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<div class="section" id="pyroute2">
<h1>Pyroute2<a class="headerlink" href="#pyroute2" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p>Pyroute2 is a pure Python <strong>netlink</strong> library. It requires only Python stdlib,
no 3rd party libraries. The library was started as an RTNL protocol
implementation, so the name is <strong>pyroute2</strong>, but now it supports many netlink
protocols. Some supported netlink families and protocols:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><strong>rtnl</strong>, network settings — addresses, routes, traffic controls</li>
<li><strong>nfnetlink</strong> — netfilter API: <strong>ipset</strong>, <strong>nftables</strong>, …</li>
<li><strong>ipq</strong> — simplest userspace packet filtering, iptables QUEUE target</li>
<li><strong>devlink</strong> — manage and monitor devlink-enabled hardware</li>
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt><strong>generic</strong> — generic netlink families</dt>
<dd><ul class="first last">
<li><strong>nl80211</strong> — wireless functions API (basic support)</li>
<li><strong>taskstats</strong> — extended process statistics</li>
<li><strong>acpi_events</strong> — ACPI events monitoring</li>
<li><strong>thermal_events</strong> — thermal events monitoring</li>
<li><strong>VFS_DQUOT</strong> — disk quota events monitoring</li>
</ul>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Starting with 0.5.2 the library supports also PF_ROUTE sockets on BSD systems.</p>
<div class="section" id="supported-systems">
<h2>Supported systems<a class="headerlink" href="#supported-systems" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Pyroute2 runs natively on Linux and emulates some limited subset
of RTNL netlink API on BSD systems on top of PF_ROUTE notifications
and standard system tools.</p>
<p>Other platforms are not supported.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="the-simplest-usecase">
<h2>The simplest usecase<a class="headerlink" href="#the-simplest-usecase" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The objects, provided by the library, are socket objects with an
extended API. The additional functionality aims to:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Help to open/bind netlink sockets</li>
<li>Discover generic netlink protocols and multicast groups</li>
<li>Construct, encode and decode netlink and PF_ROUTE messages</li>
</ul>
<p>Maybe the simplest usecase is to monitor events. Disk quota events:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">DQuotSocket</span>
<span class="c1"># DQuotSocket automatically performs discovery and binding,</span>
<span class="c1"># since it has no other functionality beside of the monitoring</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">DQuotSocket</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ds</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">message</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">ds</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Get notifications about network settings changes with IPRoute:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">IPRoute</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">IPRoute</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ipr</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1"># With IPRoute objects you have to call bind() manually</span>
<span class="n">ipr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">message</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">ipr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">message</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="rtnetlink-examples">
<h2>RTNetlink examples<a class="headerlink" href="#rtnetlink-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>More samples you can read in the project documentation.</p>
<p>Low-level <strong>IPRoute</strong> utility — Linux network configuration.
The <strong>IPRoute</strong> class is a 1-to-1 RTNL mapping. There are no implicit
interface lookups and so on.</p>
<p>Some examples:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">socket</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">AF_INET</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">IPRoute</span>
<span class="c1"># get access to the netlink socket</span>
<span class="n">ip</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IPRoute</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># no monitoring here -- thus no bind()</span>
<span class="c1"># print interfaces</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_links</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="c1"># create VETH pair and move v0p1 to netns 'test'</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">link</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'add'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ifname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'v0p0'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">peer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'v0p1'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'veth'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">link_lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ifname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'v0p1'</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">link</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'set'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">net_ns_fd</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'test'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># bring v0p0 up and add an address</span>
<span class="n">idx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">link_lookup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ifname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'v0p0'</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">link</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'set'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">state</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'up'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'add'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">index</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">address</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'10.0.0.1'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">broadcast</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'10.0.0.255'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">prefixlen</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">24</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># create a route with metrics</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'add'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dst</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'172.16.0.0/24'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">gateway</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'10.0.0.10'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">metrics</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'mtu'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1400</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'hoplimit'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">16</span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="c1"># create MPLS lwtunnel</span>
<span class="c1"># $ sudo modprobe mpls_iptunnel</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'add'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dst</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'172.16.0.0/24'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">oif</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">encap</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'type'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'mpls'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'labels'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'200/300'</span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="c1"># create MPLS route: push label</span>
<span class="c1"># $ sudo modprobe mpls_router</span>
<span class="c1"># $ sudo sysctl net.mpls.platform_labels=1024</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'add'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">family</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">AF_MPLS</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">oif</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dst</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mh">0x200</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">newdst</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mh">0x200</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mh">0x300</span><span class="p">])</span>
<span class="c1"># create SEG6 tunnel encap mode</span>
<span class="c1"># Kernel >= 4.10</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'add'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dst</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'2001:0:0:10::2/128'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">oif</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">encap</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'type'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'seg6'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'mode'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'encap'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'segs'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'2000::5,2000::6'</span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="c1"># create SEG6 tunnel inline mode</span>
<span class="c1"># Kernel >= 4.10</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'add'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dst</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'2001:0:0:10::2/128'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">oif</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">encap</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'type'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'seg6'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'mode'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'inline'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'segs'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'2000::5'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'2000::6'</span><span class="p">]})</span>
<span class="c1"># create SEG6 tunnel inline mode with hmac</span>
<span class="c1"># Kernel >= 4.10</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">route</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'add'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">dst</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'2001:0:0:22::2/128'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">oif</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">idx</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">encap</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">'type'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'seg6'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'mode'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'inline'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'segs'</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="s1">'2000::5,2000::6,2000::7,2000::8'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'hmac'</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mh">0xf</span><span class="p">})</span>
<span class="c1"># release Netlink socket</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>High-level transactional interface, <strong>IPDB</strong>, a network settings DB:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">IPDB</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># The `with` statement automatically calls `IPDB.release()`</span>
<span class="c1"># in the case of an exception.</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">IPDB</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># Create bridge and add ports and addresses.</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># Transaction will be started by `with` statement</span>
<span class="c1"># and will be committed at the end of the block</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'bridge'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ifname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'rhev'</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_port</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'em1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_port</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'em2'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">i</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add_ip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'10.0.0.2/24'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># --> <-- Here the system state is as described in</span>
<span class="c1"># the transaction, if no error occurs. If</span>
<span class="c1"># there is an error, all the changes will be</span>
<span class="c1"># rolled back.</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The IPDB arch allows to use it transparently with network
namespaces:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">IPDB</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">NetNS</span>
<span class="c1"># Create IPDB to work with the 'test' ip netns.</span>
<span class="c1">#</span>
<span class="c1"># Pls notice, that IPDB itself will work in the</span>
<span class="c1"># main netns, only the netlink transport is</span>
<span class="c1"># working in the namespace `test`.</span>
<span class="n">ip</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IPDB</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nl</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">NetNS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'test'</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="c1"># Wait until someone will set up ipaddr 127.0.0.1</span>
<span class="c1"># in the netns on the loopback device</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">interfaces</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">wait_ip</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'127.0.0.1'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># The IPDB object must be released before exit to</span>
<span class="c1"># sync all the possible changes that are in progress.</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">release</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The project contains several modules for different types of
netlink messages, not only RTNL.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="network-namespace-examples">
<h2>Network namespace examples<a class="headerlink" href="#network-namespace-examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Network namespace manipulation:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">netns</span>
<span class="c1"># create netns</span>
<span class="n">netns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'test'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># list</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">netns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listnetns</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="c1"># remove netns</span>
<span class="n">netns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'test'</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Create <strong>veth</strong> interfaces pair and move to <strong>netns</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">IPDB</span>
<span class="n">ip</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">IPDB</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># create interface pair</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">create</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ifname</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'v0p0'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">kind</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'veth'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">peer</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'v0p1'</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">commit</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c1"># move peer to netns</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">interfaces</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">v0p1</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">veth</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">veth</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">net_ns_fd</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s1">'test'</span>
<span class="c1"># don't forget to release before exit</span>
<span class="n">ip</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">release</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>List interfaces in some <strong>netns</strong>:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pyroute2</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">NetNS</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">pprint</span> <span class="k">import</span> <span class="n">pprint</span>
<span class="n">ns</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NetNS</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'test'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">pprint</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_links</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">ns</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>More details and samples see in the documentation.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="installation">
<h2>Installation<a class="headerlink" href="#installation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><cite>make install</cite> or <cite>pip install pyroute2</cite></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="requirements">
<h2>Requirements<a class="headerlink" href="#requirements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Python >= 2.7</p>
<p>The pyroute2 testing framework requires <strong>flake8</strong>, <strong>coverage</strong>,
<strong>nosetests</strong>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="links">
<h2>Links<a class="headerlink" href="#links" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<ul class="simple">
<li>home: <a class="reference external" href="https://pyroute2.org/">https://pyroute2.org/</a></li>
<li>srcs: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/svinota/pyroute2">https://github.com/svinota/pyroute2</a></li>
<li>bugs: <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/svinota/pyroute2/issues">https://github.com/svinota/pyroute2/issues</a></li>
<li>pypi: <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyroute2">https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pyroute2</a></li>
<li>docs: <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.pyroute2.org/">http://docs.pyroute2.org/</a></li>
<li>list: <a class="reference external" href="https://groups.google.com/d/forum/pyroute2-dev">https://groups.google.com/d/forum/pyroute2-dev</a></li>
</ul>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Pyroute2</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#supported-systems">Supported systems</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-simplest-usecase">The simplest usecase</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rtnetlink-examples">RTNetlink examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#network-namespace-examples">Network namespace examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installation">Installation</a></li>
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