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.. module:: ase.utils.xrdebye
===========================
Note
===========================
A newer implementation of the Debye Scattering Equation can be found at https://github.com/FrederikLizakJohansen/DebyeCalculator which supports more atomic elements, neutron scattering, calculation of pair distribution function data and it is significantly faster on CPU while supporting GPU acceleration. The new implementation can take ase objects as input.
===========================
X-ray scattering simulation
===========================
The module for simulation of X-ray scattering properties from the atomic
level. The approach works only for finite systems, so that periodic boundary
conditions and cell shape are ignored.
Theory
======
The scattering can be calculated using Debye formula [Debye1915]_ :
.. math::
I(q) = \sum_{a, b} f_a(q) \cdot f_b(q) \cdot
\frac{\sin(q \cdot r_{ab})}{q \cdot r_{ab}}
where:
- `a` and `b` -- atom indexes;
- `f_a(q)` -- `a`-th atomic scattering factor;
- `r_{ab}` -- distance between atoms `a` and `b`;
- `q` is a scattering vector length defined using scattering angle
(`\theta`) and wavelength (`\lambda`) as
`q = 4\pi \cdot \sin(\theta)/\lambda`.
The thermal vibration of atoms can be accounted by introduction of damping
exponent factor (Debye-Waller factor) written as `\exp(-B \cdot q^2 / 2)`.
The angular dependency of geometrical and polarization factors are expressed
as [Iwasa2007]_ `\cos(\theta)/(1 + \alpha \cos^2(2\theta))`, where `\alpha
\approx 1` if incident beam is not polarized.
Units
-----
The following measurement units are used:
- scattering vector `q` -- inverse Angstrom (1/Å),
- thermal damping parameter `B` -- squared Angstrom (Å\ :sup:`2`).
Example
=======
The considered system is a nanoparticle of silver which is built using
``FaceCenteredCubic`` function (see :mod:`ase.cluster`) with parameters
selected to produce approximately 2 nm sized particle::
from ase.cluster.cubic import FaceCenteredCubic
from ase.utils.xrdebye import XrDebye
import numpy as np
surfaces = [(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)]
atoms = FaceCenteredCubic('Ag', [(1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0), (1, 1, 1)],
[6, 8, 8], 4.09)
Next, we need to specify the wavelength of the X-ray source::
xrd = XrDebye(atoms=atoms, wavelength=0.50523)
The X-ray diffraction pattern on the `2\theta` angles ranged from 15 to 30
degrees can be simulated as follows::
xrd.calc_pattern(x=np.arange(15, 30, 0.1), mode='XRD')
xrd.plot_pattern('xrd.png')
The resulted X-ray diffraction pattern shows (220) and (311) peaks at 20 and
~24 degrees respectively.
.. image:: xrd.png
The small-angle scattering curve can be simulated too. Assuming that
scattering vector is ranged from `10^{-2}=0.01` to `10^{-0.3}\approx 0.5` 1/Å
the following code should be run: ::
xrd.calc_pattern(x=np.logspace(-2, -0.3, 50), mode='SAXS')
xrd.plot_pattern('saxs.png')
The resulted SAXS pattern:
.. image:: saxs.png
Further details
===============
The module contains wavelengths dictionary with X-ray wavelengths for copper
and wolfram anodes::
from ase.utils.xrdebye import wavelengths
print('Cu Kalpha1 wavelength: %f Angstr.' % wavelengths['CuKa1'])
The dependence of atomic form-factors from scattering vector is calculated
based on coefficients given in ``waasmaier`` dictionary according
[Waasmaier1995]_ if method of calculations is set to 'Iwasa'. In other case,
the atomic factor is equal to atomic number and angular damping factor is
omitted.
XrDebye class members
---------------------
.. autoclass:: XrDebye
:members:
References
==========
.. [Debye1915] P. Debye Ann. Phys. **351**, 809–823 (1915)
.. [Iwasa2007] T. Iwasa, K. Nobusada J. Phys. Chem. C, **111**, 45-49 (2007) :doi:`10.1021/jp063532w`
.. [Waasmaier1995] D. Waasmaier, A. Kirfel Acta Cryst. **A51**, 416-431 (1995)
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