdb</span></code></a> module defines a <a class="reference internal" href="#pgdb.connect" title="pgdb.connect"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">connect()</span></code></a> function that allows to
connect to a database, some global constants describing the capabilities
of the module as well as several exception classes.</p>
<div class="section" id="connect-open-a-postgresql-connection">
<h2>connect – Open a PostgreSQL connection<a class="headerlink" href="#connect-open-a-postgresql-connection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="pgdb.connect">
<code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">connect</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>dsn</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>user</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>password</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>host</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>database</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>**kwargs</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.connect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a new connection to the database</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>dsn</strong> (<em>str</em>) – data source name as string</li>
<li><strong>user</strong> (<em>str</em>) – the database user name</li>
<li><strong>password</strong> (<em>str</em>) – the database password</li>
<li><strong>host</strong> (<em>str</em>) – the hostname of the database</li>
<li><strong>database</strong> – the name of the database</li>
<li><strong>kwargs</strong> (<em>dict</em>) – other connection parameters</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first">a connection object</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first"><a class="reference internal" href="connection.html#pgdb.Connection" title="pgdb.Connection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Connection</span></code></a></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Raises:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last"><a class="reference internal" href="#pgdb.OperationalError" title="pgdb.OperationalError"><strong>pgdb.OperationalError</strong></a> – error connecting to the database</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<p>This function takes parameters specifying how to connect to a PostgreSQL
database and returns a <a class="reference internal" href="connection.html#pgdb.Connection" title="pgdb.Connection"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Connection</span></code></a> object using these parameters.
If specified, the <em>dsn</em> parameter must be a string with the format
<code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'host:base:user:passwd:opt'</span></code>. All of the parts specified in the <em>dsn</em>
are optional. You can also specify the parameters individually using keyword
arguments, which always take precedence. The <em>host</em> can also contain a port
if specified in the format <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'host:port'</span></code>. In the <em>opt</em> part of the <em>dsn</em>
you can pass command-line options to the server. You can pass additional
connection parameters using the optional <em>kwargs</em> keyword arguments.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-default"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">con</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">connect</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">dsn</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'myhost:mydb'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">user</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'guido'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">'234$'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 5.0.1: </span>Support for additional parameters passed as <em>kwargs</em>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="get-set-reset-typecast-control-the-global-typecast-functions">
<h2>get/set/reset_typecast – Control the global typecast functions<a class="headerlink" href="#get-set-reset-typecast-control-the-global-typecast-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>PyGreSQL uses typecast functions to cast the raw data coming from the
database to Python objects suitable for the particular database type.
These functions take a single string argument that represents the data
to be casted and must return the casted value.</p>
<p>PyGreSQL provides built-in typecast functions for the common database types,
but if you want to change these or add more typecast functions, you can set
these up using the following functions.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The following functions are not part of the DB-API 2 standard.</p>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pgdb.get_typecast">
<code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">get_typecast</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>typ</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.get_typecast" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Get the global cast function for the given database type</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><strong>typ</strong> (<em>str</em>) – PostgreSQL type name or type code</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body">the typecast function for the specified type</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Return type:</th><td class="field-body">function or None</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 5.0.</span></p>
</div>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pgdb.set_typecast">
<code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">set_typecast</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em>typ</em>, <em>cast</em><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.set_typecast" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set a global typecast function for the given database type(s)</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first last simple">
<li><strong>typ</strong> (<em>str or int</em>) – PostgreSQL type name or type code, or list of such</li>
<li><strong>cast</strong> – the typecast function to be set for the specified type(s)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<p>The typecast function must take one string object as argument and return a
Python object into which the PostgreSQL type shall be casted. If the function
takes another parameter named <em>connection</em>, then the current database
connection will also be passed to the typecast function. This may sometimes
be necessary to look up certain database settings.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 5.0.</span></p>
</div>
<p>As of version 5.0.3 you can also use this method to change the typecasting
of PostgreSQL array types. You must run <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_typecast('anyarray',</span> <span class="pre">cast)</span></code>
in order to do this. The <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cast</span></code> method must take a string value and a cast
function for the base type and return the array converted to a Python object.
For instance, run <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_typecast('anyarray',</span> <span class="pre">lambda</span> <span class="pre">v,</span> <span class="pre">c:</span> <span class="pre">v)</span></code> to switch off
the casting of arrays completely, and always return them encoded as strings.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="pgdb.reset_typecast">
<code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">reset_typecast</code><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="optional">[</span><em>typ</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.reset_typecast" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Reset the typecasts for the specified (or all) type(s) to their defaults</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><strong>typ</strong> (<em>str, list or None</em>) – PostgreSQL type name or type code, or list of such,
or None to reset all typecast functions</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 5.0.</span></p>
</div>
<p>Note that database connections cache types and their cast functions using
connection specific <a class="reference internal" href="typecache.html#pgdb.TypeCache" title="pgdb.TypeCache"><code class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeCache</span></code></a> objects. You can also get, set and
reset typecast functions on the connection level using the methods
<a class="reference internal" href="typecache.html#pgdb.TypeCache.get_typecast" title="pgdb.TypeCache.get_typecast"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeCache.get_typecast()</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="typecache.html#pgdb.TypeCache.set_typecast" title="pgdb.TypeCache.set_typecast"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeCache.set_typecast()</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="typecache.html#pgdb.TypeCache.reset_typecast" title="pgdb.TypeCache.reset_typecast"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeCache.reset_typecast()</span></code></a> of the <a class="reference internal" href="connection.html#pgdb.Connection.type_cache" title="pgdb.Connection.type_cache"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Connection.type_cache</span></code></a>. This
will not affect other connections or future connections. In order to be sure
a global change is picked up by a running connection, you must reopen it or
call <a class="reference internal" href="typecache.html#pgdb.TypeCache.reset_typecast" title="pgdb.TypeCache.reset_typecast"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeCache.reset_typecast()</span></code></a> on the <a class="reference internal" href="connection.html#pgdb.Connection.type_cache" title="pgdb.Connection.type_cache"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">Connection.type_cache</span></code></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="module-constants">
<h2>Module constants<a class="headerlink" href="#module-constants" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pgdb.apilevel">
<code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">apilevel</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.apilevel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The string constant <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'2.0'</span></code>, stating that the module is DB-API 2.0 level
compliant.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pgdb.threadsafety">
<code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">threadsafety</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.threadsafety" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The integer constant 1, stating that the module itself is thread-safe,
but the connections are not thread-safe, and therefore must be protected
with a lock if you want to use them from different threads.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="pgdb.paramstyle">
<code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">paramstyle</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.paramstyle" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The string constant <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pyformat</span></code>, stating that parameters should be passed
using Python extended format codes, e.g. <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">"</span> <span class="pre">...</span> <span class="pre">WHERE</span> <span class="pre">name=%(name)s"</span></code>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="errors-raised-by-this-module">
<h2>Errors raised by this module<a class="headerlink" href="#errors-raised-by-this-module" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The errors that can be raised by the <a class="reference internal" href="index.html#module-pgdb" title="pgdb"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">pgdb</span></code></a> module are the following:</p>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.Warning">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">Warning</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.Warning" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised for important warnings like data truncations while
inserting.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.Error">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">Error</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.Error" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception that is the base class of all other error exceptions. You can
use this to catch all errors with one single except statement.
Warnings are not considered errors and thus do not use this class as base.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.InterfaceError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">InterfaceError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.InterfaceError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised for errors that are related to the database interface
rather than the database itself.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.DatabaseError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">DatabaseError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.DatabaseError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised for errors that are related to the database.</p>
<p>In PyGreSQL, this also has a <code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">DatabaseError.sqlstate</span></code> attribute
that contains the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SQLSTATE</span></code> error code of this error.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.DataError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">DataError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.DataError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised for errors that are due to problems with the processed
data like division by zero or numeric value out of range.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.OperationalError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">OperationalError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.OperationalError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised for errors that are related to the database’s operation
and not necessarily under the control of the programmer, e.g. an unexpected
disconnect occurs, the data source name is not found, a transaction could
not be processed, or a memory allocation error occurred during processing.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.IntegrityError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">IntegrityError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.IntegrityError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised when the relational integrity of the database is affected,
e.g. a foreign key check fails.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.ProgrammingError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">ProgrammingError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.ProgrammingError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised for programming errors, e.g. table not found or already
exists, syntax error in the SQL statement or wrong number of parameters
specified.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="exception">
<dt id="pgdb.NotSupportedError">
<em class="property">exception </em><code class="descclassname">pgdb.</code><code class="descname">NotSupportedError</code><a class="headerlink" href="#pgdb.NotSupportedError" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Exception raised in case a method or database API was used which is not
supported by the database.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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