:mod:`csv` --- CSV File Reading and Writing
===========================================

.. module:: csv
   :synopsis: Write and read tabular data to and from delimited files.
.. sectionauthor:: Skip Montanaro <skip@pobox.com>


.. versionadded:: 2.3

.. index::
   single: csv
   pair: data; tabular

The so-called CSV (Comma Separated Values) format is the most common import and
export format for spreadsheets and databases.  There is no "CSV standard", so
the format is operationally defined by the many applications which read and
write it.  The lack of a standard means that subtle differences often exist in
the data produced and consumed by different applications.  These differences can
make it annoying to process CSV files from multiple sources.  Still, while the
delimiters and quoting characters vary, the overall format is similar enough
that it is possible to write a single module which can efficiently manipulate
such data, hiding the details of reading and writing the data from the
programmer.

The :mod:`csv` module implements classes to read and write tabular data in CSV
format.  It allows programmers to say, "write this data in the format preferred
by Excel," or "read data from this file which was generated by Excel," without
knowing the precise details of the CSV format used by Excel.  Programmers can
also describe the CSV formats understood by other applications or define their
own special-purpose CSV formats.

The :mod:`csv` module's :class:`reader` and :class:`writer` objects read and
write sequences.  Programmers can also read and write data in dictionary form
using the :class:`DictReader` and :class:`DictWriter` classes.

.. note::

   This version of the :mod:`csv` module doesn't support Unicode input.  Also,
   there are currently some issues regarding ASCII NUL characters.  Accordingly,
   all input should be UTF-8 or printable ASCII to be safe; see the examples in
   section :ref:`csv-examples`.


.. seealso::

   :pep:`305` - CSV File API
      The Python Enhancement Proposal which proposed this addition to Python.


.. _csv-contents:

Module Contents
---------------

The :mod:`csv` module defines the following functions:


.. function:: reader(csvfile, dialect='excel', **fmtparams)

   Return a reader object which will iterate over lines in the given *csvfile*.
   *csvfile* can be any object which supports the :term:`iterator` protocol and returns a
   string each time its :meth:`!next` method is called --- file objects and list
   objects are both suitable.   If *csvfile* is a file object, it must be opened
   with the 'b' flag on platforms where that makes a difference.  An optional
   *dialect* parameter can be given which is used to define a set of parameters
   specific to a particular CSV dialect.  It may be an instance of a subclass of
   the :class:`Dialect` class or one of the strings returned by the
   :func:`list_dialects` function.  The other optional *fmtparams* keyword arguments
   can be given to override individual formatting parameters in the current
   dialect.  For full details about the dialect and formatting parameters, see
   section :ref:`csv-fmt-params`.

   Each row read from the csv file is returned as a list of strings.  No
   automatic data type conversion is performed.

   A short usage example::

      >>> import csv
      >>> with open('eggs.csv', 'rb') as csvfile:
      ...     spamreader = csv.reader(csvfile, delimiter=' ', quotechar='|')
      ...     for row in spamreader:
      ...         print ', '.join(row)
      Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam, Baked Beans
      Spam, Lovely Spam, Wonderful Spam

   .. versionchanged:: 2.5
      The parser is now stricter with respect to multi-line quoted fields. Previously,
      if a line ended within a quoted field without a terminating newline character, a
      newline would be inserted into the returned field. This behavior caused problems
      when reading files which contained carriage return characters within fields.
      The behavior was changed to return the field without inserting newlines. As a
      consequence, if newlines embedded within fields are important, the input should
      be split into lines in a manner which preserves the newline characters.


.. function:: writer(csvfile, dialect='excel', **fmtparams)

   Return a writer object responsible for converting the user's data into delimited
   strings on the given file-like object.  *csvfile* can be any object with a
   :func:`write` method.  If *csvfile* is a file object, it must be opened with the
   'b' flag on platforms where that makes a difference.  An optional *dialect*
   parameter can be given which is used to define a set of parameters specific to a
   particular CSV dialect.  It may be an instance of a subclass of the
   :class:`Dialect` class or one of the strings returned by the
   :func:`list_dialects` function.  The other optional *fmtparams* keyword arguments
   can be given to override individual formatting parameters in the current
   dialect.  For full details about the dialect and formatting parameters, see
   section :ref:`csv-fmt-params`. To make it
   as easy as possible to interface with modules which implement the DB API, the
   value :const:`None` is written as the empty string.  While this isn't a
   reversible transformation, it makes it easier to dump SQL NULL data values to
   CSV files without preprocessing the data returned from a ``cursor.fetch*`` call.
   Floats are stringified with :func:`repr` before being written.
   All other non-string data are stringified with :func:`str` before being written.

   A short usage example::

      import csv
      with open('eggs.csv', 'wb') as csvfile:
          spamwriter = csv.writer(csvfile, delimiter=' ',
                                  quotechar='|', quoting=csv.QUOTE_MINIMAL)
          spamwriter.writerow(['Spam'] * 5 + ['Baked Beans'])
          spamwriter.writerow(['Spam', 'Lovely Spam', 'Wonderful Spam'])


.. function:: register_dialect(name[, dialect], **fmtparams)

   Associate *dialect* with *name*.  *name* must be a string or Unicode object. The
   dialect can be specified either by passing a sub-class of :class:`Dialect`, or
   by *fmtparams* keyword arguments, or both, with keyword arguments overriding
   parameters of the dialect. For full details about the dialect and formatting
   parameters, see section :ref:`csv-fmt-params`.


.. function:: unregister_dialect(name)

   Delete the dialect associated with *name* from the dialect registry.  An
   :exc:`Error` is raised if *name* is not a registered dialect name.


.. function:: get_dialect(name)

   Return the dialect associated with *name*.  An :exc:`Error` is raised if *name*
   is not a registered dialect name.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.5
      This function now returns an immutable :class:`Dialect`.  Previously an
      instance of the requested dialect was returned.  Users could modify the
      underlying class, changing the behavior of active readers and writers.

.. function:: list_dialects()

   Return the names of all registered dialects.


.. function:: field_size_limit([new_limit])

   Returns the current maximum field size allowed by the parser. If *new_limit* is
   given, this becomes the new limit.

   .. versionadded:: 2.5

The :mod:`csv` module defines the following classes:


.. class:: DictReader(f, fieldnames=None, restkey=None, restval=None, \
                      dialect='excel', *args, **kwds)

   Create an object which operates like a regular reader but maps the
   information read into a dict whose keys are given by the optional
   *fieldnames* parameter.  The *fieldnames* parameter is a :ref:`sequence
   <collections-abstract-base-classes>` whose elements are associated with the
   fields of the input data in order. These elements become the keys of the
   resulting dictionary.  If the *fieldnames* parameter is omitted, the values
   in the first row of the file *f* will be used as the fieldnames.  If the
   row read has more fields than the fieldnames sequence, the remaining data is
   added as a sequence keyed by the value of *restkey*.  If the row read has
   fewer fields than the fieldnames sequence, the remaining keys take the value
   of the optional *restval* parameter.  Any other optional or keyword
   arguments are passed to the underlying :class:`reader` instance.

   A short usage example::

       >>> import csv
       >>> with open('names.csv') as csvfile:
       ...     reader = csv.DictReader(csvfile)
       ...     for row in reader:
       ...         print(row['first_name'], row['last_name'])
       ...
       Baked Beans
       Lovely Spam
       Wonderful Spam


.. class:: DictWriter(f, fieldnames, restval='', extrasaction='raise', \
                      dialect='excel', *args, **kwds)

   Create an object which operates like a regular writer but maps dictionaries
   onto output rows.  The *fieldnames* parameter is a :ref:`sequence
   <collections-abstract-base-classes>` of keys that identify the order in
   which values in the dictionary passed to the :meth:`writerow` method are
   written to the file *f*.  The optional *restval* parameter specifies the
   value to be written if the dictionary is missing a key in *fieldnames*.  If
   the dictionary passed to the :meth:`writerow` method contains a key not
   found in *fieldnames*, the optional *extrasaction* parameter indicates what
   action to take.  If it is set to ``'raise'`` a :exc:`ValueError` is raised.
   If it is set to ``'ignore'``, extra values in the dictionary are ignored.
   Any other optional or keyword arguments are passed to the underlying
   :class:`writer` instance.

   Note that unlike the :class:`DictReader` class, the *fieldnames* parameter
   of the :class:`DictWriter` is not optional.  Since Python's :class:`dict`
   objects are not ordered, there is not enough information available to deduce
   the order in which the row should be written to the file *f*.

   A short usage example::

       import csv

       with open('names.csv', 'w') as csvfile:
           fieldnames = ['first_name', 'last_name']
           writer = csv.DictWriter(csvfile, fieldnames=fieldnames)

           writer.writeheader()
           writer.writerow({'first_name': 'Baked', 'last_name': 'Beans'})
           writer.writerow({'first_name': 'Lovely', 'last_name': 'Spam'})
           writer.writerow({'first_name': 'Wonderful', 'last_name': 'Spam'})


.. class:: Dialect

   The :class:`Dialect` class is a container class relied on primarily for its
   attributes, which are used to define the parameters for a specific
   :class:`reader` or :class:`writer` instance.


.. class:: excel()

   The :class:`excel` class defines the usual properties of an Excel-generated CSV
   file.  It is registered with the dialect name ``'excel'``.


.. class:: excel_tab()

   The :class:`excel_tab` class defines the usual properties of an Excel-generated
   TAB-delimited file.  It is registered with the dialect name ``'excel-tab'``.


.. class:: Sniffer()

   The :class:`Sniffer` class is used to deduce the format of a CSV file.

   The :class:`Sniffer` class provides two methods:

   .. method:: sniff(sample, delimiters=None)

      Analyze the given *sample* and return a :class:`Dialect` subclass
      reflecting the parameters found.  If the optional *delimiters* parameter
      is given, it is interpreted as a string containing possible valid
      delimiter characters.


   .. method:: has_header(sample)

      Analyze the sample text (presumed to be in CSV format) and return
      :const:`True` if the first row appears to be a series of column headers.

An example for :class:`Sniffer` use::

   with open('example.csv', 'rb') as csvfile:
       dialect = csv.Sniffer().sniff(csvfile.read(1024))
       csvfile.seek(0)
       reader = csv.reader(csvfile, dialect)
       # ... process CSV file contents here ...


The :mod:`csv` module defines the following constants:

.. data:: QUOTE_ALL

   Instructs :class:`writer` objects to quote all fields.


.. data:: QUOTE_MINIMAL

   Instructs :class:`writer` objects to only quote those fields which contain
   special characters such as *delimiter*, *quotechar* or any of the characters in
   *lineterminator*.


.. data:: QUOTE_NONNUMERIC

   Instructs :class:`writer` objects to quote all non-numeric fields.

   Instructs the reader to convert all non-quoted fields to type *float*.


.. data:: QUOTE_NONE

   Instructs :class:`writer` objects to never quote fields.  When the current
   *delimiter* occurs in output data it is preceded by the current *escapechar*
   character.  If *escapechar* is not set, the writer will raise :exc:`Error` if
   any characters that require escaping are encountered.

   Instructs :class:`reader` to perform no special processing of quote characters.

The :mod:`csv` module defines the following exception:


.. exception:: Error

   Raised by any of the functions when an error is detected.


.. _csv-fmt-params:

Dialects and Formatting Parameters
----------------------------------

To make it easier to specify the format of input and output records, specific
formatting parameters are grouped together into dialects.  A dialect is a
subclass of the :class:`Dialect` class having a set of specific methods and a
single :meth:`validate` method.  When creating :class:`reader` or
:class:`writer` objects, the programmer can specify a string or a subclass of
the :class:`Dialect` class as the dialect parameter.  In addition to, or instead
of, the *dialect* parameter, the programmer can also specify individual
formatting parameters, which have the same names as the attributes defined below
for the :class:`Dialect` class.

Dialects support the following attributes:


.. attribute:: Dialect.delimiter

   A one-character string used to separate fields.  It defaults to ``','``.


.. attribute:: Dialect.doublequote

   Controls how instances of *quotechar* appearing inside a field should
   themselves be quoted.  When :const:`True`, the character is doubled. When
   :const:`False`, the *escapechar* is used as a prefix to the *quotechar*.  It
   defaults to :const:`True`.

   On output, if *doublequote* is :const:`False` and no *escapechar* is set,
   :exc:`Error` is raised if a *quotechar* is found in a field.


.. attribute:: Dialect.escapechar

   A one-character string used by the writer to escape the *delimiter* if *quoting*
   is set to :const:`QUOTE_NONE` and the *quotechar* if *doublequote* is
   :const:`False`. On reading, the *escapechar* removes any special meaning from
   the following character. It defaults to :const:`None`, which disables escaping.


.. attribute:: Dialect.lineterminator

   The string used to terminate lines produced by the :class:`writer`. It defaults
   to ``'\r\n'``.

   .. note::

      The :class:`reader` is hard-coded to recognise either ``'\r'`` or ``'\n'`` as
      end-of-line, and ignores *lineterminator*. This behavior may change in the
      future.


.. attribute:: Dialect.quotechar

   A one-character string used to quote fields containing special characters, such
   as the *delimiter* or *quotechar*, or which contain new-line characters.  It
   defaults to ``'"'``.


.. attribute:: Dialect.quoting

   Controls when quotes should be generated by the writer and recognised by the
   reader.  It can take on any of the :const:`QUOTE_\*` constants (see section
   :ref:`csv-contents`) and defaults to :const:`QUOTE_MINIMAL`.


.. attribute:: Dialect.skipinitialspace

   When :const:`True`, whitespace immediately following the *delimiter* is ignored.
   The default is :const:`False`.


.. attribute:: Dialect.strict

   When ``True``, raise exception :exc:`Error` on bad CSV input.
   The default is ``False``.

Reader Objects
--------------

Reader objects (:class:`DictReader` instances and objects returned by the
:func:`reader` function) have the following public methods:


.. method:: csvreader.next()

   Return the next row of the reader's iterable object as a list, parsed according
   to the current dialect.

Reader objects have the following public attributes:


.. attribute:: csvreader.dialect

   A read-only description of the dialect in use by the parser.


.. attribute:: csvreader.line_num

   The number of lines read from the source iterator. This is not the same as the
   number of records returned, as records can span multiple lines.

   .. versionadded:: 2.5


DictReader objects have the following public attribute:


.. attribute:: csvreader.fieldnames

   If not passed as a parameter when creating the object, this attribute is
   initialized upon first access or when the first record is read from the
   file.

   .. versionchanged:: 2.6


Writer Objects
--------------

:class:`Writer` objects (:class:`DictWriter` instances and objects returned by
the :func:`writer` function) have the following public methods.  A *row* must be
a sequence of strings or numbers for :class:`Writer` objects and a dictionary
mapping fieldnames to strings or numbers (by passing them through :func:`str`
first) for :class:`DictWriter` objects.  Note that complex numbers are written
out surrounded by parens. This may cause some problems for other programs which
read CSV files (assuming they support complex numbers at all).


.. method:: csvwriter.writerow(row)

   Write the *row* parameter to the writer's file object, formatted according to
   the current dialect.


.. method:: csvwriter.writerows(rows)

   Write all elements in *rows* (an iterable of *row* objects as described
   above) to the writer's file object, formatted according to the current
   dialect.

Writer objects have the following public attribute:


.. attribute:: csvwriter.dialect

   A read-only description of the dialect in use by the writer.


DictWriter objects have the following public method:


.. method:: DictWriter.writeheader()

   Write a row with the field names (as specified in the constructor).

   .. versionadded:: 2.7


.. _csv-examples:

Examples
--------

The simplest example of reading a CSV file::

   import csv
   with open('some.csv', 'rb') as f:
       reader = csv.reader(f)
       for row in reader:
           print row

Reading a file with an alternate format::

   import csv
   with open('passwd', 'rb') as f:
       reader = csv.reader(f, delimiter=':', quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE)
       for row in reader:
           print row

The corresponding simplest possible writing example is::

   import csv
   with open('some.csv', 'wb') as f:
       writer = csv.writer(f)
       writer.writerows(someiterable)

Registering a new dialect::

   import csv
   csv.register_dialect('unixpwd', delimiter=':', quoting=csv.QUOTE_NONE)
   with open('passwd', 'rb') as f:
       reader = csv.reader(f, 'unixpwd')

A slightly more advanced use of the reader --- catching and reporting errors::

   import csv, sys
   filename = 'some.csv'
   with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
       reader = csv.reader(f)
       try:
           for row in reader:
               print row
       except csv.Error as e:
           sys.exit('file %s, line %d: %s' % (filename, reader.line_num, e))

And while the module doesn't directly support parsing strings, it can easily be
done::

   import csv
   for row in csv.reader(['one,two,three']):
       print row

The :mod:`csv` module doesn't directly support reading and writing Unicode, but
it is 8-bit-clean save for some problems with ASCII NUL characters.  So you can
write functions or classes that handle the encoding and decoding for you as long
as you avoid encodings like UTF-16 that use NULs.  UTF-8 is recommended.

:func:`unicode_csv_reader` below is a :term:`generator` that wraps :class:`csv.reader`
to handle Unicode CSV data (a list of Unicode strings).  :func:`utf_8_encoder`
is a :term:`generator` that encodes the Unicode strings as UTF-8, one string (or row) at
a time.  The encoded strings are parsed by the CSV reader, and
:func:`unicode_csv_reader` decodes the UTF-8-encoded cells back into Unicode::

   import csv

   def unicode_csv_reader(unicode_csv_data, dialect=csv.excel, **kwargs):
       # csv.py doesn't do Unicode; encode temporarily as UTF-8:
       csv_reader = csv.reader(utf_8_encoder(unicode_csv_data),
                               dialect=dialect, **kwargs)
       for row in csv_reader:
           # decode UTF-8 back to Unicode, cell by cell:
           yield [unicode(cell, 'utf-8') for cell in row]

   def utf_8_encoder(unicode_csv_data):
       for line in unicode_csv_data:
           yield line.encode('utf-8')

For all other encodings the following :class:`UnicodeReader` and
:class:`UnicodeWriter` classes can be used. They take an additional *encoding*
parameter in their constructor and make sure that the data passes the real
reader or writer encoded as UTF-8::

   import csv, codecs, cStringIO

   class UTF8Recoder:
       """
       Iterator that reads an encoded stream and reencodes the input to UTF-8
       """
       def __init__(self, f, encoding):
           self.reader = codecs.getreader(encoding)(f)

       def __iter__(self):
           return self

       def next(self):
           return self.reader.next().encode("utf-8")

   class UnicodeReader:
       """
       A CSV reader which will iterate over lines in the CSV file "f",
       which is encoded in the given encoding.
       """

       def __init__(self, f, dialect=csv.excel, encoding="utf-8", **kwds):
           f = UTF8Recoder(f, encoding)
           self.reader = csv.reader(f, dialect=dialect, **kwds)

       def next(self):
           row = self.reader.next()
           return [unicode(s, "utf-8") for s in row]

       def __iter__(self):
           return self

   class UnicodeWriter:
       """
       A CSV writer which will write rows to CSV file "f",
       which is encoded in the given encoding.
       """

       def __init__(self, f, dialect=csv.excel, encoding="utf-8", **kwds):
           # Redirect output to a queue
           self.queue = cStringIO.StringIO()
           self.writer = csv.writer(self.queue, dialect=dialect, **kwds)
           self.stream = f
           self.encoder = codecs.getincrementalencoder(encoding)()

       def writerow(self, row):
           self.writer.writerow([s.encode("utf-8") for s in row])
           # Fetch UTF-8 output from the queue ...
           data = self.queue.getvalue()
           data = data.decode("utf-8")
           # ... and reencode it into the target encoding
           data = self.encoder.encode(data)
           # write to the target stream
           self.stream.write(data)
           # empty queue
           self.queue.truncate(0)

       def writerows(self, rows):
           for row in rows:
               self.writerow(row)